Ans EP 5 e

HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts Book 5
Answers to Exam practice
Chapter 32 Regulation of body temperature
Multiple-choice questions (p.32-29)

1. B
2. C
3. B
Cells in the hair follicle (structure 8) also divide actively to produce new hairs.
4. C
5. C
The layer of subcutaneous fat (structure 4) cannot produce an immediate response to the
change in external temperature.
6. B
When the air temperature exceeds the body temperature, heat loss from the skin to the
surroundings by conduction, convection and radiation becomes less effective. In this case, we
lose heat mainly by evaporation of sweat.
7. D
8. C
9. D
10. C
11. B
Option C (the room temperature) is the control variable of the investigation.
In the investigation, the effect of different activities (independent variable) on Jonah’s core
temperature (dependent variable) is studied.
Short questions (p.32-31)

12. (a) during exercise, water is lost mainly
• This reduces blood flow to the capillaries near the skin surface. (1)
• Less heat is lost to the surroundings by conduction, convection and radiation. (1)
© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 1

(b) heat is continuously produced during exercise (1) but the participants will experience
difficulty in temperature regulation / may suffer from heat stroke / overheating (1)
because
• heat can not be lost effectively through evaporation of sweat when the humidity is
too high (1)
• heat lost through convection / radiation is hindered / body may gain heat from the
environment (1) when the environmental temperature is high / higher than the body
temperature
13. (a) When water from wet clothes evaporates, the body loses heat. /
When wearing dry clothes, some air can be trapped between the body and the clothes.
This provides insulation and reduces heat loss. /
Wet clothes make the body feel cold and the person may shiver. Shivering uses energy
reserves. (Any two, 2)
(b) H.E.L.P. position reduces the surface area of the body. This helps reduce heat loss from
the body surface. /
Swimming uses energy reserves. /
When swimming, the body will come into contact with colder water. /
Staying still traps warmer water next to the body. /
Swimming involves contractions of skeletal muscles which produce heat and may lead to
a rise in the core temperature. This would cause vasodilation, leading to an increase in the
rate of heat loss from the body. (Any three, 3)
14. (a) The skin arterioles constrict. (1)

This reduces blood flow to the capillaries near the skin surface. (1)
Less heat is lost to the surroundings by conduction, convection and radiation. (1)
(b) Shivering (1)

The contraction of skeletal muscles generates heat which helps keep the body warm. (1)
(c) Water needs to lose a large amount of energy before its temperature decreases by 1 oC.
The temperature of the water in the swimming pool does not change as quickly as the air
temperature. (1)
When he swims, muscle contractions produce heat which keeps him warm. (1)
15. (a) (i) The temperature of a sauna room is high. Peter’s body absorbs more heat from the
environment, so his body temperature increases. (1)
This stimulates the heat loss centre of the hypothalamus to increase sweating in order
to promote heat loss. (1)

(ii) The increased body temperature stimulates the heat loss centre of the hypothalamus
to cause the arterioles near the skin surface to dilate. (1)
More blood flows to the capillaries near the skin surface. (1)
(b) Flow of cold water removes a lot of heat from the body and Peter’s body temperature
decreases. (1)
A fall in body temperature stimulates the heat gain centre in the hypothalamus to send
more frequent nerve impulses to skeletal muscles, causing them to contract in short
bursts. (1)
This generates extra heat from increased cellular respiration in skeletal muscles. (1)
Structured questions (p.32-32)

16. (a)
capillary
sweat gland
One mark for each correct label (2)
(b) Environmental condition B is hotter than A. More sweat is secreted in environmental

condition B. (1)
(c) (i) More sweat is secreted in environmental condition B than in A. (1)

Vasodilation occurs in environmental condition B but not in A. (1)
(ii) When more sweat evaporates from the skin surface, more heat is lost from the
body. (1)
When the arterioles near the skin surface dilate, more blood flows through the
capillaries near the skin surface. (1)
More heat from the blood is lost to the surroundings by conduction, convection and
radiation. (1)

17. (a) Yes, I would postpone the marathon. (1)

