American International University- Bangladesh (AIUB)

Faculty of Engineering
Telecommunications Engineering
Final Term Assignment (OBE)

Course Name: Telecommunications Engineering

Course Code: EEE 4209 Section: D
Dr. Mir Mohammad
Semester: Fall 2021-22 Faculty:
Nazmul Arefin

Assignment
Final Term Assignment (OBE) [week 11-12]
Name:
Identify and analyze next generation IoT based telemedicine systems
Assessed CO3:
with extensive literature review
Assessed POI: P.b.4.C4

Student
Student Name: Asfir Hossain Shanto 18-38629-2
ID:

Submission Date: 9/12/21 Due Date: 9/12/21

Marking Rubrics (to be filled by Instructor)

Proficient Good
Category Unacceptable [0-2] Secured Marks
[5-6] [4-3]
The abstract is generally
The abstract is well good but not well thought-
Abstract is not well written.
written out or few errors in
Major oversights in
and clearly outlines the formatting. Some
Literature review completeness are found in
article. The introduction components of the
and depth of the introduction. Review
is well organized. Review introduction are missing.
knowledge (P1) does not show a clear
properly explains the Review explains the theory
understanding of the stated
theory associated with the associated with the identified
focus.
identified topic. topic with a few missing
aspects.
Analysis, and The analysis provides a The analysis provides a The analysis is unclear, not
conclusion thorough review of the satisfactory review of the supported, or conveys a
issue and is complete. issue and is partially personal tone, and is not
The subject is well complete. The subject is closely linked with the
summarized, and moderately well summarized, identified topic. The
recommendations lack and recommendations lack conclusion is poorly written
specificity. specificity. and does not offer any
significant recommendations.
Engineering Extrapolates ideas and Shows limited understanding Shows minimum
specialist content for use in of applications of specialized understanding of applications
knowledge (K4) different specialized engineering science to the of specialized engineering
engineering solutions real industry problem science to real industry
problem
Range of conflicting Demonstrate a wide range Demonstrate a limited range Demonstrate minimum range
requirements (P2) of conflicting of conflicting requirements of conflicting requirements
requirements for the for the complex problem for the complex problem
complex problem
Extent of The report shows an The report shows some The report shows minimum
stakeholder extensive analysis of evidence regarding different evidence regarding different
involvement and different stakeholder stakeholder involvement stakeholder involvement
conflicting involvements with their with their mutual conflicting with their mutual conflicting
requirements (P6) mutual conflicting requirements. requirements.
requirements.
Total Marks
(Out of 30):
 IoT BASED TELEMEDICINE SYSTEMS
RELYING ON TELECOMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES

Asfir Hossain Shanto

18-38629-2
Department of EEE,
American International University-Bangladesh
Dhaka, Bangladesh
asfirhossain8267@gmail.com

