Part 2: Some Surveying Processes, Maps and Plans

§ Equipment used in chain and offset surveying

§ Procedure in the field: locating and plotting of existing features
§ Computations: Join and polar computations
§ Determination of Areas and Volumes.
§ Maps and plans that are commonly used by practicing surveyors
in Kenya
Computing Coordinates and Area

Polar to Rectangular
Given the bearing, θ, and (horizontal) distance, d, from
point A to point B
Calculate the easting, E, and northing, N, of point B
N(Y)

NB B
EB = EA + dsinθ

θ d NB = NA + dcosθ

NA
A

E(X)
EA EB
Computing Coordinates (2)

Example:
EA = 500.000 m
NA = 200.000 m
d = 100.000 m
θ = 60° 12′ 35″

EB = 500.000 + 100 sin (60° 12′ 35″) = 586.785 m

NB = 200.000 + 100 cos (60° 12′ 35″) = 249.683 m
 Rectangular to Polar
Given the easting, E, and northing, N, coordinates of P
and Q
Calculate the bearing (θ) and (horizontal) distance (d)
between point P and point Q

N(Y)
ΔEPQ = EQ - EP
ΔEPQ
NQ Q
ΔNPQ = NQ - NP

ΔNPQ
θ d θ = tan-1(ΔEPQ/ΔNPQ)

NP
P d = (ΔEPQ2 + ΔNPQ2)1/2

E(X)
EP EQ
 Example:
EP = 506 645.79 NP = 4 784 876.03
EQ = 506 668.85 NQ = 4 784 906.45

ΔEPQ = EQ – EP = 506 668.85 – 506 645.79 = 23.06m

ΔNPQ = NQ – NP = 4 784 906.45 – 4 784 876.03 = 30.42m

θ = tan-1(ΔEPQ/ΔNPQ) = 37° 09′ 51″

d = (ΔEPQ2 + ΔNPQ2)1/2 = 38.187m

 Area Computations

Area =

Computation Table
Positive
Products

. .
. .
. .

Negative
Products
 Area Computations (2)
Easting (m) Northing
C20 506 645.79 4 784 876.03
C10 506 668.88 4 784 906.45
C14 506 706.75 4 784 879.52
C18 506 681.38 4 784 840.56
C10

C20 C14

Compute the area enclosed

C18 by the following figure?

 Area Computations (3)
Northing (m) Easting C10
C20 876.03 645.79
C10 906.45 668.88
C14 879.52 706.75 C20 C14
C18 840.56 681.38
C20 876.03 645.79
C18

Area = ½{(876.03)(668.88) + (906.45)(706.75) + (879.52)(681.38) +

(840.56)(645.79) – (876.03)(681.38) – (840.56)(706.75) –
(879.52)(668.88) – (906.45)(645.79)}
= 2030.1397 m2
= 0.203 Hectares