Bhuku Remaths

QUESTION AND ANSWER Pure Mathematics
ADVANCED LEVEL
TOPIC BY TOPIC
TRUST PONDO
POUNDZMATH 2020
AUTHOR TRUST PONDO
MSc Statistics (UZ)
Hons Statistics (UZ)
BSc Mathematics and Statistics (UZ)
CONTENT REVIEWER TAPIWA NYAMUNDA

MSc Statistics (UZ)
Hons Statistics (UZ)
BSc Mathematics and Statistics (UZ)
i
T.PONDO (tripahpound@gmail.com/////+263 774 096 778 ///+263 774 815 580)
PREFACE
This book may be downloaded and printed free of charge for personal and educational
use only. Currently, to get this book you can email tripahpound@gmail.com. The material found
in the book should be useful for people studying for exams set by ZIMSEC and Cambridge exam
boards.
I cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information contained in this book, but as an Advanced
level educator for more than 5 years I have spotted areas which learners have to master so as to
get good grades in the mentioned exam boards. This book has been prepared to assist Advanced
level candidates who need a quick revision before final exams and are not intended to serve as a
self-study course, they should be used under the guidance of an educator. If you have found the
information in the book useful for yourself or your students, let me know!
If you spot any mistakes or have any suggestions or comments, you can email me
tripahpound@gmail.com , whatsapp or call on +263 774 096 778/+263 774 815 580
This is a compilation of past examination questions and suggested solutions. It is my fervent

hope that you find these questions and answers useful. I wish you well in your studies.
ii
CONTENTS
1. Polynomials 1
2. Disguised Quadratic equations 7
3. Inequalities 12
4. Partial fractions 17
5. Series expansion 24
6. Sequences and series 32
7. Functions 38
8. Coordinate geometry 48
9. Plane Trigonometry 55
10. Trigonometry 70
11. Differentiation 76
12. Parametric equations 82
13. Rates of change 91
14. Maclaurin series 99
15. Integration 107
16. Differential equations 116
17. Numerical methods 124
18. Trapezium Rule 135
19. Vectors 145
20. Mathematical induction 154
21. Complex Numbers 166
iii
To Trinity
iv
‘Some things will drop out of the public eye and go away, but there will always be
Mathematics.’ (Katherine Johnson)
v
Polynomials
questions
1. Given that 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑥 + 2 are factors of 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 4, find the value of 𝑎 and the value
of 𝑏 [4]
3 2
2. Show that 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 6𝑥 + 11𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 12 and find the other two linear factors of this
expression [4]
4
3. Factorize 𝑥 − 16 completely into real factors [2]
4. The polynomial 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 is denoted by 𝑓(𝑥)
i. Show that neither 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
ii. By substituting 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1 in the identity 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 where
𝑞(𝑥) is a polynomial and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants, or otherwise, find the remainder when
𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 2 − 1 [3]
2
iii. Show by carrying out the division or otherwise, that when 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 + 1 the
remainder is 2𝑥 [3]
iv. Find all the real roots of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 [4]
5. Find the value of 𝑎 for which 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 [2]
Show that, for this value of 𝑎,the cubic equation 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 has only one real root [3]
6. Show that both 𝑥 − √3 and 𝑥 + √3 are factors of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6 [3]

Hence write down one quadratic factor of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6 and find a second quadratic factor
of this polynomial [3]
7. Given that 2𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 6. Show that 𝑎 = 9 [2]
Find the real quadratic factor of 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 6. By completing the factor, or otherwise, show
that this quadratic factor is positive for all real values of 𝑥 [4]
8. It is given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 50, where 𝑎 is a constant, and 𝑥 + 2 is a factor

of 𝑓(𝑥)
i. Find the value of 𝑎 [2]
ii. Show that 𝑓(5) = 0 and factorise 𝑓(𝑥) completely into exact linear factors [4]
iii. Find the set of values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 [4]
9. When a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 − 3 the remainder is −9 and when divided by 2𝑥 − 1
the remainder is −6. Find the remainder when 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 1) [4]
10. It is given that 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)
i. Express 𝑔(𝑥) in the form 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷, giving the values of the constants
𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 [2]
ii. Find the value of the constant 𝑎, given that (𝑥 + 3) is a factor of 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 [2]
1
Solutions
1. Given that 𝑥 − 2 and 𝑥 + 2 are factors of 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 4, find the value of 𝑎 and the value
of 𝑏 [4]
Solution
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 4
𝑓(2) = 8 + 4𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 4 = 0 … … … … … … . . (1)
𝑓(−2) = −8 + 4𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 4 = 0 … … … … … … (2)
Solving (1) and (2) , we have 8𝑎 + 8 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 = −1 and hence 𝑏 = −4
2. Show that 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 6𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12 and find the other two linear factors of
this expression [4]
Solution
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12
𝑓(1) = 6(1)3 + 11(1)2 − 5(1) − 12 = 0

Therefore 𝑥 − 1 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥) (shown)
6𝑥 3 +11𝑥 2 −5𝑥−12
Perform long division on 𝑥−1
to get 6𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 12
6𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 12 = (3𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 + 3)

Hence the other two linear factors are 3𝑥 + 4 and 2𝑥 + 3
3. Factorize 𝑥 4 − 16 completely into real factors [2]
Solution
𝑥 4 − 16 = (𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4)
4. The polynomial 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 is denoted by 𝑓(𝑥)

i.. Show that neither 𝑥 − 1 and 𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
ii.. By substituting 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1 in the identity 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 where 𝑞(𝑥) is
a polynomial and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constant, or otherwise, find the remainder when 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by
𝑥2 − 1 [3]
iii.. Show by carrying out the division or otherwise, that when 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 2 + 1 the
remainder is 2𝑥 [3]
iv.. Find all the real roots of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 [4]
2
Solution
i. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1
𝑓(1) = 15 − 3(1)4 + 2(1)3 − 2(1)2 + 3(1) + 1

= 1 − 3 + 2 − 2 + 3 + 1 = 2 ≠ 0 thus 𝑥 − 1 is not a factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(−1) = (−1)5 − 3(−1)4 + 2(−1)3 − 2(−1)2 + 3(−1) + 1

= −1 − 3 − 2 − 2 − 3 + 1 = −10 ≠ 0 thus 𝑥 + 1 is not a factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

𝑓(1) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 2 … … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑓(−1) = −𝑎 + 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑏 − 𝑎 = 10 … … … … … … . (2)
Solving (1) and (2), we have 𝑏 = −4 , and 𝑎 = 6
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑞(𝑥) + 6𝑥 − 4
That is, the remainder is (6𝑥 − 4) when 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 2 − 1)

iii. Try to get 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 and remainder 2𝑥
iv. To find the roots of the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥, we apply the result in iii.) as follows
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥
Now 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥, we have (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥 = 2𝑥
⟹ (𝑥 2 + 1)((𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) = 0
Since 𝑥 is real 𝑥 2 + 1 ≠ 0 ∴ (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 = 1 is a root of the equation, perform long division to get 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
⟹ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
2±√8
Which leads to 𝑥 = 1 or 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2
= 1 ± √2
∴ the roots of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 are 1; 1 + √2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − √2
5. Find the value of 𝑎 for which 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 [2]
Show that, for this value of 𝑎,the cubic equation 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 has only one real root [3]
Solution
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 − 2 ⟹ 𝑓(2) = 0
Therefore 3(2)2 + 𝑎(2)2 + 2 − 2 = 0 ⟹ 4𝑎 = −24 ⟹ 𝑎 = −6
3
Since 𝑥 − 2 is a factor perform long division to get 3𝑥 2 + 1 as quadratic factor
Let 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 1
Discriminant = 02 − 4(3)(1) = −12 < 0

Therefore 𝑔(𝑥) has no real roots
Hence 𝑓(𝑥) has only 1 real root, namely 𝑥 = 2
6. Show that both 𝑥 − √3 and 𝑥 + √3 are factors of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6 [3]
Hence write down one quadratic factor of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6 and find a second quadratic factor
of this polynomial [3]
Solution
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6
2
𝑓(√3) = (√3)4 + (√3)3 − (√3) − 3(√3) − 6
= 9 + 3√3 − 3 − 3√3 − 6 = 0
2
𝑓(−√3) = (−√3)4 + (−√3)3 − (−√3) − 3(−√3) − 6
= 9 − 3√3 − 3 + 3√3 − 6 = 0
Therefore 𝑥 − √3 and 𝑥 + √3 are factors of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6
Hence a quadratic factor is ( 𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 + √3) = 𝑥 2 − 3
Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6

Expand LHS and compare coefficients
−3𝑏 = −6 ⟹ 𝑏 = 2
−3𝑎 = −3 ⟹ 𝑎 = 1
Therefore a second quadratic factor is 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2
7. Given that 2𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 6. Show that 𝑎 = 9 [2]
Find the real quadratic factor of 2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 6. By completing the factor, or otherwise,
show that this quadratic factor is positive for all real values of 𝑥 [4]
Solution
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 6

1
2𝑥 + 1 is a factor ⟹ 𝑓 (− 2) = 0
1 3 1 2 1 1 1
⟹ 2 (− 2) + 𝑎 (− 2) + 16 (− 2) + 6 = − 4 + 4 𝑎 − 8 + 6 = 0
4
1 9
⟹ 𝑎= ⟹𝑎=9
4 4
Since 2𝑥 + 1 is a factor, perform long division to get the quadratic factor 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6

Completing the square 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 22 − 22 + 6 = (𝑥 + 2)2 + 2 > 0
Since (𝑥 + 2)2 ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑥𝜖 ℝ
8. It is given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 50, where 𝑎 is a constant, and 𝑥 + 2 is a factor

of 𝑓(𝑥)
i. Find the value of 𝑎 [2]
ii.. Show that 𝑓(5) = 0 and factorise 𝑓(𝑥) completely into exact linear factors [4]
iii.. Find the set of values of 𝑥 for which 𝑓(𝑥) > 0 [4]
Solution
i. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 50
(𝑥 + 2) is a factor ⟹ 𝑓(−2) = 0
𝑓(−2) = (−2)4 − 3(−2)3 + 𝑎(−2)2 + 15(−2) + 50 = 16 + 24 + 4𝑎 − 30 + 50 = 0

⟹ 4𝑎 = −60 ⟹ 𝑎 = −15
ii. 𝑓(5) = 54 − 3(5)3 − 15(5)2 + 15(5) + 50 = 625 − 375 − 375 + 75 + 50 = 0
⟹ 𝑥 − 5 is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
Perform long division to get the quadratic factor 𝑥 2 − 5
Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + √5)(𝑥 − √5)

iii. For 𝑓(𝑥) > 0
−√5 -2 √5 5
Solution set:{𝑥: 𝑥𝜖ℜ, 𝑥 < −√5 𝑜𝑟 − 2 < 𝑥 < √5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 5}
9. When a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 − 3 the remainder is −9 and when divided by 2𝑥 − 1

the remainder is −6. Find the remainder when 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 1) [4]
solution
When 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by a quadratic expression the remainder is linear i.e. of the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
5
𝑓(3) = 3𝑎 + 𝑏 = −9 … … … … … … … … . (1)
1 𝑎
𝑓 (2) = 2 + 𝑏 = −6 … … … … … … … … . . (2)
Solving (1) and (2) gives
6 27
𝑎 = − 5 and 𝑏 = − 5
6 27
Therefore, the remainder is − 5 𝑥 − 5
10. It is given that 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)

i. Express 𝑔(𝑥) in the form 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷, giving the values of the constants
𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷 [2]
ii. Find the value of the constant 𝑎, given that (𝑥 + 3) is a factor of 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 [2]
Solution
i. 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)

= 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 6 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 6
Therefore, 𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = −3, 𝐶 = −11, 𝐷 = 6
ii. If (𝑥 + 3) is a factor of 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥, then
𝑔(−3) − 3𝑎 = 0 ⟹ (−6 − 1)(−3 + 2)(−3 − 3) − 3𝑎 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 = 14
6
Disguised quadratic equations
questions
1. By means of substitution 𝑦 = 4𝑥 or otherwise, find the values of 𝑥 such that
2(4𝑥 ) + 4−𝑥 = 3 [5]
2. By writing 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢, or otherwise, solve the equation 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 [5]
3. Find the root of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑒 2−2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 , giving your answer exactly, in terms of
logarithms. Show that the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 2−2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 , has a turning point at ((2; −𝑒 −2 ) [4]
4. By means of the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 −1/2, or otherwise, solve the equation
𝑥 −1/2 + 2𝑥 −1 = 21 [5]
5. It is given that 4𝑥 = 82𝑥+1 . By expressing each side of this equation as a power of 2, or
otherwise, find the value of 𝑥 [3]
1
−
6. By letting 𝑦 = 𝑥 1/3 , or otherwise, find the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑥 1/3 − 2𝑥 3 =1 [4]
1 1
−
7. Solve the equation 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑥 −1/2 = 2(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 2 2 [3]
8. Solve exactly 4𝑥 1/2 = 3 − 7𝑥 [4]
𝑥
9. By means of substitution 𝑦 = 8 , or otherwise, find the exact values of 𝑥 which satisfy the
equation 64𝑥 − 5. 8𝑥 + 4 = 0 [4]
𝑥 2 +4𝑥 84
10. Given that the equation + = 11 is solved using the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
3 𝑥 2 +4𝑥
i. Reduce the equation to a quadratic equation in 𝑦 [3]
ii. Hence solve the original equation [3]
7
Solutions
1. By means of substitution 𝑦 = 4𝑥 or otherwise, find the values of 𝑥 such that
2(4𝑥 ) + 4−𝑥 = 3 [5]
Solution
Let 𝑦 = 4𝑥
1
2(4𝑥 ) + 4−𝑥 = 3 ⟹ 2𝑦 + 𝑦 = 3
1
⟹ 2𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⟹ (2𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 2
∴ 4𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0
1 1
4𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 22𝑥 = 2−1 ⟹ 𝑥 = − 2
2. By writing 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢, or otherwise, solve the equation 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 [5]
Solution
𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2 = 𝑒 𝑥
⟹ (𝑒 𝑥 )2 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 = 0
Let 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢
∴ 𝑢2 − 𝑢 − 2 = 0 ⟹ (𝑢 − 2)(𝑢 + 1) = 0
⟹ 𝑢 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 2
⟹ 𝑢 = 2 ⟹ 𝑒 𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 𝑥 = ln 2
𝑒 𝑥 = −1 (𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
3. Find the root of the equation 𝑦 = 𝑒 2−2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 , giving your answer exactly, in terms of
logarithms. [3]
Show that the curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 2−2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 , has a turning point at ((2; −𝑒 −2 ) [4]
Solution
𝑒 2−2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 ⟹ 𝑒 2 . 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑒 2 . 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2) = 0
Since 𝑒 −𝑥 ≠ 0
∴ (𝑒 2 . 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑒 2 𝑒 −𝑥 = 2
⟹ 𝑒 −𝑥 = 2𝑒 −2 ⟹ −𝑥 = ln 2 − 2
⟹ 𝑥 = 2 − ln 2
8
𝑦 = 𝑒 2−2𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= (−2)(𝑒 2−2𝑥 ) + 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 0
⟹ 𝑒 −𝑥 (−2𝑒 2 . 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2) = 0
Since 𝑒 −𝑥 ≠ 0
2𝑒 2 𝑒 −𝑥 = 2 ⟹ 𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑒 −2 ⟹ 𝑥 = 2
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 − 2𝑒 −2 = −𝑒 −2
Hence the turning point is (2; −𝑒 2 )
4. By means of the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 −1/2, or otherwise, solve the equation
𝑥 −1/2 + 2𝑥 −1 = 21 [5]
Solution
1 2
+ 𝑥 = 21
√𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = , then 𝑢 + 2𝑢2 = 21 ⟹ (2𝑢 + 7)(𝑢 − 3) = 0
√𝑥
7
⟹ 𝑢 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = − 2
1 4
Hence 𝑥 = 9 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 49
5. It is given that 4𝑥 = 82𝑥+1 . By expressing each side of this equation as a power of 2, or

otherwise, find the value of 𝑥 [3]
Solution
Given 4𝑥 = 82𝑥+1 ⟹ (22 )𝑥 = (23 )2𝑥+1 .
⟹ 22𝑥 = 23(2𝑥+1)
Hence, 2𝑥 = 3(2𝑥 + 1) = 6𝑥 + 3 ⟹ 4𝑥 = −3
3
∴ value of 𝑥 = − 4
1
6. By letting 𝑦 = 𝑥 1/3 , or otherwise, find the values of 𝑥 for which 𝑥 1/3 − 2𝑥 −3 = 1 [4]
Solution
1
𝑥 1/3 − 2𝑥 −3 = 1 ⟹ 𝑦 − 2𝑦 −1 = −1 ⟹ 𝑦 2 − 2 = 𝑦
⟹ 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⟹ (𝑦 + 1)(𝑦 − 2) = 0
⟹ 𝑦 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 2
Substitute these values into 𝑦 = 𝑥 1/3 to get 𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 8
9
1 1
7. Solve the equation 𝑥 1/2 + 𝑥 −1/2 = 2(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −2 ) [3]
Solution
1 1 1 1 1
𝑥 1/2 + 𝑥 −1/2 = 2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 −2 ) ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 = 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 −1/2
1 1 1
⟹ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 −2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 −2 (𝑥 − 3) = 0
Since 𝑥 −1/2 ≠ 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 3
8. Solve exactly 4𝑥 1/2 = 3 − 7𝑥 [4]
Solution
4𝑥 1/2 = 3 − 7𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 1/2
∴ 4𝑢 = 3 − 7𝑢2 ⟹ 7𝑢2 + 4𝑢 − 3 = 0 ⟹ (7𝑢 − 3)(𝑢 + 1) = 0

3
⟹ 𝑢 = 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = −1
3
∴ 𝑥 1/2 = 7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 1/2 = −1
9
⟹𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1
49
9. By means of substitution 𝑦 = 8𝑥 , or otherwise, find the exact values of 𝑥 which satisfy the
equation 64𝑥 − 5(8𝑥 ) + 4 = 0 [4]
Solution
Let 𝑦 = 8𝑥
64𝑥 − 5(8𝑥 ) + 4 = 0 ⟹ 82𝑥 − 5(8𝑥 ) + 4 = 0

⟹ (𝑦 − 4)(𝑦 − 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 1
⟹ 8𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 8𝑥 = 1
2
𝑥 = 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0
𝑥 2 +4𝑥 84
10. Given that the equation 3
+ 𝑥 2 +4𝑥 = 11 is solved using the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
i.. Reduce the equation to a quadratic equation in 𝑦 [3]

ii.. Hence solve the original equation [3]
Solution
𝑦 84
i.). 3 + 𝑦
= 11
10
⟹ 𝑦 2 + 252 = 33𝑦
⟹ 𝑦 2 − 33𝑦 + 252 = 0
ii.). 𝑦 2 − 33𝑦 + 252 = 0 ⟹ (𝑦 − 12)(𝑦 − 21) = 0

𝑦 = 12 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 21
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 12 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12 = 0
⟹ (𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = −6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2
Also 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 = 21 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 21 = 0
⟹ (𝑥 + 7)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = −7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
∴ 𝑥 = −7 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
11
Inequalities
questions
1. Solve 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 > 0 [3]

2. Solve 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) > 0 [3]
𝑥
3. Solve 𝑥−2 < 5 [4]
4. 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) < 5 [4]
5. |𝑥| < 4|𝑥 − 3| [4]
6. Solve 4|𝑥| = |𝑥 − 1| [2]
hence or otherwise solve the inequality 4|𝑥| > |𝑥 − 1| [4]
7. Solve 𝑥 3 < 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 [4]

8. Solve 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) < 12 [3]
9. Solve |5𝑥 − 7| > 2𝑥 + 1 [4]
10. Solve |1 + 𝑥| < 3 [3]
12
Solutions
1. 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 > 0 ⟹ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 ) > 0 ⟹ 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥) > 0
Critical values 𝑥 = −1; 0; 1
-1 0 1
The solution is 𝑥 < −1 𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 1

2. 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) > 0
Critical values 𝑥 = 0; 1; 2
0 1 2
The solution is {0 < 𝑥 < 1, 𝑥 > 2}

𝑥
3. 𝑥−2
<5
Multiply on both sides by (𝑥 − 2)2
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) < 5(𝑥 − 2)2
⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 < 5𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 + 20
⟹ 4𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 20 > 0
⟹ 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 10 > 0
⟹ (2𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 2) > 0
Critical values 𝑥 = 2; 2.5
13
2 2.5
Therefore 𝑥 < 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 2.5

4. 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) < 5 ⟹ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5 < 0
−(−2)±√(−2)2−4(1)(−5)
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 5 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 =
2
2±√24
⟹𝑥= = 1 ± √6
2
Critical values 𝑥 = 1 ± √6
1 − √6 1 − √6
Therefore 1 − √6 < 𝑥 < 1 + √6
5. |𝑥| < 4|𝑥 − 3| ⟹ |𝑥|2 < 42 |𝑥 − 3|2 ⟹ 𝑥 2 < 16(𝑥 − 3)2

⟹ 𝑥 2 < 16(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9)
⟹ 𝑥 2 < 16𝑥 2 − 96𝑥 + 144 ⟹ 15𝑥 2 − 96𝑥 + 144𝑥
⟹ 5𝑥 2 − 32𝑥 + 48 > 0 ⟹ (𝑥 − 4)(5𝑥 − 12) > 0
Critical values 𝑥 = 4; 2.4
14
2.4 4
⟹ 𝑥 > 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 2.4
6. 4|𝑥| = |𝑥 − 1| ⟹ 16𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 ⟹ 15𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 = 0

⟹ (3𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 − 1) = 0
1 1
Therefore 𝑥 = − 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 5
4|𝑥| > |𝑥 − 1| ⟹ (3𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 − 1) > 0

1 1
Critical values 𝑥 = − 3 ; 5
1 1
−
3 5
1 1
∴ 𝑥 < − 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 5
7. 𝑥 3 < 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 < 0
⟹ 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6) < 0 ⟹ 𝑥(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) < 0
⟹ 𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3) < 0
Critical values 𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 = 2; 𝑥 = −3
15
-3 0 2
Therefore 𝑥 < −3 𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 2
8. 𝑥(𝑥 + 1) < 12 ⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 12 < 0

⟹ (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 3) < 0
Critical values 𝑥 = −4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3
-4 3
Therefore −4 < 𝑥 < 3

9. |5𝑥 − 7| > 2𝑥 + 1
8
Case 1. 5𝑥 − 7 > 2𝑥 + 1 ⟹ 3𝑥 > 8 ⟹ 𝑥 > 3
6
Case 2. 5𝑥 − 7 < −2𝑥 − 1 ⟹ 7𝑥 < 6 ⟹ 𝑥 < 7
8 6
Therefore 𝑥 > 3 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 7
10. |1 + 𝑥| < 3 ⟹ −3 < 1 + 𝑥 < 3

Adding -1 to all the three expressions, we have −4 < 𝑥 < 2
16
Partial fractions
questions
𝑥−4
1. Express (2𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 in partial fractions [5]
2
2. Express 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) in partial fractions [4]
4
3. Partialize 𝑥 2 −4 [4]
2+𝑥+2𝑥 2
4. Express 𝑓(𝑥) = [5]
(2+𝑥)(1+𝑥 2 )
Hence or otherwise show that if 𝑥 is sufficiently small for 𝑥 4 and higher powers to be neglected then
1
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 1 − 2 𝑥 3 [5]
0.1
Hence estimate the value of ∫−0.1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [2]
𝑥 2 +5𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
5. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = .Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form + + where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝜖ℜ [5]
(1+𝑥)(1−𝑥)2 1+𝑥 1−𝑥 (1−𝑥)2
The expansion of 𝑓(𝑥), in ascending powers of 𝑥, is 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 … 𝑐𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 +⋯
Find 𝑐0 , 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 and show that 𝑐3 = 11 [5]
5𝑥
6. Express in partial fractions [4]
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +1)
5
7. Express (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +4) in the form
𝐴 𝐵𝑥 𝐶
+ + 2 where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are numerical values to be found [4]
𝑥+1 𝑥 2 +4 𝑥 +4
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
8. Express 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) in the form 𝑥
+ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥−1 where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 ∈ ℝ [3]
1
Hence find ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 [2]
3𝑥+5
9. a. Express 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3) in partial fractions [2]
b. Given that 𝑥 is sufficiently small for 𝑥 3 and higher powers of 𝑥 to be neglected, show that
5 37 227
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 6 − 36 𝑥 + 216 𝑥 2 [4]
0.1
c. Use the quadratic approximation in (b) to estimate the value of ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [2]
6𝑥+4
10 a. Express (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥2 ) in partial fractions and hence show that
2 6𝑥+4 13
∫1 (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = ln(36) [4]
17
6𝑥+4
b. Find the coefficients of 𝑥 5 and 𝑥 6 in the expansion, in ascending powers of
(1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
[4]
18
solutions
𝑥−4
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2
Solution
𝑥−4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let = + +
(2𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 2𝑥+1 𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)2
⟹ 𝑥 − 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(2𝑥 + 1)

When 𝑥 = 1 we have
1 − 4 = 𝐶(3) ⟹ −3 = 3𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = −1
1
When 𝑥 = − 2 we have
1 1 9 9
− 2 − 4 = 𝐴(− 2 − 1)2 ⟹ − 2 = 𝐴(4) ⟹ 𝐴 = −2
When 𝑥 = 0 we have
−4 = 𝐴(1) + 𝐵(−1)(1) + 𝐶 ⟹ −4 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶
⟹ −4 = −2 − 𝐵 − 1 ⟹ −1 = −𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 = 1
𝑥−4 −2 1 −1
Therefore (2𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)2 = 2𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2
2
𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
Solution
2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
= 𝑥 + 𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1
2 2
𝐴 = (0+1)(0−1) = −1 = −2 By the cover up method
2 2
𝐵 = −1(−1−1) = 2 = 1 By the cover up method
2
𝐶 = 1(1+1) = 1 By the cover up method
2 −2 1 1
Therefore 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) = 𝑥
+ 𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1
4
3. Partialize 𝑥 2 −4 [4]
Solution
4 4 𝐴 𝐵
Let = = +
𝑥 2 −4 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+2) 𝑥−2 𝑥+2
4
𝐴 = 2+2 = 1 by the cover up method
19
4
𝐵= = −1 by the cover up method
−2−2
4 1 1
Therefore 𝑥 2 −4
= 𝑥−2 − 𝑥+2
2+𝑥+2𝑥 2
4. Express 𝑓(𝑥) = (2+𝑥)(1+𝑥2 ) [5]
Hence or otherwise show that if 𝑥 is sufficiently small for 𝑥 4 and higher powers to be neglected then
1
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 1 − 𝑥 3 [5]
2
0.1
Hence estimate the value of ∫−0.1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [2]
Solution
2+𝑥+2𝑥 2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = (2+𝑥)(1+𝑥2 ) = 2+𝑥 + (1+𝑥2 )
Now 2 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥 2 ) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(2 + 𝑥)