The air humidity is high and the wind speed is low. (1)
Under this condition, the evaporation of sweat is slower and less body heat can be lost by
the evaporation of sweat. (1)
At the same time, runners generate more heat due to increased muscular contraction. (1)
This may lead to a rise in body temperature and the risk of heat stroke is high. (1)
(b) During the race, runners generate more heat due to increased muscular contraction. Their
body temperature increases. (1)
Drinking adequate amount of water allows sweat production to increase during the
race. (1)
The evaporation of sweat takes away heat from the skin. (1)
This promotes heat loss to the surroundings and maintains a balance between heat gain
and heat loss. (1)
(c) The Malpighian layer contains the pigment melanin, (1)

which absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. (1)
18. (a)  increased humidity increases the real feel temperature (1)
 sweat evaporation will be hindered at higher relative humidities (1)
 as a result, heat cannot be lost to surrounding effectively by sweat evaporation (1),
leading to a feeling of higher temperature at lower relative humidities
(b)  the effect intensifies / is stronger / is more serious at higher temperatures (1)
 because gradient between body temperature and air temperature is narrower at a
higher temperature (1)
 therefore, heat loss through conduction / convection / radiation is less effective (1),
resulting in a feel of an even higher temperature
(c) Any two sets of the following:

 wind speed / air movement (1), higher wind speed increases evaporation of sweat (1)
 sunshine / light intensity / sunny / cloudiness (1), skin absorbs more heat radiation
when the intensity is higher (1)
 precipitation (1), wetted skin loses heat to water faster through conduction and
evaporation (1)
(d)  to compensate for the water loss due to continuous sweating (1)
OR
 if the body does not have sufficient water, sweating may be cut down and heat stroke
may occur (1)

19. (a) (i) A is an arteriole. (1)

B is a sweat gland. (1)
(ii) Structure A can constrict or dilate to control the blood flow through the capillaries
near the skin surface. (1)
This helps to regulate the amount of heat loss from the blood to the surroundings by
conduction, convection and radiation. (1)
(iii) Thermoreceptors in the skin detect a drop in skin temperature and send nerve
impulses to the thermoregulatory centre. (1)
The heat gain centre of the thermoregulatory centre sends nerve impulses to structure
B. (1)
Structure B produces less sweat. (1)
(iv) Under high humidity (1)
(b) The relaxation of the walls of arteries causes the skin arterioles to dilate. (1)
This increases the blood flow to the capillaries near the skin surface. (1)
More heat is lost from the blood to the surroundings via conduction, convection and
radiation. (1)
20. (a) Allows comparison of animals with different masses. /

Increased mass means increased heat generation. (1)
(b) (i) The metabolic rate increases to generate more heat (1)
to compensate for heat loss / maintain the body temperature. (1)
(ii) The body temperature of the ectotherm increases as the environmental temperature
increases. (1)
Increased body temperature increases enzyme activity and the metabolic rate. (1)
(c) In ectotherms, both metabolic heat generation and heat loss by evaporation increase as
environmental temperature increases. (1)
In endotherms, metabolic heat generation decreases while heat loss by evaporation
increases as environmental temperature increases. (1)
(d) Reduced respiration /

reduced thyroxine secretion /
reduced activity of liver cells /
reduced physical activity (Any three, 3)

21. (a) shortly after the consumption of ice, his internal body temperature fell (1)
with a concomitant rise in the skin temperature (1)
(b) the consumption of the large quantity of ice had a cooling effect on the blood in the gut (1)
as blood circulated to the hypothalamus (1), a fall in internal body temperature was
registered
(c) as the hypothalamus registered a fall in internal temperature, (1)

homeostatic mechanism would be switched on to conserve heat / to reduce heat loss so as
to restore the internal temperature to normal (1)
a nervous signal was sent to the skin / sweat glands to reduce sweating (1)
skin temperature increased as less heat is lost to the surroundings by evaporation of
sweat (1)
OR
as the hypothalamus registered a fall in internal temperature (1)
a nervous signal was sent to the skin / sweat glands to reduce sweating (1)
less heat was lost to the surroundings by evaporation of sweat (1)
skin temperature increased as the rate of heat loss is lower than the rate of heat gain (1)
(d) since the room temperature was kept at 45 oC, skin thermoreceptors would have
constantly detected this (1) and sent signals to the hypothalamus to bring about heat loss
by sweating (1)
but the findings of this experiment showed that sweating fluctuated with changes in
internal body temperature (1), indicating that environmental temperature plays a less
dominant role in the control of sweating
Chapter 33 Regulation of water content

