Unit – 4

1 mark questions
1. Define Static balancing of rotating masses
2. Define Dynamic balancing of rotating masses
3. The balancing of rotating and reciprocating parts of an engine is necessary when its runs at (high
speed/low speed)
4. The partial balancing means ------
5. In order to facilitate the starting of locomotive in any position, the cranks of a locomotive, with two
cylinders are placed at ----------------- to each other
a) 450 b) 900 c) 1200 d)1800
6. The effect of hammer blow in a locomotive can be reduced by
7. The swaying couple is due to --------------------(primary/secondary) unbalanced force
8. In Multi-cylinder in-line engines, the line of action of all cylinders are ------------ (parallel/perpendicular)
to each other.
9. Define tractive force
10. Define hammer blow
11. Define swaying couple
12. The frequency of secondary force as compared to that of primary force is --------(half/twice)
13. What is the ratio of primary force to secondary force
14. In partial balancing of locomotives, the maximum variation of tractive effort is ------------
15. If the ratio of the length of connecting rod to crank radius increases then
---------------(primary/secondary) force decreases
16. Write one possible firing order of 4 cylinder in-line engine
17. In six cylinder four stroke engine there are _____no. of cranks on a common crankshaft.
18. The two cranks of a locomotive engine are set at -------------- (900 / 1900)to each other
19. In case of V engine the line of action of the two banks of cylinders are in_______ shape
20. In a V 8 engine consists of _____ banks of ________cylinders each.
2 mark questions

1. Why is balancing of rotating parts necessary for high speed engines?

2. Differentiate between static balancing and dynamic balancing
3. How different masses rotating in different planes are balanced?
4. How different masses rotating in same plane are balanced?
5. Differentiate between primary balancing and secondary balancing
6. Define swaying couple. Write the expression for it
7. Write the expression for counter mass magnitude and direction in case of static balancing.
8. A cantilever type gate hinged at Q is shown in the fig. P and R are the centres of gravity of the cantilever
part and the counterweight respectively. The mass of the cantilever is 75 kg. the mass of the
counterweight for static balance is
9. A rigid body has a mass of 10 kg in the fig (a). it rotates with an uniform angular velocity . A
balancing mass of 20 kg is attached as shown in fig. (b). the percentage increase in mass moment of
inertia as a result of this addition is ____________

10. Balancing of a rigid rotor can be achieved by appropriately placing balancing weights in ________
planes.

5 mark questions
1. Three masses of 8 kg, 12 kg and 15 kg attached at radial distances of 80 mm, 100 mm and 60 mm
respectively to a disc on a shaft are in complete balance. Determine the angular positions of the masses
12 kg and 15 kg relative to 8 kg mass.
2. Discuss briefly the procedure of balancing of several masses in different planes.
3. Derive an expression for swaying couple in case of locomotive balancing.
4. Three masses m1, m2, and m3 are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding
radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, and 0.3 m respectively and the angles between successive masses are
45°, and 135°. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if its radius of rotation is
0.2 m.
5. Discuss the balancing of reciprocating mass in case of slider crank mechanism.
6. Derive the expression for Variation in tractive force with the help of neat sketch for an uncoupled two
cylinder locomotive engine.
7. Derive the expression for swaying couple force with the help of neat sketch for an uncoupled two
cylinder locomotive engine.
8. Derive the expression for hammer blow with the help of neat sketch for an uncoupled two cylinder
locomotive engine.
 9. Explain the method of finding the counter masses in two planes to balance the dynamic unbalance of
rotating masses.

10. A single cylinder reciprocating engine has speed 240 r.p.m., stroke 300 mm, mass of reciprocating parts
50 kg, mass of revolving parts at 150 mm radius 37 kg. If two-third of the reciprocating parts and all the
revolving parts are to be balanced, find: 1. The balance mass required at a radius of 400 mm, and 2. The
residual unbalanced force when the crank has rotated 60° from top dead centre.