When 𝑥 = −2 we get
8
2 + (−2) + 2(−2)2 = 𝐴(1 + 4) ⟹ 8 = 5𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 5
Equating the coefficients of 𝑥 2 and the constant terms, we have

8 2
𝐴+𝐵 =2⟹𝐵 =2−5=5
2−𝐴 1
2 = 𝐴 + 2𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 2
=5
2+𝑥+2𝑥 2 8 2𝑥+1
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) = (2+𝑥)(1+𝑥2 ) = 5(2+𝑥) + 5(1+𝑥2 )
1 1
Expand terms in 2+𝑥
and 1+𝑥2 in Binomial series and ignore the 𝑥 4 and higher powers
8 1
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 (2 + 𝑥)−1 + 5 (2𝑥 + 1)(1 + 𝑥 2 )−1
4 𝑥 1
= 5 (1 + 2)−1 + 5 (1 + 2𝑥)(1 − 𝑥 2 + ⋯ )
4 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 1
= 5 (1 − 2 + 4
− 8
) + 5 (1 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + ⋯ )
4 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
= 5 − 5 𝑥 + 5 𝑥 2 − 10 𝑥 3 + 5 + 5 𝑥 − 5 𝑥 2 − 5 𝑥 3 + ⋯ ≈ 1 − 2 𝑥 3
0.1 0.1 1
∫−0.1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−0.1(1 − 2 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
1 0.1
[𝑥 − 8 𝑥 4 ] = 0.2
−0.1
20
𝑥 2 +5𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
5. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = (1+𝑥)(1−𝑥)2 .Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form 1+𝑥 + 1−𝑥 + (1−𝑥)2 where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝜖 ℜ [5]
The expansion of 𝑓(𝑥), in ascending powers of 𝑥, is 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 … 𝑐𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 + ⋯

Solution
𝑥 2 +5𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = (1+𝑥)(1−𝑥)2
⟹ 𝐴(1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝐵(1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥) + 𝑐(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥

If 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 2𝐶 = 6 ⟹ 𝐶 = 3
If 𝑥 = −1 ⟹ 4𝐴 = −4 ⟹ 𝐴 = −1
If 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ −1 + 𝐵 + 3 = 0 ⟹ 𝐵 = −2
−1 −2 3
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+𝑥 + 1−𝑥 + (1−𝑥)2
Using Binomial expansion
−1(1 + 𝑥)−1 = −1(1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ )
−2(1 − 𝑥)−1 − 2(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ )

(−2)(−3) (−2)(−3)(−4)
3(1 − 𝑥)−2 = 3[1 + 2(−1)(−𝑥) + 𝑥2 + (−𝑥)3 + ⋯
2! 3!
From above, 𝑐0 = −1 − 2 + 3 = 0
𝑐1 = 1 − 2 + 6 = 5
𝑐2 = −1 − 2 + 9 = 6
𝑐3 = 1 − 2 + 12 = 11 (shown )
5𝑥
6. Express in partial fractions (2𝑥+1)(𝑥2 +1) [4]
Solution
5𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Let (2𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +1)
= 2𝑥+1 + 𝑥 2 +1
⟹ 5𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(2𝑥 + 1)

1 5 1
Putting 𝑥 = − 2, we have − 2 = 𝐴(4 + 1) giving 𝐴 = −2
Comparing coefficients of 𝑥 2 : 0 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 = 1
𝑥0: 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 2
5𝑥 −2 𝑥+2
So (2𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +1)
= 2𝑥+1 + 𝑥 2 +1
21
5 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 𝐶
7. Express (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +4) in the form 𝑥+1
+ 𝑥 2 +4 + 𝑥 2 +4 where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are numerical values to be
found [4]
Solution
5 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 𝐶
(𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +4)
= 𝑥+1 + 𝑥 2 +4 + 𝑥 2 +4
5
By cover up rule, 𝐴 = (−1)2 +4
=1
∴ 5 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1)
Comparing coefficients of :{ 𝑥 2 : 0 = 1 + 𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 = −1
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡: 5 = 4 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 1
5 1 𝑥 1
∴ (𝑥+1)(𝑥2 +4) = 𝑥+1 − 𝑥 2 +4 + 𝑥 2 +4
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
8. Express 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) in the form 𝑥
+ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥−1 where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 ∈ ℝ [3]
1
Hence find ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 [2]
Solution
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑥 2 (𝑥−1)
= 𝑥
+ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥−1 ⟹ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 2
Putting 𝑥 = 0, 1 = −𝐵 ⟹ 𝐵 = −1
Putting 𝑥 = 1, 1=𝐶⟹𝐶=1
Comparing coefficients of 𝑥 2 : 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐴 = −1
1 −1 −1 1
∴ 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) = 𝑥
+ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥−1
1 −1 −1 1 1
∴ ∫ 𝑥 2 (𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥
+ 𝑥 2 + 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = − ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
3𝑥+5
9. a. Express 𝑓(𝑥) = in partial fractions [2]
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3)
b. Given that 𝑥 is sufficiently small for 𝑥 3 and higher powers of 𝑥 to be neglected, show that
5 37 227 2
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ − 𝑥+ 𝑥 [4]
6 36 216
0.1
c. Use the quadratic approximation in (b) to estimate the value of ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 [2]
Solution
3𝑥+5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3) = 𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2 + 𝑥+3
22
By cover up Rule
3(−1)+5
𝐴 = (−1+2)(−1+3) = 1
3(−2)+5
𝐵= =1
(−2+1)(−2+3)
3(−3)+5
𝐶 = (−3+1)(−3+2) = −2
3𝑥+5 1 1 2
∴ (𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)(𝑥+3) = 𝑥+1 + 𝑥+2 − 𝑥+3
1 1 2
b.). 𝑓(𝑥) = + −
𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
1 𝑥 2 𝑥
= (1 + 𝑥)−1 + (1 + )−1 − (1 + )−1
2 2 3 3
1 𝑥 𝑥2 2 𝑥 𝑥2
= (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ ) + 2 (1 − 2 + 4
+ ⋯ ) − 3 (1 − 3 + 9
+ ⋯)
5 37 227
= 6 − 36 𝑥 + 216 𝑥 2 + ⋯
5 37 227
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 6 − 36 𝑥 + 216 𝑥 2
0.1 0.1 5 37 227 5𝑥 37 227
c.). ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 6
− 36 𝑥 + 216 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 6 − 72 𝑥 2 + 648 𝑥 3 ] 0.1
0
= 0.0785
6𝑥+4
10 a. Express in partial fractions and hence show that
(1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
2 6𝑥+4 13
∫1 𝑑𝑥 = ln( ) [4]
(1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 ) 36
6𝑥+4
b. Find the coefficients of 𝑥 5 and 𝑥 6 in the expansion, in ascending powers of [4]
(1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
Solution
6𝑥+4 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Let (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
= 1−2𝑥 + 1+3𝑥2
∴ 6𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(1 + 3𝑥 2 ) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(1 − 2𝑥)

1 7
Putting 𝑥 = ,7 = 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 4
2 4
Putting 𝑥 = 0, 4 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 0
Putting 𝑥 = 1, 10 = 4𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐵 = 6
6𝑥+4 4 6𝑥
Hence (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 ) = 1−2𝑥 + 1+3𝑥2
2 6𝑥+4 2 4 6𝑥
∫1 (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 1−2𝑥
+ 1+3𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= −2[ln(1 − 2𝑥)] 21 + [ln(1 + 3𝑥 2 )] 21
23
3 13 1 13 13
= −2[ln ( )] + ln ( ) = ln ( ) + ln ( ) = ln ( ) (shown)
2 4 9 4 36
b.). Use binomial series expansion to get 182 and 256 for the coefficients of 𝑥 5 and 𝑥 6 respectively
24
Series expansion
questions
1
1
1. Expand (1 − 4𝑥)2 as a series of ascending powers of 𝑥, where |𝑥| < 4, up to and including the
term in 𝑥 3 , expressing the cefficients in their simplest form. [4]
2. Find the first three terms in the series expansion, in ascending powers of 𝑥, of (1 + 𝑥)−2 where
|𝑥| < 1
Hence, or otherwise, show that, when 𝑥 is small,

1−𝑥
(1+𝑥)2 ≈ 1 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 [5]
𝑥 2 +5𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = (1+𝑥)(1−𝑥)2 .Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form 1+𝑥 + 1−𝑥 + (1−𝑥)2 where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝜖 ℜ [5]
The expansion of 𝑓(𝑥), in ascending powers of 𝑥, is 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 … 𝑐𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 + ⋯
1
4. Expand (1 + 2𝑥)−3 as a series of ascending powers of 𝑥, where |𝑥| < 2, up to and including the
5. (a) Give the binomial expansion, for small 𝑥, of (1 + 𝑥) up to and including the term 𝑥 2 ,
1/4
simplifying the coefficients. [3]

1 4 8317
By putting 𝑥 = in your expression, show that √17 ≈ [3]
16 4096
(b) Express (𝑥 + 2)5 − (𝑥 − 2)5 as a polynomial in 𝑥, and hence find the exact value of
(√5 + 2)5 − (√5 − 2)5 . [3]

1
Use the fact that 0 < √5 − 2 < 4 to deduce that (√5 + 2)5 differs from an integer by less
1
than 1024 [3]
2
6. (a) Find the term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)6 [3]
(b) Find the coefficient of 𝑥 6 in the expansion in ascending powers of 𝑥 of (4 + 𝑥 2 )1/2 [3]
1 𝑛2
7. (a) Show that (1 − 𝑛2 )−1 = (𝑛2 −1) [2]
(b.) (i) Write down the first three terms of the series expansion of ln(1 − 𝑥) in ascending powers
of 𝑥, up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 . [1]
1
(ii.) Hence write down the first three terms for ln (1 − 𝑛2 ), in terms of 𝑛, and deduce the first three
1
terms in the expansion of ln (1 − 𝑛2 )−1 [2]
𝑛2
(iii.) Show that ln (𝑛2 −1) = 2 ln(𝑛) − ln(𝑛 + 1) − ln(𝑛 − 1) [2]
25
(iv) Given that ln 10 = 2.302 585 1, ln 3 = 1.0986123, 𝑛 = 10 and using your results in (ii) and
(iii) to calculate ln 11, to six decimal places [4]
1+𝑝𝑥
8. If the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)1/5 and of 1+𝑞𝑥 in ascending powers of 𝑥 are identical up and
including the term in 𝑥 2 , calculate the value of 𝑝 and the, value of 𝑞. [7]
9. Use the binomial expansion to find (1.0006)1/3 correct to eight places of decimals [4]
6𝑥+4
10. a. Express (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥2 ) in partial fractions and hence show that
2 6𝑥+4 13
∫1 (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = ln(36) [4]
6𝑥+4
b. Find the coefficients of 𝑥 5 and 𝑥 6 in the expansion, in ascending powers of (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
[4]
26
Solutions
1
1
1. Expand (1 − 4𝑥)2 as a series of ascending powers of 𝑥, where |𝑥| < 4, up to and including the
term in 𝑥 3 , expressing the coefficients in their simplest form. [4]
Solution
1 1 1 1 1 3
1 ( )(− ) ( )(− )(− )
(1 − 4𝑥)2 = 1 + 2 (−4𝑥) + 2 2
(1)(2)
(−4𝑥)2 + 2 2
(1)(2)(3)
2
(−4𝑥)3
= 1 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3
2. Find the first three terms in the series expansion, in ascending powers of 𝑥, of (1 + 𝑥)−2 where
|𝑥 | < 1
Hence, or otherwise, show that, when 𝑥 is small,

1−𝑥
(1+𝑥)2 ≈ 1 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 [5]
Solution
(1 − 𝑥)2 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2
(−2)(−3) 2
(1 + 𝑥)−2 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 2!
𝑥 +⋯
= 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + ⋯
1−𝑥 2
( ) = (1 − 𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑥)−2
1+𝑥
= (1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )(1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 )
= 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 4
= 1 − 4𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 when 𝑥 is small
𝑥 2 +5𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = .Express 𝑓(𝑥) in the form + + where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝜖 ℜ [5]
(1+𝑥)(1−𝑥)2 1+𝑥 1−𝑥 (1−𝑥)2
The expansion of 𝑓(𝑥), in ascending powers of 𝑥, is 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 𝑥 3 … 𝑐𝑟 𝑥 𝑟 + ⋯ Find

𝑐0 , 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 and show that 𝑐3 = 11 [5]
Solution
𝑥 2 +5𝑥
Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
(1+𝑥)(1−𝑥)2
⟹ 𝐴(1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝐵(1 + 𝑥)(1 − 𝑥) + 𝑐(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥

If 𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 2𝐶 = 6 ⟹ 𝐶 = 3
If 𝑥 = −1 ⟹ 4𝐴 = −4 ⟹ 𝐴 = −1
If 𝑥 = 0 ⟹ −1 + 𝐵 + 3 = 0 ⟹ 𝐵 = −2
27
−1 −2 3
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = + +
1+𝑥 1−𝑥 (1−𝑥)2
Using Binomial expansion
−1(1 + 𝑥)−1 = −1(1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + ⋯ )

−2(1 − 𝑥)−1 − 2(1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯ )
(−2)(−3) (−2)(−3)(−4)
3(1 − 𝑥)−2 = 3[1 + 2(−1)(−𝑥) + 2!
𝑥2 + 3!
(−𝑥)3 + ⋯
From above,𝑐0 = −1 − 2 + 3 = 0
𝑐1 = 1 − 2 + 6 = 5
𝑐2 = −1 − 2 + 9 = 6
𝑐3 = 1 − 2 + 12 = 11 (shown )
1
4. Expand (1 + 2𝑥)−3 as a series of ascending powers of 𝑥, where |𝑥| < , up to and including the
2
Solution
(−3)(−4)(2𝑥)2 (−3)(−4)(−5)(2𝑥)3
(1 + 2𝑥)−3 = 1 + (−3)(2𝑥) + 2!
+ 3!
= 1 − 6𝑥 + 24𝑥 2 − 80𝑥 3
5. (a) Give the binomial expansion, for small 𝑥, of (1 + 𝑥)1/4 up to and including the term 𝑥 2 ,
simplifying the coefficients. [3]
1 4 8317
By putting 𝑥 = 16 in your expression, show that √17 ≈ 4096 [3]
(b) Express (𝑥 + 2)5 − (𝑥 − 2)5 as a polynomial in 𝑥, and hence find the exact value of
(√5 + 2)5 − (√5 − 2)5 . [3]

1
Use the fact that 0 < √5 − 2 < to deduce that (√5 + 2)5 differs from an integer by less
4
1
than 1024 [3]
Solution
1 1 1 3
( ) ( )(− )
(1 + 𝑥)4 = 1 + 1
4
𝑥+ 4 4
(1)(2)
𝑥2 + ⋯
1 3
= 1 + 4 𝑥 − 32 𝑥 2 + ⋯
1 1 1
Take 𝑥 = 16 , ∴ (1 + 16)4
17 1 1 1 3 1 8317
= (16)4 = 1 + (4) (16) − (32)(16)2 = 8192
28
4
√17 8317
⟹ 4 = 8192
√16
4
√17 8317
⟹ =
2 8192
4 8317 8317
⟹ √17 = 2 (8192) = 4096 (shown)
(b) (𝑥 + 2)5 − (𝑥 − 2)5 = 2(10𝑥 4 + 80𝑥 2 + 32) = 4(5𝑥 4 + 40𝑥 2 + 16) (use Pascal’s triangle or
Binomial series expansion)
Take 𝑥 = √5
(√5 + 2)5 − (√5 − 2)5 = 4[(5)(25) + 40(5) + 16] = 1364
Hence (√5 + 2)5 − 1364 = (√5 − 2)5

1
Now, 0 < (√5 − 2) < 4
1 1
⟹ 0 < (√5 − 2)2 < (4)5 = 1024
1
⟹ 0 < (√5 + 2)5 − 1364 < 1024 (shown)
2
6. (a) Find the term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)6 [3]
(b) Find the coefficient of 𝑥 6 in the expansion in ascending powers of 𝑥 of (4 + 𝑥 2 )1/2 [3]
Solution
2
(a) General term of (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)6
2
𝑇𝑟+1 = (6𝑟)(𝑥 2 )6−𝑟 (𝑥)𝑟
= (6𝑟). 𝑥 12−2𝑟 . 2𝑟 𝑥 −𝑟 = (6𝑟). 2𝑟 . 𝑥 12−3𝑟
For the independent term,

12 − 3𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑟 = 4
∴ required term, 𝑇5 = (64). 24 = 240

1
1
(b) (4 + 𝑥 2 )2 = 41/2 (1 + 4 𝑥 2 )1/2
1 1 1 3
( )(− )(− ) 1 1
6
∴ coefficient of 𝑥 = 4 2 . 2 3.2.1
2 2
(4)3 = 512
29
1 𝑛2
7. (a) Show that (1 − 𝑛2 )−1 = (𝑛2 −1) [2]
(b.) (i) Write down the first three terms of the series expansion of ln(1 − 𝑥) in ascending powers
of 𝑥, up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 . [1]
1
(ii.) Hence write down the first three terms for ln (1 − 𝑛2 ), in terms of 𝑛, and deduce the first three
1
terms in the expansion of ln (1 − 𝑛2 )−1 [2]
𝑛2
(iii.) Show that ln ( ) = 2 ln(𝑛) − ln(𝑛 + 1) − ln(𝑛 − 1) [2]
𝑛2 −1
(iv) Given that ln 10 = 2.302 585 1, ln 3 = 1.0986123, 𝑛 = 10 and using your results in (ii) and
(iii) to calculate ln 11, to six decimal places [4]
Solution
1 𝑛2 1 𝑛2 −1 −1 𝑛2
(a) (1 − 𝑛2 )−1 = (𝑛2 − 𝑛2 )−1 = ( 𝑛2
) = (𝑛2 −1)
𝑥2 𝑥3
(b) (i) ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + +⋯
2 3
(−𝑥)2 (−𝑥)3
So ln(1 − 𝑥) = (−𝑥) − 2
+ 3
+⋯
𝑥2 𝑥3
= −𝑥 − − −⋯
2 3
1 1
1 1 ( 2 )2 ( 3 )3 1 1 1
𝑛 𝑛
(ii.) ln (1 − 𝑛2 ) = − 𝑛2 − 2
− 3
+ ⋯ = − 𝑛2 − 2𝑛4 − 3𝑛6 − ⋯
1 1 1 1
ln(1 − 𝑛2 )−1 = 𝑛2 + 2𝑛4 + 3𝑛6 − ⋯
𝑛2
(iii) ln (𝑛2 −1) = ln(𝑛2 ) − ln( 𝑛2 − 1)
= 2 ln 𝑛 − ln(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 + 1)
= 2 ln 𝑛 − ln(𝑛 − 1) − ln(𝑛 + 1)
1 1 1 1
(iv) from (ii) ln(1 − 𝑛2 )−1 = 𝑛2 + 2𝑛4 + 3𝑛6 − ⋯
𝑛2 1 1 1
So ln (𝑛2 −1) = 𝑛2 + 2𝑛4 + 3𝑛6
1 1 1
⟹ 2 ln 𝑛 − ln(𝑛 − 1) − ln(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛2 + 2𝑛4 + 3𝑛6
Putting 𝑛 = 10
1 1 1
2 ln 10 − ln 9 − ln 11 ≈ 100 + 20000 + 3000000
1 1 1
⟹ ln 11 ≈ 2 ln 10 − 2 ln 3 − 100 − 20000 − 3000000
⟹ ln 11 ≈ 2(2.3025851) − 2(1.0986123) − 0.01 − 0.00005 − 0.000000333 = 2.397895
30
1+𝑝𝑥
8. If the expansion of (1 + 𝑥)1/5 and of 1+𝑞𝑥 in ascending powers of 𝑥 are identical up and
including the term in 𝑥 2 , calculate the value of 𝑝 and the, value of 𝑞. [7]
Solution
1 4
1
1 ( )(− )𝑥 2
5 5
(1 + 𝑥)5 = 1 + 5 𝑥 + 2
+⋯
1 2
= 1 + 5 𝑥 − 25 𝑥 2 + ⋯
1+𝑝𝑥
1+𝑞𝑥
= (1 + 𝑝𝑥)(1 + 𝑞𝑥)−1
= (1 + 𝑝𝑥)(1 − 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑞 2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ )
= 1 + (𝑝 − 𝑞)𝑥 + (𝑞 2 − 𝑝𝑞) + ⋯
1
⟹𝑝−𝑞 =
5
2
𝑞 2 − 𝑝𝑞 = − 25
2 3
⟹𝑞=5 𝑝=5
9. Use the binomial expansion to find (1.0006)1/3 correct to eight places of decimals [4]
Solution
1
Given (1.0006)3
Let 𝑥 = 0.0006 = 6 × 10−4

1 1 2 1 2 5
1 ( )(− ) ( )(− )(− )
(1 + 𝑥)3 = 1 + 𝑥 + 3 3
𝑥2 + 3 3 3
𝑥3 + ⋯
3 2! 3!
1 2 1 2 5
( )(− ) ( )(− )(− )
−4 −8
= 1 + 2 × 10 + 3
2!
3
36 × 10 + 3 3
3!
3
2.16 × 10−10
= 1 + 2 × 10−4 − 4 × 10−8 + 1.333 × 10−11

= 1.00019996 (8 d.p)
6𝑥+4
10 a. Express (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥2 ) in partial fractions and hence show that
2 6𝑥+4 13
∫1 (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = ln(36) [4]
6𝑥+4
b. Find the coefficients of 𝑥 5 and 𝑥 6 in the expansion, in ascending powers of (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
[4]
31
solution
10(a) let (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
= 1−2𝑥 + 1+3𝑥2
∴ 6𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(1 + 3𝑥 2 ) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(1 − 2𝑥)

1 7
Putting 𝑥 = 2 ,7 = 4 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 4
Putting 𝑥 = 0, 4 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 0
Putting 𝑥 = 1, 10 = 4𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐵 = 6
6𝑥+4 4 6𝑥
Hence (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 ) = 1−2𝑥 + 1+3𝑥2
2 6𝑥+4 2 4 6𝑥
∫1 (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 1−2𝑥
+ 1+3𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= −2[ln(1 − 2𝑥)] 21 + [ln(1 + 3𝑥 2 )] 21

3 13 1 13 13
= −2[ln ( 2)] + ln ( 4 ) = ln (9) + ln ( 4 ) = ln (36) (shown)
6𝑥+4 4 6𝑥
b.) = + = 4(1 − 2𝑥)−1 + 6𝑥(1 + 3𝑥 2 )−1
(1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 ) 1−2𝑥 1+3𝑥 2
= 4[1 + 2𝑥 + (2𝑥)2 + ⋯ + (2𝑥)5 + (2𝑥)6 + ⋯ ] + 6𝑥[1 + 3𝑥 2 + (3𝑥 2 )2 + (3𝑥 2 )2 + ⋯ ]
= 4 + (4 × 2 + 6)𝑥 + ⋯ + (4 × 25 + 6 × 32 )𝑥 5 + (4 × 26 )𝑥 6 + ⋯
Hence the coefficients of 𝑥 5 and 𝑥 6 in the expansion are 182 and 256 respectively
32
Sequences and series
questions
1a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 and 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 3 are consecutive terms of an Arithmetic progression. Find the value of
i. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
ii. The common difference [4]
b. The sum to infinity of a Geometric progression is 500. The common ratio is 0.8. Calculate the
i. First term
ii. The least number terms of the progression whose sum exceeds 499 [4]
2. An arithmetic progression has first term 𝑎 and common difference -1. The sum of the first n
terms is equal to the sum of the first 3n terms. Express 𝑎 in terms of n [4]
3. The 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term of an arithmetic progression is 1 + 4𝑟. Find in terms of n, the sum of the firstn
terms of the progression [4]
4. In a geometric progression, the fifth term is 100 and the seventh term is 400. Find the first
term [3]
5. In the sequence 1.0;1.1;1.2 . . . 99.9;100.0 , each number after the first is 0.1 greater than the
preceding number. Find
i. How many numbers are there in the sequence [1]
ii. The sum of the numbers in the sequence [2]
6. The first term of a geometric progression is 10 and its sum to infinity is 15. Find the third term
of the progression [3]
100 𝑟
7. Evaluate, correct to the nearest whole number, ∑𝑟=1(0.99) [4]
8. The sum of the first twenty terms of an arithmetic progression is 50, and the sum of the next
twenty terms is -50. Find the sum of the first hundred terms of the progression [5]
9. A geometric series has first term 1 and common ratio 𝑟. Given that the sum to infinity of the
series is 5, find the value of 𝑛 for which the sum of the first 𝑛 terms of the series exceeds 4.9 [3]
10. An arithmetic progression has first term 𝑎 and common difference 10. The sum of the first 𝑛
terms of the progression is 10 000. Express 𝑎 in terms of 𝑛 and show that the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of the
10000
progression is 𝑛
+ 5(𝑛 − 1) [3]
Given that the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is less than 500, show that 𝑛2 − 101𝑛 + 2000 < 0, and hence find the
largest possible value of 𝑛 [4]
33
Solutions
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 and 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 3 are consecutive terms of an Arithmetic progression. Find the
value of
a. i.) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
aii.). The common difference [4]
1b.). The sum to infinity of a Geometric progression is 500. The common ratio is 0.8. Calculate the
bi.). First term
ii.). The least number terms of the progression whose sum exceeds 499 [4]
solution
ai.). 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 3

⟹ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 3
⟹ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 2
⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
aii.).common difference = 𝑑 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 3 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
but 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1
⟹ 𝑑 = 5(1) − 3 − 1 = 1
𝑎
bi.). 1−𝑟 = 500
𝑎
⟹ = 500 ⟹ 𝑎 = 100
1−0.8
4
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 100[(1−( )𝑛 ]
5
bii.). Given 𝑆𝑛 = 1−𝑟
> 499 ⟹ 1 > 499
5
4 1
⟹ 100(1 − (5)𝑛 ) > 5 (499)
4
⟹ 1 − (5)𝑛 > 0.2(4.99)
4
⟹ 1 − 0.998 > ( )𝑛 ⟹ 0.002 > 0.8𝑛
5
Taking 𝑙𝑛, we have ln(0.002) > 𝑛 ln(0.8)

ln 0.002
Since ln 0.8 < 0, ⟹ ln 0.8
<𝑛
⟹ 𝑛 > 27.85 and hence least value is 𝑛 = 28
34
2. An arithmetic progression has first term 𝑎 and common difference -1. The sum of the first n terms is
equal to the sum of the first 3n terms. Express 𝑎 in terms of n [4]
Solution
Given AP: first term = 𝑎, common difference = −1

