Anatomy and Physiology

Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug

Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23

TOPIC Components of Hormones

SUBTOPIC • Receptor site - location on a cell where hormone
SUB-SUBTOPIC binds (lock)

• Target tissues - group of cells that respond to

specific hormones
Chapter 10 – ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• Specificity - specific hormones bind to specific
receptor sites
1. Controls homeostasis
2. Maintains water balance
➢ Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly
3. Controls uterine contractions
into bloodstream
4. Controls milk production
➢ Hormones travel to all parts of body
5. Regulates ions
➢ Hormones (key) bind to receptor site (lock) on target
6. Regulates metabolism and growth tissue

7. Regulates heart rate and blood pressure ➢ Response occurs

8. Monitors blood glucose levels

9. Aids the immune system

➢ Alter cell activity of target tissues by increasing or
10. Reproductive functions decreasing cell’s normal processes

Components of Endocrine System ➢ Change permeability of cell membrane by opening or

• Endocrine glands - secrete their product directly into closing ion channels
blood stream
➢ Synthesis of proteins
• Chemical signal - molecules that are released from
one location, move to another location, and produce Types of Hormones
a response Water soluble:

➢ includes proteins, peptides, amino acids

Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic, prolactin, etc.

Lipid hormones:

➢ includes steroids and eicosanoids

Ex. LH, FSH, androgens

Regulation of Hormones
• Blood levels of chemicals - Ex. Blood glucose levels
(insulin)

• Other hormones - Ex. TSH signals thyroid gland to

release thyroid hormone

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23

• Nervous system - Ex. Epinephrine and fight or flight GONADOTROPINS:

response
LH (Luteinizing) for females:
• Negative Feedback - tells body when homeostasis is Target tissue: ovaries
reached Function: promotes ovulation and progesterone
production
Pituitary Gland
• Small gland in brain LH for males:
• Controlled by hypothalamus Target tissue: testes
Function: sperm production and testosterone
• Divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating):
• Secretes at least 6 hormones
for females:

Target tissue: follicles in ovaries

Function: follicle maturation and estrogen

secretion

FSH for males:

Target tissue: seminiferous tubules (testes)

Function: sperm production

Prolactin:
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Target tissues: mammary glands and ovaries
Growth Hormone:

Target tissues: most Functions: milk production

Functions: stimulates growth of bones, muscles, and Posterior Pituitary Gland
organs Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH):
Abnormalities: Target tissues: kidneys
• Too much GH causes giantism Functions: conserve water
• Too little GH causes pituitary dwarfism
Abnormalities:
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH):
Diabetes insipidus:
Target tissues: thyroid gland
• low ADH
Functions: regulates thyroid gland secretions • kidneys to produce large amounts of dilute (watery)
Abnormalities: urine
• can lead to dehydration and thirst
• Too much TSH, thyroid gland enlarges
• Too little TSH, thyroid gland shrinks

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23

➢ If Ca 2+ is high then osteoclasts don’t break down

Oxytocin:
bone matrix and more Ca 2+ is lost in urine.
Target tissues: uterus

Functions: increases uterine contractions during Adrenal Glands

• On kidneys
labor • 2 regions medulla and cortex
Thyroid Gland Adrenal Medulla (inner portion):
• One of largest glands Epinephrine/Norepinephrine:
• Requires iodine to function
Target tissues: heart, blood vessels, liver, fat cells
Thyroid hormones: Functions: released as part of fight or flight
Target tissues: most Response
Functions: regulates metabolic rates and is Adrenal Cortex (outer portion):
needed for growth
• Aldosterone - Type of mineralocorticoids
Abnormalities of Thyroid Gland Target tissues: kidneys
Hypothyroidism: Functions: causes Na+ and H2O to be retained and K+
➢ Decreased metabolism to be secreted, indirectly involved with blood
➢ Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue pressure and blood volume
➢ Low temp. and pulse • Androgens:
➢ Dry, cold skin
➢ Myxedema in adults Target tissues: most
➢ Cretinism in infants Functions:
Males: secondary sexual characteristics
Hyperthyroidism: Females: sex drive
➢ Increased metabolism
Pancreas
➢ Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness
• Organ in abdomen
➢ Higher temp. and pulse
• Insulin
➢ Warm, flushed skin
➢ Graves’ disease (leads to goiter) Insulin:
Calcitonin: Target tissues: liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue
Target tissues: bones Functions:
Functions: secreted when blood Ca2+ levels
are high • regulates blood glucose levels
• after meal glucose levels are high and insulin
Parathyroid gland is secreted
Parathyroid hormone (PTH): • extra glucose is stored in form of glycogen
Target tissues: bones and kidneys Abnormalities:
Functions: regulates blood Ca2+ levels (More than
calcitonin) Diabetes mellitus:
➢ If Ca 2+ is low then osteoclasts break down bone Causes: too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors
matrix and less Ca 2+ is lost in urine.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by: Francine Diann Malabug
Professor: Mr. Carlos Mikhael Timbreza Date: 01-06-23

Symptoms: exaggerated appetite, excess urine, dehydration,

thirst, fatigue

Type I: insulin dependent (daily injections required)

Type II: insulin independent, often found in obese people, can

be treated with diet but can turn into type I

Glucagon:

Target tissues: liver

Function:

• regulates blood glucose levels

• between meals glucose levels drop and glucagon is
secreted
• glucagon allows glycogen to be broken down into
glucose

Testes
Testosterone:

Target tissues: most

Functions: aids in sperm and reproductive organ
development and function

Ovaries
Estrogen/Progesterone:

Target tissues: most

Functions: involved in uterine and mammary gland
development and menstrual cycle

Thymus gland
Thymosin:

Target tissues: immune system tissues

Functions: promotes immune system development
and function

Pineal Body (Gland)

Melatonin:

Target tissues: hypothalamus

Functions: plays a role in onset of puberty and
controls circadian rhythms. Light affects its function.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Prepared by: Francine Dianne Malabug
Date: 01-06-23