Abstract Furthermore, it is well recognized that telemedicine existed

In the current new normal, telemedicine's importance and
promise as a suitable and efficient tool for addressing,
enhancing, and maintaining health becomes clear. The
current new normal in healthcare will be a mixed approach
that includes both traditional and telemedicine procedures. As
a result, the authors take a quick look at telemedicine and the
roles of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial
Intelligence in it. In addition, the chapter discusses success
factors, possibilities, and constraints related to telemedicine
installations. Theoretical and practical implications are also
presented in this setting. The chapter examines success
criteria and emphasizes the bright future that modern IoT and
AI technologies provide. The previous 10 years have seen a
lot of research into healthcare services and their technology
advancements. To be more specific, the Internet of Things
(IoT) has showed promise in connecting a variety of medical
devices, sensors, and healthcare specialists in order to provide
high-quality medical treatment in a remote place. Patient
safety has improved, healthcare expenses have decreased,
healthcare services have become more accessible, and the
healthcare industry's operational efficiency has increased.
Introduction
We will have more convenient and superior healthcare as a
result of important medical informatics deployments,
opportunities provided by the Internet, and telemedicine
practices. Furthermore, Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial
intelligence technologies are changing and will continue to
change our current and future healthcare perspectives and
experiences. Medical informatics is defined as the use of
computers to share, retrieve, and use medical information.
Furthermore, telemedicine is described as the delivery of
health care services, clinical data, and even medical education
over a long distance using telecommunication technologies.
long before the Internet. For decades, telemedicine has been
available. Telemedicine has existed in various forms and
stages of maturity for nearly eight decades. Telemedicine is a
term that literally means "healing from afar." Furthermore,
there are over 100 acceptable definitions and designations for
the term telemedicine. Many countries have embraced new
technology and legislation in order to maximize the use of
IoT in healthcare systems. As a result, modern healthcare
research has become a more interesting topic to investigate.
The goal of this study is to give a comprehensive assessment
of IoT-based healthcare systems' supporting technologies,
services, and applications, as well as to describe the progress
of state-of-the-art studies in the field. The utilization of such
communication services in conjunction with quickly
evolving technology (such as machine learning, big data
analysis, Internet of things (IoT), wireless sensing, mobile
computing, and cloud computing) has increased healthcare
facility accessibility. The Internet of Things has increased
human independence while also expanding their ability to
interact with the outside world. With the help of futuristic
protocols and algorithms, the Internet of Things has become
a significant contributor to worldwide communication. It
connects a vast number of items to the Internet, including
wireless sensors, home appliances, and electrical devices.
Agriculture, automobiles, the home, and healthcare are all
examples of IoT applications. The Internet of Things is
gaining popularity due to its advantages of improved
accuracy, reduced cost, and the capacity to better forecast
future events. Furthermore, the quick IoT revolution has been
aided by greater knowledge of software and apps, as well as
the advancement of mobile and computer technologies, the
widespread availability of wireless technology, and the
growth of the digital economy.
 Architecture of Healthcare IoT (HIoT)
The IoT framework for healthcare applications assists in
integrating the benefits of IoT technology and cloud
computing into the field of medicine. It also specifies the
protocols for transmitting patient data from a variety of
sensors and medical equipment to a particular healthcare
network. The arrangement of diverse components of an IoT
healthcare system/network that are coherently integrated in a
healthcare context is known as the topology of an HIoT.
Publisher, broker, and subscriber are the three essential
components of a simple HIoT system (Figure 1). The
publisher symbolizes a network of connected sensors and
other medical devices that may record the patient's vital
information individually or concurrently. Blood pressure,
heart rate, temperature, oxygen saturation, ECG, EEG, EMG,
and other parameters may be included. The publisher can
deliver this data to a broker in a continuous stream through a
network. The broker is in charge of processing and storing the
data that has been collected in the cloud. Finally, the
subscriber participates in ongoing monitoring of the patient's
data, which can be accessed and viewed via a smartphone,
computer, tablet, or other device. After observing any
physiological anomaly or deterioration in the patient's health
status, the publisher can evaluate these data and provide
feedback. The HIoT combines separate components into a
hybrid grid, with each component on the IoT network and
cloud in the healthcare network serving a unique purpose.
Since the topology for an HIoT depends on the healthcare
demand and application, it is hard to suggest a universal
structure for HIoT. Numerous structural changes have been
adopted in the
Publis
Weara
Sens ble
Connec
Bro
Subscr
Pharmace Insurance Hospital
utical Patient’s
Figure 1: Architecture of an HIoT framework
past for an HIoT system. It is crucial to list out all associated
activities related to the desired health application while
designing a new IoT-based healthcare system for real-time
patient monitoring. The success of the IoT system depends on
how it is satisfying the requirements of healthcare providers.
Since each disease needs a complex procedure of healthcare
activities, the topology must follow the medical rules and
steps in the diagnosis procedure.
HIoT Technologies
The technologies that are used to develop an HIoT system is
crucial. This is because the use of specific technology can
enhance the ability of an IoT system. Hence, to integrate
different healthcare applications with an IoT system, various
state-of-the-art technologies have been adopted. These
technologies can broadly be categorized into three groups,
namely, identification technology, communication
technology, and location technology.
*Identification Technology:
A practical consideration in designing an HIoT system is the
