The conditions of our nation actually _________ (become) worse for marginalized peoples such as indigenous and

Afro-Peruvians, now that the Peruvian elite ________(have) no crown to answer to, no accountability beyond
themselves and their corrupt self-serving politicians. Perhaps the sad truth is that Peruvian independence
________(be) imposed by foreign powers. With Bolivar gone, the political classes ______(be) divided in Lima: for
that reason, they ____________(not assume) social responsibility for indigenous who ________ (fight) the
Spanish Crown's troops through guerrilla warfare. These actions fostered the
consolidation of independence in other countries. When San Martín entered Lima, he
____________(not tolerate) the company of the indigenous battalions. blacks and
cholos, so they ___________ (not take) part or see the ceremonies of the
proclamation of independence on July 28, 1821, except for those who _______ (live)
within the city walls. (Espinoza, 2014:43)
The Capitulation of Ayacucho, treaty of 18 articles, establishes the conditions whose
first article________(be) undoubtedly the most important:
• “The territory guarded by the Spanish troops in Peru would be handed over to the liberation army in Desaguadero,
Upper Peru, with parks, mastery and all existing military warehouses”.
• “(…) the remains of the Spanish army, baggage and horses of troops, garrison found throughout the territory and
other forces and objects belonging to the Spanish government would also be handed over.”
The royalist military commands _________(leave) Peru for Spain. Only General Pedro Olañeta ________(stay) in
Upper Peru until his death in Tumusla battle against Sucre in 1825, and General Ramon Rodil rebelled in the Real
Felipe Fortress in Callao until on 22 January 1826 when he _________ (hand) himself over after many royalists
________ (die).
In the battle of Ayacucho, the royalist army ______(be) 7,000 soldiers, only 6% of the army ______(be) Spanish.
The royalist army was made up mostly of Andean soldiers, sympathizers and prisoners of war and thousands of
recruited by force, with financial support from Great Britain to dominate the South American markets, veterans of
the Napoleonic wars since 1817. Nearly 6,000 English mercenaries ________(fight) in Venezuela alongside Bolivar.
After the Battle of Ayacucho, Sucre ___________(continue) the campaign through 1825 in Upper Peru. “The
battle of Ayacucho in which patriots __________(defeat) the Spanish army is undoubtedly the most important
battle of all, since the Spanish domination in South America was liquidated”. (E.W. Middendorf). There is no doubt
that England _________ (want) the Latin American states to be independent, not only to see their rival Spain fall
but to exploit the colonies commercially by themselves. They ____________(not support) Simón Bolivar and San
Martín out of goodwill and a sense of justice.
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Who did the Spanish troop handed over the territory after capitulation?
2. How many articles did the capitulation have?
3. When did Marshall José Antonio de Sucre finish his campaign in Upper Peru?
4. Where did General Olañeta stay after rebellion in the viceroyalty of Peru?
5. Why do you think England supported San Martin and Bolivar out of goodwill or a sense of justice?
6. How many Spanish soldiers fought in the Battle of Ayacucho?

CIRCLE TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)

1. The Peruvian Independence was imposed by foreign powers. T F
2. In Lima the political classes assume the social responsibility for indigenous. T F
3. The battle of Ayacucho is undoubtedly the most important battle of all. T F
4. Englishmen wanted independent Latin American states to exploit the colonies commercially. T F
5. San Martin had company of the indigenous battalions during Proclamation of Independence. T F

6. In the Real Felipe Fortress Spanish Gral Ramon Rodil handed himself over before the royalists died. T F