1. C
2. B
3. D
4. C

5. D
By ultrafiltration, urea and other components of the blood (except blood cells and plasma
proteins) enter the Bowman’s capsule. The concentration of urea in the glomerular filtrate is
equal to that in the blood. As the filtrate flows along the proximal convoluted tubule, most of
the water and half of the urea is reabsorbed. When the filtrate reaches the collecting duct, more
water has been reabsorbed. Therefore, the concentration of urea is the highest in urine.
6. A
7. D
The blood in vessel P supplies glucose and oxygen to the kidneys. When blood leaves the
kidneys via vessel Q, the concentrations of glucose and oxygen become lower. The
concentration of urea in urine is much higher than that in blood.
8. A
9. D
After drinking a large volume of water, less ADH is secreted from the pituitary gland. The wall
of the collecting duct becomes less permeable to water, and a smaller proportion of water is
reabsorbed from the filtrate. The concentration of fluid in site 1 therefore decreases.
10. D
When vessel 3 dilates, the rate of blood flow to the glomerulus increases, leading to a higher
hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus. This increases the rate of glomerular filtrate formation.
11. B

12. (a) The region of the nephron shown is the proximal convoluted tubule because its wall is
made up of cells with microvilli. (1)
The blood vessel shown is a capillary because its wall consists of a single layer of cells
only. (1)
(b) Glucose is reabsorbed by active transport. (1)

The number of carrier proteins in the wall of the tubule is limited. (1)
When the concentration of the glucose filtered out is too high, not all the glucose can be
reabsorbed. (1)

13. (a) active transport (1)
(b) The active transport of useful substances makes the glomerular filtrate become more
dilute. (1)
In other words, the water potential of the filtrate rises. (1)
This increases the water potential gradient between the filtrate and the blood. (1)
Water can be reabsorbed into the blood by osmosis at a faster rate. (1)
(c) (182 – 2.5) ÷ 182 × 100% (1)

= 98.6% (1)
14. (a) The ingested water is absorbed from the intestines into the blood, so the blood volume
increases. (1)
The water potential of the blood rises. (1)
(b) Drinking water increases the water potential of the blood. Less ADH is released from the
pituitary gland. (1)
The permeability of the walls of the collecting ducts to water decreases. (1)
A smaller proportion of water is reabsorbed. A larger volume of dilute urine is
produced. (1)
(c) The volume of urine output increased steadily between 0 and 120 minutes, then it
decreased between 150 and 180 minutes. (1)
After the intake of 1 litre of isotonic glucose solution, the blood volume and blood
pressure increases, hence the filtration rate increases, leading to an increase in urine
output. (1)
15. (a) The size of the plasma proteins is too large to pass through the pores of the membrane. (1)
(b) The concentration of urea in the blood plasma is higher than that in the dialysis fluid. (1)
Urea diffuses from the blood plasma to the dialysis fluid down the concentration
gradient. (1)
(c) 4.95 g/L (1)
(d) Limit the intake of proteins. (1)

Reduce the intake of salts. (1)


16. (a) glucose reabsorption increases with the plasma glucose concentration if it increases
between 0 – 200 (± 20) mg dL-1 (1)
while no glucose is excreted (1)
beyond 200 (± 20) mg dL-1 (i.e. the threshold), reabsorption of glucose remains
unchanged / levels off / remains constant (1)
and excretion of glucose in urine begins and increases with the rise in plasma glucose
concentration (1)
(b) (i) the first coiled tubule / first convoluted tubule / proximal convoluted tubule (1)
(ii) because the expression of the gene resulted in greater number of glucose transporters
at the kidney tubule (1)
hence, rate of glucose reabsorption is higher / more glucose can be reabsorbed per
unit time / more glucose can be absorbed for the same length of kidney tubule (1)
(c) they fails to reabsorb all glucose from the glomerular filtrate / glucose reabsorption is
incomplete / some glucose remains in the glomerular filtrate (1)
hence the glomerular filtrate of diabetic patients has a lower water potential than that of
healthy people (1)
as a result, less proportion of water can be reabsorbed back at the collecting duct (1)
larger volume of urine will be produced (1), and they need to urinate more frequently (1)
17. (a) (i) A: collecting duct (0.5)