accessibility of the patient’s data from the authorized node
(sensor), which may be present at remote locations. This can
be carried out with effective identification of the nodes and
sensors that are present in the healthcare network. the
application of IoT in healthcare demands new technologies
that have the capability to locate things based on a global
identification number, safely manage the identity of the
components using different encryption and authentication
techniques, and build a global directory search for efficient
discovery of IoT services under the UUID scheme.
technology
the application of IoT in healthcare demands new
technologies that have the capability to locate things based on
a global identification number, safely manage the identity of
the components using different encryption and authentication
techniques, and build a global directory search for efficient
discovery of IoT services under the UUID scheme.
*Communication Technology:
Communication technologies ensure the connection among
different entities in an HIoT network. these technologies can
be broadly divided into short-range and medium-range
communication technology. the short-range communication
technologies are the protocols that are used to establish a
connection among the objects within a limited range or a
body area network (BAN), whereas the medium-range
communication technologies usually support communication
for a large distance, e.g., communication between a base
station and the central node of a BAN. +e distance of
communication may vary from a few centimeters to several
meters in the case of short-range communication. In most of
the HIoT applications, short-range communication
technology is preferred. Some of the most widely used
communication techniques include RFID, Wi-Fi, Zigbee,
Bluetooth, etc. Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID).
RFID is used for short-range communication (10 cm–200 m).
It consists of a tag and a reader. The tag is developed using a
microchip and antenna. It is used to uniquely identify an
object/device (healthcae equipment) in the IoT environment.
The reader transmits or receives information from the object
by commuicating with a tag using radio waves. In the case of
IoT, the data used in the tag are in the form of an electronic
product code (EPC). RFID enables healthcare providers to
quickly locate and track healthcare equipment. The main
advantage of RFID is that it does not need an external power
source. However, it is a highly insecure protocol and may
show compatibility issues while connecting with a
smartphone.
*Location Technology:
The real-time location system (RTLS) or location
technologies are used in the healthcare network to identify
and track the whereabouts of an object. It also keeps track of
the treatment process based on how available resources are
distributed. The Global Positioning System, also known as
GPS, is one of the most frequently utilized technologies.
Satellites are used for tracking purposes. As long as there is a
clear line of sight between the object and four separate
satellites, an object can be detected using GPS. It can be used
in HIoT to detect the location of an ambulance, a healthcare
professional, carers, patients, and so on. The use of GPS is,
however, limited to outdoor applications since nearby
facilities can interfere with communication between the
object and the satellite. A local positioning system (LPS)
network can be useful in these situations. LPS can track an
object by sensing the radio signal that is emitted from the
traveling object to an array of predeployed receivers. Various
short-distance communication technologies such as RFID,
Wi-Fi, Zigbee, and so on can also be used to employ LPS.
Ultra-wideband (UWB) radio, on the other hand, is favoured
because of its superior temporal resolution. This allows the
receiver to calculate the arrival time with precision. Young
and Zetik used a UWB-based localization technique for
tracking that relies on the time difference of arrival (TDOA).
Other measuring criteria, such as relative and differential
time of arrival, round trip time of flight, and so on, have been
documented in the literature when constructing a UWB-based
localization system. GPS, as well as other high-bandwidth
communication technologies, could be used to construct
smart healthcare networks in the future.
Mobile IoT
The Internet of Things (IoT) or m-IoT refers to the use of
mobile computers, sensors, communication technologies, and
cloud computing to track patient health data and other
physiological parameters. To put it another way, it acts as a
communication link between personal area networks and
mobile networks (such as 4G and 5G) in order to deliver a
reliable Internet-based healthcare service. The use of mobile
has made HIoT services more accessible to healthcare
practitioners, who can now access patient data, diagnose
problems, and treat patients more quickly. A number of
studies on the use of mobile computing in healthcare have
been published. Istepanian et al. created an m-IoT-based
system that could monitor glucose levels in diabetic patients
and aid in the management of hypoglycemia. In another
study, various sensors were used for fall detection and heart
rate regulation in a mobile gateway-based HIoT system
dubbed "AMBRO." It could also use an embedded GPS
module to find the patients. An IoT-based real-time
monitoring system that detects aberrant heart activity and
informs the patient when the heart rate exceeds 60–100 beats
per minute has been reported in. +e In an m-IoT system, the
security and privacy of the user and their data is critical.
Physical and technical protections, network security, audit
reports, and technical policies are only some of the
approaches presented in to solve the aforementioned
challenges.
Figure 3: A generalized m-IoT environment
 Applications
The HIoT services/concepts are used for the development of
different IoT-based applications. Researchers working in the
said fields have proposed different concepts to the service of
mankind. In simple words, concepts are more developer-
centric, whereas applications are user-centric. The rapid
development in the IoT-technology has led to the
development of more affordable and userfriendly wearable
sensors, portable gadgets, and medical devices. These
systems can be used to collect patient’s information, diagnose
diseases, monitor the health of the patients, and generate
alerts in case of a medical emergency (Figure 4). In the
following section, some of the most recent commercially
available devices have been discussed. Further, various
HIoT-based applications have been addressed including both
single condition and multiple conditions.
• ECG monitoring
• BP monitoring
• Temperature monitoring