For 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆3𝑛
𝑛 3𝑛
[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)(−1)] = [2𝑎 + (3𝑛 − 1)(−1)] ⟹ 2𝑎 − 𝑛 + 1 = 3[2𝑎 − 3𝑛 + 1]
2 2
⟹ 2𝑎 − 𝑛 + 1 = 6𝑎 − 9𝑛 + 3
1
⟹ 8𝑛 − 2 = 4𝑎 ⟹ 𝑎 = 2 (4𝑛 − 1)
3. The 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term of an arithmetic progression is 1 + 4𝑟. Find in terms of n, the sum of the first n terms of
the progression [4]
Solution
𝑎 = first term, 𝑑 = common difference
Since 𝑟 𝑡ℎ term = 1 + 4𝑟 ⟹ 𝑎 = 1 + 4(1) = 5

Second term = 1 + 4(2) = 9
∴ 𝑑 =9−5 = 4
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = 2 [2(5) + (𝑛 − 1)4] = 𝑛(3 + 2𝑛)
4. In a geometric progression, the fifth term is 100 and the seventh term is 400. Find the first term [3]
Solution
Given 𝑇5 = 100, 𝑇7 = 400, 𝑎 =first term
100 = 𝑎𝑟 5−1 = 𝑎𝑟 4 … … … … … … … … … . . (1)
400 = 𝑎𝑟 6 … … … … … … … . (2)
(2) ÷ (1), we have 4 = 𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑟 = ±2
100
From (1) we have 𝑎 = 16
= 6.25
5. In the sequence 1.0;1.1;1.2 . . . 99.9;100.0 , each number after the first is 0.1 greater than the preceding
number. Find
i.. How many numbers are there in the sequence [1]
ii.. The sum of the numbers in the sequence [2]
Solution
1.0, 1.1, 1.2, … , 99.9, 100.0
35
i. Let 𝑇1 = 1.0, 𝑇𝑛 = 100.0
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 100.0 = 1.0 + (𝑛 − 1)(0.1)
⟹ (𝑛 − 1)(0.1) = 99.0
⟹ 𝑛 − 1 = 990 ⟹ 𝑛 = 991
∴ number of numbers = 991
991
ii. Sum of all numbers = (1.0 + 100.0) = 50045.5
2
6. The first term of a geometric progression is 10 and its sum to infinity is 15. Find the third term of
the progression [3]
Solution
Let the first term be 𝑎 and the common ratio be 𝑟

𝑎
Given 𝑎 = 10, 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 15
10 1
We have = 15 ⟹ 𝑟 =
1−𝑟 3
1 10
∴ the third term f the progression is 𝑎𝑟 2 = 10(3)2 = 9
7. Evaluate, correct to the nearest whole number, ∑100

𝑟=1(0.99)
𝑟
[4]
Solution
∑100 𝑟 2
𝑟=1(0.99) = 0.99 + (0.99) + ⋯ + (0.99)
100
[1−(0.99)100 ]0.99
= 1−0.99
= 99[1 − (0.99)100 ] = 63 (nearest whole number)
8. The sum of the first twenty terms of an arithmetic progression is 50, and the sum of the next
twenty terms is −50 . Find the sum of the first hundred terms of the progression. [5]
Solution
Let 𝑎 be the first term of the A.P
𝑑 be the common difference
𝑛 20
𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] ⟹ 𝑆20 = 2
(2𝑎 + 19𝑑) = 50
40
𝑆40 = (2𝑎 + 39𝑑) = 50 + (−50) = 0
2
Upon simplification, yield

2𝑎 + 19𝑑 = 5 … … … … … (1)
2𝑎 + 39𝑑 = 0 … … … … . . (2)
1
Subtract (1) from (2), we have 20𝑑 = −5 ⟹ 𝑑 = − 4
36
100
Now, 𝑆100 = [2𝑎 + 99𝑑] = 50[(2𝑎 + 39𝑑) + 60𝑑] = 50(60𝑑) = −750
2
9. A geometric series has first term 1 and common ratio 𝑟. Given that the sum to infinity of the
series is 5, find the value of 𝑛 for which the sum of the first 𝑛 terms of the series exceeds 4.9 [3]
Solution
GP: 𝑎 = 1 and common ratio = 𝑟

1
Given 𝑆∞ = 5 ⟹ 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 = 5
1 4
⟹5=1−𝑟 ⟹5
4
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 ) 1[(1−( )𝑛 ]
5
Given 𝑆𝑛 = > 4.9 ⟹ 1 > 4.9
1−𝑟
5
4 1
⟹ 1 − ( )𝑛 > (4.9)
5 5
4
⟹ 1 − 0.98 > (5)𝑛 ⟹ 0.02 > 0.8𝑛
Taking 𝑙𝑛, we have ln(0.02) > 𝑛 ln(0.8)

ln 0.02
Since ln 0.8 < 0, ⟹ ln 0.8
<𝑛
⟹ 𝑛 > 17.5 and hence least value is 𝑛 = 18
10. An arithmetic progression has first term 𝑎 and common difference 10. The sum of the first 𝑛
terms of the progression is 10 000. Express 𝑎 in terms of 𝑛 and show that the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term of the
10000
progression is 𝑛
+ 5(𝑛 − 1) [3]
Given that the 𝑛𝑡ℎ term is less than 500, show that 𝑛2 − 101𝑛 + 2000 < 0, and hence find the
largest possible value of 𝑛 [4]
Solution
Let common difference be 𝑑, 𝑑 = 10

𝑛 20000
Given 𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = 10000 ⟹ 2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)10 = 𝑛
20000 10000
⟹ 2𝑎 = 𝑛
− 10(𝑛 − 1) ⟹ 𝑎 = 𝑛
− 5(𝑛 − 1)
10000 10000
Therefore ,𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 = 𝑛
− 5(𝑛 − 1) + 10(𝑛 − 1) = 𝑛
+ 5(𝑛 − 1)
Given 𝑇𝑛 < 500

10000
Therefore 𝑛
+ 5(𝑛 − 1) < 500
2000
⟹ + (𝑛 − 1) − 100 < 0
𝑛
⟹ 2000 + 𝑛2 − 101𝑛 < 0 ⟹ 𝑛2 − 101𝑛 + 2000 < 0 (shown)
37
Consider 𝑛2 − 101𝑛 + 2000 = 0
101±√1012 −4(2000) 1
⟹𝑛= 2
= 2 (101 ± √2201) = 73.96 𝑜𝑟 27.04
∴ 27.04 < 𝑛 < 73.96 i.e. largest possible 𝑛 = 73
38
Functions
questions
1.
y
(1,1)
0 x
The diagram shows a graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). The curve passes through the origin, and has a maximum point
at (1,1). Sketch on separate diagrams, the graphs of
(i) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 2
(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑓(2𝑥)
Giving the coordinates of the maximum point in each case [6]
2. The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓: 𝑥 → 4𝑥 3 + 3 (𝑥𝜖ℝ)
Give the corresponding definition of 𝑓 −1 ,
State the relationship between the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 [4]

3. The function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓: 𝑥 → ln(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥𝜖ℝ, 𝑥 > −1
Express the definition of 𝑓 −1 in a similar form [4]
4. Given that
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥>0
and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 𝑥𝜖ℝ
Find (i.) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑥 > −4 [2]

(ii) 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 > −4 [2]
5. The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥𝜖ℝ
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑥𝜖ℝ
Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) and 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) [2]
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 − 2) [2]
39
6. The function 𝑞 is defined by 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥, 𝑥𝜖ℝ, |𝑥| ≤ 1
Show by means of a graphical argument or otherwise, that 𝑞 is one-one, and find an expression for
𝑞 −1 (𝑥) [5]
7. Functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, each with domain ℝ, are defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|
(i) Write an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), and state, giving a reason, whether 𝑔 has an inverse [2]
(ii) Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) [2]
(iii) Find the solution set of the equation 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) [3]
(iv) The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Find the exact solutions of the equation 𝑓𝑓(𝑥) = 0 [4]
8. The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
9. (a) The curve whose equation is 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 undergoes in succession, the following

transformations:
A: A translation of magnitude 3 units in the direction of the 𝑥-axis
B: A scaling parallel the y-axis by a factor of 2
C: A translation of magnitude 5 units in the direction of the y-axis
Give the equation of the resulting of the resulting curve [3]
(b) Another curve undergoes, in succession, the transformations A, B, C as above, and the equation of the
5𝑥−11
resulting is 𝑦 = 𝑥−3
Determine the equation of the curve before the three transformations were effected [4]
10. (a) Given that 𝑓: 𝑥 → 4𝑥 − 10
8
𝑔: 𝑥 → 𝑥 𝑥≠0
Express in similar form

(i) 𝑓𝑜𝑔
[1]
(ii) 𝑔𝑜𝑓 [1]
(iii) 𝑔15 [hint 𝑔3 = 𝑔𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑔] [2]
(b.) In terms of one or both of 𝑓 and 𝑔
1
(i) 𝑥 → 4 (𝑥 + 10) [1]
(ii) 𝑥 → 16𝑥 − 50 [1]
40
solutions
1.
y
(1,1)
0 x
The diagram shows a graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). The curve passes through the origin, and has a maximum point
at (1,1). Sketch on separate diagrams, the graphs of
(i). 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 2
(ii). 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)
(iii). 𝑦 = 𝑓(2𝑥)
Giving the coordinates of the maximum point in each case [6]
Solution
(i) y
(1,3) 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 2
2
(ii) y
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 2)
(-1,1)
-2 x
41
(iii) y
𝑦 = 𝑓(2𝑥)
(0.5,1)
0 x
2. The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓: 𝑥 → 4𝑥 3 + 3 (𝑥𝜖ℝ)
Give the corresponding definition of 𝑓 −1 ,
State the relationship between the graphs of 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 [4]
Solution
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 3 (𝑥𝜖ℝ)
Let 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 3
Making 𝑥 subject of formula we have
𝑦−3 1
𝑥=( )3
4
𝑥−3 1
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = ( 4
)3 (𝑥𝜖ℝ)
The graph of 𝑓 −1 is obtained from the graph of 𝑓 by interchanging the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axis
3. The function 𝑓 is given by 𝑓: 𝑥 → ln(1 + 𝑥) 𝑥𝜖ℝ, 𝑥 > −1
Express the definition of 𝑓 −1 in a similar form [4]
Solution
𝑓: 𝑥 → ln(1 + 𝑥)
Let 𝑦 = ln(1 + 𝑥) ⟹ 𝑒 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥
⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑦 − 1
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 ⟹ 𝑓 −1 : 𝑥 ⟶ 𝑒 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥𝜖ℝ)
42
4. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥>0
and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 𝑥𝜖ℝ
Find (i.) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑥 > −4 [2]

(ii) 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑥 > −4 [2]
Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥 > 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 4 𝑥𝜖ℝ
(i.) Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 = 𝑦 + 4
𝑦+4
⟹𝑥=√
3
𝑥+4
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √ (𝑥 > −4)
3
(ii.) 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 > −4)
= 3(𝑥 + 4)2 − 4
= 3𝑥 2 + 24𝑥 + 44
5. The functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥𝜖ℝ
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑥𝜖ℝ
Find 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) and 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) [2]
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥 − 2) [2]
Solution
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥 ⟹ 2𝑥 = ln 𝑦
ln 𝑦
⟹𝑥= 2
ln 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 2
, 𝑥>0
𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑒 2𝑥 )2 = 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑥𝜖ℝ
1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥 − 2) = 2 ln(𝑥 − 2), 𝑥 > 2
43
y
asymptote
0 2 3 x
6. The function 𝑞 is defined by 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥, 𝑥𝜖ℝ, |𝑥| ≤ 1
Show by means of a graphical argument or otherwise, that 𝑞 is one-one, and find an expression
for 𝑞 −1 (𝑥) [5]
Solution
𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥, 𝑥𝜖ℝ, |𝑥| ≤ 1, 𝑖. 𝑒. − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1

Choose 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ [−1, 1 ] 𝑠. 𝑡 𝑞(𝑥1 ) = 𝑞(𝑥2 )
⟹ (𝑥1 − 2)2 − 4 = (𝑥2 − 2)2 − 4

⟹ (𝑥1 − 2)2 = (𝑥2 − 2)2
⟹ 𝑥1 − 2 = 𝑥2 − 2
⟹ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
∴ 𝑞(𝑥) is one-one (shown)
Let 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1 ] 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑥 = 𝑞 −1 (𝑦)
⟺ 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑦 ⟺ (𝑥 − 2)2 − 4 = 𝑦 ⟺ (𝑥 − 2)2 = 𝑦 + 4
⟺ 𝑥 − 2 = −√𝑦 + 4 ⟺ 𝑥 = 2 − √𝑦 + 4
∴ 𝑞 −1 (𝑥) = 2 − √𝑥 + 4, 𝑥 ∈ [−3, 5 ]
44
7. Functions 𝑓 and 𝑔, each with domain ℝ, are defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 , 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|

(i). Write an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥), and state, giving a reason, whether 𝑔 has an inverse [2]
(ii). Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) [2]
(iii). Find the solution set of the equation 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) [3]
Solution
(i) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1
The function 𝑔 does not have an inverse because it is not one-one
(ii) 𝑦 = 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥 + 1) = |𝑥 + 1|
y
1
-1 0 x
(iii) 𝑦 = 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑓(|𝑥|) = |𝑥| + 1

y
1
-1 0 x
If we superimpose the two graphs, we see that for 𝑥 ≥ 0 , the graphs coincide.
Hence, solution set of 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓𝑔(𝑥) is {𝑥: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 > 0}
8. The function 𝑓 is defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Solution
𝑓𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 0
⟹ 𝑓(9 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0 ⟹ 9 − (9 − 𝑥 2 )2 = 0
45
(9 − 𝑥 2 )2 = 9 ⟹ 9 − 𝑥 2 = ±3
∴ 𝑥 2 = 6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 = 12
𝑥 = ±√6 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = ±2√3
The exact solutions of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥) = 0 are ±√6, ±2√3
9. (a) The curve whose equation is 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 undergoes in succession, the following

transformations:
A: A translation of magnitude 3 units in the direction of the 𝑥-axis
B: A scaling parallel the y-axis by a factor of 2
C: A translation of magnitude 5 units in the direction of the y-axis
Give the equation of the resulting of the resulting curve [3]
(b) Another curve undergoes, in succession, the transformations A, B, C as above, and the
5𝑥−11
equation of the resulting is 𝑦 = 𝑥−3
Determine the equation of the curve before the three transformations were effected [4]
Solution
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
A: ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)2
B: 𝑔(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 3)2
C: 𝑒(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 3)2 + 5
∴ the equation of the resulting curve is 𝑦 = 2(𝑥 − 3)2 + 5

5𝑥−11
(b) Given 𝑦 =
𝑥−3
4
Perform long division to get 𝑦 = 5 + 𝑥−3
4
Before A: 𝑦 = 5 + 𝑥
2
Before B: 𝑦 = 5 + 𝑥
2
Before C: 𝑦 = 𝑥
2
∴ the equation before the 3 transformations were effected is 𝑦 = 𝑥
46
10. (a) Given that 𝑓: 𝑥 → 4𝑥 − 10
8
𝑔: 𝑥 → 𝑥 𝑥≠0
Express in similar form
i. 𝑓𝑜𝑔 [1]
ii. 𝑔𝑜𝑓 [1]
iii. 𝑔15 [hint 𝑔3 = 𝑔𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑔]
(b). In terms of one or both of 𝑓 and 𝑔
1
(i). 𝑥 → 4 (𝑥 + 10) [1]
(ii). 𝑥 → 16𝑥 − 50 [1]
Solution
8 32
(a i) 𝑓𝑜𝑔 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 4 ( ) − 10 = − 10 𝑥≠0
𝑥 𝑥
32
∴ 𝑓𝑜𝑔: 𝑥 → − 10 𝑥≠0
𝑥
8 4 5
(ii) 𝑔𝑜𝑓 = 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥−20 = 2𝑥−5 𝑥≠2
4 5
∴ 𝑔𝑜𝑓: 𝑥 → 2𝑥−5 𝑥≠2
8
(iii.) 𝑔2 (𝑥) = 8 =𝑥
𝑥
8
𝑔3 (𝑥) = 𝑥
8
𝑔15 : 𝑥 → 𝑥≠0
𝑥
1
(bi.) 𝑓 −1 : 𝑥 → 4 (𝑥 + 10) ( by inspection)
(ii) 16𝑥 − 50 = 4(4𝑥 − 10) − 10

So 𝑓𝑓: 𝑥 → 16𝑥 − 50
i.e. 𝑓 2 : 𝑥 → 16 − 50 (other answers are possible)
47
Coordinate GEOMETRY
questions
1. Find in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, the equation of the line of gradient 𝑚 that passes through the point
(𝑚 ; 𝑚) [2]
2. Write down the equation of a circle with centre (−3, 2) and radius √10 [1]
Show that the point 𝐴(−2, −1) lies on the circle, and find the coordinates of B, the other end of the
diameter through A [4]
3. The diagram below shows the line graphs of 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) which intersect at C.
The graph 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) intersect the x-axis at point A and 𝑓(𝑥) intersects 𝑥 −axis at B.
a. State the name given to the function 𝑓(𝑥) in relation to the function 𝑓(𝑥)
and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) [1]
b. Write down the coordinates of the points A and B [3]
c. Calculate the coordinates of point C [3]
y
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
(0, 3) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
B A x
1
(0, −1 2)
C
3
4. A circle touches the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 at the point (4, 3) and passes through the point (−12, 11)
4
Find
i. The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line passing through the points (4, 3) and
(−12, 11) [4]
ii. The equation of the circle [8]
𝑥 2 −4
5. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
48
Find the equation of the normal to the curve at 𝑃(2, 0) in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are
integers [4]
6. Find in terms of 𝑘, the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points
𝐴(2𝑘; 𝑘) and 𝐵(4𝑘; 9𝑘) [3]
7. The points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have coordinates (𝑚2 ; 2𝑚) and (3𝑚2 ; 6𝑚) respectively.
Find the values of 𝑚 for which the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 lies on the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8 [3]
8. Show that the equation of the circle passing through the points (−2; −4), (3; 1) and (−2; 0) is
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 13 [7]
9. Find the points of intersection of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 17 = 0 and the line
𝑥−𝑦+2=0 [5]
Hence show that the equation of the circle which has these points as the ends of a diameter is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 5 = 0 [4]
10. Point Q lies on the with equation 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0. Given that Q also lies on the perpendicular bisector
of the joining 𝑀(6; 3) and 𝑁(2; 1), find the coordinates of point Q. [5]
49
SOLUTIONS
1. Find in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, the equation of the line of gradient 𝑚 that passes through the point
(𝑚 ; 𝑚) [2]
Solution
𝑦−𝑚
𝑥−𝑚
=𝑚
⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑥 − 𝑚2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑚 − 𝑚2
2. Write down the equation of a circle with centre (−3, 2) and radius √10 [1]
Show that the point 𝐴(−2, −1) lies on the circle, and find the coordinates of B, the other end of the
diameter through A [4]
Solution
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 10
Using 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (−2 + 3)2 + (−1 − 2)2 = 1 + 9 = 10 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
So (−2, −1) is on the circle (shown)
Centre is midpoint of diameter AB
𝐵(𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑎+−2 𝑏+−1
2
= −3, 2
=2
𝑎 = −4, 𝑏=5
So 𝐵 = (−4, 5)
3. The diagram below shows the line graphs of 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) which intersect at C.
The graph 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) intersect the x-axis at point A and 𝑓(𝑥) intersects 𝑥 −axis at B.
a. State the name given to the function 𝑓(𝑥) in relation to the function 𝑓(𝑥)
and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) [1]

b. Write down the coordinates of the points A and B [3]
c. Calculate the coordinates of point C [3]
50
y
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
(0, 3) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
B A x
1
(0, −1 2)
Solution
a. Mirror line or line of reflection
1
b. Interchanging the x-axis by the y-axis to get 𝐴(3, 0) 𝐵(−1 2 , 0)
c. Equation of BC: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
3
4. A circle touches the line 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 at the point (4, 3) and passes through the point (−12, 11)
Find
i. The equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line passing through the points (4, 3) and
(−12, 11) [4]
ii. The equation of the circle [8]
Solution
11−3 1
i. Gradient of line passing through (4; −3) and (−12, 11) = −12−4 = − 2
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = 2

−12+4 11−3
Midpoint = ( 2
, 2 ) = (−4, 7)
𝑦−−4
Equation of perpendicular bisector 𝑥−7
= 2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 15
4
ii. Gradient of line at (4, 3) = − 3
Equation of line 3𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 25
25−4𝑥
2𝑥 + 15 = 3
51
⟹ 𝑥 = −2 𝑦 = 11
Centre (−2, 11)
Radius = √(4 + 2)2 + (3 − 11)2 = 10
⟹ equation of circle
(𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 11)2 = 100

𝑥 2 −4
5. A curve has equation 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
Find the equation of the normal to the curve at 𝑃(2, 0) in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐
are integers [4]
Solution
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(𝑥+1)−1(𝑥 2 −4) 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+4
= =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+1)2
When 𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑦 4 3
𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∴ gradient of normal = − 4
Equation of normal at (2; 0)

𝑦−0 3
𝑥−1
= −4
∴ 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −6 = 0
6. Find in terms of 𝑘, the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points
𝐴(2𝑘; 𝑘) and 𝐵(4𝑘; 9𝑘) [3]
Solution
𝑘−9𝑘
Gradient of line 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑘−4𝑘 = 4
1
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = − 4
2𝑘+4𝑘 𝑘+9𝑘
Coordinates of midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 = ( 2
; 2 ) = (3𝑘; 5𝑘)
𝑦−5𝑘 1
Equation of perpendicular bisector is 𝑥−3𝑘 = − 4
⟹ 4(𝑦 − 5𝑘) = −1(𝑥 − 3𝑘)

⟹ 4𝑦 − 20𝑘 = −𝑥 + 3𝑘
⟹ 𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 23𝑘
7. The points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have coordinates (𝑚2 ; 2𝑚) and (3𝑚2 ; 6𝑚) respectively.
Find the values of 𝑚 for which the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 lies on the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8 [3]
52
Solution
𝑚2 +3𝑚2 2𝑚+6𝑚
Midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 = ( 2
; 2
) = (2𝑚2 ; 4𝑚)
Since the midpoint lies on the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8
⟹ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 8 ⟹ 4𝑚 = 2(2𝑚2 ) − 8
⟹ 4𝑚 = 4𝑚2 − 8
⟹ 𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 2 = 0
⟹ (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0
⟹ 𝑚 = 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = −1
8. Show that the equation of the circle passing through the points (−2; −4), (3; 1) and (−2; 0) is
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 13 [7]
Solution
Let the centre of the circle be (𝑎; 𝑏)
𝑟 2 = (𝑎 − (−2))2 + (𝑏 − (−4))2 = (𝑎 + 2)2 + (𝑏 + 4)2 ……………………...[1]
𝑟 2 = (𝑎 − 3)2 + (𝑏 − 1)2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … . [2]
𝑟 2 = (𝑎 − (−2))2 + (𝑏 − 0)2 = (𝑎 + 2)2 + 𝑏 2 … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . . [3]

From (1) and (3)
(𝑏 + 4)2 = 𝑏 2
⟹ 𝑏 2 + 8𝑏 + 16 = 𝑏 2
⟹ 8𝑏 = −16 ⟹ 𝑏 = −2
From (1) and (2)
(𝑎 + 2)2 + 4 = (𝑎 − 3)2 + 9
𝑎2 + 4𝑎 + 4 + 4 = 𝑎2 − 6𝑎 + 9 + 9
⟹ 10𝑎 = 10 ⟹ 𝑎 = 1
So the centre of the circle is (1; −2)
Sub into (3)
𝑟 2 = (1 + 2)2 + (−2)2
𝑟 2 = 13
So the equation of the circle is
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2
53
∴ (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 13 as the equation of the circle (shown)
9. Find the points of intersection of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 17 = 0 and the line

𝑥−𝑦+2=0 [5]
Hence show that the equation of the circle which has these points as the ends of a diameter is
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 5 = 0 [4]
Solution
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 17 = 0 ………………… ..[1]
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ……………………………………[2]
Solving simultaneously
𝑥 2 + (𝑥 + 2)2 − 6𝑥 + 2(𝑥 + 2) − 17 = 0
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 − 6𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 − 17 = 0
2𝑥 2 − 9 = 0
3√2 3√2
⟹𝑥=± ⟹𝑦 =2±
2 2
So the points of intersection are

3√2 3√2 3√2 3√2
(− 2
;2 − 2 ) and (2
;2 + 2 )
If these two points are the ends of a diameter, then
1 3√2 −3√2 3√2 3√2 2

𝑟 = 2 √( 2
− ( 2 ))2 + (2 + 2
− (2 − 2
))
1
𝑟 = √18 + 18 ⟹ 𝑟 = 3
2
The center of a circle is the midpoint of the line segment joining the two points
3√2 −3√2 3√2
+ (2+3√2)+(2− 2 )
2 2
( 2
; 2
)
= (0; 2)
So the equation of the specified circle is
(𝑥 − 0)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 32
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 = 9
⟹ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 4 − 9 = 0
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 − 5 = 0
54
10. Point Q lies on the with equation 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0. Given that Q also lies on the perpendicular bisector
of the joining 𝑀(6; 3) and 𝑁(2; 1), find the coordinates of point Q. [5]
SOLUTION
6+2 3+1
Midpoint of 𝑀𝑁 = ( 2
; 2 ) = (4; 2)
3−1 1
Gradient of 𝑀𝑁 = =
6−2 2
Gradient of perpendicular bisector = −2