B: efferent arteriole (0.5)
C: glomerulus (0.5)
D: afferent arteriole (0.5)
E: Bowman’s capsule (0.5)
F: loop of Henle (0.5)
(ii) line to proximal convoluted tubule (1)
(iii) line to proximal convoluted tubule (1)
(iv) The difference in the diameter of the blood vessels causes a high hydrostatic pressure
building up in the glomerulus. (1)
The high pressure forces components of the blood plasma into the Bowman’s
capsule. (1)

(b) (i) Urea and glucose are small molecules that can pass through the walls of the
glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule. (1)
By ultrafiltration, they are forced into the Bowman’s capsule. (1)
Their concentrations are the same in the blood and the glomerular filtrate. (1)
(ii) The renal:plasma ratio of urea increases from 1 to about 1.7. (1)
The concentration of urea in the glomerular filtrate increases (1)
as water is reabsorbed at a higher percentage (1)
than urea. (1)
(iii) In the untreated kidney, all glucose is reabsorbed in proximal convoluted tubule, so
the ratio falls from 1.0 to 0.0. (1)
In the kidney treated with chemical Z, the ratio rises from 1.0 to 1.4 because water is
reabsorbed at a higher percentage (1)
than glucose. (1)
(iv) Chemical Z could have inhibited the active transport of glucose by blocking carrier
proteins / inhibiting respiration. (1)
18. (a) (i) (300 + 900 + 1500) – (540 + 600 + 100) (1)
= 1460 cm3 (1)
(ii) cellular respiration (1)
(b) (i) When exercising vigorously, the rate of breathing increases (1)
to take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide at a higher rate. (1)
When exercising vigorously, sweating increases. (1)
Increased evaporation of sweat helps cool the body. (1)
(ii) The person sweats heavily during vigorous exercise. The water potential of the blood
falls. (1)
The fall in water potential is detected by the osmoreceptors in the
hypothalamus. (1)
The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland to release more ADH. (1)
Due to the increased level of ADH, the wall of the collecting ducts becomes more
permeable to water. (1)
Hence, a larger proportion of water is reabsorbed into the blood. As a result, a small
volume of urine is formed. (1)
19. (a) (i) hypothalamus (1)
(ii) Reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (1)

by osmosis (1)

(b) Drinking water causes the water potential of the blood to increase which is detected by
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. (1)
Less ADH is released from the pituitary gland. (1)
The walls of the collecting ducts become less permeable to water. (1)
A smaller proportion of water in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood. (1)
The water potential of the blood decreases.
(c) (i) Using glucose test strips (1)
(ii) A higher level of glucose is filtered into the glomerulus. (1)

Active transport of glucose involves carrier proteins. The carrier proteins become
saturated. (1)
20. (a) useful solutes, e.g. glucose, sodium ion, amino acids, are reabsorbed back into the
capillary by active transport along the first coiled tubule (1)
hence, water potential of the blood surrounding the tubule decreases / water potential of
the filtrate increases (1)
as a result, water moves out of the first coiled tubule along the water potential gradient by
osmosis / water molecules move along with solutes (1)
the amount of water reabsorbed is proportional to the amount of solutes reabsorbed (1)
hence, solute concentration remains the same as the fluid flow from point A to point B
(b) fluid at point D without ADH has a lower solute concentration than that with ADH (1)
ADH increases the permeability of the second coiled tubule and the collection duct (D) to
water (1)
as a result, a larger proportion of water is reabsorbed (1), resulting in a higher solute
concentration
(c) glomerulus (1)

the wall of glomerulus is impermeable to plasma protein / protein molecules are too large
to pass through the wall of glomerulus (1)
if protein is present in the kidney tubule, it is most likely that the wall of glomerulus is
damaged
21. (a) Water is reabsorbed into the blood in a higher percentage than urea or salt. (1)
Therefore the water content of urine is much lower than that of the blood. (1)
(b) Proteins and glucose are present in his urine. (1, 1)
(c) (i) This ensures that clots do not form during dialysis. (1)
(ii) diffusion (1)
(iii) To maximize the concentration gradients between the blood and the dialysis fluid. (1)

(iv) Advantage: the patient will not need regular haemodialysis (1)
Problems:
It is difficult to find matching donor kidney. (1)
The waiting time for suitable donor kidney may be very long. (1)
The patient may get infection from the transplant surgery. (1)
After transplantation, the patient has to take immuno-suppressant drugs to keep the
body from rejecting the transplanted kidney. (1)
(Any two, 2)
Chapter 34 Regulation of gas content in blood

