College of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING CE343

Classification of hydraulic jumps

Student Name Student ID Section

CEA

(Fall Session- 2022)

Dr. Sultan Salamah

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 table of contents:

Summary:...............................................................................................3

Introduction:...........................................................................................3

Keywords:...............................................................................................4
FROUDE NUMBER:.....................................................................................................................................4

Classification:.........................................................................................5
Table 1............................................................................................................................................................5

Clarify the types.....................................................................................6

Type 1.............................................................................................................................................................6

Type 2:...........................................................................................................................................................6

Type 3:...........................................................................................................................................................6

Type 4:...........................................................................................................................................................7

Type 5:...........................................................................................................................................................7

Type 6:...........................................................................................................................................................7

The length of the jump:.........................................................................8

Equation (1.2).................................................................................................................................................8

A hydraulic jump impact:.....................................................................8

Application of hydraulic jump:............................................................9

Example:.................................................................................................9

Experiment.............................................................................................9

Conclusion:...........................................................................................10

References:............................................................................................11

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 Summary

In this research the Froude number Fr1 will be known and applied to know the
type of jump and we will do some experiments.

:Introduction

The driving force for fluid motion in an open channel flow is gravity, and the free
surface is always at a constant absolute pressure (typically in the atmosphere).
Water is typically present in open channels. [1]
A hydraulic jump in open-channel flow allows a supercritical flow to swiftly
revert to a subcritical flow as in Fig. 1.
The channel conveys an upstream
supercritical flow, a downstream
subcritical flow, and a transition
Figure1: hydraulic jump in a laboratory open channel [2]

flow when it has both an upstream control (like a sluice gate) that leads to a
supercritical flow (downstream of the control section) and a downstream control
(like a reservoir) that imposes a subcritical flow at the downstream end. [1]
The hydraulic leap, which is a feature of stilling-basin and spillway applications,
is a particularly efficient energy dissipator because to its intense turbulence and
agitation. [2]
Such jumps must be situated on properly constructed aprons; otherwise, the
agitation will severely scrape the canal bottom. Jumps can be used in sewage and
water treatment schemes and are particularly effective in mixing fluids. [3]

:Keywords
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We will get acquainted with some scientific definitions of some of the terms
used.
OPEN CHANNEL: A river, canal, or conduit that has an open surface for
liquid movement is referred to as an open channel. The fluid motion in an open
channel is referred to as an open channel flow. [4]
HYDRAULIC JUMP: The hydraulic jump, also known as a standing wave
or jump, occurs when the flow depth of water transitions from a supercritical to a
subcritical state. [5]
SUPERCRITICAL FLOW: A flow that is supercritical has a velocity
greater than the wave velocity. The following is the definition of supercritical
flow from the website Civil Engineering Terms: Supercritical flow is defined as a
flow when the channel depth is less than the critical depth, the flow velocity is
higher than the critical velocity, and the channel slope is also higher than the
critical slope. [6] [5]
SUBCRITICAL FLOW: larger than critical flow depths caused by relatively
flat slopes. Less than one is the Froude number. This kind of flow is more typical
in flat streams. [4]
FROUDE NUMBER: The nondimensional ratio of inertial force to gravity for
a specific fluid flow; also known as the Reech number's inverse. It might be
offered as; Fr¿ v2 /lg (1.1) [7]
where V is a characteristic velocity, L a characteristic length, and g the
acceleration of gravity, or as the square root of this number.

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:Classification

The upstream Froude number Fr is the main

factor controlling hydraulic jump performance.
Only secondarily are the Reynolds number and
channel geometry relevant. When supercritical
flow occurs in a horizontal, rectangular channel,
the flow's energy is lost due to frictional
resistance, which causes the flow's velocity to
drop and its depth to rise. If the Froude number
Fr of the flow, the flow depth, Y1(Fig.2.) and a
downstream depth fulfill the equation, a figure 2: Relation between Fr and Y1/Y2 for a hydraulic
]6[ .jump in a horizontal rectangular channer
hydraulic leap will form in the channel. [6] [7]
Hydraulic jumps on horizontal floor are of severai distinct types. These varieties
are easily categorized in accordance as in (table 1) with the entering flow's
Froude number, Fr. [4]
]8[ Table 1 : Classification of hydraulic jumps