10 mark questions
1. Four masses m1, m2, m3 and m4 are 200 kg, 300 kg, 240 kg and 260 kg respectively. The corresponding
radii of rotation are 0.2 m, 0.15 m, 0.25 m and 0.3 m respectively and the angles between successive
masses are 45°, 75° and 135°. Find the position and magnitude of the balance mass required, if its radius
of rotation is 0.2 m.

2. The following data refer to a two cylinder uncoupled locomotive;

Rotating mass per cylinder = 280 kg, reciprocating mass per cylinder = 300 kg, distance between wheels
= 1400 mm, distance between cylinder cnetres = 600 mm, diameter of treads of driving wheels = 1800
mm crank radius = 300 mm, radius of centre of balance mass = 620 mm, locomotive speed = 50 km/hr,
angle between cylinder cranks = 90o, Dead load on each wheel = 3.5 tonne. Determine, i) the balancing
mass require in the plane of driving wheels if whole of the revolving and two-third of the reciprocating
mass are to be balanced, ii) the swaying couple iii) the variation in the tractive force iv) the
maximum and minimum pressure on the rails and v) the maximum speed of locomotive without
lifting the wheels from the rails.
3. The cranks and connecting rods of a 4-cylinders in line engine running at 1800 rpm are 60 mm and 240
mm each respectively and the cylinders are spaced 150 mm apart. If the cylinders are numbered 1 to 4 in
sequence from one end, the cranks appear at intervals of 90 o in an end view in the order 1-4-2-3. The
reciprocating mass corresponding to each cylinder is 1.5 kg. Determine: i) Unbalanced primary and
secondary force, if any, and ii) Unbalanced primary and secondary couples with reference to central
plane of the engine.

4. A single cylinder engine runs at 300 r.p.m. and has a stroke of 160 mm. The reciprocating parts has a
mass of 100 kg and the revolving parts are equivalent to a mass of 65 kg at a radius of 80 mm. A mass is
placed opposite to the crank at a radius of 160 mm to balance the whole of the revolving mass and 3/7 of
the reciprocating mass. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass and the resultant residual
unbalance force when the crank has turned 45° from the inner dead centre, neglect the obliquity of the
connecting rod.

5. A shaft has three eccentrics, each 75 mm diameter and 25 mm thick, machined in one piece with the
shaft. The central planes of the eccentric are 60 mm apart. The distance of the centers from the axis of
rotation are 12 mm, 18 mm and 12 mm and their angular positions are 120º apart. The density is metal is
7000 kg/m3. Find the amount of out-of balance force and couple at 600 rpm. If the shaft is balanced by
adding two masses at a radius 75 mm and at distance of 100 mm from the central plane of the middle
eccentric, find the amount of the masses and their angular positions.

Unit – 5
 1 mark questions
1. When there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration, then the body is said to have
------------(forced vibration/ damped vibration)
2. When a pendulum oscillates, at the two extreme positions _________ (Potential/Kinetic) energy is
maximum; and at the middle position ____________potential/kinetic) energy is maximum.
3. The natural frequency of free longitudinal vibrations is equal to --------------
4. The factor which affects the critical speed of a shaft is
a) diameter of the discb) span of the shaft c) eccentricity d) all of these
5. Define over damped system
6. Define under damped system
7. Define critically damped system
8. The number of independent coordinates required to describe a vibratory system is known as ________
9. Transmissibility is the ratio of:
10. When frequency of excitation is equal to the natural frequency of the system then _____ occurs
11. In an underdamped system the ratio of two successive oscillations is constant is known as
_____(logarithmic decrement/exponential decrement)
12. To diminish the transmitted forces to the foundation, the machines are mounted on ________ (Pillars /
dampers)
13. Define Transverse free vibrations
14. The natural frequency of a shaft/beam carrying a concentrated mass =
15. Define torsional free vibrations
16. The natural frequency of a shaft having single rotor =
17. The equivalent stiffness of four springs connected in series =
18. The equivalent stiffness of four springs connected in parallel =
19. The equation of angle of twist of a rotating shaft is given by
20. The kinetic energy of a gear mounted on a shaft is given by
2 mark questions
1. Differentiate between free and forced vibrations
2. Differentiate between longitudinal and transverse vibrations
3. What is the natural frequency of a vibratory system having mass suspended from the free end of a mass
less spring. What is the effect of inertia of a spring mass?
4. What is meant by under, over and critical damping.
5. Define critical damping coefficient
6. What is logarithmic decrement? Give the relation for the same.
7. What is meant by magnification factor in case of forced vibrations?
8. Define damping coefficient and damping factor.
9. What is whirling or critical speed? Explain.
10. What do you mean by steady state response of a system in case of forced vibrations?

