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    Physics Textbook

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    MIN pYIG) Student Book Brian Arnold Penny Johnson Steve Woolley tte ty Parson Eeaaion Li, B0Stre Loni WEORURE, wiomanaralccaecheolscon (copes aoa! speciicatcns ora dete! questions maybe kad nite webnte Hs aitestors. sear came Tt © Pearson Exueton Line 2097 Eid by Jane Fs ead by Cota it Tena by Tee Lik Tete al Br Are Py bn an Sow Wy oe ert sg ouorvof tha warkhie baa waaay heh 8 aecaunce wt a (Cosy. Designs and Pater Act 1388. Fest pebiehed 2017 weir Bish Liza Caltioging Pubcon Daa [A cuaiogce recon ter book gatas frm a Brien Una Copia notice ‘Agia Yor, Mo pot of is pubtcaon maybe preted nary form 2 by ‘ey aes eae ptocpying cr song tery nada by lotic res ‘Fourstar nota reer sae ater ua es publ ‘set a Wein pamizion othe copyrgrt ene cept accontarce wth theprorsons oft Gooygrt. Desire arc Pats AC 1808 or under tes ts teanes uot ty he CaprgeLlcenang Agercy, Seen ecoe 6-10 ry Shee Lerdon ECINBTS (yr iaco.uh. 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Penciy COURSE STRUCTURE iv ABOUT THIS BOOK vi ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW vill UNIT 1: FORCES AND MOTION 2 UNIT 2: ELECTRICITY 58 UNIT 3: WAVES 96 UNIT 4: ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENERGY TRANSFER 132 UNIT 5: SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES UNIT 6: MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM UNIT 7; RADIOACTIVITY AND PARTICLES UNIT 8: ASTROPHYSICS APPENDICES APPENDIX A: PERIODIC TABLE APPENDIX B: FORMULAE AND RELATIONSHIPS APPENDIX C: PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS APPENDIX D: EXPERIMENTAL AND INVESTIGATIVE SKILLS APPENDIX E: COMMAND WORDS GLOSSARY INDEX BR 81z BIRISIS/S/315 UNIT 1 FORCES AND MOTION 1 MOVEMENT AND POSITION 8 2 FORCES AND SHAPE 18 3 FORCES AND MOVEMENT 8 4 MOMENTUM foo ° 5 THE TURNING EFFECT OF FORCES Ex “a UNIT 2 ELECTRICITY 6 MAINS ELECTRICITY Cc) 7 CURRENT AND VOLTAGE IN CIRCUITS 7 6 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE 5 9 ELECTRIC CHARGE Ex a UNIT 3 WAVES 10. PROPERTIES OF WAVES a” 11. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 108 12. LIGHT WAVES 113 13. SOUND 123 UNIT 4 ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENERGY TRANSFER 14 ENERGY TRANSFERS 133 15 THERMAL ENERGY 139 16 WORK AND POWER 150 17 ENERGY RESOURCES AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION xx 158 UNIT 5 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES 18 DENSITY AND PRESSURE 173 19 SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES 181 UNIT 6 MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM 20, MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISN 197 21 ELECTRIC MOTORS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 206 UNIT 7 RADIOACTIVITY AND PARTICLES 22. ATOMS AND RADIOACTIVITY Fa] 23 RADIATION AND HALF-LIFE a 24. APPLICATIONS OF RADIOACTIVITY at 25 FISSION AND FUSION 250 UNIT 8 ASTROPHYSICS 26° MOTION INTHE UNIVERSE 28 27 STELLAR EVOLUTION 285 ant 28 COSMOLOGY Lx ABOUT THIS BOOK ‘This book is writen for students following the Edexeel International GCSE (9-1) Physics specificatian and the Edexcel Intemational GCSE (9-1) Science Double Award specification, You will need to study all of ‘the content in this book for yaur Physics examination. However, you will only need to study some of tit you are taking the Double Award specification. The book clearly indicates. which Comtent is in the Physics examination and not in the Double Award specification. To complete the Dauble Award course yau will iso eed to study the Biology and Chemistry parts of the course. In each unit of this book, there are concise explanations. and worked examples, plus numerous exercises that will help you build up confidence. The book alsa describes the methods for carrying out all of tha required practicals. ‘The language throughout this textbook is graded for speakers of English 8s an additional language (EAL), with advanced Physics specific terminology highlighted and defined in the glossary at the back of the book ‘Alist of command words, also at the back of the book, will heip you to lear the language you will need in your examination. ‘You will also tind that questions in this book have Progression icans and Skil tags. The Progression icons refer to Pearson's Progression scale. This scale - from 1 to 12 - tells you what level you have reached in your leaming and will help you to see what you need to do to progress to the next level. Furthermore, Edexcel have developed