1. D
2. B
At 0.2 second, the ventricular volume was decreasing, indicating that the ventricles were
contracting. Valves I and IV are semilunar valves. They were forced open as the pressure in the
ventricles became higher than that in pulmonary artery and aorta during ventricular systole.
3. B
The ventricular volume returns to its starting value at 0.75 second. Hence, one heartbeat of the
person takes 0.75 second. The heartbeat rate is (60 ÷ 0.75) = 80 beats per minute.
4. D
5. B
6. A
Vasodilation in the arterioles near the skin surface leads to an increase in blood flow to the
capillaries near the skin surface.
7. D
8. B

9. (a) cerebrum (1)

(b) Hyperventilation causes a decrease in the carbon dioxide content in blood, which leads to
a rise in blood pH. (1)
The chemoreceptors in carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect the change and send nerve
impulses to the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata. (1)
The respiratory centre sends less frequent nerve impulses to the respiratory muscles. As a
result, the rate and depth of breathing decreases. The swimmer does not feel the urge to
breathe. (1)
(c) The exhaled air collected by the paper bag contains a relatively higher concentration of
carbon dioxide, (1)
which can stimulate the respiratory centre to initiate breathing movements. (1)
10. (a) pacemaker / sinoatrial (SA) node (1)
(b) (i) The atrioventricular node relays the electrical impulses from the SA node to the
bundle of His. (1)
(ii) The bundle of His transmits electrical impulses along the septum to the base of the
ventricles. (1)
It then branches into many conducting fibres which spread the electrical impulses
throughout the walls of the ventricles. (1)
(c) The semilunar valves are closed when the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery
becomes higher than that in the ventricles. (1)
The closure of the semilunar valves prevents the backflow of blood from the two vessels
into the ventricles. (1)
11. (a) medulla oblongata (1)
(b) (i) Heart rate increases. (1)
(ii) Heart rate increases. (1)
(c) When more nerve impulses are sent via the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial node, (1)
the cardiac muscle contracts less frequently. (1)
12. (a) (i) The higher the cycling speed, the higher the breathing rate. (1)
(ii) When cycling at higher speed, skeletal muscles need more oxygen to carry out
respiration at a higher rate to produce more energy. (1)
Carbon dioxide is produced at a higher rate. (1)
An increase in the breathing rate helps take in more oxygen and breathe out more
carbon dioxide per unit time. (1)

(b) 27 × 3000 (1)

= 81000 cm3 (1)
13. (a) From 0 minute to 40 minutes, the heart rate increased rapidly. (1)
From 40 minutes to 60 minutes, the heart rate remained relatively constant. (1)
(b) This allows the muscle cells to carry out aerobic respiration at a faster rate (1)
in order to release more energy for muscle contraction. (1)
(c) The breathing rate increases. (1)

The breathing depth increases. (1)

14. (a) motor area of the cerebrum (1)
(b) (i) high / increased concentration of carbon dioxide in blood (1)

when she held her breath in water, the body cells continued to produce carbon
dioxide through respiration (1)
however, the carbon dioxide could not be excreted through exhalation during the
breath holding (1)
as a result, carbon dioxide accumulated in the blood
(ii) the high concentration of carbon dioxide was detected by the chemoreceptors at
medulla / carotid body / aortic arch (1)
this, in turn, stimulated the respiratory centre in the medulla (1)
more nerve impulses were then sent to the respiratory muscles (i.e. intercostal
muscles and diaphragm muscles) (1)
the respiratory muscles contracted faster and more powerfully (1)
(c) vasoconstriction of arterioles in her skin occurs (1)

this reduces blood flow to the skin surface (1), thus lower skin temperature
to reduce heat loss to the surrounding / to conserve core body temperature (1)
OR
shivering (1)
the respiration rate of muscle increases (1)
to produce more heat (1) to increase body temperature
15. (a) 60 ÷ (1.6 ÷ 2) (1)

= 75 beats per minute (1)
(b) atrial systole (1)

The pressure in the left atrium increased. (1)

