Manner of Articu1ation

The manner of articulation pertains to the manner the airstream is obstructed

as the air flows directly from the lungs and released by the mouth. When the
airstream flows through the vocal tract, 'the air could be completely or somewhat
restricted. The manner the sound is produced is labeled as plosive or stop, fricative,
affricate, liquid glides

Plosives or Stop
Plosive or stop refers to the. stopping of the air completely to produce a sound.
When the air is completely blocked to accumulate pressure .and released in a burst,
the consonants are plosive,' such as in the words "stop, bag, lack." The English
language has the following stop
/p/ and /b/ - The air is completely blocked by meeting both upper and lower lips.
Examples: plow, 'cap, bat, tab
/t/ and /d/ - The air is blocked by pointing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar
ridge.
Examples; tap, ball, draw, word
/k/ and /g/ - The airflow is blocked using the back of the tongue against the soft palate.
Example: knock, luck, great, bug

Fricatives
Fricative refers to the leaking of the air from a, narrow passage of the
mouth. It is done through partial blocking of air in the vocal tract which will
force it to pass through a narrow channel. Fricatives are produced when air is
allowed to move, but restricted. This creates friction, In few cases, due to
friction, it produces an vibration such as in the words: 'bathe, vine, vision."
English language has the following fricative consonants:
/t/ and:/v/ - the air is forced to pass through the lower lip and upper teeth.
Examples: father, force, half, virtue, have.
/θ/ and /ö/ -c The air is forced through the tongue and the upper teeth.
Examples: the, bath, thick, these, rather
/s/ and /z/ - The air is forced through tile alveolar ridge and the tongue.
Examples: suite, busy, zit, bus
/ʃ/ and /ʒ/ - The air is pushed through the tongue and further beyond the
alveolar ridge
Examples: pressure, measure, shine, harsh
Affricates
Affricates are combinations of two Sounds thé plosive 'and fricative. in
producing affricate consonants, the air is. blocked and suddenly released, 'An
affricate consonant starts with a stop, where the air is built up at the rear part
of the mouth. The air is then released through a constricted channel. Affricate
consonants include [ch] and [j] such as in "church, change, jam, January, chin,
Jen."

The English language has the following fricative consonants':

/ʧ/ and /ʤ/ - The tongue blocks the air at the alveolar ridge then released it..
Examples: chime, judge, badge, chick, match

Approximants
Approximants area produced when two articulators, the mouth and the
tongue, are brought together but not touching each other. The resulting sounds
seem like a vowel. An example is the sound produced when articulating the
word "why”, which seems to be a combination of a fast /u/ and /aI/.
Approximant consonant as the sounds produced halfway a vowel and
fricative. When producing approximants, only a little friction is created since
the air flows effortlessly through the vocal tract.
Listen to the sounds of "why, how, yet, rat." Take notice that there is no
contact between the articulators when these sounds are produced.

The English language has the following approximant consonants:

[ɹ], [jl and [w] —The sound is smoothly produced and there is no apparent contact
between articulators.
Example: when, yes, rather, wet, right, whether

Liquid/ Laterals
Consonants that are considered lateral or liquid are made where the tongue
constricts the mouth and obstructs the airflow, but does not cause friction. This results
in a semi-vowel like the quality of the sound. When producing laterals or liquids, the
airflow goes through the sides, usually of the. tongue such as in the words "lame and
sell."
The English language has one lateral/liquid consonant:
/l/ This is produced by placing the tip of the tongue at the alveolar ridge.

Example: black, luck, leech, smell, tell

Nasal
Nasal consonants are produced when the air, is pushed out from the nose. The air
escapes through the nose since the air cannot pass through the mouth, which is
constricted by the tongue or the lips. Notice how these Words are produced: "man,
song, blank, notice, manner."
The English language has three consonants:
/m/ - When produced, the lips are crossed which makes it impassable by the air.
Examples: material, mature, immortal, maneuver, enthusiasm

/n/ - This is _produced by using -the tongue and the alveolar ridge to restrict the airflow.
Examples: man, immune, no, commune, on
/ŋ/ - To produce this sound; the tongue is pressed at the soft palate and blocked the
airflow.
Examples: funk, being, beginning, bank, imaging