Types: Froude number: Classification:

1 Fr < 1.0 Jump impossible
2 Fr = 1.0 to 1.7 Standing wave
3 Fr = 1.7 to 2.5 Weak jump
4 Fr = 2.5 to 4.5 oscillating jump
5 Fr = 4.5 to 9 well-balanced
6 Fr > 9 strong jump

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Clarify the types

Type 1: It has been falsely asserted that thermodynamic laws can be violated at
very short scales of length and time, or that perhaps we need a different
interpretation of thermodynamics in these circumstances. [1]

Type 2: It is not well formed, and some of the

turbulence contains water particles. vegetation
upstream causes backwaters to rise due to the
]8[ figure 3: Standing wave
thickening and denser upstream vegetation. A breaking
wasted maximal energy and undulating hydraulic jump result in vegetation. On
air bubbles, intermediary plants generated a non-breaking undulating hydraulic
jump. [6]

Type 3: Take the place of a weak leap when the water's velocity is very low and
the water's particles are steady and flowing in a variety of ways. Using particle-
pic measurements of velocimetry, the flow
structure of a weak, turbulent hydraulic jump
and the turbulent air-water interface are
]8[ figure 4: Weak jump
thoroughly examined. The need to comprehend
the intricate dynamics of the turbulence produced by steady flow spilling
breakers and breaker shear layer areas with attention to their topology and the
relative weight of reverse flow, mean flow, and turbulence structure is what
drives the research of hydraulic jump. [2] [5]

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Type 4: When the oscillating jump jet reaches a particularly crucial condition and
enough particles begin to jump in both clockwise
and counterclockwise directions, an oscillating
hydraulic jump forms that
]8[ Figure sendsjumpwaves to the
5: oscillating

top surface or creates very tiny tides. [5]

Type 5: The water particle begins to tend in one direction with very heavy
velocity and turbulence because the bed surface of steady hydraulic jumps is
quite rough. The jump forms steadily at the same
spot when the Froude number reaches this limit.
The four main types of jumps and the location of
]8[ Figure5: well-balanced
the jump are least susceptible to downstream flow
conditions when they have a stable hydraulic leap and turbulence contained
within the jump. Continuous hydraulic jumps often have a significant (45-70%)
and well-balanced energy loss. [3]

Type 6: When frictional losses are greater and equal to the division of air
pressure, and when velocity is high, a perfect
jump is created. [7]
]8[ Figurer 6: strong jump

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 :The length of the jump

The distance from the front face of the jump to a location on the surface directly
downstream from the roller may be used to quantify the length of a leap.
Although the length is difficult to calculate theoretically, numerous hydraulicians
have conducted experiments to test their theories. [2]
As a function of the upstream flow parameters, Chov (1973) presented some
criteria to determine the length of the hydraulic jump roller. Hager et alreview .'s
of correlations and a wider variety of data was published in 1990. They
hypothesized the following correlation for the v-ide channel (i.e., d/B <0.10): [9]
Lr
d
=160 tanh
Fr
20
−12 2< Fr <16 ( )
(1.2) [9]
is true for horizontal, rectangular channels with the values 2 through
Equation (1.2)
16. When creating energy dissipation basins, a correlation like this can be
employed. [10]

DIGRAM 1 :dimension surface profiles of hydraulic jump in horizontal

channels

:A hydraulic jump impact

It is common practice in the realm of hydraulics to employ hydraulic jump. The

hydraulic leap has the following effects: It can be used to carry out a variety of
tasks. [6]
1. The hydraulic jump often serves as the energy dissipator. The hydraulic
jump's function removes excess water energy. [3]
2. Effect of a hydraulic jump, including the significant volume of air trapped
in the water at the time the hydraulic jump occurs. The waste stream that
pollutes water flow can be removed with the use of air. [3]
3. Additionally, it improves the efficiency of weirs and other hydraulic
structures like notches and flumes. APPLICATION OF HYDRAULIC JUMP. [1]