5 mark questions
1. A cantilever shaft 50 mm diameter and 300 mm long has a disc of mass 100 kg at its free end. The
Young's modulus for the shaft material is 200 GN/m2. Determine the frequency of longitudinal and
transverse vibrations of the shaft.
2. Write the general solution of the differential equation in case of free damped vibrations for the following
cases
i. Over damped
ii. Critical damped
iii. Under damped

3. A vibrating system consists of a mass of 200 kg, a spring of stiffness 80 N/mm and a damper with
damping coefficient of 800 N/m/s. Determine the frequency of vibration of the system.
4. An instrument vibrates with a frequency of 1 Hz when there is no damping. When the damping is
provided, the frequency of damped vibrations was observed to be 0.9 Hz. Find
a. Damping factor, and b. Logarithmic decrement.
5. Draw the graph showing transmissibility vs frequency ratio for different damping cases.
6. Discuss briefly with neat sketches, the longitudinal, transverse and torsional free vibrations.
7. Discuss the effect of damping on a vibratory system. What is meant by under- damping, over damping
and critical damping?
8. Prove that the whirling speed for a rotating shaft is the same as the frequency of natural transverse
vibration.
9. Derive the expression for the equivalent length of a shaft which have several steps
10. Find the relation for natural frequency of a torsional vibratory system consisting of two rotors.

10 mark questions
1. A shaft is simple supported at its ends and is of 40mm in diameter and 2.5m in length the shaft carries
three point loads of masses 30kg, 70kg and 45kg at 0.5m, 1m and 1.7m respectively from the left
support. The weight of the shaft per meter length is given as 73.575 N. Young’s modulus for the
material of the shaft is 200 GN/m2. Find the critical speed of the shaft.

2. An electric motor is to drive a centrifuge, running at four times the motor speed through a spur gear and
pinion. The steel shaft from the motor to the gear wheel is 54mm diameter and L metre long: the shaft
from the pinion to the centrifuge is 45mm diameter and 400mm long. The masses and radii of gyration
of motor and centrifuge are respectively 37.5kg, 100mm; 30kg and 140 mm. Neglecting the inertia
effect of the gears, find the value of L if the gears are to be at the node for torsional oscillation of the
system and hence determine the frequency of torsional oscillation. Assume modulus of rigidity for
material of shaft as 84 GN/m2.
3. A vibrating system consists of a mass of 50 kg, a spring with a stiffness of 30kN/m and a damper. The
damping provided is only 20% of the critical value. Determine:
a. Damping factor and logarithmic decrement
b. Critical damping coefficient,
c. Natural frequency of damped vibrations,
d. Ratio of two consecutive amplitudes.
4. A single cylinder oil engine drives directly a centrifugal pump. The rotating mass of the engine,
flywheel and the pump with the shaft is equivalent to a three rotor system as shown in fig.1. The mass
moments of inertia of the rotors A, B and C are 0.15, 0.3 and 0.09 kg-m 2. Find the natural frequency of
the torsional vibration. The modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 84 kN/m2.

5. A shaft of 120 mm diameter and 1.2 m long is fixed at one end and the other end carries a
flywheel of mass of 800 kg. The radius of gyration of the flywheel is 0.6 m. Find the frequency of
torsional vibrations, if the modulus of rigidity for the shaft material is 85 GN/m 2