Equation of perpendicular bisector 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 10
Solving 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 10 and 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 0 simultaneously
𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 6
∴ 𝑄(2; 6)
55
PLANE TRIGONOMETRy
questions
𝜋 𝜋
1. In a triangle ABC angle B is 6 and angle A is almost a right angle, so that 𝐴 = ( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠,
𝐵𝐶
where 𝑥 is small. Show that 𝐴𝐶 ≈ 2 − 𝑥 2 [4]
2. In a triangle ABC, 𝐴𝐵 = 7𝑐𝑚, 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑐𝑚 and angle 𝐵 = 600 . Find by calculation angle 𝐶,
giving your answer to the nearest 0. 10 [4]
0
3. In triangle ABC, angle 𝐴 = 30 , 𝐵𝐶 = 8, 𝐶𝐴 = 12. Find by calculation the possible sizes
of angle B, giving your answers correct to 0.10 [3]
4. In the trapezium ABCD, AB is parallel to DC. It is given that 𝐴𝐵 = 3𝑐𝑚, 𝐵𝐷 = 4𝑐𝑚 angle
𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 250 and 𝐶 = 1050 . Giving your answers correct to three significant figures, find
(i) AD
(ii) BC [6]
5. P
k
1
Q 2 R
The diagram shows triangle PQR, in which 𝑃𝑄 = 1 unit, 𝑄𝑅 = 2 units and 𝑅𝑃 =
𝑘 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠. Express cos 𝑅 in terms of 𝑘 [2]
7
Given that cos 𝑅 < 8, show that 2𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 + 6 < 0. Find the set of values of 𝑘 satisfying this
inequality [3]
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
6. In triangle ABC, angle 𝐴 = 3
𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝐵 = ( 3 + 𝑥) 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝐶 = ( 3 − 𝑥) 𝑟𝑎𝑑, where 𝑥 is small and
𝑥 2 to be neglected . The lengths of the sides BC, CA, AB are denoted by 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 respectively.
2𝑎𝑥
By using the sine formula, or otherwise , show that 𝑏 − 𝑐 ≈ [4]
√3
7. In triangle ABC, the lengths of the sides AB, BC and CA are 7cm, 2cm and 𝑏 𝑐𝑚
respectively, and the size of angle C is 300 . Use the cosine formula to show that 𝑏 2 −
(2√3)𝑏 − 45 = 0, and hence find the exact value of 𝑏. [3]
5√3
Hence, or otherwise, show that sin 𝐵 = 14
[2]
3
8. It is given that tan 𝐴 = 4, where A is acute. Using the small-angle approximation for
sin(10−5 ) and cos(10−5 ), find the value, correct to 11 decimal places, of cos(𝐴 + 10−5 ),
angles being measured in radians. [4]
56
9.
O
√2
1
300 900
A B C
The diagram shows triangle OAB in which 𝑂𝐴 = √2 , 𝑂𝐵 = 1, ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 300 . The point C is the foot
of the perpendicular from O to the line B produced.
(i) Find angle ABO, and show that 𝐴𝐵 = 2 sin 150 [3]
√6−√2
(ii) Hence, by using triangle OAC to find AC, show that the exact value of sin 150 = 4
[3]
10.
D
A 500 3cm 400 𝐶
4cm
In the triangle ABC, 𝐴𝐵 = 4 𝑐𝑚 , 𝐴𝐶 = 3𝑐𝑚, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 200 . The point D is in the plane ABC, on the
opposite side of AC to B, angle 𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 300 and angle 𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 400 . Giving 3 S.F in your answers, find
by calculation
(i) The length of BC [2]
(ii) The length of CD [3]
11. A sector OAB of a circle, of radius 𝑎 and centre O, has ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠. Given
that the area of the sector OAB is twice the square of the length of the arc AB,
find 𝜃 [4]
57
12.
𝑟
0
The diagram shows the sector of a circle, with center O and radius 𝑟. The length of the arc is equal to half
the perimeter of the sector. Find the area of the sector in terms of 𝑟 [3]
13. The diagram below shows the cross-section of a circular pond centre O and radius 5
metres . The angle between radii OA and OB is 2 radians. A frog swims in a straight
line from A to B and the hops back to A along the minor arc AB. Calculate the total
distance travelled by the frog [3]
14. Two equal circles with centres A and C and radius 2𝑐𝑚 intersect at B and D (see diagram)
58
The angle subtended by the common chord of each circle is 3𝜃.
a. Find an expression for the shaded area in terms of 𝜃. [2]
b. The area of the quadrilateral ABCD in terms of 𝜃 [2]
c. Given that the shaded area is equal to one quarter of the area of one of the circles, show that
12𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃(3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) [5]
𝜃2
15. Use the approximation cos 𝜃 ≈ 1 − 2
to show that, when 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 is a small angle,
𝜃2
sec 𝜃 ≈ 1 + 2 [2]
C
B
B
B
AA
𝜃 𝑟
0 𝑟 𝐴
The diagram shows a circle, centre O and radius 𝑟, with points A and B on the circumference such that
angle AOB = 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝐴𝐶 is a tangent to the circle at A, and OBC is a straight line, given that 𝜃 is
1
small, use the above results to show that 𝐵𝐶 ≈ 2 𝑟 2 𝜃, and deduce that the perimeter of the region ABC is
1
approximately 𝑟(2𝜃 + 2 𝜃 2 ) [4]
59
SOLUTIONS
𝜋 𝜋
1. In a triangle ABC angle B is 6 and angle A is almost a right angle, so that 𝐴 = ( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠,
𝐵𝐶
where 𝑥 is small. Show that 𝐴𝐶 ≈ 2 − 𝑥 2 [4]
Solution
𝜋
Given 𝐴 = ( 2 − 𝑥) 𝑟𝑎𝑑
B
A
𝜋
𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶 sin( −𝑥) cos 𝑥
2
sin 𝐵
= sin 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴𝐶 = 𝜋 = 𝜋
sin( ) sin( )
6 6
𝑥2
Since 𝑥 is small, cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2
2−𝑥2
𝐵𝐶
∴ 𝐴𝐶 ≈ 2
1 ≈ 2 − 𝑥2 (shown)
2
2. In a triangle ABC, 𝐴𝐵 = 7𝑐𝑚, 𝐵𝐶 = 2𝑐𝑚 and angle 𝐵 = 600 . Find by calculation angle 𝐶,
giving your answer to the nearest 0. 10 [4]
Solution
C 2
600 B
7
A
By Cosine rule 𝐴𝐶 2 = 22 + 72 − 2(2)(7 cos 600 ) = 39
⟹ 𝐴𝐶 = √39
Using Cosine rule again
22 +39−72
cos 𝐶 = 2(2)(√39)
⟹ 𝐶 = 103. 90
3. In triangle ABC, angle 𝐴 = 300 , 𝐵𝐶 = 8, 𝐶𝐴 = 12. Find by calculation the possible sizes
of angle B, giving your answers correct to 0.10 [3]
60
Solution
B
8
A 300 C
12
8 12 12
sin 300
= sin 𝐵 ⟹ sin 𝐵 = 8
sin 300
⟹ 𝐵 = 48. 60 or 131. 40 (correct to 0. 10 )
4. In the trapezium ABCD, AB is parallel to DC. It is given that 𝐴𝐵 = 3𝑐𝑚, 𝐵𝐷 = 4𝑐𝑚 angle
𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 250 and 𝐶 = 1050 . Giving your answers correct to three significant figures, find
(i).. AD
(ii).. BC [6]
Solution
A 250 B
1050
D C
By cosine rule, we have 𝐴𝐷 2 = 9 + 16 − 2(3)(4) cos 250
⟹ 𝐴𝐷 = 1.80𝑐𝑚 (3.S.F)
∠𝐵𝐷𝐶 = ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷 = 250

𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐷
By sine rule, we have sin 250 = sin 1050
4 sin 250
⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = = 1.75𝑐𝑚 ( 3. S.F)
sin 1050
61
5. P
k
1
Q 2 R
The diagram shows triangle PQR, in which 𝑃𝑄 = 1 unit, 𝑄𝑅 = 2 units and 𝑅𝑃 = 𝑘 units. Express
cos 𝑅 in terms of 𝑘 [2]
7
Given that cos 𝑅 < 8, show that 2𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 + 6 < 0. Find the set of values of 𝑘 satisfying this
inequality [3]
Solution
𝑃𝑅2 +𝑄𝑅2 −𝑃𝑄 2 𝑘 2 +22 −12 𝑘 2 +3
By Cosine rule = =
2(𝑃𝑅)(𝑄𝑅) 2(𝑘)(2) 4𝑘
7 𝑘 2 +3 7
Given cos 𝑅 < ⟹ <
8 4𝑘 8
Since 𝑘 > 0, 2(𝑘 2 + 3) < 7𝑘 ⟹ 2𝑘 2 − 7𝑘 + 6 < 0

⟹ (2𝑘 − 3)(𝑘 − 2) < 0
3
Set of values = {𝑘: 𝑘𝜖ℜ, < 𝑘 < 2}
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
6. In triangle ABC, angle 𝐴 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝐵 = ( + 𝑥) 𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝐶 = ( − 𝑥) 𝑟𝑎𝑑, where 𝑥 is small and
3 3 3
𝑥 2 to be neglected . The lengths of the sides BC, CA, AB are denoted by 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 respectively.
2𝑎𝑥
By using the sine formula, or otherwise , show that 𝑏 − 𝑐 ≈ 3 [4]
√
Solution
A
𝜋
3
c b
𝜋 𝜋
3
+𝑥 3
−𝑥
B a C
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Using sine formula : 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 𝜋
sin( ) sin ( +𝑥) sin( −𝑥)
3 3 3
𝑥2
Since cos 𝑥 ≈ 1 − 2
= 1 since 𝑥 2 is to be neglected, sin 𝑥 ≈ 𝑥
62
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 √3 𝑥
Using sin ( 3 ± 𝑥) = sin 3 cos 𝑥 ± sin 𝑥 cos 3 ≈ 2
±2
2𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎𝑥
⟹ = √3 𝑥
= √3 𝑥
⟹𝑎+ = 𝑏 … … … … … . (1)
√3 + − √3
2 2 2 2
𝑎𝑥
and 𝑎 − = 𝑐 … … … … … . (2)
√𝑥
2𝑎𝑥
(1) − (2) gives 𝑏 − 𝑐 ≈ (shown)
√3
7. In triangle ABC, the lengths of the sides AB, BC and CA are 7cm, 2cm and 𝑏 𝑐𝑚
respectively,and the size of angle C is 300 . Use the cosine formula to show that
𝑏 2 − (2√3)𝑏 − 45 = 0, and hence find the exact value of 𝑏. [3]

5√3
Hence, or otherwise, show that sin 𝐵 = 14
[2]
Solution
B
2
7
300 C
b
A
By cosine rule ,
72 = 22 + 𝑏 2 − 2(2)𝑏 cos 300 ⟹ 49 = 4 + 𝑏 2 − (2√3)𝑏
⟹ 𝑏 2 − (2√3)𝑏 − 45 = 0
Solving for b
2√3±√12−4(−45)
𝑥= 2
= √3 ± √48 = 5√3 𝑜𝑟 − 3√3
Since 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 = 5√3

By sine rule,
sin 𝐵 sin 300 sin 𝐵 1 5√3
𝑏
= 7
⟹ 5√3
= 14 ⟹ sin 𝐵 = 14
3
8. It is given that tan 𝐴 = 4, where A is acute. Using the small-angle approximation for
sin(10−5 ) and cos(10−5 ), find the value, correct to 11 decimal places, of cos(𝐴 + 10−5 ),
angles being measured in radians. [4]
Solution
63
4 3
cos 𝐴 = 5 , sin 𝐴 = 5
3 5
4 A
3
tan 𝐴 = 4
sin(10−5 ) = 10−5
1
cos(10−5 ) = 1 − 2 (10−5 )2 )
1 − 5 × 10−11
∴ cos(𝐴 + 10−5 ) = cos 𝐴 cos 10−5 − sin 𝐴 sin 10−5

4 3
= ( ) (1 − 5 × 10−11 ) − ( )(10−5 )
5 5
4
= − 4 × 10−11 − 6 × 10−6
5
= 0.8 − 0.00000000004 − 0.000006

= 0.79999399996
9.
O
√2
1
300 900
A B C
The diagram shows triangle OAB in which 𝑂𝐴 = √2 , 𝑂𝐵 = 1, ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 300 . The point C is the foot
of the perpendicular from O to the line B produced.
(i). Find angle ABO, and show that 𝐴𝐵 = 2 sin 150 [3]
√6−√2
(ii). Hence, by using triangle OAC to find AC, show that the exact value of sin 150 = 4
[3]
Solution
(i) Using sine rule on ▲ABO, we have
64
sin 30 sin ∠𝐴𝐵𝑂 √2
1
= ⟹ sin ∠𝐴𝐵0 = √2 sin 30 =
√2 2
∴ ∠𝐴𝐵𝑂 = 1350
∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 180 − 30 − 135 = 150

Using sine rule again on ▲ABO
𝐴𝐵 1
sin 15
= sin 30 ⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = 2 sin 150 (shown)
(ii) From ▲OAC

√3 √6
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐴 cos 30 = √2. 2
= 2
Since ∠𝐴𝐵𝑂 = 135, we have ∠𝑂𝐵𝐶 = 45

√2
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 0𝐵 cos 45 = 2
√6 √2 √6−√2
Now 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵𝐶 = 2 sin 15 = 2
− 2 ⟹ sin 150 = 4
(shown)
10.
D
A 500 3cm 400 𝐶
4cm
In the triangle ABC, 𝐴𝐵 = 4 𝑐𝑚 , 𝐴𝐶 = 3𝑐𝑚, ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 200 . The point D is in the plane ABC, on the
opposite side of AC to B, angle 𝐶𝐴𝐷 = 300 and angle 𝐴𝐶𝐷 = 400 . Giving 3 S.F in your answers, find
by calculation
(i). The length of BC [2]
(ii). The length of CD [3]
SOLUTION
(i) Using the cosine rule,
𝐵𝐶 2 = 𝐴𝐶 2 + 𝐴𝐵2 − 2(𝐴𝐶)(𝐴𝐵) cos ∠𝐵𝐴𝐶
= 32 + 42 − 2(3)(4) cos 200

⇒ 𝐵𝐶 = 1.56 𝑐𝑚
(ii) Using sine rule,
65
𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝐷 3
= ⟹ =
sin ∠𝐶𝐴𝐷 sin ∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 sin 30 sin 110
⟹ 𝐶𝐷 = 1.60 𝑐𝑚
11. A sector OAB of a circle, of radius 𝑎 and centre O, has ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠. Given
that the area of the sector OAB is twice the square of the length of the arc AB, find 𝜃 [4]
Solution
𝜃
𝑎
1
Area of sector OAB = 2 𝑎2 𝜃 and length of Arc AB = 𝑎𝜃
Since area of OAB is twice the square of the length Arc AB.
1 1
i.e. 2 𝑎2 𝜃 = 2(𝑎𝜃)2 ⟹ 2 𝑎2 𝜃 = 2𝑎2 𝜃 2
1
⟹ 𝜃 = 4 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
12.
𝑟
0
The diagram shows the sector of a circle, with center O and radius 𝑟. The length of the arc is equal to half
the perimeter of the sector. Find the area of the sector in terms of 𝑟 [3]
Solution
Let 𝜃 be the angle subtended

1
Length of arc = of perimeter⟹ 𝑟𝜃 = 2𝑟 ⟹ 𝑟𝜃 − 2𝑟 = 0 ⟹ 𝑟(𝜃 − 2) = 0
2
Since 𝑟 ≠ 0, ∴ 𝜃 = 2
1 1
∴ Area of sector = 2 𝑟 2 𝜃 = 2 𝑟 2 (2) = 𝑟 2
66
13. The diagram below shows the cross-section of a circular pond center O and radius 5 metres.
The angle between radii OA and OB is 2 radians. A frog swims in a straight line from A to B
and the hops back to A along the minor arc AB. Calculate the total distance travelled by the
frog [3]
Solution
Distance travelled = arc length + length 𝐴𝐵

Arc length = 𝑟𝜃 = 2(5) = 10𝑚
𝐴𝐵2 = 52 + 52 − 2(5)(5) cos 2𝑐 = 70.807

⟹ 𝐴𝐵 = 8.4𝑚
∴ distance travelled = 10𝑚 + 8.4𝑚 = 18.4 𝑚
14. Two equal circles with centers A and C and radius 2𝑐𝑚 intersect at B and D (see diagram)
.C
.A
67
The angle subtended by the common chord of each circle is 3𝜃.
a. Find an expression for the shaded area in terms of 𝜃. [2]

b. The area of the quadrilateral ABCD in terms of 𝜃 [2]
c. Given that the shaded area is equal to one quarter of the area of one of the circles, show that
12𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃(3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) [5]
Solution
a. Area of segment × 2
1 1
2 [ 22 3𝜃 − 22 sin 3𝜃] = 12𝜃 − 4 sin 3𝜃
2 2
1
b. Area of quadrilateral ABCD = 2( . 22 . sin 3𝜃)
2
= 4 sin 3𝜃
1
c. 12𝜃 − 4 sin 3𝜃 = 4 𝜋. 22
⟹ 12𝜃 − 4(sin 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 sin 𝜃) = 𝜋
⟹ 12𝜃 − 4(2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 𝜋
⟹ 12𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃(3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 𝜋 (as required)
𝜃2
15. Use the approximation cos 𝜃 ≈ 1 − 2
to show that, when 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 is a small angle,
𝜃2
sec 𝜃 ≈ 1 + [2]
2
C
B
B
B
AA
𝜃 𝑟
0 𝑟 𝐴
68
The diagram shows a circle, center O and radius 𝑟, with points A and B on the circumference such that
angle AOB = 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠. 𝐴𝐶 is a tangent to the circle at A, and OBC is a straight line, given that 𝜃 is
1
small, use the above results to show that 𝐵𝐶 ≈ 2 𝑟 2 𝜃, and deduce that the perimeter of the region ABC is
1
approximately 𝑟(2𝜃 + 2 𝜃 2 ) [4]
Solution
1 1 1 𝜃2
sec 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = 𝜃2
= (1 − 2 𝜃 2 )−1 ≈ 1 + 2
(by Binomial series expansion) (shown)
1−
2
From the figure (∠𝑂𝐴𝐶 = 900 )

𝜃2
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐶 cos 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑂𝐴 sec 𝜃 = 𝑟(1 + 2
) , using the above approximation.
𝜃2 𝑟𝜃2
∴ 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑟 (1 + ) −𝑟 = (shown)
2 2
𝑟𝜃2
Perimeter of the region 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = arc 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐴 = 𝑟𝜃 + 2
+ 𝑂𝐶 sin 𝜃
𝑟𝜃2 𝜃2 𝑟𝜃2 1
= 𝑟𝜃 + 2
+ 𝑟 (1 + 2
)𝜃 = 2𝑟𝜃 + 2
= 𝑟(2𝜃 + 2 𝜃 2 ) (as required)
69
TRIGONOMETRY
questions
1. Find all the values of 𝜃, where 00 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3600 , such that cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃 sin 𝜃 [5]
2. Find, correct to the nearest 0.10 , the general solution of the equation
cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 = 2 [7]
3. Prove that cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃. [2]
Hence, or otherwise, find the general solution of the equation cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 expressing your
answer in radians [5]
4. Find all values of 𝜃 such that 00 < 𝜃 < 3600 for which 2 cos 2𝜃 = 3 − 2 cos 𝜃 giving your
answers correct to 0. 10 [5]
5. It is given that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 2. Find without using trigonometrical tables or a calculator,
(a)The exact value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵, given that tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 4 [2]

(b)The exact value of tan 𝑌, given that sin(𝑌 + 𝐴) = 3cos (𝑌 − 𝐴) [3]
6. (a) Find the general solution of the equation sin 2𝑥 = cos 700 [3]
0 0
(b.) Find all the solutions such that 0 < 𝑥 < 360 of the equation 4 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 = 3 giving
your answers correct to 0.10 [5]
7. Find the solutions in degrees, of the equation
sec(𝐴 + 300 ) = 2 [4]

8. Solve the equation 5 cos 𝐴 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 4 for 00 < 𝐴 < 1800 [4]
9. (a) Use the fact that 750 = 300 + 450 , find the value of sin 750 in surd form simplifying your
answer. [3]
𝜋
(b.) Express 2 sin 𝑡 + (2√3) cos 𝑡 in the form 𝑅 sin (𝑡 + 𝑥) where 0 < 𝑥 < 2
[2]
1
What is the least value of 10+2 sin 𝑡+(2 as 𝑡 varies [2]
√3) cos 𝑡
10. By completing the square, find the greatest and least values, A varies, of
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − cos 𝐴 + 6 [5]
70
SOLUTIONS
1. Find all the values of 𝜃, where 00 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 3600 , such that cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃 sin 𝜃 [5]
Solution
cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃 sin 𝜃 ⟹ cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 0

⟹ cos(2𝜃 + 𝜃) = 0 ⟹ cos 3𝜃 = 0
∴ the general solution is 3𝜃 = 2𝑛(1800 ) ± 900
⟹ 𝜃 = 𝑛(1200 ) ± 300
⟹ 𝜃 = 300 , 900 , 1500 , 2100 , 2700 , 3300
2. Find, correct to the nearest 0.10 , the general solution of the equation
cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 = 2 [7]
Solution
cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 = 2 ⟹ 𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼) = cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃

⟹ 𝑅 cos 𝜃 cos 𝛼 − 𝑅 sin 𝜃 cos 𝛼 = cos 𝜃 − 3sin 𝜃
𝑅 cos 𝜃 = 1 … … … . (1)
Comparing both sides, we have {
𝑅 sin 𝜃 = 3 … … … … (2)
(1)2 + (2)2 , we have 𝑅 = √10
(2) ÷ (1), we have tan 𝛼 = 3 ⟹ 𝛼 = 71.570
Hence cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 = √10 cos(𝜃 + 71.570 ) = 2

2
⟹ cos(𝜃 + 71.570 ) =
√10
∴ the general solution is 𝜃 + 71.570 = 2𝑛(1800 ) ± 50.770
⟹ 𝜃 = 3600 𝑛 − 20. 80 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 3600 𝑛 − 122. 30 (nearest 0. 10 )
3. Prove that cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃. [2]
Hence, or otherwise, find the general solution of the equation cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 expressing
your answer in radians [5]
Solution
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − cos(2𝜃 + 𝜃)
= cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 + sin 𝜃 sin 2𝜃
71
= cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃(1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
= 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 (proved)
cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 ⟹ 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
⟹ 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
1
⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃(4 cos 𝜃 − ) =0
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 0 ⟹ 𝜃 = 2𝜋𝑛
1 1
Or 4 cos 𝜃 − = 0 ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 4
3 1
⟹ cos 𝜃 = √4
The principal value of 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 0.889 𝑟𝑎𝑑, ∴ 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 0.889
Hence the general solution of 𝜃 are 𝜃 = 2𝜋𝑛 and 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 0.889(𝑛 ∈ ℤ)
4. Find all values of 𝜃 such that 00 < 𝜃 < 3600 for which 2 cos 2𝜃 = 3 − 2 cos 𝜃 giving your
answers correct to 0. 10 [5]
Solution
Given 2 cos 2𝜃 = 3 − 2 cos 𝜃
⟹ 2(2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1) = 3 − 2 cos 𝜃 ⟹ 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃 − 5 = 0
−2±√4+80 −2±9.1652
⟹ cos 𝜃 = 8
= 8
= −1.3956 ; 0.8956
Hence cos 𝜃 = 0.8956 ⟹ 𝜃 = 3600 𝑛 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.8956)
72
⟹ 𝜃 = 3600 𝑛 ± 26. 40
26.40 𝑜𝑟 333.60
5. It is given that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 = 2. Find without using trigonometrical tables or a calculator
(a) The exact value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵, given that tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 4 [2]
(b) The exact value of tan 𝑌, given that sin(𝑌 + 𝐴) = 3cos (𝑌 − 𝐴) [3]
Solution
(a) Given tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 4

tan 𝐵+tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵+2
∴ we have =4⟹ Since tan 𝐴 = 2
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 1−2 tan 𝐵
⟹ tan 𝐵 + 2 = 4 − 8 tan 𝐵 ⟹ 9 tan 𝐵 = 2

2
tan 𝐵 = 9
(b) Given sin(𝑌 + 𝐴) = 3cos (𝑌 − 𝐴)

∴ we have sin 𝑌 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝑌 sin 𝐴 = 3 cos 𝑌 cos 𝐴 + 3 sin 𝑌 sin 𝐴
⟹ sin 𝑌(cos 𝐴 − 3 sin 𝐴) = cos 𝑌(3 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴)
3 cos 𝐴−sin 𝐴
⟹ tan 𝑌 = cos 𝐴−3 sin 𝐴
3−3 tan 𝐴 1
= =−
1−3 tan 𝐴 5
6. (a) Find the general solution of the equation sin 2𝑥 = cos 700 [3]
(b.) Find all the solutions such that 00 < 𝑥 < 3600 of the equation 4 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 = 3 giving your
answers correct to 0.10 [5]
Solution
Given sin 2𝑥 = cos 700
∴ sin 2𝑥 = sin 200 (since sin 𝐴 = cos (900 − 𝐴)
⟹ 2𝑥 = 200 + 3600 𝑛 ⟹ 𝑥 = 100 + 1800 𝑛 (using P.V)

𝑆. 𝑉 = 1800 − 200 = 1600
⟹ 2𝑥 = 1600 + 3600 𝑛 ⟹ 𝑥 = 800 + 1800 𝑛
(b.) Given 4 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 = 3 where 00 < 𝑥 < 3600
73
⟹ 4 cos 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 = 𝑅 cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑅 = √42 + 22 = √20
1
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2)
3 3
∴ cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = ⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = ±𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )+ 3600 𝑛
√20 √20
3 1
⟹ 𝑥 = 3600 𝑛 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
√20 2
⟹ 𝑥 = 21.30 , 285.60
7. Find the solutions in degrees, of the equation sec(𝐴 + 300 ) = 2 [4]
Solution
Given sec(𝐴 + 300 ) = 2

1
∴ cos(𝐴 + 300 ) =
2
1
𝐴 + 300 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 3600 𝑛
2
𝐴 + 300 = 600 + 3600 𝑛

⟹ 𝐴 = 300 + 3600 𝑛
⟹ 𝐴 = 300
𝑆. 𝑉 = −600
𝐴 + 300 = −600 + 3600 𝑛
⟹ 𝐴 = −900 + 3600 𝑛
⟹ 𝐴 = 2700
∴ 𝐴 = 300 , 2700
8. Solve the equation 5 cos 𝐴 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 4 for 00 < 𝐴 < 1800 [4]
Solution
5 cos 𝐴 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 = 4 ⟹ 5 cos 𝐴 + 2(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴) = 4
⟹ 5 cos 𝐴 + 2 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 4
⟹ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 5 cos 𝐴 + 2 = 0
⟹ (2 cos 𝐴 − 1)(cos 𝐴 − 2) = 0
1
⟹ cos 𝐴 = 2 (cos 𝐴 ≠ 2)
∴ 𝐴 = 600
74
9. (a) Use the fact that 750 = 300 + 450 , find the value of sin 750 in surd form simplifying your
answer. [3]
𝜋
(b.) Express 2 sin 𝑡 + (2√3) cos 𝑡 in the form 𝑅 sin (𝑡 + 𝑥) where 0 < 𝑥 < 2
[2]
1
What is the least value of 10+2 sin 𝑡+(2 as 𝑡 varies [2]
√3) cos 𝑡
Solution
sin 750 = sin(450 + 300 )

1 √3 1 1
= sin 450 cos 300 + cos 450 sin 300 = . + .
√2 2 √2 2
1 √2(√3+1)
= (√3 + 1) =
2√2 4
(b.) 2 sin 𝑡 + 2√3 cos 𝑡 = 𝑅 sin(𝑡 + 𝑥)
𝑅 = √22 + (2√3)2 = √16 = 4

𝜋
tan 𝑥 = √3 ⟹ 𝑥 = 3
𝜋
∴ 2 sin 𝑡 + 2√3 cos 𝑡 = 4 sin(𝑡 + 3 )
𝜋
10 + 2 sin 𝑡 + 2√3 cos 𝑡 = 10 + 4(sin(𝑡 + )
3
Therefore, the denominator lies in the range [6,14]

1
∴ the least value of the fraction is
14
10. By completing the square, find the greatest and least values, A varies, of
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − cos 𝐴 + 6 [5]
Solution
1 1
(a.) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − cos 𝐴 + 6 = (cos 𝐴 − 2)2 − 4 + 6
1 23
= (cos 𝐴 − 2)2 + 4
The greatest value of this expression occurs when cos 𝐴 = −1