a Skills grid showing the skills you will practise throughout your time on the: course. The skills in the grid have been matched to questions in this baok to help you see which skills you are developing. You can find Pearson's Progression scale and Edexcel's Skils grid at \werw_pearsonschoolsandfecolleges.co.uk along with guidelines. on haw to use them. Pryates Ony sections show the cartent (Units bono tai you that on tha Pryce whlch unis for = specication only and ‘ample, rates, crams = otis Dodtia mers an aeons — you wil spseiteation Al other far the tue a a toe. —} Apple | Deuble Aware darts Lacking Aad tells you ‘what you wou lear you continued your stuf Phys toa ghar eve, such as Irsemationa Level fiero fomewore Practical describe the mmathogs for amy out allot the practical you {ul ned to now oe your examination, Hint boxes give yon tipa.on Important points to remember In your examinaton, Co: OD eee ne Progression icons show the lave of [ Unt Questions test your Knowledge itieaty according forthe Pearson | of the whole unt and provide ‘ternational GCSE Science "quck effects feedback on your Progression Seas. progras. ‘Skits tags tell you which sls You are practising in each ‘ueston, ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW The following tables give an overview of the assessment for this course. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assesment, itn emia “Ho Sarai Paper code 4PH1/1P and are EE mr eerie Sneeteneee) Ss mara SO oo Whitten examination paper Physics: Thou 15 ming Janwary and June Paper code 4PH1/2P examination genes: an Seer by Edexce! you are studying Physics then you will take both Papers 1 and 2. If you are studying Science Double Award then you will only nase to take Paper 1 (along with Paper 1 for each of the Biology and Chemistry courses) ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND WEIGHTINGS Ps sea Dea) Pe a Aon Kromedge and understanding of physics SBM 256 oe ‘Application of knowledge and 8B%42% understanding, analysis and evaluation ‘ot physics 03 Expedenental skills, analysis and 19%-219% ‘evaluation of data and methods in physics EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS Inthe assessment of experimental skills, students may be tested on their ability to: + solve problems set in practical context + apply scientific knowledge and understanding in questions with a practical context + devise and pian investigations, using scientific knowledge and understanding when selecting appropriate techniques ‘= demonstrate or describe appropriate experimental and investigative mathods, including safe and skiful practical techniques ‘© make observations and measurements with appropriate precision, record these methodically and present them in ‘appropriate ways, * identify independent, dependent and control variables ‘use scientific knowledge and understanding to analyse and interpret data to draw conclusions from experimental ‘activities that are consistent with the evidence + communicate the findings from experimental activities, using appropriate technical language, relevant calculations and graphs ‘© assess the reliability of an experimental activity ‘* evaluate data and methods taking into account factors that affect accuracy and validity. CALCULATORS Students are permitiad to take a suitable calculator into the examinations. Calculators with QWERTY keyboards or that can retrieve text or formulae will nat be permitted, Ps eco ary FORCES AND MOVEMENT 28 | MOMENTUM40 Da eau no aay UT ee SOE Seen SU CRU ee re RUE ee oe RO ena Smet Oe mm ee n= Dees UU CRI SS ICC RUSS AUR CUCU eee ce IC UT ec Forces can change the shape of things, sometimes temporarily and sometimes permanently. Forces make things rotate and change direction. Coe De em ors Ce een a Knaw and use the relationship between average Determine acceleration from the gradient of a Dee Coe co ee) “time tak ey Pee tact Determine the distance travelled trom the are ed Use the relationship between final speed, intial speed, Tes Pee ee cs CE Ee change in velocity (coat cri) t SEE (Ore ee eos eo) to ‘torque (turing effect): newton metre (Nm) momentum: kilogram metre par socond tri ‘Sometimes average speed is shawn In this section you will need i use klogram (kg) asthe unt of mass, metre fr) 35 Dy the SYMDO Vpgge OF FUL en this the unit of length, and second (s) as the unit of time, You wil find measureenents, ‘book w will be used. ‘ol mass made in subdivisions of the kilogram, lie grams (q) and miligrams mc, ‘measurements of length in multiples of the metre, ike tha kilometre (km). and Subdivisions