(c) (i) closed (1)
(ii) open (1)
(d) Blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta (1)
because the blood pressure in the left ventricle is higher than that in aorta. (1)
(e) Foetuses obtain oxygen from the mother’s blood at the placenta. The oxygenated blood
flows to the right atrium of the foetal heart. (1)
The hole on the septum allows the oxygenated blood to flow to the left atrium. When the
left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is pumped out through the aorta and can be
supplied to the brain. (1)
16. (a) When we exercise, skeletal muscles produce carbon dioxide at a faster rate and so the
carbon dioxide concentration in the blood becomes higher than normal. (1)
The blood pH falls and is detected by chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and aortic
bodies. These chemoreceptors send nerve impulses to the respiratory centre. (1)
The respiratory centre is stimulated to send more nerve impulses through the sympathetic
nerve to the respiratory muscles. (1)
This causes these muscles to contract more frequently and more forcefully. (1)
As a result, the rate and depth of breathing increase. (1)
(b) During exercise, the level of lactic acid in the blood increases. (1)
When the oxygen supply cannot meet the demand for aerobic respiration, (1)
muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration at the same time to release extra energy in
order to cope with immediate energy need. (1)
Lactic acid is produced in the process of anaerobic respiration. (1)
(c) It takes time for the lactic acid to diffuse into the blood. (1)
(d) (i) 12 minutes (1)
(ii) The recovery time of a trained athlete will be shorter. (1)
17. (a) 60 ÷ 5 (1)

= 20 breaths per minute (1)
(b) 0.5 dm3 (1)
(c) The time between the peaks becomes shorter. (1)

The distance between the peak and the trough becomes larger. (1)

(d) Training can result in stronger respiratory muscles. (1)

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in each breath increases. (1)
This helps maintain a steep concentration gradient of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the blood and the air inside the air sac for more efficient gas exchange. (1)
(e) (i) adrenaline (1)
(ii) Adrenaline stimulates the sinoatrial node and cardiac muscle. (1)
The heart contracts stronger and faster. The cardiac output increases. (1)
This helps transport more oxygen to the muscle cells for aerobic respiration and
transport carbon dioxide to the lungs for faster removal. (1)
18. (a) The longer the duration of vigorous exercise, the more the contribution of energy from
aerobic respiration / the shorter the duration of vigorous excise, the more the contribution
of energy from anaerobic respiration (1)
(b) (i) glycogen  glucose  lactic acid / lactate + ATP
(1) (1)
(ii) to provide extra oxygen (1)

for the breakdown of lactic acid / lactate produced during the exercise period (1)
(c) more sympathetic nerve impulses will be sent to the intercostal and diaphragm
muscles (1)
for faster and stronger contractions (1)
that increases the breathing depth and rate / ventilation (1)
for rapid gas exchange / loading of oxygen to the blood (1)
OR
more sympathetic nerve impulses will be sent to the SA node (1)
for faster and stronger contraction of heart (1)
that increases the heart rate and stroke volume (1)
for rapid supply of more blood to the muscle for continuous contraction (1)
19. (a) left ventricle (1)
(b) venous return determines the volume of blood available inside the ventricle (1)
while the strength of contraction determines the amount of blood pumped out (1)
(c) contraction of skeletal muscles especially in the limbs squeezes the veins (1)
increasing the blood flow from veins (1)
thus, more blood is returning to the heart via the vena cava (1)
OR

breathing depth increases during exercise (1)

the thoracic pressure becomes more negative (1)
to assist the upward movement of blood along the vena cava (1)
(d) because marathon runners have to run a long distance than 100 m runners, their muscles
need to sustain contractions for a longer time (1)
if they run at the speed of 100 m race, the oxygen supply to muscles will be
insufficient (1)
muscles will carry out anaerobic respiration to produce lactic acid (1)
as a result, lactic acid accumulates in the muscles (1)
leading to muscle fatigue, i.e. the muscles fail to contract any more (1)
20. (a) increase the nervous output from cardiovascular centre of the brain to the pacemaker (1)
increase the secretion of adrenaline from adrenal glands (1)
(b) increase blood flow to skeletal muscles can

• supply more oxygen and nutrients to the muscles (1)
• for respiration to provide energy (1) for muscle contractions
• and to remove carbon dioxide (1) from muscle at adequate speed
(c) muscle contractions / exercise produce heat (1)

thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus / skin detect the increase in body temperature (1)
heat loss centre in the hypothalamus is stimulated to send out nerve impulses (1)
to cause vasodilation of the arterioles near the skin surface to increase the blood flow to
promote heat loss (1)
21. (a) 53–70 beats per minute (1)
(b) (70–81) / 81 × 100% (1)