1 23 9 23
∴ greatest value = (−1 − )2 + = + =8
2 4 4 4
1
The least value of the expression occurs when cos 𝐴 = 2
1 1 23 23
∴ least value = (2 − 2)2 + 4
= 4
75
Differentiation
questions
1. For the curve with equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 0. Find the gradient at the point (2, −1) [4]
𝑑𝑦
2. Given that (5𝑥 + 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 5𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
Show that
(i) (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′ = 1 − (𝑦 ′ )2
(ii) (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′′ = −5𝑦 ′ ′ − 3𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
Where 𝑦 , = , 𝑦 ,, = , 𝑦 ,,, = [5]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
Given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 0, find the Maclaurin expansion for 𝑦 up to and including
the term in 𝑥 3 [7]
3. Differentiate with respect to t
(i) 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 𝑡 [2]
(ii) sin (𝑡 3 + 4) [3]
𝑡
(iii) 𝑡 2 +1
[3]
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4. (i.) Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥2
, find the value of 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
(ii.) Given that tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 = 3, find the value of when 𝑥 = [7]
𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦
5. (i) Given that 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥, find .
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑡 𝑑𝑦
(ii). Given that 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2 , where 𝑡 is a parameter, find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡. [6]
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
6. Let 𝑦 = sec 𝑥. Given that 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥, express 𝑑𝑥2 in terms of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥 [2]
1
Hence show that, up to the term in 𝑥 2 , Maclaurin’s series for sec 𝑥 is 1 + 𝑥 2 [3]
2
7. Using differentiation find the equation of the tangent at the point (2, 1) on the
curve 𝑦 = √(𝑥 2 − 3). [4]

1
8. The line 𝑙 is the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥, where 𝑥 ≠ 0, at the point where 𝑥 = 𝑎. Show that
the equation of 𝑙 can be expressed in the form 𝑎2 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 [3]
Find the value of 𝑎 for which the line 𝑙 passes through the origin, and find the equation of line 𝑙 in this
case [2]
9. Find by differentiation, the coordinates of the turning points on
the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 stating the nature of each turning point [5]
76
10. A curve is given by the equation 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 16
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥−7𝑦
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 7𝑥−8𝑦 [3]
(ii) Hence show that the gradient can not be equal to 1 [3]
77
SOLUTIONS
1. For the curve with equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 0. Find the gradient at the point (2, −1) [4]
Solution
𝑥 3 + 2𝑦 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t.x, 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
At the point (2, −1), ∴ 3(4) + 6(−1)2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 + 6 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 12 𝑑𝑥 = −9 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = − 4
3
∴ Gradient at the point (2, −1) is −
4
𝑑𝑦
2. Given that (5𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 5𝑦)
Show that
′′
(i) (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 = 1 − (𝑦 ′ )2
(ii). (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′′ = −5𝑦 ′ ′ − 3𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′
Where 𝑦 , = 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑦 ,, = 𝑑𝑥2 , 𝑦 ,,, = 𝑑𝑥3 [5]
Given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 0, find the ,Maclaurin expansion for 𝑦 up to and including
Solution
𝑑𝑦
Given (5𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 5𝑦) ⟹ (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 + 5𝑦 … … … … … … … … … … . (1)
(i) Diff both sides of (1) w.r.t.x., we have (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′ + (5 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑦 ′ = 1 + 5𝑦 ′
⟹ (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′ = 1 + 5𝑦 ′ − 5𝑦 ′ − (𝑦 ′ )2 = 1 − (𝑦 ′ )2 … … … … . (2) (shown)

Diff both sides of (2) w.r.t.x., we have (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′′ + (5 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′
= (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′′ = −5𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ (shown)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
𝑓(0) = 2
0+5(2)
𝑓 ′ (0) = 0+2
=5
1−52
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 0+2
= −12
−5(−12)−3(5)(−12)
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 0+2
= 120
𝑥 2 ′′
By Maclaurin’s expansion, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 2!
𝑓 (0) + ⋯
78
∴ 𝑦 = 2 + 5𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 3
3. Differentiate with respect to t

i. 𝑒 2𝑡 cos 𝑡 [2]
ii. sin (𝑡 3 + 4) [3]
𝑡
iii. 𝑡 2 +1
[3]
Solution
𝑑
(i.) 𝑑𝑡
(𝑒 2𝑡 cos 𝑡) = 2𝑒 2𝑡 cos 𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 (− sin 𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 (2cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡)
𝑑
(ii.) 𝑑𝑡
[sin(𝑡 3 + 4)] = cos (𝑡 3 + 4) × 3𝑡 2 = 3𝑡 2 cos ( 𝑡 3 + 4)
𝑑 𝑡 (𝑡 2 +1)−𝑡(2𝑡) 1−𝑡 2
(iii.) ( 2 )= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 +1 (𝑡 2 +1)2 (𝑡 2 +1)2
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4. (i) Given that 𝑦 = 𝑥2
, find the value of 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
(ii) Given that tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 = 3, find the value of 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑥 = 4
[7]
Solution
ln 𝑥
(i.) 𝑦=
𝑥2
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 ( )−2𝑥 ln 𝑥 1−2 ln 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥4
= 𝑥3
𝑑𝑦 1−2 ln 𝑒 −1
When 𝑥 = 𝑒, = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒3 𝑒3
(ii.) tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 = 3 … … … … . . (1)

𝑑𝑦
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦) = 0 … … … … … … (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sub 𝑥 = 4
into (1) to get 1 + tan 𝑦 = 3 ∴ tan 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑦 + 1 = 5
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
Sub 𝑥 = and 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦 = 5 into (2) to get 2 + 5 =0⟹ =−
4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5
𝑑𝑦
5. (i) Given that 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥, find 𝑑𝑥 ..
1 𝑡 𝑑𝑦
(ii). Given that 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2 , where 𝑡 is a parameter, find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡. [6]
Solution
(i). Given 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
= (2 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (cos 𝑥) = (2 cos 𝑥)(− sin 𝑥) = − sin 2𝑥
1 𝑡
(ii). Given 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= − (1+𝑡 2 )2
79
𝑑𝑦 (1+𝑡 2 )−𝑡(2𝑡) 1−𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
= (1+𝑡 2 )2
= (1+𝑡 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡 2 𝑡 2 −1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = −2𝑡
= 2𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
6. Let 𝑦 = sec 𝑥. Given that = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥, express in terms of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥 [2]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
1
Hence show that, up to the term in 𝑥 2 , Maclaurin’s series for sec 𝑥 is 1 + 2 𝑥 2 [3]
Solution
𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
⟹ = sec 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥{𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥}
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = sec 0 = 1, 𝑑𝑥
= sec 0 tan 0 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 2
= 1(12 + 0) = 1
1𝑥 2
∴ Maclaurin’s series for 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 is 1 + 0𝑥 + 2!
+⋯
1
⟹ 𝑦 = 1 + 2 𝑥2 + ⋯
7. Using differentiation find the equation of the tangent at the point (2, 1) on the
curve 𝑦 = √(𝑥 2 − 3). [4]
Solution
𝑦 = √(𝑥 2 − 3)
1
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥
= 2 (𝑥 2 − 3)−2 (2𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 √(𝑥 2 −3)
𝑑𝑦 2
At (2, 1), = =2
𝑑𝑥 √4−3
𝑦−1
∴ equation of tangent : = 2 ⟹ 𝑦 − 1 = 2𝑥 − 4 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑥−2
1
8. The line 𝑙 is the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥, where 𝑥 ≠ 0, at the point where 𝑥 = 𝑎. Show that
the equation of 𝑙 can be expressed in the form 𝑎2 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 [3]
Find the value of 𝑎 for which the line 𝑙 passes through the origin, and find the equation of line 𝑙 in
this case [2]
Solution
1 𝑑𝑦 1
Given 𝑦 = 1 − , 𝑥 ≠ 0 ⟹ =
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1
At point where 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2
1
𝑦−(1− ) 1
𝑎
Equation of 𝑙 is given by 𝑥−𝑎
= 𝑎2
80
1
⟹ 𝑎2 𝑦 − 𝑎2 (1 − ) = 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑎
⟹ 𝑎2 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 𝑎 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎 (shown)
Given 𝑡 passes through the origin, we have 𝑎2 (0) − 0 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎
⟹ 𝑎(𝑎 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑎 = 2
But 𝑎 ≠ 0 (∵ 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 ≠ 0), ∴ 𝑎 = 2 and hence 𝑙: 4𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0
9. Find by differentiation, the coordinates of the turning points on

the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 stating the nature of each turning point [5]
Solution
Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 4 = (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
2
⟹ 𝑥 = − 3 𝑜𝑟 2
2 175
When 𝑥 = − 3 , 𝑦 = 27
;
𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −3
2 175
∴ the coordinates of turning points are (− 3 , 27
) and (2, −3)
𝑑2 𝑦
Now 𝑑𝑥 2 = 6𝑥 − 4
2 𝑑2 𝑦 2 175
When 𝑥 = − , < 0 ⟹ (− , ) is a maximum point
3 𝑑𝑥 2 3 27
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑥 = 2, 𝑑𝑥 2
> 0 ⟹ (2, −3) is a minimum point
10. A curve is given by the equation 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 16

𝑑𝑦 6𝑥−7𝑦
(i) Show that = [3]
𝑑𝑥 7𝑥−8𝑦
(ii). Hence show that the gradient can not be equal to 1 [3]
Solution
(i.) Given 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 16
Diff w.r.t.x
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6𝑥 − [(𝑦)(7) + 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ] + 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
6𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 7𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
(8𝑦 − 7𝑥) = 7𝑦 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 7𝑦−6𝑥 6𝑥−7𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 8𝑦−7𝑥 = 7𝑥−8𝑦 (shown)
81
𝑑𝑦
(ii.) If = 1, then 7𝑥 − 6𝑥 = 8𝑦 − 7𝑥 ⟹ 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
But consider 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 = 16

If 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 3𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 2 = 0
But 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 16
𝑑𝑦
So 𝑑𝑥 can not be equal to 1
82
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
questions
1. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴, where 𝑎 is a positive constant
𝜋
and 0 < 𝐴 < 2
𝑑𝑦
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = − tan 𝐴 [2]
(ii) The tangent to the curve at the point with parameter A cuts the axes at S and T. Write
down the equation of this tangent and show that the distance ST is independent of A.[6]
2. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 2 , where 𝑎 is a constant. The points
𝑃(𝑎𝑝, 𝑎𝑝2 ) and 𝑄(𝑎𝑞, 𝑎𝑞 2 ) lie on the curve. Find and simplify an expression, in terms of 𝑝 and
𝑞, for the gradient of the chord PQ.
Deduce from your expression that the gradient of the tangent to the curve at 𝑃 is 2𝑝 [4]
1 𝑡 𝑑𝑦
3. Given that 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2 , where 𝑡 is a parameter, find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡. [6]
4. The parametric equations
𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴, 𝑦 = 2(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴) define a line segment in the x-y plane. Find the cartesian equation
of the line and the coordinates of the end-points of the segment. [5]
1
5. A curve has parametric equations 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 where 𝑡 is a real non-zero parameter. Find the
1
equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve at the point (2𝑡, 𝑡 2 ) [6]
6. The parametric equations of a curve C are
𝑥 = 𝑡 + 𝑒𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡, and hence find the coordinates of the stationary point of C [5]
7. The coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of a point on a curve are given in terms of a parameter 𝑡 by
𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡
(i) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where 𝑡 = 1 [4]
(ii) Find the values of 𝑡 for which both 𝑥 and 𝑦 have the same rate of change with respect to 𝑡 [3]
8. A curve is defined by the parametric equations
𝑥 = 𝑡2, 𝑦 = 𝑡3
Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point 𝑃(𝑝2 , 𝑝3 ) is 2𝑦 − 3𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝3 = 0 [2]
Show that there is just one point on the curve at which the tangent passes through the point (−3, −5) and
determine the coordinates of this point [4]
9. A curve C is given parametrically by the equations
𝑥 = 2 + 𝑡, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 2
Show that the normal at the point with parameter 𝑡 has equation
83
𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑡 3 − 𝑡 + 2 [4]
The normal at the point 𝑇 , where 𝑡 = 2, cuts C again at the same point P, where 𝑡 = 𝑝. Show that
4𝑝2 + 𝑝 − 18 = 0 and hence deduce the coordinates of P.

Find the cartesian equation and hence sketch C. [3]
10. A curve is represented parametrically by
𝑥 = 2 + sin 𝜃 𝑦 = 6 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
(a) Find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝜃 [3]
(b) By expressing sin 𝜃 in terms of 𝑥 and cos 𝜃 in terms of 𝑦, use an appropriate identity to show that
𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 2 − 144𝑥 + 108 = 0 [3]
84
SOLUTIONS
1. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴, where 𝑎 is a positive constant
𝜋
and 0 < 𝐴 < 2
𝑑𝑦
(i).. Show that = − tan 𝐴 [2]
𝑑𝑥
(ii).. The tangent to the curve at the point with parameter A cuts the axes at S and T. Write down the
equation of this tangent and show that the distance ST is independent of A.[6]
SOLUTION
𝑑𝑥
(i.) 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑑𝐴 = 3𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴(− sin 𝐴)
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑑𝐴 = 3𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝐴 3𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
𝑑𝑥
= (𝑑𝐴) (𝑑𝑥 ) = 3𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴(− sin 𝐴) = − tan 𝐴 (shown)
(ii.) y
S(0, asinA)
P(𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴, 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴)
T(a cos A, 0) x
𝑦−𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴
Equation of tangent: 𝑥−𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝐴 = − tan 𝐴
sin 𝐴
𝑦 = (− tan 𝐴)𝑥 + (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴) ( )+ 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴 = (− tan 𝐴)𝑥 + 𝑎 sin 𝐴(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴) + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴
cos 𝐴
= (− tan 𝐴)𝑥 + 𝑎 sin 𝐴

For S, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝐴
𝑎 sin 𝐴
For T, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = = 𝑎 cos 𝐴
tan 𝐴
Distance ST= √(𝑎 sin 𝐴)2 + (𝑎 cos 𝐴)2 = √𝑎2 (1) = 𝑎 which is independent of A (shown)
2. The parametric equations of a curve are 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡 2 , where 𝑎 is a constant. The points
𝑃(𝑎𝑝, 𝑎𝑝2 ) and 𝑄(𝑎𝑞, 𝑎𝑞 2 ) lie on the curve. Find and simplify an expression, in terms of 𝑝 and
𝑞, for the gradient of the chord PQ.
Deduce from your expression that the gradient of the tangent to the curve at 𝑃 is 2𝑝 [4]
85
Solution
Given point 𝑃(𝑎𝑝, 𝑎𝑝2 ) and 𝑄(𝑎𝑞, 𝑎𝑞 2 ) lie on the curve

𝑎𝑞2 −𝑎𝑝2 𝑞2 −𝑝2 (𝑞+𝑝)(𝑞−𝑝)
Gradient of the chord 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑎𝑞−𝑎𝑝
= 𝑞−𝑝
= 𝑞−𝑝
=𝑞+𝑝
If 𝑄 = 𝑃, 𝑞 = 𝑝, ∴ gradient of the tangent to the curve at 𝑃 = 𝑝 + 𝑝 = 2𝑝 (deduced)

1 𝑡 𝑑𝑦
3. Given that 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2 , where 𝑡 is a parameter, find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡. [6]
Solution
1 𝑡
Given 𝑥 = 1+𝑡 2 and 𝑦 = 1+𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
= − (1+𝑡 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 (1+𝑡 2 )−𝑡(2𝑡) 1−𝑡 2

𝑑𝑡
= (1+𝑡 2 )2
= (1+𝑡 2 )2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 1−𝑡 2 𝑡 2 −1
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 = −2𝑡
= 2𝑡
4. The parametric equations
𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴, 𝑦 = 2(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴) define a line segment in the x-y plane. Find the cartesian
equation of the line and the coordinates of the end-points of the segment. [5]
Solution
𝑦
Given 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴, = (1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴)
2
𝑦
∴ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
Hence the cartesian equation of the line segment in the x-y plane is 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2
1
5. A curve has parametric equations 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 where 𝑡 is a real non-zero parameter. Find the
1
equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve at the point (2𝑡, 2 ) [6]
𝑡
Solution
𝑥 = 2𝑡 1 4 𝑑𝑦 8
Given that { 𝑦 = 1 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 3
( )2
𝑡2 2
𝑑𝑦 8 1
At 𝑥 = 2𝑡, =− =−
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑡)3 𝑡3
1
1 𝑦− 2 1
𝑡
∴ Equation of tangent at (2𝑡, 𝑡 2 ) is given by 𝑥−2𝑡 = − 𝑡3
1 2 1 3 𝑥
⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑡2 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡3 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡3
86
1
1 𝑦− 2
Equation of normal at (2𝑡, 𝑡 2 ): 𝑡
𝑥−2𝑡
= 𝑡3
1 1
⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑡 2 = 𝑡 3 𝑥 − 2𝑡 4 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑡 3 𝑥 + (𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 4 )
6. The parametric equations of a curve C are

𝑥 = 𝑡 + 𝑒𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝑡, and hence find the coordinates of the stationary point of C [5]
Solution
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑡 + 𝑒𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 1 + 𝑒𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 1−𝑒 −𝑡
∴ = . =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑒 𝑡
𝑑𝑦
For stationary points, 𝑑𝑥 = 0
⟹ 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑒 −𝑡 = 1 ⟹ −𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑡 = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
i.e. coordinates of the stationary point of C is (1,1)
7. The coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦) of a point on a curve are given in terms of a parameter 𝑡 by
𝑥 = 𝑡 2 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡
i. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where 𝑡 = 1 [4]
ii. Find the values of 𝑡 for which both 𝑥 and 𝑦 have the same rate of change with respect to 𝑡 [3]
Solution
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(i.) 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑡 and 𝑑𝑡
= 3𝑡 2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 3𝑡 2 −1
∴ = . =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2𝑡
When 𝑡 = 1, 𝑥 = 12 + 1 = 2, 𝑦 = 13 − 1 = 0
𝑑𝑦 3(1)2
𝑑𝑥
= 2(1)
=1
𝑦−0
Hence, the equation of the tangent at this point is =1⟹𝑦 =𝑥−2
𝑥−2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
(ii.) When 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
,
∴ 3𝑡 2 − 1 = 2𝑡 ⟹ 3𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 1 = 0 ⟹ (3𝑡 + 1)(𝑡 − 1) = 0
87
1
∴𝑡=− 𝑜𝑟 1
3
8. A curve is defined by the parametric equations
𝑥 = 𝑡2, 𝑦 = 𝑡3
Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point 𝑃(𝑝2 , 𝑝3 ) is 2𝑦 − 3𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝3 = 0 [2]
Show that there is jus one point on the curve at which the tangent passes through the point (−3, −5)
and determine the coordinates of this point [4]
Solution
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑡2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑡3 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 3𝑡 2
𝑑𝑦 3𝑡 2 3
⟹ = = 𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡 2
3
At the point 𝑃(𝑝2 , 𝑝3 ), the gradient of the tangent is 𝑝. Therefore, the equation of the tangent is given by
2
𝑦−𝑝3 3 3
𝑥−𝑝2
= 2 𝑝 ⟹ 𝑦 − 𝑝3 = 2 𝑝(𝑥 − 𝑝2 )
⟹ 2𝑦 − 2𝑝3 = 3𝑝𝑥 − 3𝑝3 ⟹ 2𝑦 − 3𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝3 = 0 (shown)

If a tangent line passes through the point (−3, −5), then
2(−5) − 3𝑝(−3) + 𝑝3 = 0 ⟹ −10 + 9𝑝 + 𝑝3 = 0

1 39
⟹ (𝑝 − 1)(𝑝2 + 𝑝 + 10) = 0 ⟹ (𝑝 − 1) ((𝑝 + )2 + ) =0
2 4
1 39
Since (𝑝 + 2)2 + 4
is never zero, the only solution to the equation is 𝑝 = 1. Therefore, there is only one
point whose tangent passes through (−3, −5). The coordinates of this point are (1, 1), (𝑖. 𝑒. (𝑝2 , 𝑝3 ) with
𝑝 = 1)
9. A curve C is given parametrically by the equations

𝑥 = 2 + 𝑡, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 2
Show that the normal at the point with parameter 𝑡 has equation
𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑡 3 − 𝑡 + 2 [4]
The normal at the point 𝑇 , where 𝑡 = 2, cuts C again at the same point P, where 𝑡 = 𝑝. Show that
4𝑝2 + 𝑝 − 18 = 0 and hence deduce the coordinates of P.

Find the cartesian equation and hence sketch C. [3]
Solution
88
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =2+𝑡 ⟹ =1
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡2 ⟹ = −2𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
= −2𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1
The gradient of the normal at the point with parameter 𝑡 is given by − 𝑑𝑦 i.e. 2𝑡
Equation of the normal:

𝑦−(1−𝑡 2 ) 1
= ⟹ 2𝑡𝑦 − 2𝑡 + 2𝑡 3 = 𝑥 − 2 − 𝑡
𝑥−(2+𝑡) 2𝑡
⟹ 𝑥 − 2𝑡𝑦 = 2𝑡 3 − 𝑡 + 2
Equation of the normal at the point T, where 𝑡 = 2, is
𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 2(8) − 2 + 2 ⟹ 𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 16
The point P, on C, where 𝑡 = 𝑝, has coordinates (2 + 𝑝, 1 − 𝑝2 ).

Since P lies on the normal at T, we have
(2 + 𝑝) − 4(1 − 𝑝2 ) = 16 ⟹ 4𝑝2 + 𝑝 − 18 = 0
⟹ (4𝑝 + 9)(𝑝 − 2) = 0
9
∴ 𝑝 = −4
9 9 1 65
∴ 𝑃(2 − , 1 − (( )2 ) = 𝑃(− , − )
4 4 4 16
From 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑡, we get 𝑡 = 𝑥 − 2
Sub into 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 2 ⟹ 𝑦 = 1 − (𝑥 − 2)2

y
1
1 2 3 x
The graph has a maximum turning point at (2, 1)

-3
89
10. A curve is represented parametrically by
𝑥 = 2 + sin 𝜃 𝑦 = 6 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
(a). Find 𝑑𝑥 in terms of 𝜃 [3]
(b). By expressing sin 𝜃 in terms of 𝑥 and cos 𝜃 in terms of 𝑦, use an appropriate identity to show
that 𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 2 − 144𝑥 + 108 = 0 [3]
Solution
𝑑𝑥
(a) 𝑥 = 2 + sin 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 6 cos 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝜃 = − sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 6 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥
=− cos 𝜃
= −6 tan 𝜃
𝑦
(b) 𝑥 − 2 = sin 𝜃 6
= cos 𝜃
𝑦2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
36
𝑦2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 36 = 1
𝑦2
∴ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 36 = 1
Multiplying throughout by 36 to get

𝑦 2 + 36𝑥 2 − 144𝑥 + 108 = 0 (as required)
90
Rates of change
questions
3𝑥−6
1. (a) Variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are functions of 𝑡 and that 𝑑𝑡
= 0.6, find the corresponding rate of change of 𝑥 with
respect to 𝑡 when 𝑦 = 1 [4]
3
(b) The two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 . Given that the value of 𝑦 increases
𝑝
from 4 by a small amount 25 , determine in terms of 𝑝
(i) the approximate change in 𝑥 [3]

(ii) the corresponding percentage change in 𝑥 [2]
2. If 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1, find the approximate percentage decrease in 𝑦 given that 𝑥

increases by 0.5% [5]
32
3. An open rectangular box has length 𝑐𝑚 and width 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
𝑥2
(i) Given that its volume is 128 𝑐𝑚3, find in terms of 𝑥, the depth, 𝑑 𝑐𝑚, and the total surface
area, 𝐴 𝑐𝑚2, of the box [4]
(ii) Find the dimensions of the box correct to 3 decimal places such that the surface area is
minimum. Justify that the surface area is minimum [6]
4. A student in physics class measured the diameter 𝑥 of a cylindrical wire of fixed length 𝑙 . He
used this to calculate the volume 𝑉 of the wire. If an error 𝛿𝑥 in the measurement of the
diameter, results in an error of 𝛿𝑣 in the calculated volume, write down a relationship
between 𝛿𝑥 and 𝛿𝑣. Hence show that the relative error in the calculated volume is
approximately twice the relative error in the diameter [6]
8
5. Given that 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥, find the percentage increase in 𝑦 as 𝑥 increases from 2 to 2.003 [4]
6. At time 𝑡 = 0 , the area of a circular pond is 36𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 . The radius of the pond is increasing at
a constant rate of 1.1𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1 .
Find the rate at which the area is increasing at the instant when
(a) The area is 144𝑐𝑚2 [3]

(b) 𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 [4]
91
7. The radius of a circle depends on time 𝑡, according to the formula 𝑟 = 𝑡 3 + 1. Given that its
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
area is represented by 𝐴, find , in terms of 𝑡, and evaluate when 𝑡 = 2. Express your
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
answer in terms of 𝜋 [3]

8. Find the approximate value of ln 1.1 [4]
1
9. Given that 𝑦 = 3 find the approximate percentage change in 𝑦 when 𝑥 is increased by
√4𝑥+9
10% when 𝑥 = 7 [4]

10. A curve 𝐶 has equation 𝑦 = √4𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑦
(a) Find 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑥 = 4 [3]
(b) A particle 𝑃 moves along the curve 𝐶 in such a way that the rate of increase of 𝑥 is
0.20 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
Find the rate of increase of 𝑦 at the instant when 𝑥 = 4 [2]
92
solutions
3𝑥−6
1 (a) Variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Given that 𝑥 and 𝑦 are functions of 𝑡 and that 𝑑𝑡
= 0.6, find the corresponding rate of change of
𝑥 with respect to 𝑡 when 𝑦 = 1 [4]
3
(b) The two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 . Given that the value of 𝑦
𝑝
increases from 4 by a small amount 25 , determine in terms of 𝑝
(i) the approximate change in 𝑥 [3]