lke the centinetre (em) and milimetre (mm. You wil also be fara with ather units fortimar minutes, hours, days and yesrs etc. You will need to take care to-carvvert unis in calculations to the base units af kg, m and & when you meet these subdivisions and mutiples, (Other urits come from these base units In the fest chapter you will meet the units for: i speed and velocity: metre per second (m/s) = acceleration: metre per second squared (rms) In ater chapters you vill meet the units for: = foros: newton (St gravitational leks strength: newtan per Kaagram (MLK 4 Soe Tei ‘Speed is a term that is atten used in everyday lite. Action films often feature high-speed chases. Speed is a cause of fatal accidents on the road. Sprinters ‘alm for greater speed in competition with other athletes. Rockets must reach ‘high enough speed to put communications satellites in orbit around the Earth, This chapter will explain haw speed is defined and measured and hew distance-time graphs are used to show the movement of an object as time passes. We shall then look at changing speed ~ acceleration and deceleration. We shall use velocity-time graphs to find the acceleration of an ‘object. We shall also find how far an objact has travelled using its velocity-time ‘raph. You will find out about the difference between speed and velocity on page 6. sas ‘Acar travels 100 kllometres in 2 hours 80 the- average speed of the car is r ‘50 krrvh, You can wark this out by doing a simple calculation using the peor ae vanes peec ee following definition of speed: as the symbol for stance travelled, [but in this book 's’ wil be used to be ‘consistent with the symbol used in ‘Alavol maths and physics. average speed, v= ‘The average speed ef the car during the journey is the total distance travelled, vided by the time taken for the journey. Ifyou look at the speedometer in ‘car you will $60 that the speed of the car changes from instant to instant ‘a8 the accelerator or brake is used. The speedometer therefore shows the instantaneous speed of the car, Typically the cistance moved is measured in matres and time taken in ‘seconds, so the speed is in metres per second (vs). Other units can be used {or speed, such as kilometres per hour jon), or centimetres por second {cm/s}. In physics the units wa usa are metric, but yau can measure spead in miles per hour (mph. Many cars show speed in both moh and kilometres per hour (xph or km/h. Exam questions should be in metric units, 50 remember that m is the abbreviation for metres (and not miles). Lemp ne HI StF It'you are given information about speed and time taken, you will be expected eu) to rearrange the speed equation to make the distance moved the subject: distance moved, s = average speed, v x time, ¢ ‘and to make the time taken the subject if you are given the distance: moved and speed! distance moved, 5 time ake Scrape sped, v “Ta uoe tho triangla mathod to rearrange an equation, cover up the part of he angio that you want Wo find For exarnple in Figure 12, you want to work out how long it takes to move a cistance (5 ata given speed, Covering rin Figure 12 eaves iA iiesntatenemsepsintirgn meena [RIESCaSmenCeLOSE tae tee esac ete eta {or rearranging equations ties = v3 the equation for caiculating speed, distance or time, always give the actual equation (euch as ¢ =v « 9. You may not get the mark if you just draw the tangle ‘Figure 13 A stopwatch wil measure the time ‘Suppose you want to find the speed of cars driving down your road. Yau may have seen the police using a mobile speed camera to check that drivers are keeping to the speed limit. Speed guris use microprocessors (computers on a ‘chip’ to produce an instant reading of the speed of a moving vehicle, but you ‘can conduct a very simple experiment to measure car speed. Measure the distance between two points along a straight section of road a tape measure or ‘click’ wheel, Use a stopwatch to measure the time taken for a carta travel the measured distance. Figure 1.4 shows you Now to operate your ‘speed trap’ 11 Measure 50 m fram a start point along the side of the road, 2 Start a stopwraich when your partner signals that the ear is passing the start point. ‘kon fort vec Wo tavet the distance. 