Pre-Quantum Information and Communication 2023/2024

Exercise 1
Coordinator: Tobias Koch (koch@tsc.uc3m.es) To be handed in on September 26, 2023

Problem 1 Linear Modulation

Suppose we wish to modulate the bit sequence (X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ) = (1, 1, −1, 1) using a linear modulator with
amplitude A = 1 and waveforms

( 
1, |t| ≤ 2 −1, −2 ≤ t < 0
g1 (t) = , g2 (t) = 1, 0≤t≤2
0, |t| > 2 

0, |t| > 2
 

−1, t ∈ [−2, −1) ∪ [0, 1) 
−1, t ∈ [−2, −1.5) ∪ [−1, −0.5) ∪ [0, 0.5) ∪ [1, 1.5)
g3 (t) = 1, t ∈ [−1, 0) ∪ [1, 2] , g4 (t) = 1, t ∈ [−1.5, 1) ∪ [−0.5, 0) ∪ [0.5, 1) ∪ [1.5, 2]

 

0, |t| > 2 0, |t| > 2.
4
X
(a) Determine the modulated waveform X(t) = A X` g` (t), t ∈ R.
`=1

(b) Are the waverforms g1 (·), g2 (·), g3 (·), and g4 (·) orthogonal?
(c) Describe how you can recover the bit sequence (X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ) from {X(t), t ∈ R}.

Problem 2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation

Suppose we wish to modulate the bit sequence (X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ) = (1, 1, −1, 1) using a pulse amplitude modulation
scheme with amplitude A = 1, baud period Ts = 1, and pulse shape
(p
2 − 4|t|, |t| ≤ 12
g(t) =
0, |t| > 12 .
4
X
(a) Determine the modulated waveform X(t) = A X` g(t − `Ts ), t ∈ R.
`=1

(b) Does the pulse shape g(·) satisfy Nyquist’s ISI criterion?
(c) Describe how you can recover the bit sequence (X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ) from {X(t), t ∈ R}.

Problem 3 Nyquist’s ISI Criterion I

Which of the following pulse shapes g(·) satisfy Nyquist’s ISI criterion, i.e.,
Z ∞ 
1, ` = `0
g(t − `Ts )g(t − `0 Ts ) dt =
−∞ 0, ` 6= `0 .
for some Ts > 0:
(
1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2Ts
(a) g(t) =
0, otherwise.
(b)
 1
− √2Ts ,
 −Ts ≤ t ≤ − T2s
(c) g(t) = √2T1
, − T2s < t ≤ Ts

 s

0, |t| > Ts .
1 sin(πt)
(d) g(t) = √ sinc(t/Ts ), t ∈ R (where sinc(t) , πt ).
Ts
(p
1 − Ts |f |, |f | ≤ T1s
(e) ĝ(f ) =
0, |f | > T1s .

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Problem 4 Nyquist’s ISI Criterion II
Let 
 √ 1 t
e− 2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ Ts
g(t) = −T
 0, 1 − e
s

otherwise
for some Ts > 0.

(a) Show that g(·) satisfies Nyquist’s ISI criterion.

(b) Derive a matched filter that is matched to g(·).
(c) Suppose we want to transmit the bit sequence (X1 , X2 , X3 , X4 ) = (1, 1, −1, 1) using pulse amplitude modu-
lation with pulse shape g(·), baud period Ts , and amplitude A = 4:
4
X
X(t) = 4 X` g(t − `Ts ), t ∈ R.
`=1

Show how you can recover X1 , . . . , X4 from {X(t), t ∈ R}.

Problem 5 QAM Modulation

Assume a 4-QAM constellation, for which each (complex) symbol X` , ` = 1, . . . , n takes value in the set

{−1 − i, −1 + i, 1 − i, 1 + i}
√
where i = −1. Further consider the QAM signal
n
!
X
X(t) = Re A X` g(t − `Ts )ei2πfc t , t ∈ R,
`=1

for some A > 0, fc > 0, and a pulse shape g(·) that is band-limited to some frequency W ≤ fc and satisfies
Nyquist’s ISI criterion.

Consider the following demodulation scheme:

cos(2⇡fc t)
`Ts
O YI (t)
LPF g (t)
X(t)
`Ts
O YQ (t)
LPF g (t)

sin(2⇡fc t)

where the blocks “LPF” are ideal lowpass filters, i.e., filters with frequency response

1, |f | ≤ fcutoff
ĥ(f ) =
0, |f | > fcutoff

for some cutoff frequency fcutoff .

(a) Show that {X(t), t ∈ R} can be expressed as
n
X n
X
X(t) = A cos(2πfc t) Re (X` ) g(t − `Ts ) − A sin(2πfc t) Im (X` ) g(t − `Ts ), t ∈ R.
`=1 `=1

(b) How do you have to choose the cutoff frequency fcutoff such that we can recover the symbols X` using this
demodulation scheme?
(c) Assuming that the condition in Part (b) is met, determine {YI (t), t ∈ R} and {YQ (t), t ∈ R} shown in the
picture.

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