(ii) the corresponding percentage in 𝑥 [2]
Solution
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥−(3𝑥−6)
a. 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥2
6
= 𝑥 2 or equivalent
6
=9 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 3
2
=
3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑦 × 𝑑𝑡
2 3
= ×
3 5
9
= 10 = 0.9
𝑝
b. 𝑑𝑦 = 25
3
𝑦 =5−3=4
𝑑𝑦 3
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = 4, 𝑥 = 3, =
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
The approximate change in 𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑝
1 ×
25
3
3𝑝
= 25
93
Percentage change in 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
× 100%
𝑥
3𝑝⁄
25
= 3
× 100%
= 4𝑝%
2 If 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1, find the approximate percentage decrease in 𝑦 given that 𝑥

increases by 0.5% [5]
Solution
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1 ⟹ 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
⟹ =−
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥
3𝑦
𝛿𝑦 = − 2𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑦 3 𝛿𝑥
𝑦
= −2 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 3 𝛿𝑥 3
× 100 = − ( × 100) = − (0.5)
𝑦 2 𝑥 2
= −0.75
= 0.75% decrease
32
3 An open rectangular box has length 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑚 and width 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
(i) Given that its volume is 128 𝑐𝑚3, find in terms of 𝑥, the depth, 𝑑 𝑐𝑚, and the total surface
area, 𝐴 𝑐𝑚2, of the box [4]
(ii) Find the dimensions of the box correct to 3 decimal places such that the surface area is
minimum. Justify that the surface area is minimum [6]
Solution
32
(i) 𝑉 = 𝑥 2 (𝑥)(𝑑) = 128
𝑑 = 4𝑥
32 32
𝐴 = 2𝑥(4𝑥) + 2 (𝑥 2 ) (4𝑥) + 𝑥 2 (𝑥)
94
288
= 8𝑥 2 +
𝑥
𝑑𝐴 288
(ii) 𝑑𝑥
= 16𝑥 − 𝑥2
288
⟹ 16𝑥 − 𝑥2
=0
3
⟹ 𝑥 = √18
3
Width = √18 = 2.6207
32
Length = 3 = 4.6590
( √18)2
Depth = 10.4829
𝑑2 𝐴 576
= 16 + > 0 for 𝑥 > 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥3
∴ A is minimum
4. A student in physics class measured the diameter 𝑥 of a cylindrical wire of fixed length 𝑙 . He
used this to calculate the volume 𝑉 of the wire. If an error 𝛿𝑥, in the measurement of the
diameter, results in an error of 𝛿𝑣 in the calculated volume, write down a relationship between 𝛿𝑥
and 𝛿𝑣. Hence show that the relative error in the calculated volume is approximately twice the
relative error in the diameter [6]
solution
𝑥 𝜋𝑥 2 ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋(2)2 ℎ = 4
𝑑𝑉 𝜋𝑙𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 2
𝛿𝑉 𝑑𝑉
≈
𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑉
⟹ 𝛿𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥
𝜋𝑙𝑥
𝛿𝑉 = 2
𝛿𝑥
𝛿𝑉 𝜋𝑙𝑥
Relative error in the calculated volume is given by 𝑉
= 2
𝛿𝑥 ÷𝑉
𝛿𝑉 𝜋𝑙𝑥 4
𝑉
= 2
𝛿𝑥 × 𝜋𝑙𝑥 2
95
𝛿𝑉 2𝛿𝑥
⟹ =
𝑉 𝑥
𝛿𝑥
But 𝑥
is the relative error in the diameter so the relative error in the calculated volume is approximately
twice the relative error in the diameter.
8
5. Given that 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥, find the percentage increase in 𝑦 as 𝑥 increases from 2 to 2.003 [4]
Solution
𝑑𝑦 8
𝑑𝑥
= 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
𝛿𝑥 0.3𝑥
𝑥
= 100
8
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦 6𝑥 2 − 2 0.3𝑥
𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥 ⟹ = 8 ( )
𝑦 2𝑥 3 + 100
𝑥
8
𝛿𝑦 6𝑥 2 − 2 0.3𝑥
𝑥
⟹ ( 𝑦 × 100) % = 8 ( )× 100%
2𝑥 3 + 100
𝑥
8
6(2)2 − 2(0.3)
4
=( 8 × × 100) % = 0.33%
2(2)3 + 100
2
6. At time 𝑡 = 0 , the area of a circular pond is 36𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 . The radius of the pond is increasing at a
constant rate of 1.1𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1 .
Find the rate at which the area is increasing at the instant when
(a) The area is 144𝑐𝑚2 [3]

(b) 𝑡 = 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 [4]
Solution
(a) When area is 144
𝜋𝑟 2 = 144
12
𝑟= = 6.8
√𝜋
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟 12
𝑑𝑡
= .
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝜋(1.1) = 2𝜋 ( 𝜋) 1.1
√
= 26.4√𝜋 = 46.79
96
(b) After 10 seconds at the instant when area is 36𝑐𝑚2, 𝑟 = 6𝑐𝑚
10 seconds later 𝑟 = 17𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
= . = 2𝜋𝑟(1.1) = 2(17)(1.1)𝜋
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
= 37𝜋 = 117.5
7. The radius of a circle depends on time 𝑡, according to the formula 𝑟 = 𝑡 3 + 1. Given that its area
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴
is represented by 𝐴, find 𝑑𝑡
, in terms of 𝑡, and evaluate 𝑑𝑡
when 𝑡 = 2. Express your answer in
terms of 𝜋 [3]
Solution
𝑑𝐴
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝑑𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑡3 + 1 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡
= 3𝑡 2
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟
∴ = ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
= 2𝜋𝑟 × 3𝑡 2 = 2𝜋(𝑡 3 + 1)(3𝑡 2 )
= 𝜋(6𝑡 2 )(𝑡 3 + 1)
𝑑𝐴
when 𝑡 = 2, 𝑑𝑡
= 𝜋(48)(9) = 216𝜋
8. Find the approximate value of ln 1.1 [4]
Solution
𝑑𝑦 1
Let 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 ⟹ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
So 𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑥 (𝛿𝑥) = 𝑥 (𝛿𝑥)
Now 𝑥 increases from 1 to 1.1, i.e. 𝛿𝑥 = 0.1

1
Therefore 𝛿𝑦 = 1 (0.1)
Hence ln 1.1 = 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = ln 1 + 0.1 ≈ 0.1
1
9. Given that 𝑦 = 3 find the approximate percentage change in 𝑦 when 𝑥 is increased by10%
√4𝑥+9
when 𝑥 = 7 [4]
97
Solution
4
1 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦= 3 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = − 3 (4𝑥 − 1)−3 (4)
√4𝑥+9
𝑑𝑦 4
=− 3
𝑑𝑥 3( √4𝑥−1)4
10
𝛿𝑥 = 100 (7) = 0.7
𝑑𝑦 −4
𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑥 = 3 × 0.7
3( √4(7)−1)4
4
− × 0.7 = −0.011522633
3(3)4
𝛿𝑦 −0.011522633
𝑦
× 100% = 1 × 100%
3
√4(7)−1
= −3.45679
∴ 𝑦 decreased by 3.5%
10. A curve 𝐶 has equation 𝑦 = √4𝑥 + 9
𝑑𝑦
(a). Find when 𝑥 = 4 [3]
𝑑𝑥
(b). A particle 𝑃 moves along the curve 𝐶 in such a way that the rate of increase of 𝑥 is
0.20 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐. Find the rate of increase of 𝑦 at the instant when 𝑥 = 4 [2]
Solution
1 1
𝑑𝑦 1
(a) 𝑦 = (4𝑥 + 9)2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (4𝑥 + 9)−2 × 4
2
= 4𝑥+9
√
2 2 2 2
= = = =
√4(4)+9 √16+9 √25 5
𝑑𝑥
(b) 𝑑𝑡
= 0.20 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑑𝑥 = 5 × 0.2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 0.08 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠/𝑠𝑒𝑐
98
MACLAURIN SERIES
questions
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
1. It is given that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2𝑥 and that 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0. Show that 𝑑𝑥2 = 3 when 𝑥 = 0. Find the
first three terms in the Maclaurin series for 𝑦. [5]
𝜋 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. Given that 𝑦 = tan ( 4 + 𝑥) , show that 𝑑𝑥 2
= 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 [3]
By repeated differentiation of this result, or otherwise, find the series expansion of 𝑦 in ascending powers
of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 4 . [7]
When 𝑥 = 0.1, the value of 𝑦 correct to 8 decimal places, is 1.22304888. Verify that, in this case, the
series expansion up to and including the term in 𝑥 4 gives an estimate that is in error by about 0.004%. [2]
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥. Show that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2{𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)} [4]
By further differentiation of this result, or otherwise, find the value of 𝑓 𝑣 (0), and write down the series
expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 5 [5]
1/2 −𝑥
Use this series expansion to estimate the value of ∫0 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, giving your answer to 3.S.F. [3]
4. Show that the Maclaurin’s series for ln(sec 𝑥), up to and including the term
1 1
in 𝑥 4 , is 2 𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 4 [6]
𝑑𝑦
Show that
′′
(i). (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 = 1 − (𝑦 ′ )2
(ii). (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′′ = −5𝑦 ′ ′ − 3𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′
Where 𝑦 , = 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑦 ,, = 𝑑𝑥2 , 𝑦 ,,, = 𝑑𝑥3 [5]
Given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 0, find the, Maclaurin expansion for 𝑦 up to and including

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
6. Let 𝑦 = sec 𝑥. Given that 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥, express 𝑑𝑥2 in terms of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥 [2]
1
𝑑𝑦
7. Given that 𝑦 = √1 + 8𝑒 𝑥 , show that 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑒 𝑥 [3]
By further differentiation of this result, or otherwise, show that Maclaurin’s series for 𝑦 in ascending
4 10 14
powers of 𝑥 is 3 + 3 𝑥 + 27 𝑥 2 + 243 𝑥 3 + ⋯ [5]
99
4 10 14
Expand (3 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 )2 in powers of 𝑥 up to and including 𝑥 3 , and simplify your answer.
3 27 243
Explain briefly how the result can be as a check on the correctness of the first four terms in the
series for 𝑦 [4]
𝑑𝑦
8. It is given that, at any point on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑑𝑥 = √1 + 𝑦 3
𝑑2 𝑦 3
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 2 = 2 𝑦 2 [3]
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ii) Find expressions for 3 and 4 in terms of 𝑦 and [3]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(iii) The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) passes through the origin. Show that, providing 𝑥 is sufficiently small
1
for powers of 𝑥 higher than 𝑥 4 to be neglected, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 4 [3]
−3𝑥
9. Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 2𝑦, and hence show that
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −13𝑦 + 4 [5]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(ii) Find Maclaurin’s series for 𝑦, up to and including the term in 𝑥 4 [7]
𝜋
10. Given that 𝑦 = tan(3𝑥 + ), show that
4
𝑑𝑦
(i) 𝑑𝑥
= 3(1 + 𝑦 2 ) [1]
3
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ii) = 6𝑦 ( )+ 6( )2 [2]
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Find Maclaurin’s series for tan(3𝑥 + 4 ) up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 [4]
100
SOLUTIONS
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
1. It is given that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 + 2𝑥 and that 𝑦 = 1 when 𝑥 = 0. Show that 𝑑𝑥2 = 3 when 𝑥 = 0. Find the
first three terms in the Maclaurin series for 𝑦. [5]
Solution
𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Diff both sides w.r.t.x, we have 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 0 = 1
𝑑2 𝑦
∴ 𝑑𝑥 2 = 1 + 2 = 3 (shown)
𝑥 2 ′′
By Maclaurin’s theorem, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 𝑓 (0) + ⋯
2!
𝑥2 3
∴ 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥(1) + 2
(3) + ⋯ = 1 + 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + ⋯
𝜋 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. Given that 𝑦 = tan ( 4 + 𝑥) , show that 𝑑𝑥2 = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 [3]
By repeated differentiation of this result, or otherwise, find the series expansion of 𝑦 in ascending
powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 4 . [7]
When 𝑥 = 0.1, the value of 𝑦 correct to 8 decimal places, is 1.22304888. Verify that, in this case, the
series expansion up to and including the term in 𝑥 4 gives an estimate that is in error
by about 0.004%. [2]
Solution
𝜋
Given that 𝑦 = tan( 4 + 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 4 + 𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= 2 sec( 4 + 𝑥). sec ( 4 + 𝑥) tan ( 4 + 𝑥) = 2 tan( 4 + 𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ( 4 + 𝑥) = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 (shown)
𝑑𝑥 3
= 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥2 + 2(𝑑𝑥 )2
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 4
= 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥3 + 2 (𝑑𝑥2 ) (𝑑𝑥 ) + 4(𝑑𝑥 )(𝑑𝑥2 )
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
= 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥3 + 6(𝑑𝑥 )(𝑑𝑥2 )
𝜋
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 = tan( + 𝑥)
4
When 𝑥 = 0, we have
101
𝑓(0) = 1, 𝑓 ′ (0) = 2, 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 2(1)(2) = 4, 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 2(1)(4) + 2(2)2 = 16,
𝑓 ′𝑣 (0) = 2(1)(16) + 6(2)(4) = 80
By Maclaurin’s expansion
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑥 + (4) + (16) + (80) + ⋯
2 6 24
8 10 4
= 1 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 3 + 3
𝑥
Given that when 𝑥 = 0.1, 𝑦 = 1.22304888

8 10
𝑓(0.1) = 1 + 2(0.1) + 2(0.1)2 + 3 (0.1)3 + 3
(0.1)4 = 1.223
1.22304888−1.223
% error = × 100% = 0.003996% ≈ 0.004% (verified)
1.22304888
3. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥. Show that 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2{𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)} [4]
By further differentiation of this result, or otherwise, find the value of 𝑓 𝑣 (0), and write down the
series expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) in ascending powers of 𝑥 up to and including the term in 𝑥 5 [5]
1/2 −𝑥
Use this series expansion to estimate the value of ∫0 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, giving your answer to 3.S.F. [3]
Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 … … … … … … … . . (1)
Diff (1) w.r.t.x, we get 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 ∴ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 … … .(2)
Diff (2) w.r.t.x, we get 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑥 … … . (3)
(1) + (2) to give 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 2𝑓(𝑥) = −2{𝑓 ′ (𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)} (shown)
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2𝑓 ′ (𝑥) − 2𝑓(𝑥)
∴ 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = −2𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) − 2𝑓 ′ (𝑥) … … … … . (4)
∴ 𝑓 ′𝑣 (𝑥) = −2𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) − 2𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) … … … … . (5)
∴ 𝑓 𝑣 (𝑥) = −2𝑓 ′𝑣 (𝑥) − 2𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) … … … … . (6)
From (1), when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = 0
From (2), when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′ (0) = −𝑓(0) + 1 = 1
From (3), when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓 ′′ (0) = −𝑓 ′ (0) − 𝑓(0) − 1 = −2
From (4), when 𝑥 = 0, ∴ 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = −2𝑓 ′′ (0) − 2𝑓 ′ (0) = 4 − 2 = 2
From (5), when 𝑥 = 0, ∴ 𝑓 ′𝑣 (0) = −2𝑓 ′′′ (0) − 2𝑓 ′′ (0) = −4 + 4 = 0
From (6), when 𝑥 = 0, ∴ 𝑓 𝑣 (0) = −2𝑓 ′𝑣 (0) − 2𝑓 ′′′ (0) = −4
102
𝑥 2 𝑓′′ (0) 𝑥 3 𝑓′′′ (0) 𝑥 4 𝑓′𝑣 (0) 𝑥 5 𝑓𝑣 (0)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + + + + + ⋯
2! 3! 4! 5!
𝑥3 𝑥5
= 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 3
− 30 + ⋯
1/2 −𝑥 1/2 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥6
∫0 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 3
− 30 𝑑𝑥 = [ 2 − 3
+ 12 − 180] 1/2
0
1 1 1 1
= [8 − 24 + 192 − 11520] = 0.0885 (3.S.F)
4. Show that the Maclaurin’s series for ln(sec 𝑥), up to and including the term
1 1
in 𝑥 4 , is 2 𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 4 [6]
Solution
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(sec 𝑥)
1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ (0) = 1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥) ⟹ 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 1

𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = 2 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 0
𝑓 ′𝑣 (𝑥) = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + 2 tan 𝑥(2 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) = 𝑓 ′𝑣 (0) = 2
By Maclaurin theorem
𝑥 2 𝑓′′ (0) 𝑥 3 𝑓′′′ (0) 𝑥 4 𝑓′𝑣 (0)
𝑓(𝑥) = ln(sec 𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ ⋯
1 2 4
= 𝑥2 + 𝑥 +⋯
2 4!
1 1
= 2 𝑥 2 + 12 𝑥 4 + ⋯ (shown)
𝑑𝑦
Show that
(i) (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′ = 1 − (𝑦 ′ )2
(ii) (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′′ = −5𝑦 ′ ′ − 3𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′
Where 𝑦 , = 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑦 ,, = 𝑑𝑥2 , 𝑦 ,,, = 𝑑𝑥3 [5]
Given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 0, find the, Maclaurin expansion for 𝑦 up to and including
Solution
𝑑𝑦
Given (5𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 5𝑦) ⟹ (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 + 5𝑦 … … … … … … … … … … . (1)
103
(i). Diff both sides of (1) w.r.t.x., we have (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′ + (5 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑦 ′ = 1 + 5𝑦 ′
⟹ (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′ = 1 + 5𝑦 ′ − 5𝑦 ′ − (𝑦 ′ )2 = 1 − (𝑦 ′ )2 … … … … . (2) (shown)

(ii). Diff both sides of (2) w.r.t.x., we have (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′′ + (5 + 𝑦 ′ )𝑦 ′′ = −2𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′
= (5𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑦 ′′′ = −5𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ 𝑦 ′′ (shown)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦
𝑓(0) = 2
0+5(2)
𝑓 ′ (0) = 0+2
=5
1−52
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 0+2
= −12
−5(−12)−3(5)(−12)
𝑓 ′′′ (0) = 0+2
= 120
𝑥 2 ′′
By Maclaurin’s expansion, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 2!
𝑓 (0) + ⋯
∴ 𝑦 = 2 + 5𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 20𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
6. Let 𝑦 = sec 𝑥. Given that = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥, express in terms of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥 [2]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
1
Solution
𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑦 = sec 𝑥, 𝑑𝑥
= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
⟹ = sec 𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) + (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥) tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥{𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥}
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = sec 0 = 1, = sec 0 tan 0 = 0, = 1(12 + 0) = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
1𝑥 2
∴ Maclaurin’s series for 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 is 1 + 0𝑥 + +⋯
2!
1
⟹ 𝑦 = 1 + 2 𝑥2 + ⋯
𝑑𝑦
7. Given that 𝑦 = √1 + 8𝑒 𝑥 , show that 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑒 𝑥 [3]
By further differentiation of this result, or otherwise, show that Maclaurin’s series for 𝑦 in ascending
4 10 14
powers of 𝑥 is 3 + 3 𝑥 + 27 𝑥 2 + 243 𝑥 3 + ⋯ [5]
4 10 14
Expand (3 + 3 𝑥 + 27 𝑥 2 + 243 𝑥 3 )2 in powers of 𝑥 up to and including 𝑥 3 , and simplify your answer.
Explain briefly how the result can be as a check on the correctness of the first four terms in the series
for 𝑦 [4]
solution
𝑦 = √1 + 8𝑒 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 2 = 1 + 8𝑒 𝑥
104
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Diff w.r.t.x: 2𝑦 = 8𝑒 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 4𝑒 𝑥 ……………(1) (shown)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Diff (1) w.r.t.x: 𝑦 𝑑𝑥2 + (𝑑𝑥 )2 = 4𝑒 𝑥 ………….. (2)
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦
(2) W.r.t.x: 𝑦 𝑑𝑥3 + 3 𝑑𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 2 = 4𝑒 𝑥 …………..(3)
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = √1 + 8 = 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 4
∴ (1) becomes 3 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 3
16
𝑑2 𝑦 4 𝑑2 𝑦 4− 20
∴ (2) becomes 3 + ( )2 = 4 ⟹ = 9
=
𝑑𝑥 2 3 𝑑𝑥 2 3 27
80
𝑑3 𝑦 4 20 𝑑3 𝑦 4− 28
27
∴ (3) becomes 3 + 3( )( ) = 4 ⟹ = =
𝑑𝑥 3 3 27 𝑑𝑥 3 3 81
By Maclaurin theorem
4 20 1 2 28 1 3
𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 𝑥 + . 𝑥 + . 𝑥 +⋯
3 27 2 81 6
4 10 14
⟹ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 + 3 𝑥 + 27 𝑥 2 + 243 𝑥 3 + ⋯
4 10 2 14 3 2 4 10 4 14 4 10
(3 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 9 + 2(3) ( 𝑥) + [2(3) ( ) + ( )2 ] 𝑥 2 + [2(3) ( )+ 2 ( ) ( )]𝑥 3
3 27 243 3 27 3 243 3 27
4
= 9 + 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯
3
Since 𝑦 2 = 1 + 8𝑒 𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3
= 1 + 8(1 + 𝑥 + 2!
+ 3!
+ ⋯)
8 8
= 9 + 8𝑥 + 2! 𝑥 2 + 3! 𝑥 3 + ⋯
4
= 9 + 8𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 + ⋯
3
4 10 14
Comparing the expansions of (3 + 3 𝑥 + 27 𝑥 2 + 243 𝑥 3 )2 and 1 + 8𝑒 𝑥 , we can then check that the first 4
terms in the series for 𝑦 is correct. (explained)
𝑑𝑦
8. It is given that, at any point on the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑑𝑥 = √1 + 𝑦 3
𝑑2 𝑦 3
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 2 = 2 𝑦 2 [3]
(ii) Find expressions for and in terms of 𝑦 and [3]
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
(iii) The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) passes through the origin. Show that, providing 𝑥 is sufficiently small
1
for powers of 𝑥 higher than 𝑥 4 to be neglected, 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 4 [3]
Solution
𝑑𝑦
(i.) Given 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑑𝑥 = √1 + 𝑦 3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 ) = 𝑑𝑥 (√1 + 𝑦 3 ). 𝑑𝑥
105
1
1 3
= 2 (1 + 𝑦 3 )−2 (3𝑦 2 )√1 + 𝑦 3 = 2 𝑦 2 (shown)
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 3 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ii.) 𝑑𝑥 3
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥2 ) = 𝑑𝑦 (2 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 9 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 4
= 𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑥3 ) = 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥2 + (3 𝑑𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 (2 𝑦 2 ) + 3(𝑑𝑥 )2 = 2 𝑦 3 + 3(𝑑𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑4 𝑦
(iii.) When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑥
= 1, 𝑑𝑥 2
= 0, 𝑑𝑥 3
= 0, 𝑑𝑥 4
=3
𝑥 2 𝑓′′ (0) 𝑥 3 𝑓′′′ (0) 𝑥 4 𝑓′𝑣 (0)
By Maclaurin’s theorem, 𝑦 = 𝑓(0) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (0) + 2!
+ 3!
+ 4!
+ ⋯
3
= 0 + 𝑥 + 0 + 0 + 4! 𝑥 4 + ⋯
1
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 4 (neglecting 𝑥 5 and above)
8
9. Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 3𝑥

𝑑𝑦
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 2𝑦, and hence show that
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= −13𝑦 + 4 𝑑𝑥 [5]
(ii) Find Maclaurin’s series for 𝑦, up to and including the term in 𝑥 4 [7]
Solution
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 sin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(i) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 −2𝑥 (3 cos 3𝑥) − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 = 3𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 2𝑦………….(1) (shown)
Diff. w.r.t.x again

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= 3(𝑒 −2𝑥 (−3 sin 3𝑥) − 2𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥) − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= −9𝑒 −2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 6𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −9𝑦 − 2 (𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦) − 2 𝑑𝑥 ………………………………from (1)
𝑑𝑦
= −13𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑥 ……..(2) (shown)
(ii) When 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2(0) sin 3(0) = 0 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑒 −2(0) cos 3(0) − 2(0) = 3
𝑑2 𝑦
⟹ 𝑑𝑥2 = −13(0) − 4(3) = −12
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
Diff. (2) w.r.t.x: 𝑑𝑥3 = −13 𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑑𝑥 2 ………………………(3)
When 𝑥 = 0,
𝑑3 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
= −13(3) − 4(−12) = 9
106
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
Diff. (3) w.r.t..x : 𝑑𝑥 4 = −13 𝑑𝑥2 − 4 𝑑𝑥 3
When 𝑥 = 0
𝑑4 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 4
= −13(−12) − 4(9) = 120
12 2 9 120 4
∴ 0 + 3𝑥 − 2!
𝑥 + 3! 𝑥 3 + 4!
𝑥 +⋯
9
= 3𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 + 3! 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 4
𝜋
10. Given that 𝑦 = tan(3𝑥 + 4 ), show that
𝑑𝑦
(i) 𝑑𝑥
= 3(1 + 𝑦 2 ) [1]
(ii) 3 = 6𝑦 ( 2 ) + 6( )2 [2]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Find Maclaurin’s series for tan(3𝑥 + 4 ) up to and including the term in 𝑥 3 [4]
Solution
𝜋
𝑦 = tan(3𝑥 + 4 )
𝑑𝑦 𝜋 𝜋
(i) = 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (3𝑥 + ) = 3 (1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (3𝑥 + )) = 3(1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥 4 4
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ii) = 6𝑦 = 6(𝑦 + ( ) ) = 6𝑦 ( )+ 6( )2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = tan 4 = 1
𝑑𝑦
= 3(1 + 12 ) = 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2
= 6(1)(6) = 36
𝑑3 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3
= 6(1)(36) + 6(6)2 = 432
𝜋 36 2 432 3
∴ tan (3𝑥 + 4 ) = 1 + 6𝑥 + 2!
𝑥 + 3!
𝑥 +⋯
= 1 + 6𝑥 + 18𝑥 2 + 72𝑥 3 + ⋯
107
INTEGRATION
QUESTIONS
1
1. Find ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 [3]
2.
y
2
R
0 x
The region R, in the positive quadrant is bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the y-axis and the line 𝑦 = 2, as
shown in the figure. Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated through 4 right angles about
𝑂𝑦 [4]
3. Find (i) ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥−1
(ii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 [6]
𝑥+1
4.
𝑙
0 1
3
The diagram (not to scale) shows the region R bounded by the axes, the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)−2 and the
3
1
line 𝑥 = 1. The integral ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 is denoted by 𝑙.
1
(i) Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = 1, to estimate the value of 𝑙,
2
giving your answer correct to 2 significant figures [4]
1
(ii) Use the substitution 𝑥 = tan 𝐴 to show that 𝑙 = 2 √2. [4]
(iii) By using the trapezium rule, with the same ordinates as in part (i), or otherwise, estimate the
volume of the solid formed when R is rotated completely about the x-axis, giving your
answer correct to 2 significant figures [4]
2
5. Find (i) ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [3]
108
(ii.) ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [3]
𝑑 𝑥3 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
6. (i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥4 ) = (1+𝑥 4 )2
2 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
(ii). Find ∫1 𝑑𝑥 [4]
(1+𝑥 4 )2
6𝑥+4
7. Express (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
in partial fractions and hence show that
2 6𝑥+4 13
∫1 (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = ln(36) [4]
1 1
8. Let 𝐼 = ∫−1 1+𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i) Show that the estimate of I obtained by using the trapezium, with ordinates at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0
and 𝑥 = 1, is 1.
(ii) By means of the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , or otherwise, show that the estimate obtained in (i) is
exact. [6]
9.
y
2
1 R
0 2 x
1
The diagram shows the region R in the first quadrant bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 4 (4 − 𝑥 2 )
1
, 𝑦 = 2 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) and the y-axis. Calculate the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through 3600
about the y-axis [5]
10. Find the exact value of
9
(i) ∫4 𝑥 3/2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
3 1
(ii) ∫𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 [4]
6
109
SOLUTIONS
1
1. Find ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 [3]
Solution
1 1 1
∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 (after partializing)
= ln|𝑥| − ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶 where 𝐶 is a constant