• Glucose level monitoring
• Oxygen saturation monitoring
• Asthma monitoring
• Mood monitoring
• Medication management
• Wheelchair management
• Rehabilitation
• Other notable applications
Opportunities
In addition to the advancements in IoT, AI, and other relevant
technologies, there are supplementary opportunities for the
successful implementation and dissemination of
telemedicine. Telemedicine in the Current New Normal 33
Individuals who were born between 1977 and 1994 are
defined as Generation Y. Those are the first generation to
evaluate that technology is not a right, but a given. They
habitually use technology and the Internet. Over 90% of these
population groups are online. Generation Z people are
individuals who were born between 1995 and 2015. They use
high-technology products and services and multiple
technological tools to access information. Their technology
use and readiness are very high. Therefore, it can be predicted
that recent generations are willing to use telemedicine
services to a greater extent. Their given readiness levels
concerning tech-use will possibly promote telemedicine
implementations. As the responsible governments and
relevant regulatory bodies make investments concerning both
the present and future trends, they can confidently assume
that Generation Y and Z will make use of their pertinent
investments regarding telemedicine practices. The given
characteristics of these generation are to rationalize such
investments. Besides, COVID-19 pandemic is a crucial
opportunity to establish, improve, and disseminate
telemedicine practices. It is necessary to address
telemedicine, assuming that it will be not a short-term but a
permanent instance in the blended health care system for the
current new normal concentrating on policy and regulation.
This will not only help us manage the effects of recent
pandemic more easily but also construct a bright and robust
future for new generations. Telemedicine helps relevant
stakeholders to manage the adverse effects of pandemic
scenarios. Moreover, a study proposed by identified that
usage of telemedicine tools by primary care pediatricians
increased significantly throughout COVID-19 lockdown.
This must be treated as an opportunity to establish and
maintain an integrated medical approach. Several studies are
reporting the satisfaction with teleconsultations and cost-
effectiveness of remote care. Technological advances
developed during the COVID-19 pandemic to amplify the
current situation regarding remote care practices. These
opportunities must persuade and encourage all the relevant
stakeholders as these will notably increase the anticipated
benefits of telemedicine practices.
Barriers
Several barriers concerning the implementation and
dissemination of telemedicine still exist. Nonetheless, these
obstructions ought to be evaluated as opportunities and
prospects for potential improvements. Telemedicine modifies
most healthcare practices from hospitals to homes and
technology devices, which makes legitimately continuous
monitoring possible. These facts allow identifying barriers to
manage health inequalities and transform the health care
needs and expectations of the current new normal.
Understanding and elimination of such barriers cannot be
ignored or postponed as this will bring about the wasting of
relevant time, money. The main barriers regarding
telemedicine are listed as price, infrastructure, and
information requirements. Additionally, the leading obstacles
are deficiency of funding, shortage of infrastructure,
contending health system urgencies, and nonexistence of
enough pertinent legislation or regulations. In low-income
regions, m-Health capabilities and practices are not at
expected phases of progress. Reimbursement issues and
economics facts are relevant barriers regarding the
development and dissemination of telemedicine. A study
proposed by states several barriers on the subject of
telemedicine as technically challenged staff, resistance to
change, cost, reimbursement, age of the patient, and level of
education of the patient, in order of the importance reported.
Such barriers can be coped with thorough training and
change-management techniques. In spite of telling several
negatives, benefactors have largely progressive attitudes
toward telemedicine implementations. Open issues can be
epitomized as technological difficulties, enlarged annoyance,
and impersonality views. Developing countries face several
barriers to telemedicine, such as high prices, immature
infrastructure, and the absence of practical know-how. On the
other hand, developed countries have legal concerns,
challenging urgencies, and perceived expectations as hurdles
for telemedicine enactments. It was determined that seniors
with illnesses and patients having public insurances are less
probable to get telemedicine services, notwithstanding the
enlarged handling for telemedicine services, supplementary
groundwork, and workforce provisions. This shows an
improvement area to be addressed in the scope of sound
telemedicine practices. In the COVID-19 pandemic, although
there are significant improvements in telemedicine in the
United States, there are certain notable inequalities and
differences. Moreover, health management teams need to
grasp and address such fluctuations. The obstacles and
blockades listed and elaborated must be carefully analyzed
and addressed by the active contribution of all the relevant
stakeholders such as government bodies, investors,
regulators, policymakers, pertinent managers, and
product/service developers and managers.
Discussion
The current study looked into several facets of the HIoT
system. The architecture of an HIoT system, its components,
and the communication among these components have all
been examined in depth here. In addition, this article gives
information on contemporary healthcare services that have
investigated IoT-based technology. IoT technology has aided
healthcare practitioners in monitoring and diagnosing a
variety of health concerns, measuring a variety of health
factors, and providing diagnostic facilities at remote places
by utilizing these principles. As a result, the healthcare
business has shifted from a hospital-centric to a patient-
centric model. We've also talked about different HIoT
applications and their current trends. The challenges and
issues related to the design, production, and use of the HIoT
system have also been discussed. These challenges will form
a base for future advancement and research focus in the
upcoming years. Moreover, a comprehensive up-to-date
knowledge on the HIoT devices has been provided for the
readers who are not only willing to initiate their research but
also make advancements in the said field.
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