= -13.6% (1)
(c) To allow comparison between males and females. (1)

The resting heart rates before the exercise programme are different between males and
females. (1)
(d) Cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume. (1)
An increase in stroke volume can keep the cardiac output the same despite the heart rate
decreases. (1)

Chapter 35 Hormonal control of the reproductive cycle

1. D
2. C
3. D
The thickness of the uterine lining started to fall on day 14. This marked the start of a new
menstrual cycle. Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the start of the menstrual cycle.
Therefore, ovulation was most likely to occur during day 27-30.
4. A
Having a tubal ligation would not affect the thickness of the uterine lining because the pituitary
gland and the ovaries remain intact after the surgery.
5. B
6. B

7. (a) (i) Maintain the thickness of the uterine lining (1)
(ii) Menstruation (1)
(b) (i) The yellow body (1)
(ii) Ovulation (1)
(c) R is pregnant. (1)

The placenta secretes HCG which maintains the yellow body. (1)
The yellow body continues to secrete progesterone. (1)
8. (a) High levels of oestrogen and progesterone in the blood inhibit the secretions of FSH and
LH from the pituitary gland. (1)
Follicles do not develop and ovulation does not occur. (1)
As a result, no ovum is released and no fertilization can take place. (1)
(b) A hormone implant slowly releases hormones into the body. Its effect is more steady and
long lasting. (1)
Taking contraceptive pills requires more participation. Some people may forget to take the

pills regularly. This lowers its effectiveness in preventing pregnancy. (1)
9. (a) The ovum and sperm cannot meet for fertilization to take place. (1)
(b) (i) FSH stimulates more follicles to develop and mature. (1)
(ii) Progesterone maintains the thickness of the uterine lining (1)

so that the embryo can implant into the uterine lining more securely. (1)
Oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH by the pituitary
gland. (1)
This prevents the development of other follicles and no ovulation will occur. (1)

10. (a) The gradually rising level of oestrogen at the early phase of the menstrual cycle inhibits
the secretion of FSH. (1)
At the later phase of the menstrual cycle, high levels of oestrogen and progesterone
inhibit the secretions of FSH and LH. (1)
These prevent the maturation of another follicle so that only one ovum is released during
each menstrual cycle. (1)
(b) (i) yellow body (1)
(ii) oestrogen (1)

progesterone (1)
(iii) menstruation (1)
(c) (i) The woman is pregnant. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) secreted by the
placenta (1)
prevents the degeneration of structure A. (1)
(ii) The placenta gradually develops and secretes the two hormones. (1)
11. (a) Fewer follicles are left in the patients’ ovaries. Less oestrogen is produced by the
follicles. (1)
Less inhibition by oestrogen to the secretion of FSH from the pituitary gland. (1)
(b) (i) Less FSH so fewer follicles develop. (1)

Fewer follicles will be destroyed by chemotherapy. (1)
More follicles are left for later in life or after treatment. (1)
(ii) The artificial hormone has a similar shape to the normal hormone. (1)
It can bind to the receptors for the normal hormone and stop the normal hormone
from binding. (1)

12. (a) ovulation (1)
(b) A high LH level stimulates the ruptured follicle to develop into a corpus luteum (yellow
body) after day 14. (1)
The production of progesterone by the corpus luteum accounts for the continuous rise in
plasma concentration of progesterone from day 14 onwards. (1)
The high level of progesterone (after day 28) indicates that this woman is pregnant and
the corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone. (1)
(c) A significant drop in the progesterone level will cause miscarriage / cause the detachment
of the uterine lining / trigger menstruation. (1)
(d) A high progesterone level after day 14 causes the levels of both FSH and LH to become
low. (1)
At a low level of FSH and LH, there is no follicular development / no maturation
of egg, (1)
and hence no ovulation will take place. (1)
Thus, progesterone can be used as a drug
13. (a) high level of progesterone inhibits the secretion of FSH (1) and LH (1) from the pituitary
the low level of FSH is not sufficient to stimulate follicular development (1)
the low level of LH is not sufficient to stimulate ovulation (1)
as a result, no fertilization takes place (1)
(b) (i) breakdown of uterine lining (1) which may lead to possible miscarriage / abortion (1)
(ii) progesterone maintains the thickness / thickening of the uterine lining / increases
vascularisation / blood supply (1)
so that the placenta / embryo can attach to the uterine lining more securely (1)
14. (a) (i) Using condom is the least effective. (1)