2.
y
2
R
0 x
The region R, in the positive quadrant is bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , the y-axis and the line 𝑦 = 2, as
shown in the figure. Find the volume of the solid generated when R is rotated through 4 right angles about
𝑂𝑦 [4]
Solution
2 2
Volume ,𝑉 = ∫0 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝜋𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜋𝑦 2 2
=[ 2 0
]
= 2𝜋 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
3. Find (i) ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥−1
(ii) ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 [6]
Solution
cos 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑥 sin 2𝑥
(i) ∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 [− 2
] − ∫ (− 2 ) . 1𝑑𝑥 = − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 4
+𝐶
1 1
= 4 sin 2𝑥 − 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥−1 (𝑥+1)−2 2
(ii) ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 − 𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶
110
4.
𝑙
0 1
3
3
1
1
(i.). Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1, to estimate the value of 𝑙, giving
your answer correct to 2 significant figures [4]
1
(ii.). Use the substitution 𝑥 = tan 𝐴 to show that 𝑙 = √2. [4]
2
(iii.). By using the trapezium rule, with the same ordinates as in part (i), or otherwise, estimate the volume
of the solid formed when R is rotated completely about the x-axis, giving your answer correct to 2
significant figures [4]
Solution
3
1 𝑦1 +𝑦2
(i) Using the trapezium rule, 𝐼 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 = ℎ( + 𝑦3 )
2
3
𝑦1 = (0 + 1)−2 = 1
3
1
𝑦2 = [(2)2 + 1]−2 = 0.716,
3
1 1
𝑦3 = (1 + 1)−2 = (8)2 = 0.324
1+0.354
∴ 𝐼 = 0.5 ( 2
+ 0.716) = 0.70 (2.s.f)
𝑑𝑥
(ii) Let 𝑥 = tan 𝐴 ⟹ 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴 = 0 , 𝑥 = 1, 𝐴 =
4
𝜋 3 𝜋 𝜋
1 √2
𝐼 = ∫04 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴)−2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴𝑑𝐴 = ∫04 sec 𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = [sin 𝐴] 04 = 2
(shown )
3
1
(iii) Volume of solid = 𝜋 ∫0 [(𝑥 2 + 1)−2 ]2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Let 𝐼 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 +1)3
𝑑𝑥
By trapezium rule
111
𝑦1 = 1
1
𝑦2 = 1 = 0.512
[( )2 +1]3
2
1
𝑦3 = 23 = 0.125
1+0.125
∴ 𝐼 = 0.5( 2
+ 0.512) ≈ 0.537
And hence 𝑉 = 𝜋 × 0.537 = 1.7 (2.S.F)
5. Find (i) ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [3]
(ii.) ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [3]
Solution
𝑥3 𝑥3 1 𝑥3 𝑥3
(i) ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 ln 𝑥] − ∫ . 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
=
3
ln 𝑥 −
9
+𝐶
(ii) Integration by parts: ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Where 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 1 ∶ 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑑 𝑥3 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
6. (i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥 4 ) = (1+𝑥 4 )2
2 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
(ii). Find ∫1 𝑑𝑥 [4]
(1+𝑥 4 )2
Solution
𝑑 𝑥3 3𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 4 )−𝑥 3 (4𝑥 3 )
i. ( 4) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 (1+𝑥 4 )2
3𝑥 2 −𝑥 6 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
= (1+𝑥4 )2 = (1+𝑥 4 )2
(shown)
2 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 ) 𝑥3 8 1
ii. ∫1 (1+𝑥 4 )2
𝑑𝑥 = [1+𝑥4 ] 21 = 1+16 − 1+1
8 1 1
= 17 − 2 = − 34
6𝑥+4
7. Express (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥2 ) in partial fractions and hence show that
2 6𝑥+4 13
∫1 (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = ln(36) [4]
solution
let (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
= 1−2𝑥 + 1+3𝑥2
112
∴ 6𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(1 + 3𝑥 2 ) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(1 − 2𝑥)
1 7
Putting 𝑥 = 2 ,7 = 4 𝐴 ⟹ 𝐴 = 4
Putting 𝑥 = 0, 4 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 0
Putting 𝑥 = 1, 10 = 4𝐴 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐵 = 6
6𝑥+4 4 6𝑥
Hence (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 ) = 1−2𝑥 + 1+3𝑥2
2 6𝑥+4 2 4 6𝑥
∫1 (1−2𝑥)(1+3𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 1−2𝑥
+ 1+3𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
= −2[ln(1 − 2𝑥)] 21 + [ln(1 + 3𝑥 2 )] 21

3 13 1 13 13
= −2[ln ( 2)] + ln ( 4 ) = ln (9) + ln ( 4 ) = ln (36) (shown)
1 1
8. Let 𝐼 = ∫−1 1+𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i.) Show that the estimate of I obtained by using the trapezium, with ordinates at 𝑥 =
−1, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 1, is 1.
(ii.) By means of the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , or otherwise, show that the estimate obtained in (i)
is exact. [6]
Solution
1 1 1 1 𝑒
(i.) Using trapezium rule :𝐼 = 2 × 2 × (1+𝑒 + 1+𝑒 −1 ) = 1+𝑒 + 1+𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(ii.) Using substitution 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢
1 1 𝑒 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑒 −1 1 ×
1+𝑒 −𝑥 1+ 𝑢
𝑢
𝑒 𝑑𝑢
= ∫𝑒 −1 1+𝑢
1+𝑒
= ln[(1 + 𝑢)] 𝑒𝑒−1 = ln(1 + 𝑒) − ln( 𝑒
) = ln 𝑒 = 1 (shown)
113
9. y
2
1 R
0 2 x
1
The diagram shows the region R in the first quadrant bounded by the curves 𝑦 = (4 − 𝑥 2 )
4
1
, 𝑦 = 2 (4 − 𝑥 2 ) and the y-axis. Calculate the volume of the solid formed when R is rotated through 3600
about the y-axis [5]
Solution
y
2
A
1
B
0 2 x
Let (𝑥1 )2 = 4 − 2𝑦 and (𝑥2 )2 = 4 − 4𝑦

2 2
Volume generated when region A is rotated about y-axis = ∫1 𝜋(𝑥1 )2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫1 (4 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
= 𝜋[4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ] 21 = 𝜋[4 − 3] = 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
Volume generated when region B is rotated about y-axis

1 1
= ∫0 𝜋[(𝑥1 )2 − (𝑥2 )2 ]𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 ∫0 (4 − 2𝑦 − 4 + 4𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
1
= 𝜋 ∫0 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋[𝑦 2 ] 10 = 𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
∴ total volume generated when shaded region is rotated about y-axis is 𝜋 + 𝜋 = 2𝜋 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 3
114
10. Find the exact value of
9
(i).. ∫4 𝑥 3/2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1
(ii).. ∫𝜋3 2 𝑑𝑥 [4]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
6
Solution
5
5 5
9 2𝑥 2 2 422
i. ∫4 𝑥 3/2 𝑑𝑥 = [ 5 ] 49 = 5 (92 − 42 ) = 5
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1 1 2
ii. ∫𝜋3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝜋3 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [tan 𝑥] 𝜋3 = √3 − = 3 √3
6 6
√3
6
115
Differential equations
questions
𝑑𝑦
1. Solve the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 given 𝑦 = 𝑒 2 when 𝑥 = 1 [4]
2. A certain type of tree grows in such a way that its height ℎ metres, 𝑡 years after the tree has
been planted can be modelled by a differential equation. It is assumed that the rate of
increase of the height is directly proportional to the cube root of (9 − ℎ).
𝑑ℎ 1
(a) Given that ℎ = 1 and 𝑑𝑡 = 5 when 𝑡 = 0.
(i) Form a differential equation in terms of ℎ. [2]
(ii) solve the differential equation and obtain an expression for 𝑡 in terms of ℎ. [5]
(b) hence find the time taken for the tree to reach height of 4m. [3]
3. The depth of aquarium at the time 𝑡 seconds in ℎ metres. At time 𝑡 = 0, the aquarium is
empty and water begins to flow into at a constant rate of 2𝑚3 𝑠 −1 . At the same time water
1
𝑑ℎ
begins to flow out at rate proportional to ℎ2 when ℎ = 1, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.002
𝑑ℎ 1
(i) Show that ℎ satisfies the differential equation = 500 (2 − √ℎ) [3]
𝑑𝑡
1
(ii) By making the substitution 𝑥 = 2 − ℎ , show that the equation in (i) becomes
2
𝑑𝑥
(2 − 𝑥) = −0.001𝑥 [5]
𝑑𝑡
4. A radioactive substance decays at a rate proportional to its mass , 𝑚. when the mass of
the sample is 0.030 g, the decay rate is 0.002 g per day
(a) Write down the differential equation and solve it to give 𝑚 in terms of time 𝑡 for these
initial conditions. [6]
(b) Find
(i) The time the sample takes to decay to 0.010g [2]
(ii) The time the samples to decay from 0.012 g to 0.005 g [2]
(iii) The rate of decay after 12 days [2]
𝑑𝑦
5. Solve the differential equation (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 given that 𝑦 = 4 when 𝑥 = 1 expressing
y in terms of 𝑥 [5]
𝑑𝑦 2
6. If 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑦) and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 express 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥. [5]
7. (a) The height ℎ metres of a tree at time 𝑡 years after being planted assumes that the rate
1
of increase of its height is directly proportional to (10 − ℎ)2 [3]
(b.) Solve this differential equation to obtain an expression for ℎ in terms of 𝑡. [6]
(c) Find the maximum height of the tree and the time taken to reach this height after
planting [2]
2
(d) Find the time taken to reach 5 of its maximum height [2]
116
8. The rate of loss of temperature of a cooling body of temperature 𝜃 0 𝐶 is proportional to
the difference between the temperature of the body and that of its surroundings. The
temperature of the surroundings at time 𝑡 minutes, is 200 𝐶.
(i) Show that 𝜃 satisfies
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 20) [2]
𝑑𝑡
(ii) Given that the temperature of a body decreases from 600 𝐶 to 400 𝐶 in 5 minutes,
solve the differential equation expressing 𝜃 in terms of 𝑡 [8]
(iii) Find the temperature of the body after 10 minutes [2]
9. It is assumed that the length, 𝑙, in cm of a certain snake at time 𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 , after birth
1
increases at a rate proportional to (10 − 𝑙)2 .
𝑑𝑙
when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.3
(i) Show that 𝑙 and 𝑡 satisfies the differential equation
1
𝑑𝑙
= 0.1(10 − 𝑙)2
𝑑𝑡
(ii) Solve the differential equation and obtain an expression for 𝑙 in terms of 𝑡 [6]
(iii) Find the maximum length of the snake [2]
10. A rectangular tank has a square base with sides 3m long and height 5m. The tank is
initially full of water. The water leaks out the base and sides of the tank at a rate
proportional to the total are in contact with the water. When the depth of the water is 3m,
the water is falling at a rate of 0.3m/h. If 𝑦 dentes the depth of the water after 𝑡 hours.
𝑑𝑦 3 4𝑦
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = − 50 ( 3 + 1) [5]
(ii) Solve the differential equation in (i) giving 𝑦 in terms of 𝑡 [6]
(iii) Find how long it takes for the tank to be half full [2]
117
SOLUTIONS
𝑑𝑦
1. Solve the differential equation 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 given 𝑦 = 𝑒 2 when 𝑥 = 1 [4]
Solution
Given
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦
Separating variables and integrating
1 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
⟹ ln 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 𝐶
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2
−1
ln(𝑒 2 ) = 1 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = 3
3𝑥−1
3𝑥−1
ln 𝑦 = ⟹𝑦=𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
2. A certain type of tree grows in such a way that its height ℎ metres, 𝑡 years after the tree has
been planted can be modelled by a differential equation. It is assumed that the rate of
increase of the height is directly proportional to the cube root of (9 − ℎ).
𝑑ℎ 1
Given that ℎ = 1 and 𝑑𝑡 = 5 when 𝑡 = 0.
(i) Form a differential equation in terms of ℎ. [2]
(ii.) Solve the differential equation and obtain an expression for 𝑡 in terms of ℎ. [5]
(iii.) hence find the time taken for the tree to reach a height of 4m. [3]
solution
1 1
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
(i) ∝ (9 − ℎ)3 ⟹ = 𝑘(9 − ℎ)3
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 1
(ii) When ℎ = 1 and =5
𝑑𝑡
1 1
1
= 𝑘(9 − 1)3 = 𝑘(8)3 = 2𝑘
5
⟹ 𝑘 = 0.1
1
𝑑ℎ
⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = 0.1(9 − ℎ)3
separating the variables and integrating we have
1
−
∫(9 − ℎ) 3 𝑑ℎ = ∫ 0.1 𝑑𝑡
2
3
⟹ − 2 (9 − ℎ)3 = 0.1𝑡 + 𝐶
When 𝑡 = 0, ℎ = 1
2
3
− (8)3 = 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = −6
2
2
3
∴ − 2 (9 − ℎ)3 = 0.1𝑡 − 6
⟹ 𝑡 = 60 − 15(9 − ℎ)2/3
(iii.). When ℎ = 4
𝑡 = 60 − 15(9 − 4)2/3
⟹ 𝑡 = 16.1397
𝑡 = 16 years (2.S.F).
118
3. The depth of aquarium at the time 𝑡 seconds in ℎ metres. At time 𝑡 = 0, the aquarium is empty
and water begins to flow into at a constant rate of 2𝑚3 𝑠 −1. At the same time water begins to
1
𝑑ℎ
flow out at rate proportional to ℎ2 when ℎ = 1, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.002
𝑑ℎ 1
(i) Show that ℎ satisfies the differential equation = 500 (2 − √ℎ)
𝑑𝑡
1
(ii) By making the substitution 𝑥 = 2 − ℎ , show that the equation in (i) becomes
2
𝑑𝑥
(2 − 𝑥) = −0.001𝑥
𝑑𝑡
Solution
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑣
(i) = 2 − √ℎ, = 0.002, ℎ = 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉
= 𝑑𝑉 ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 1
0.002 = × (2 − √1) ⟹ 𝑑𝑉 = 500
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑉 𝑑ℎ 1
But = 𝑑𝑉 × 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ = 500 (2 − √ℎ)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1
(ii) Let 𝑥 = 2 − √ℎ = 2 − ℎ2
1
𝑑𝑥 1
= − 2 ℎ −2
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑥 1 1
= 𝑑ℎ × 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ = − 2 ℎ−2 × 500 (2 − √ℎ)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 1 1
⟹ = − 2√ℎ × 500 (2 − √ℎ)
𝑑𝑡
Since 𝑥 = 2 − √ℎ ⟹ ℎ = (2 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 1 1
Hence 𝑑𝑡 = − 2(√2−𝑥)2 × 500 × (2 − √(2 − 𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥 1 1
⟹ = − 2−𝑥 × 1000 × 𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
∴ (2 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑡 = −0.001𝑥 (shown)
4. A radioactive substance decays at a rate proportional to its mass , 𝑚. when the mass of
the sample is 0.030 g, the decay rate is 0.002 g per day
(a) Write down the differential equation and solve it to give 𝑚 in terms of time 𝑡 for these
initial conditions. [6]
(b) Find
(i) The time the sample takes to decay to 0.010g [2]
(ii.) The time the samples to decay from 0.012 g to 0.005 g [2]
(iii) The rate of decay after 12 days [2]
Solution
𝑑𝑚 𝑑𝑚
(a) 𝑑𝑡 ∝ 𝑚 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑘𝑚 , where 𝑘 is a constant
Separating variables and integrating :
1
∫ 𝑚 𝑑𝑚 = ∫ −𝑘 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ ln 𝑚 = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑚
When 𝑡 = 0; 𝑚 = 0.020 , = −0.002
𝑑𝑡
1
(−0.002) = −𝑘(0.030) ⟹ 𝑘 =
15
119
𝑡
ln 𝑚 = − + 𝐶
15
When 𝑡 = 0
ln(0.030) = 0 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = ln 0.030
𝑡
ln 𝑚 = − 15 + ln 0.030
𝑡
ln 𝑚 − 0.030 = − 15
𝑚 𝑡
⟹ ln (0.030) = − 15
𝑡
𝑚
⟹ 0.030 = 𝑒 −15
𝑡
⟹ 𝑚 = 0.030𝑒 −15
(b) (i) when 𝑚 = 0.010
𝑡
0.010 = 0.030𝑒 −15
𝑡
1
𝑒 −15 =
3
𝑡
⟹ 𝑒 = 3 ⟹ 𝑡 = 15 ln 3 = 16 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 (2. 𝑆. 𝐹)
15
(ii.) when 𝑚 = 0.012

𝑡
0.012 = 0.030𝑒 −15 ⟹ 𝑡 = 15 ln 2.5
when 𝑚 = 0.005
𝑡
0.005 = 0.030𝑒 −15 ⟹ 𝑡 = 15 ln 6
Required time is 15 ln 6 − 15 ln 2.5 = 13 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 (2. 𝑆. 𝐹)
12
(iii.) when 𝑡 = 12, 𝑚 = 0.030𝑒 −15
12
𝑑𝑚 1
And = − 15 (0.030𝑒 −15 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚
= −0.000899
𝑑𝑡
∴ rate of decay is 0.00090 g/day (2.S.F)
𝑑𝑦
5. Solve the differential equation (4 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 given that 𝑦 = 4 when 𝑥 = 1 expressing
y in terms of 𝑥 [5]
solution
𝑑𝑦 1
∫ 𝑦 = ∫ 4−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⟹ ln 𝑦 = − ln(4 − 𝑥) + 𝑐
ln[𝑦(4 − 𝑥)] = 𝑐
𝑐 = ln 12
ln[𝑦(4 − 𝑥)] = ln 12 exponentiating
⟹ 𝑦(4 − 𝑥) = 12
12
∴ 𝑦 = 4−𝑥
𝑑𝑦
6. If 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑦)2 and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1 express 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥. [5]
Solution
𝑑𝑦
Given 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
1
∫ 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
120
1 𝑥3
⟹ −𝑦 = 3
+𝐶
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1
1 1
−1 = 3 + 𝐶
4
⟹𝐶=−
3
1 𝑥3 4
∴− = −
𝑦 3 3
3 3
⟹ =4−𝑥
𝑦
3
⟹ 𝑦 = 4−𝑥3
7. (a) The height ℎ metres of a tree at time 𝑡 years after being planted assumes that the rate
1
of increase of its height is directly proportional to (10 − ℎ)2 [3]
(b.) Solve this differential equation to obtain an expression for ℎ in terms of 𝑡. [6]
(c) Find the maximum height of the tree and the time taken to reach this height after
planting [2]
2
(d) Find the time taken to reach 5 of its maximum height [2]
Solution
1
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
(a) ∝ (10 − ℎ)2 ⟹ = 𝑘(10 − ℎ)1/2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
Now ℎ = 1; = 0.4
𝑑𝑡
1
0.4 = 𝑘(10 − 1)2
2
0.4 = √9𝑘 ⟹ 0.4 = 3𝑘 ⟹ 𝑘 =
15
𝑑ℎ 2
∴ = 15 (10 − ℎ)1/2
𝑑𝑡
(b) Separating variables and integrating
1 2
∫ 1 𝑑ℎ = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
15
(10−ℎ)2
1
(10−ℎ)2 2
1 = 15 𝑡 + 𝐶
−
2
2
⟹ −2√10 − ℎ = 15 𝑡 + 𝐶
When 𝑡 = 0, ℎ = 1
−2√9 = 0 + 𝐶 ⟹ 𝐶 = −6
2
∴ −2√10 − ℎ = 15 𝑡 − 6
1
⟹ √10 − ℎ = 3 − 15 𝑡
45−𝑡
⟹ √10 − ℎ = 15
45−𝑡 2
⟹ 10 − ℎ = ( 15 )
45−𝑡
⟹ ℎ = 10 − ( 15 )2
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 45−𝑡
=0⟹ = −2 ( ) (−1) = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 15
121
2
⟹ (45 − 𝑡) = 0
15
⟹ 𝑡 − 45 = 0 ⟹ 𝑡 = 45
For max height
45−45
ℎ = 10 − ( 15 )2
⟹ max height = 10
2
d. ℎ = 5 (10) = 4
to find 𝑡
45−𝑡 45−𝑡
4 = 10 − ( 15 )2 ⟹ 15 = √6
45 − 𝑡 = 15 × √6
𝑡 = 45 − (15 × √6)
𝑡 = 8.25765
∴ 𝑡 = 8.3 (2. 𝑆. 𝐹)
8. The rate of loss of temperature of a cooling body of temperature 𝜃 0 𝐶 is proportional to
the difference between the temperature of the body and that of its surroundings. The
temperature of the surroundings at time 𝑡 minutes, is 200 𝐶.
(i) Show that 𝜃 satisfies
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 20) [2]
𝑑𝑡
(ii) Given that the temperature of a body decreases from 600 𝐶 to 400 𝐶 in 5 minutes,
solve the differential equation expressing 𝜃 in terms of 𝑡 [8]
(iii) Find the temperature of the body after 10 minutes [2]
Solution
𝑑𝜃
(i.) ∝ −(𝜃 − 20)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜃
∴ = −𝑘(𝜃 − 20)
𝑑𝑡
(ii.) When 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃 = 600 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 5, 𝜃 = 400 𝐶
𝑑𝜃
= −𝑘(𝜃 − 20)
𝑑𝑡
1
∫ 𝜃−20 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ −𝑘𝑑𝑡
ln(𝜃 − 20) = −𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶
Now: ln 40 = 0 + 𝐶
⟹ 𝐶 = ln 40
⟹ ln(𝜃 − 20) = −𝑘𝑡 + ln 40
And 𝑡 = 5 when 𝜃 = 40
⟹ ln 20 = −5𝑘 + ln 40 ⟹ 5𝑘 = ln 40 − ln 20
1
∴ 𝑘 = 5 ln 2
1
∴ ln(𝜃 − 20) = (− 5 ln 2)𝑡 + ln 40
𝑡
ln(𝜃 − 20) = ln 2−5 + ln 40
𝑡
⟹ ln(𝜃 − 20) = ln(40 × 2−5 )
𝑡
⟹ 𝜃 − 20 = 40 × 2−5
122
40
⟹𝜃= 𝑡 + 20
25
When 𝑡 = 10
40 40
𝜃 = 10 + 20 = 4 + 20
25
⟹ 𝜃 = 10 + 20 = 300 𝐶
9. It is assumed that the length, 𝑙, in cm of a certain snake at time 𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 , after birth
1
increases at a rate proportional to (10 − 𝑙)2 .
𝑑𝑙
when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑙 = 1, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.3
1
𝑑𝑙
(i) Show that 𝑙 and 𝑡 satisfies the differential equation 𝑑𝑡 = 0.1(10 − 𝑙)2 [2]
(ii) Solve the differential equation and obtain an expression for 𝑙 in terms of 𝑡 [6]
(iii) Find the maximum length of the snake [2]
Solution
1 1
𝑑𝑙 𝑑𝑙
(i.) ∝ (10 − 𝑙)2 ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = (10 − 𝑙)2 (where k is a constant)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑙
when 𝑡 = 0, 𝑙 = 1, = 0.3
𝑑𝑡
1
0.3 = 𝑘(10 − 1) ⟹ 𝑘 = 0.12
1
𝑑𝑙
⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = 0.1(10 − 𝑙)2
(ii.) Separating variables and integrating
𝑑𝑙
∫ 1 = ∫ 0.1 𝑑𝑡
(10−𝑙)2
1
⟹ −2(10 − 𝑙)2 = 0.1𝑡 + 𝐶
Sub 𝑡 = 0, 𝑙 = 1 to get 𝐶 = −6
1
⟹ −2(10 − 𝑙)2 = 0.1𝑡 − 6
⟹ 𝑙 = 10 − (3 − 0.05𝑡)2
𝑑𝑙
(iii.) At maximum length 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑙
⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = −2(3 − 0.05𝑡) = −6 + 0.1𝑡 = 0
⟹ 𝑡 = 60
When 𝑡 = 0
𝑙 = 10 − (3 − 0.05(60))2 = 10 − 0 = 10
∴ max 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 10 𝑐𝑚
10. A rectangular tank has a square base with sides 3m long and height 5m. The tank is
initially full of water. The water leaks out the base and sides of the tank at a rate
proportional to the total are in contact with the water. When the depth of the water is 3m,
the water is falling at a rate of 0.3m/h. If 𝑦 dentes the depth of the water after 𝑡 hours.
𝑑𝑦 3 4𝑦
(i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 = − 50 ( 3 + 1) [5]
(ii) Solve the differential equation in (i) giving 𝑦 in terms of 𝑡 [6]
(iii) Find how long it takes for the tank to be half full [2]
Solution
(i) Area in contact = 12𝑦 + 9
123
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
− ∝ 12ℎ + 9 ⟹ = −𝑘(12ℎ + 9)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑣 = 12ℎ + 9 ⟹ 𝑑ℎ = 9
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑑𝑦 . 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ −𝑘(12ℎ + 9) = 9 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 4𝑦
⟹ = −𝑘( 3 + 1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
When 𝑥 = 3, = −0.3
𝑑𝑡
3 4(3)
− 10 = −𝑘( + 1) (solving for 𝑘)
3
3
𝑘 = 50
𝑑𝑦 3 4𝑦
⟹ = − 50 ( 3 + 1) (shown)
𝑑𝑡
(ii) Separating variables and integrating
3𝑑𝑦 3
∫ 4𝑦+3 = − 50 ∫ 1𝑑𝑡
3 3
⟹ 4 ln(4𝑦 + 3) = − 50 𝑡 + 𝐶
When 𝑡 = 0; 𝑦 = 5
3
⟹ 𝐶 = 4 ln 23
3 3 3
ln(4𝑦 + 3) = − 50 𝑡 + 4 ln 23
4
3 4𝑦+3 3
ln ( ) = − 50
4 23
4𝑦+3 2
ln ( ) = − 25 𝑡
23
2
4𝑦+3
⟹ = 𝑒 −25𝑡
23
2
1
⟹ 𝑦 = (23𝑒 −25𝑡 − 3)
4
(iii) When 𝑦 = 2.5
2
1
2.5 = 4 (23𝑒 −25𝑡 − 3)
⟹ 𝑡 = 7.13 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
124
NUMERICAL METHODS
questions
1. Show by means of graphical argument that the equation ln(𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 has exactly one real
root. [3]
Show also that the equation may be written in the form 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0 [2]
Taking the integer value of 𝑥 closer to the root as your initial approximation, carry out two iterations
using the Newton Raphson method to obtain an approximation of the root, giving the answer to 3
decimal places. [4]
2. (a) Show, by sketching two appropriate graphs, that the equation 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 3 = 0 has only one
real root [2]
(b) Show, by calculation, that the root of the equation in (a) lies between 𝑥 = 0.8 and 𝑥 = 1 [1]
(c.) Obtain approximations to the root of the equation in (a) to 3.s.f
i.) by performing one application of the Newton Raphson procedure using 𝑥 = 0.8 as a first
approximation [2]
3−𝑥𝑛 3
ii.) by performing two iterations, using 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3
and starting with 𝑥 = 0.8 [2]
1 3
3. The relation 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3 (2𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥 ) gives a set of values converging to the root of an equation.
𝑛
Find the equation in its simplest form [2]
Using 𝑥1 = 1, calculate 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 and 𝑥4 correct to 4 decimal places and give the absolute errors in
each case. [6]
4. i. By sketching two appropriate graphs show that the equation (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 has two real
roots [3]
ii. Show by calculation, that one of the roots lies between 𝑥 = 1.2 and 𝑥 = 1.5 [3]
iii. Taking 𝑥1 = 1.2 as a first approximation to the root of the equation, use the Newton Raphson method
twice to obtain the root correct to 4 decimal places [4]
3𝜋
5. (a) Sketch, on the same axes, the graphs of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
[2]
b) Show that the smallest positive root of 2𝑥 − tan 𝑥 = 0 lies between 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 1.5 [4]
c) Starting with 𝑥0 = 1 use Newton Raphson method to find the smallest positive root of 2𝑥 − tan 𝑥 = 0,
giving your answer correct to 3. 𝑑. 𝑝 [4]
2𝑥𝑛 7
6. The set of values given by the iterative formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3
+𝑥 3
𝑛
Taking 𝑥1 = 2 as initial value, converges to 𝛼