9._Stop the stopwatch when the car passes you at the finish point. a) ! _ A. Figute 1.4 Hom to measure the speed of care erving om the reas ‘Na measurements should be taken ‘en the public road or pavement but it 's possible to do so within the-schoo! boundary within sight of the rowd. HEY PONT ‘You can convert a speed in m’s into.a speed in rh, IW the-car travels 12.8 metres in one second twill travel 112.8 x 60 metres in 60 seconds (that is, ‘one minut ana 12.8 « 60 x 60 matres in 60 minutes What i, 1 hour), which is 46090 metres in an hour or 46.1 kwh ‘he ene decimal place), ‘We have multiplied by 3600 (80 x 60} to ‘convert torn mis to mh, then divided by 1000 to convert fram ho kev {95 there are 1000 min? km). File: to convert m/s to kin simply uit by 3.6. Using the measurements made with your speed trap, you can work out the speed of the car. Use the equation: distance moved, VOraDE SPREE = ie taken £ So ifthe time measured is 3.9 s, the speed of the car in this experiment is: som average speed, v = 2.8 mis DISTANCE-TIME GRAPHS A Figer 15 Acar traveling st constant speed 0 ic v1 ef 0 oo as va is a0 a8 tines ‘4 Figure 146 Distanco-time gragh fr the ‘wareling car inFigure'1.5 ‘A curved ine on distance-time graphs ‘means that the speed or velocity othe ‘object is changing. To find the speed ata particular instant of time we would sdrawa tangent tothe curve a that instant and find the gradient ofthe angen Figure 1.5 shows a car traveling along a road. t shows the car at 0.5 second intervals. The distances that the car has travelled from the start position after ‘each 0.5 s time interval are marked on the picture. The picture provicies a record of how far the car has travelled as time has passed. The table below shows the data for this car. You will bb éxpected to plat.a graph ef the distance travelled (vertical axis) against time (horizectal axis) as shawn in Figure 1.6 Sore oo os 15) 20s ee OO 66D 120 (ko 40 (800 The distance-time graph tells us about how the car is travelling in a much more convenient form than the series of drawings in Figure 1.5. We can see that the car is travelling equal distances in equal time intervals - it is moving at a steady or constant speed. This fact is shawn immediately by the fact that the granh is a straight line. The slope or gradient of the tins tells us the speed Of the car = the steeper the line the greater the speed of the car. Sa in this. example: distance _ 30m seed = aint = SSIE8 900 «rag a b Beis cy, i i} fone fi i i i aan = = istancam distance / | K = — 4. Fa 17 ame tron tah In Figure 1.7, the distance is nat changing with time - the line is horizontal ‘This means that the speed is zero. in Figure 1.7b the graph shows how two ‘objects are moving. The red line is steeper than the blue line because object ‘Ais maving at a higher speed than object B, In Figure 1.7 the object is speeding up (accelerating) shown by the granh line getting steeper taradient getting bigger). In Figure 1.7¢ the abject is slowing down (decelerating). Saas SS SN ‘Some displacement-time graphs look ike the one shown in Figure 1.7. fs 4 straight ling, showing that the object is moving with constant speed, but the ling is sloping down to the right rather than Up to the right. The gradient of sucha line is negative because the distance that the object is from the starting point is now decreasing - the object is going back on its path towards the start. Displacomont means ‘distance travelled in a particular direction’ fram a ‘specified point, So if the object was originally travelling in a northerly direction, the negative gradient of the graph means that it fs naw travelling south Peed [CULE Disolacoment is an example of a vector, Vector quantities have magnitude Avecioc isa quartiy het es both sine (278)200 a epecic daction. and direction. Displacements distance Velocity is also a vector. Velocity is speed in a particular direction. If a car traveled in a particule cretion, travels at 80 km/h around a bend, its speeds constant but ts velocity will be Force isanother example of a vector pores rete ae ‘changing for as long as the direction that the car is travelling in is changing. 29 ofa force and the direction in average velocity = Whweh acts are Both important. ‘The global positioning system (GPS) in Figure 1.9 shaws two points on a GD eee: 8 A walker takes 45 minutes to travel from the first point to the second, Calculate the average velocity of the walker. b Explain why the average speed of the walker must be greater than this. ‘@ Write down what you know: increase in displacement is 3 km north-west time taken is 45 min (48 min = 0.75 h) ing ent _ 7 _ increase in displacem: time taken 44 igure 1.8 ns graph dsplacement s = 4 kin north-west ce a b The walker has to follow the mads, 0 the distance walked is greater DEY PONT eee than the straight-line distance between A and B (the displacement). The:

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