Using condom results in the highest percentage of pregnancies (13.9%) compared
with the other four forms of contraception. (1)
(ii) The percentage of pregnancies that occur despite using hormone implants is much
lower than that of taking birth control pills. (1)
The effectiveness of birth control pills may become lower if the woman forgets to
the take the pills / does not take the pills on time / vomits or has diarrhoea. (1)
(iii) A hormone injection results in a sudden surge in hormone level. (1)

Hormone implants release hormones steadily. (1)

(iv) Progesterone released by the implant diffuses into the blood. (1)
Increased level of progesterone in the blood inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH
from the pituitary gland. (1)
FSH and LH levels in the blood become too low to stimulate follicle development
and ovulation. (1)
(b) Emergency contraceptive pills contain high doses of hormones. The intake of high doses
of hormones may be harmful. /
Some people believe that life starts at fertilization, so taking emergency contraceptive
pills equals to abortion. /
The convenience of emergency contraceptive pills may encourage the practice of unsafe
sex without using condom.
(or other reasonable answers) (Any two, 2)
15. (a) Any two of the following:

sperm count / abundance (1)
appearance of sperm for abnormality (1)
motility of sperm (1)
(b) (i) there should be a surge / an increase in the levels of FSH and LH before
ovulation (1)
such that there are enough FSH to stimulate the development of follicles in the
ovaries (1)
and enough LH to trigger ovulation (1)
both are essential to the fertility of a woman
(ii) to make sure that the oviducts are not blocked (1)
so that the ovum and sperm can go through for fertilization (1)
(c) (i) this shows that the uterine lining has not broken down in the last cycle (1)
which indicates possible implantation of embryo (1)
(ii) the yellow body continues to secrete progesterone and oestrogen (1)
these hormones maintain / further increase the thickness of the uterine lining (1)
therefore, there is no menstruation

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HKDSE BIOLOGY: Connecting Concepts Book 5

Answers to Exam practice

Answers to Exam practice

Chapter 32 Regulation of body temperature

Multiple-choice questions (p.32-29)

Short questions (p.32-31)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 1

14. (a) The skin arterioles constrict. (1)

(b) Shivering (1)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2

Structured questions (p.32-32)

One mark for each correct label (2)

(b) Environmental condition B is hotter than A. More sweat is secreted in environmental

(c) (i) More sweat is secreted in environmental condition B than in A. (1)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 3

17. (a) Yes, I would postpone the marathon. (1)

(c) The Malpighian layer contains the pigment melanin, (1)

(c) Any two sets of the following:

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 4

19. (a) (i) A is an arteriole. (1)

(iv) Under high humidity (1)

20. (a) Allows comparison of animals with different masses. /

(d) Reduced respiration /

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 5

(c) as the hypothalamus registered a fall in internal temperature, (1)

Chapter 33 Regulation of water content

Multiple-choice questions (p.33-36)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 6

Short questions (p.33-38)

(b) Glucose is reabsorbed by active transport. (1)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 7

13. (a) active transport (1)

(c) (182 – 2.5) ÷ 182 × 100% (1)

(c) 4.95 g/L (1)

(d) Limit the intake of proteins. (1)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 8

Structured questions (p.33-40)

17. (a) (i) A: collecting duct (0.5)

(ii) line to proximal convoluted tubule (1)

(iii) line to proximal convoluted tubule (1)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 9

(ii) cellular respiration (1)

19. (a) (i) hypothalamus (1)

(ii) Reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule (1)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 10

(c) (i) Using glucose test strips (1)

(ii) A higher level of glucose is filtered into the glomerulus. (1)

(c) glomerulus (1)

(b) Proteins and glucose are present in his urine. (1, 1)

(ii) diffusion (1)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 11

Chapter 34 Regulation of gas content in blood

Multiple-choice questions (p.34-35)

Short questions (p.34-36)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 12

10. (a) pacemaker / sinoatrial (SA) node (1)

11. (a) medulla oblongata (1)

(b) (i) Heart rate increases. (1)

(ii) Heart rate increases. (1)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 13

(b) 27 × 3000 (1)

(c) The breathing rate increases. (1)