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:Application of hydraulic jump

1. Hydraulic jumps are typically used to change the direction of water flow.
Utilizing the hydraulic leap, substances can be mixed to create pure water.
[4]
2. In order to avoid air locking and air in the water supply, it might be utilized
to remove the sewage pipes. [5]
3. Hydraulic leap stops the dam structure on the downstream side from being
scoured. [5]

:Example

Water flows in a wide channel at q =10 m3/(s.m) and y1 =1.25 m. If the flow
undergoes a hydraulic jump, compute (a) V1, (b) Fr1, (c) Y2. [8]

m3
q 10
a) V1= y 1 = s . m = 8 m
1.25 m s

v1 8
b) Fr = ( gy 1) = ( 9.81 ( 1.25 ) )1 /2 = 2.285 this is a weak jump.

1 1
c) Y2= 2
y 1 ( 5.54 )= ( 1.25 ) ( 5.54 ) =3.46 m
2

]2[ Experiment
What is the experiment?
hydraulic jump: is a phenomenon that frequently occurs in open channels such as rivers, canals, spillways,
and weirs and is designed to dissipate excess energy.

Why we use this experiment?

to observe the hydraulic jump phenomenon, understand the nature of the hydraulic jump phenomenon, and
quantify the energy loss caused by the hydraulic jump.

Apparatus?
1. Hydraulic Flow Demonstrator. 2. Hydraulics Bench.

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EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES
• Retract the adjustable central section of the channel bed to ensure that it is flat.
• Turn on the pump and set the desired water flow.
• Ensure that the sluice gate is raised to a height not exceeding the water behind it at the
upper end of the channel. Water should be higher behind the sluice gate than the gap under
it.
• In the lower end of the channel, raise the sluice gate so that the hydraulic jump is formed
around the middle.
• Measure both sluice gates' heights. Take measurements of the height of water just after the
upper channel sluice gates, in the middle of the channel, and just before the lower sluice
gates.

Conclusion
the hydraulic jump is used to dissipate large quantities of energy. The reason for this energy dissipation is
due to some factors:
- It is necessary to decelerate the liquid to prevent damage to the dam's structure.
- Due to the lowered velocity, it prevents erosion of the downstream dam surface.

:Conclusion

We learned about Fr and how to use it to calculate the type of hydraulic jump that
need be used to position it properly. A hydraulic leap is a flow that is particularly
erratic. The mean pressure is quasi-hydrostatic below the jump, according to
experimental measurements of bottom pressure variations, but significant
pressure oscillations are seen. The extreme minimum pressures may become
negative (below atmospheric pressure), which could result in uplift pressures on
the channel bottom, according to a reanalysis of bottom pressure fluctuation
records below hydraulic leaps over extended periods of time. The uplift loads
that develop on the channel bed may cause the channel to erode and completely
disappear. [10] [8]

:References
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.S. Eslamian, Engineering Hydrology, France: CRC Press, 2014 [1]
.J. S. Montes, Hydraulics of open channel flow, Munich: Springr, 1979 [2]
.F. M. White, Fluid Meachanics, Americas, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011 [3]
.R. VEN TE CHOW, open-channel hydraulics, Nyew York: McGRAW-HILL, 1959 [4]
U. D. o. Transportion, DESIGN CHARTS FOR OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW, Germany: Federal [5]
.Highway Administration, 1961
J. N. Bradley, "Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins," ASCE, 11 5 2011. [Online]. Available: [6]
.https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0000126. [Accessed 3 10 2022]
.H. Chanson, CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP, Russia Moscow: CRC Press, 2000 [7]
.B. Chaplot, Classification of Hydraulic Jump in Rough Beds, India-Bihar: MDPI, 2019 [8]
H. Gotoh, "Flow Conditions of Undular Hydraulic Jumps in Horizontal Rectangular Channels," [9]
ASCE , 8 2 2003. [Online]. Available: https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-
.9429(2003)129:12(948). [Accessed 3 10 2022]
G. Mahtabi, "Froude number," American Meteorological Society, 12 10 2014. [Online]. Available: [10]
.https://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Froude_number. [Accessed 3 10 2022]

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