a. Using this iterative formula, find 𝛼 correct to 3 decimal places, give the result of each
125
iteration to 4 decimal places. [3]
4
b. Write an equation satisfied by 𝛼 and show that 𝑥 = √21 [3]
7. The equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 has only one real root
a. By evaluating 𝑓(0), 𝑓(1), 𝑓(2) and 𝑓(3), find this root. [2]
3
b. Prove that, if a sequence of values given by the iterative formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = √2𝑥𝑛 2 − 𝑥𝑛 + 2
converges, then it will converge to this root. [3]
8. Show that the equation 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 has only one root and locate the root. Hence use an
iteration formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔(𝑥𝑛 ) to calculate the root to 1 decimal place. [5]
9. Starting with 𝑥1 = 1, use the iterative formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = ln(4 sin 𝑥𝑛 ) to find 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 and 𝑥5 .
Give each answer to 4 decimal places.
Then find the root to which this sequence converges, correct to 2 decimal places. [4]
10. Show that the equation 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 has only 2 real roots and hence find the greater root,
correct 2 decimal places. [5]
126
solutions
1. Show by means of graphical argument that the equation ln(𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 has exactly one real
root. [3]
Show also that the equation may be written in the form 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0 [2]
Taking the integer value of 𝑥 closer to the root as your initial approximation, carry out two iterations
using the Newton Raphson method to obtain an approximation of the root, giving the answer to 3
decimal places. [4]
Solution
0 1 2 x
The point of intersection of the graphs gives the root of ln(𝑥 − 1) = −2𝑥
ln(𝑥 − 1) = −2𝑥
⟹ 𝑒 ln(𝑥−1) = 𝑒 −2𝑥
⟹ 𝑥 − 1 = 𝑒 −2𝑥
⟹ 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑒 −2𝑥
Using the Newton Raphson method with 𝑥0 = 1
𝑓(𝑥 ) 1−1−1−𝑒 −2(1)
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 − 𝑓′ (𝑥0 ) = 1+2𝑒 −2(1)
0
⟹ 𝑥1 = 1.1065
127
𝑥2 = 1.1089
𝑥2 = 1.109 (3.s.f)
2. (a) Show, by sketching two appropriate graphs, that the equation 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 3 = 0 has only one
real root [2]
(b) Show, by calculation, that the root of the equation in (a) lies between 𝑥 = 0.8 and 𝑥 = 1 [1]
(c.) Obtain approximations to the root of the equation in (a) to 3.s.f
i.) by performing one application of the Newton Raphson procedure using 𝑥 = 0.8 as a first
approximation [2]
3−𝑥𝑛 3
ii.) by performing two iterations, using 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3
and starting with 𝑥 = 0.8 [2]
solution
(a)
y
0 1 x
𝑦 = 3 − 3𝑥
b) let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 − 3
𝑓(0.8) = 0.83 + 3(0.8) − 3 = −0.088
𝑓(1) = 13 + 3(1) − 3 = 1
Since there is a sign change, a root lies between 0.8 and 1
c) i.)𝑥1 = 0.8
0.83−3(0.8)−3
𝑥2 = 0.8 − [ 3(0.83 )+3
] = 0.818
3−𝑥𝑛 3
ii) 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3
3−(0.8)3
𝑥1 = 3
= 0.82933
128
3−(0.82933)3
𝑥2 = 3
= 0.818
1 3
3. The relation 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3 (2𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥 ) gives a set of values converging to the root of an equation.
𝑛
Find the equation in its simplest form [2]
Using 𝑥1 = 1, calculate 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 and 𝑥4 correct to 4 decimal places and give the absolute errors in each
case. [6]
Solution
1 3 1 3
Replacing 𝑥𝑛+1 and 𝑥𝑛 by 𝑥 in 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3 (2𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥 ) to get 𝑥 = 3 (2𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑛
3 3
⟹ 3𝑥 = (2𝑥 + 𝑥) ⟹ 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 𝑥
⟹ 𝑥2 = 3
1 3
Given 𝑥𝑛+1 = (2𝑥𝑛 − )
3 𝑥𝑛
𝑥1 = 1
1 3 1 3 5
𝑥2 = 3 (2𝑥1 − 𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3 (2(1) − 1) = 3 = 1.666666667 = 1.6667 (4. 𝑑. 𝑝)
1
1 3 1 5 3
𝑥3 = (2𝑥2 − ) = 𝑥𝑛+1 = (2( ) − 5 ) = 1.7111111111111 = 1.711 (4. 𝑑. 𝑝)
3 𝑥2 3 3 ( )
3
𝑥4 = 1.725156325 = 1.7252 (4. 𝑑. 𝑝)

Errors
Since 𝑥 2 = 3 ⟹ 𝑥 = √3
Absolute error = | 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 − 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 |
Error 1= |√3 − 1.6667| = 0.065350807 = 0.0654 (4. 𝑑. 𝑝)
Error 2 = |√3 − 1.7111| = 0.020950807 = 0.0210 (4. 𝑑 𝑝)
Error 3 = |√3 − 1.7252| = 0.0068500807 = 0.0069 (4. 𝑑. 𝑝)
4. i. By sketching two appropriate graphs show that the equation (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 has two real roots
[3]
ii. Show by calculation, that one of the roots lies between 𝑥 = 1.2 and 𝑥 = 1.5 [3]
iii. Taking 𝑥1 = 1.2 as a first approximation to the root of the equation, use the Newton Raphson
method twice to obtain the root correct to 4 decimal places [4]
129
Solution
i. y
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥−1
0 1 x
𝑥
𝑦=
𝑥−1
ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥

𝑓(1.2) = −0.535976615
𝑓(1.5) = 0.740844535
Since there is a sign change, the root lies between 1.2 and 1.5.
iii. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 1
(1.2−1)𝑒 1.2 −1.2
𝑥2 = 1.2 − [ 1.2𝑒 1.2 −1
] = 1.379608382
𝑥3 = 1.35088983
∴ 𝑥 = 1.3509
3𝜋
5. (a) Sketch, on the same axes, the graphs of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
[2]
b) Show that the smallest positive root of 2𝑥 − tan 𝑥 = 0 lies between 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 1.5 [4]
c) Starting with 𝑥0 = 1 use Newton Raphson method to find the smallest positive root of
2𝑥 − tan 𝑥 = 0, giving your answer correct to 3. 𝑑. 𝑝 [4]
130
solution
a) y
𝜋 3𝜋
0 𝜋 x
2 2
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − tan 𝑥
𝑓(1) = 2(1) − tan(1) = 0.44259
𝑓(1.5) = 2(1.5) − tan(1.5) = −11.10142
Since there is a sign change there is a root between 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 1.5.
c) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑓(𝑥𝑛)
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑓′ (𝑥
𝑛)
2(1)−tan 1
𝑥1 = 1 − [2−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (1)−1] = 1.3105
𝑥2 = 1.2239
𝑥3 = 1.1761
𝑥4 = 1.1659
𝑥5 = 1.1656
𝑥6 = 1.166 (3. 𝑑. 𝑝)
131
2𝑥𝑛 7
6. The set of values given by the iterative formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = 3
+𝑥 3
𝑛
Taking 𝑥1 = 2 as initial value, converges to 𝛼

a. Using this iterative formula, find 𝛼 correct to 3 decimal places, give the result of each
iteration to 4 decimal places. [3]
4
b. Write an equation satisfied by 𝛼 and show that 𝑥 = √21 [3]
Solution
2𝑥𝑛 7
a. Replacing 𝑥𝑛+1 and 𝑥𝑛 by 𝑥 in 𝑥𝑛+1 = +
3 𝑥𝑛 3
2𝑥 7
We get 𝑥 = +
3 𝑥3
2𝑥 4 +21
=
3𝑥 3
2(24 )+21
When 𝑥0 = 2, 𝑥1 = 3(23 )
= 2.2083
𝑥2 = 2.1222
𝑥3 = 2.1472
𝑥4 = 2.1368
𝑥5 = 2.1414
𝑥6 = 2.1405
𝑥7 = 2.1408
𝑥8 = 2.1407
𝑥9 = 2.1407
∴ 𝑥 = 2.141
2𝑥 7
b. 𝑥 = 3
+ 𝑥3
2𝑥 4 +21
⟹𝑥= 3𝑥 3
⟹ 3𝑥 4 = 2𝑥 4 + 21
⟹ 𝑥 4 = 21
4
∴ 𝑥 = √21
7. The equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 has only one real root
(a) By evaluating 𝑓(0), 𝑓(1), 𝑓(2) and 𝑓(3), find this root. [2]
3
(b) Prove that, if a sequence of values given by the iterative formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = √2𝑥𝑛 2 − 𝑥𝑛 + 2
converges, then it will converge to this root. [3]
Solution
132
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2
a. 𝑓(0) = 0 − 0 + 0 − 2 = −2
𝑓(1) = 1 − 2 + 1 − 2 = −2
𝑓(2) = 8 − 8 + 2 − 2 = 0
𝑓(3) = 27 − 18 + 3 − 2 = 10
∴𝑥=2
3
b. 𝑥 = √2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2
3 3
When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥) = √2 − 1 + 2 = √3 = 1.4422
When 𝑥 = 1.4422, 𝑓(𝑥) = 1.6772
When 𝑥 = 1.6772, 𝑓(𝑥) = 1.8119
Not convergent
When 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
∴ 𝑥 = 2 is the only root.
8. Show that the equation 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 has only one root and locate the root. Hence use an
iteration formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑔(𝑥𝑛 ) to calculate the root to 1 decimal place. [5]
Solution
y
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥
x
The root is greater than zero

𝑒 −𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3
2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 3
2
= 2
+2
𝑒 −𝑥
∴𝑥= 2
+ 1.5
𝑒 −0.5
Taking 𝑥0 = 0.5, 𝑥1 = 2
+ 1.5 = 1.8033
133
𝑥2 = 1.5824
𝑥3 = 1.6027
𝑥4 = 1.6007
𝑥5 = 1.6009
𝑥6 = 1.6009
∴ 𝑥 = 1.6
9. Starting with 𝑥1 = 1, use the iterative formula 𝑥𝑛+1 = ln(4 sin 𝑥𝑛 ) to find 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 and 𝑥5 .
Give each answer to 4 decimal places.
Then find the root to which this sequence converges, correct to 2 decimal places. [4]
Solution
When 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = ln(4 sin 1) = 1.2137

𝑥3 = 1.3548
𝑥4 = 1.3838
𝑥5 = 1.3645
𝑥6 = 1.3648
∴ 𝑥 = 1.36 is the root.
10. Show that the equation 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 has only 2 real roots and hence find the greater root,
correct 2 decimal places. [5]
solution
𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑥 4 = 2𝑥 + 4
𝑦 = 𝑥4
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
134
y
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
𝑦 = 𝑥4
The sketch shows that there are only 2 real roots. (shown)
The greater root is greater than 0.
4
⟹ 𝑥 4 = 2𝑥 + 3 ⟹ 𝑥 = √2𝑥 + 3
Take 𝑥 = 1.4 as the first approximation
Perform iterations to get 𝑥 = 1.57 as the root.
135
TRAPEZIUM RULE
questions
y
1.
𝑙
0 1 x
3
3
1
1
(i.). Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = 1, to estimate the value of 𝑙, giving
2
1
2
1 1
2. Let 𝐼 = ∫−1 1+𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i).. Show that the estimate of I obtained by using the trapezium, with ordinates at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0
and 𝑥 = 1, is 1.
(ii).. By means of the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , or otherwise, show that the estimate obtained in (i) is
exact. [6]
𝑑 𝑥3 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
3. a. (i) Show that 𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥4 ) = (1+𝑥 4 )2
2 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
(ii). Find ∫1 (1+𝑥 4 )2
𝑑𝑥 [4]
b. Use the trapezium rule with subdivisions at 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 5 to obtain an approximation to

7 𝑥3
∫11+𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 giving your answer correct to three decimal places. [4]
136
By evaluating the integral, exactly, show that the error in the approximation is about 4.1% [4]
4. Use the Trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2 to find an approximation to
2 1
∫0 1+𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 [3]
5. It is given that (𝑥 − 2) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑎.

Find the value of 𝑎 and factorise 𝑓(𝑥) completely. [3]
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). (you are not required to find the coordinates of the stationary points.) [3]
Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2 to find an approximation to
2
∫−1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [3]
Find the exact value of the integral and show that the trapezium rule gives a value that is in error by about
11% [3]
1 1
6. Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = − 2 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1, to estimate
1
the value of ∫−1 √ln(2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 giving 2 significant figures in your answer. [4]
0.25 1 −𝑥 0.5 2
7. Show, by means of the substitution 𝑢 = √𝑥, that ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 [4]
√𝑥
Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑢 = 0, 𝑢 = 0.2, 𝑢 = 0.3, 𝑢 = 0.4 and 𝑢 = 0.5 to estimate the
0.5 2
value of ∫0 2𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 giving three decimal places in your answer. [3]
0.25 1 −𝑥
Explain briefly why the trapezium rule cannot be used directly to estimate the value of ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 [1]
√𝑥
1 1
8. It is given that 𝑓(𝑥) = and the integral ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is denoted by 𝐼.
√(1+√𝑥)
Using the trapezium rule, with four trapezia of equal width, obtain an approximation 𝐼𝑇 to the value of
𝐼, giving three decimal places in your answer. [3]
1 1
1 1
9. Use integration by parts to show that 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥 −2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −1 + 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [2]
Hence by using the trapezium rule with four intervals of width 0.25, calculate a value for 𝐼, giving 2
significant figures in your answer. [3]
2.5 1
10. Use the trapezium with intervals of width 0.5 to find an approximate value for ∫1 1+ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places [3]
137
Solutions
0 1 x
3
1. The diagram (not to scale) shows the region R bounded by the axes, the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)−2 and the
3
1
1
(i.). Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1, to estimate the value of 𝑙, giving
1
2
Solution
3
1 𝑦1 +𝑦2
(i).. Using the trapezium rule, 𝐼 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 = ℎ( 2
+ 𝑦3 )
3
𝑦1 = (0 + 1)−2 = 1
3
1
𝑦2 = [(2)2 + 1]−2 = 0.716,
3
1 1
𝑦3 = (1 + 1)−2 = ( )2 = 0.324
8
1+0.354
∴ 𝐼 = 0.5 ( 2
+ 0.716) = 0.70 (2.s.f)
𝑑𝑥
(ii).. Let 𝑥 = tan 𝐴 ⟹ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴
𝑑𝐴
𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴 = 0 , 𝑥 = 1, 𝐴 = 4
𝜋 3 𝜋 𝜋
1 √2
𝐼 = ∫04 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴)−2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴𝑑𝐴 = ∫04 sec 𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = [sin 𝐴] 04 = 2
(shown )
138
3
1
(iii).. Volume of solid = 𝜋 ∫0 [(𝑥 2 + 1)−2 ]2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
Let 𝐼 = ∫0 (𝑥 2 +1)3
𝑑𝑥
By trapezium rule
𝑦1 = 1
1
𝑦2 = 1 = 0.512
[( )2 +1]3
2
1
𝑦3 = 23 = 0.125
1+0.125
∴ 𝐼 = 0.5( 2
+ 0.512) ≈ 0.537
And hence 𝑉 = 𝜋 × 0.537 = 1.7 (2.S.F)

1 1
2. Let 𝐼 = ∫−1 1+𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(i).. Show that the estimate of I obtained by using the trapezium, with ordinates at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
1, is 1.
(ii).. By means of the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , or otherwise, show that the estimate obtained in (i) is
exact. [6]
Solution
1 1 1 1 𝑒
(i).. Using trapezium rule : 𝐼 = 2 × 2 × (1+𝑒 + 1+𝑒 −1 ) = 1+𝑒 + 1+𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(ii).. Using substitution 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢
1 1 𝑒 1 𝑑𝑢
𝐼 = ∫−1 1+𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑒 −1 1 × 𝑢
1+
𝑢
𝑒 𝑑𝑢
= ∫𝑒 −1
1+𝑢
1+𝑒
= ln[(1 + 𝑢)] 𝑒𝑒−1 = ln(1 + 𝑒) − ln( ) = ln 𝑒 = 1 (shown)
𝑒
𝑑 𝑥3 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
3a. (i) Show that ( ) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 4 (1+𝑥 4 )2
2 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
(ii). Find ∫1 (1+𝑥 4 )2
𝑑𝑥 [4]
7 𝑥3
b. Use the trapezium rule with subdivisions at 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 5 to obtain an approximation to ∫1 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 4
giving your answer correct to three decimal places. [4]
By evaluating the integral, exactly, show that the error in the approximation is about 4.1% [4]
139
Solution
𝑑 𝑥3 3𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 4 )−𝑥 3 (4𝑥 3 )

(i).. 𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑥 4 ) = (1+𝑥 4 )2
3𝑥 2 −𝑥 6 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 )
= (1+𝑥4 )2 = (1+𝑥 4 )2
(shown)
2 𝑥 2 (3−𝑥 4 ) 𝑥3 8 1
ii.. ∫1 (1+𝑥 4 )2
𝑑𝑥 = [1+𝑥 4 ] 21 = 1+16 − 1+1
8 1 1
= 17 − 2 = − 34
𝑥3
b. Let 𝑓(𝑥) =
1+𝑥 4
1 1
By Trapezium rule, Area = 2 [ 𝑓(1) + 𝑓(3) + 𝑓(5) + 𝑓(7)]
2 2
1 1 27 125 1 343
= 2[ ( ) + + + ( )] = 1.701
2 2 82 626 2 2402
7 𝑥3 1 7 1
∫11+𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 = 4 [ln(1 + 𝑥 4 )] = 4 ln 1201 = 1.773
1
1.773−1.701
% 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 1.773
× 100% = 4.1% (shown)
(4).. Use the Trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 2 to find an approximation to

2 1
∫0 1+𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 [3]
SOLUTION
By Trapezium rule,
1
2 1 1+ 1 10 1 1
9
∫0 1+𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 =1×( 2
+ 2) = 18 + 2 = 1 18
(5).. It is given that (𝑥 − 2) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑎.

Find the value of 𝑎 and factorise 𝑓(𝑥) completely. [3]
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). (you are not required to find the coordinates of the stationary points.) [3]
Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2 to find an approximation to
2
∫−1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [3]
Find the exact value of the integral and show that the trapezium rule gives a value that is in error by about
11% [3]
140
Solution
Since (𝑥 − 2) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥), ∴ 0 = 𝑓(2) = 2(2)3 − 7(2)2 + 2 + 𝑎 = −10 + 𝑎
⟹ 𝑎 = 10
Hence 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 10 = (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 5) = (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)

y
-1 0 1 2 2.5
2
Let 𝐼𝑇 be the integral computed for ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 using the Trapezium rule.
1
𝐼𝑇 = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1) + 2 [𝑓(−1) + 𝑓(2)] = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1) + 0 = 10 + 6 = 16
2
Let 𝐼 be the exact value of ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2𝑥 4 7𝑥 3 𝑥2 2
𝐼 = ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−1 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 10 𝑑𝑥 = [ − + + 10𝑥] = 18
4 3 2 −1
𝐼−𝐼𝑇 18−16
Error = × 100% = × 100% = 11.1% ≈ 11%
𝐼 18
1 1
(6).. Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = − 2 , 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = 1, to estimate the
1
value of ∫−1 √ln(2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 giving 2 significant figures in your answer. [4]
Solution
Assume 𝑓(𝑥) = √ln(2 + 𝑥)
1
Then the integral ∫−1 √ln(2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, by using trapezium rule, is given by
1 1/2 1 1
∫−1 √ln(2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2
[𝑓(−1) + 2𝑓 (− 2) + 2𝑓(0) + 2𝑓 (2) + 𝑓(1)]
1
= 4 [√ln(1) + 2√ln (1.5) + 2√ln(2) + 2√ln(2.5) + √ln(3)]
1
= 4 (0 + 1.274 + 1.665 + 1.914 + 1.048)
141
= 1.475
= 1.5 (2 S. F)
0.25 1 −𝑥 0.5 2
(7).. Show, by means of the substitution 𝑢 = √𝑥, that ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 2𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 [4]
√𝑥
Use the trapezium rule, with ordinates at 𝑢 = 0, 𝑢 = 0.2, 𝑢 = 0.3, 𝑢 = 0.4 and 𝑢 = 0.5 to estimate the
0.5 2
value of ∫0 2𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 giving three decimal places in your answer. [3]
0.25 1 −𝑥
Explain briefly why the trapezium rule cannot be used directly to estimate the value of ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 [1]
√𝑥
Solution
𝑑𝑢 1 1
Let 𝑢 = √𝑥, ∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 2
√𝑥
0.25 1 −𝑥 0.5 1 −𝑥 0.5 2

So ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑒 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = ∫0 2𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 (shown)
√𝑥 √𝑥
2
Using trapezium rule, we let 𝑓(𝑢) = 2𝑒 −𝑢 , ℎ = 0.1
0.5 2 1
∫0 2𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ℎ{2 [𝑓(0) + 𝑓(0.5)] + [𝑓(0.1) + 𝑓(0.2) + 𝑓(0.3) + 𝑓(0.4)]}
Now we have 𝑓(0) = 2.000, 𝑓(0.1) = 1.9801, 𝑓(0.2) = 1.9216, 𝑓(0.3) = 1.8279, 𝑓(0.4) = 1.7043
and 𝑓(0.5) = 1.5576
0.5 2
∫0 2𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 0.92127 = 0.921 (3. 𝐷. 𝑃)
0.25 1 −𝑥 1 −𝑥
Trapezium rule cannot be used directly to estimate the value of ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 because 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 is NOT
√𝑥 √𝑥
defined at 𝑥 = 0.
1 1
(8).. It is given that 𝑓(𝑥) = and the integral ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 is denoted by 𝐼.
√(1+√𝑥)
Using the trapezium rule, with four trapezia of equal width, obtain an approximation 𝐼𝑇 to the value of
𝐼, giving three decimal places in your answer. [3]
142
Solution
1 1
Given 𝑓(𝑥) = and 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√(1+√𝑥)
𝑥 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

𝑓(𝑥) 1 0.81650 0.76537 0.73205 0.70711
1
By trapezium rule, 𝐼𝑇 = (0.25)[(1 + 0.70711) + 2(0.81650 + 0.76537 + 0.73205)]
2
= 0.792
1 1
1 1
(9).. Use integration by parts to show that 𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥 −2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −1 + 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [2]
Hence by using the trapezium rule with four intervals of width 0.25, calculate a value for 𝐼, giving 2
significant figures in your answer. [3]
Solution
1
1
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑥 −2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 −2
1 1
𝑑𝑢
= −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
1 1
1 1 1 1
Integrating by parts: 𝐼 = [𝑒 −𝑥 . 2𝑥 2 ] − ∫0 (2𝑥 2 ) (−𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 −1 + 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (shown)
0
By trapezium rule
1
1 1
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (0.25)[0 + 𝑒 −1 + 2(√0.25𝑒 −0.25 + √0.5𝑒 −0.5 + √0.75𝑒 −0.75 )] = 0.3528
∴ 𝐼 = 2𝑒 −1 + 2(0.3528) = 1.4 (2 𝑆. 𝐹)
2.5 1
(10).. Use the trapezium with intervals of width 0.5 to find an approximate value for ∫1 1+ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places [3]
143
Solution
2.5 1 1 1 1 1 1
∫1 1+ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 2 (0.5) [1+ln 1 + 1+ln 2.5 + 2 (1+ln 1.5 + 1+ln 2)]
= 0.25[1 + 0.5218 + 2(0.7115 + 0.5906)]
= 0.25(4.1260)
= 1.03 (2 𝐷. 𝑃)
144
VECTORS
questions
1. Calculate the acute angle between the line with equation
2 1
𝒓 = (6) + 𝑡 (3) and the z-axis, giving your answer correct to the nearest 0. 10 [4]
1 2
2. Show that the lines with equations
𝒓 = 2𝒊 + 𝑡(𝒊 + 𝒋)
𝒓 = 3𝒋 + 𝑠(𝒊 − 𝒋) are perpendicular [3]
3. Find, in the form 𝒓 = 𝒂 + 𝑡𝒃, an equation of the straight line through the points (3, 1, −2) and
(4, 0, 2)
2
Find also the acute angle between this line and a line parallel to the vector (1) [5]
2
4. The position vectors of A and B, relative to the origin O, are 𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 3𝒌 and 3𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 5𝒌
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑶𝑨
respectively. The point C is given by 𝑶𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . Find
i. The length OC
ii. cos 𝐴𝑂𝐵
iii. A vector equation of the line through A and B. [6]
5. Verify that the point with position vector −2𝑖 + 3𝑗 lies on each of the lines with equations
𝒓 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 + 𝜆(3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌)
𝒓 = −2𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 𝜇(2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌)
Where 𝜆 and 𝜇 are parameters [2]
Find the acute angle between the lines [3]
6. Planes 𝜋1 and 𝜋2 have equations 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 respectively.
i. Show that the acute angle between 𝝅𝟏 and 𝝅𝟐 is 600 . [5]
ii. Show that the point 𝑃, with coordinates (7,2,-1), lies in 𝝅𝟏 . Find the perpendicular distance of
P from 𝝅𝟐 [5]
iii. Deduce or find otherwise, the perpendicular distance from P to the line of intersection of 𝝅𝟏
and 𝝅𝟐 [4]
7. Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A,B and C have position vectors given respectively by
𝒂 = 2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌, 𝒃 = 5𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 3𝒌, 𝒄 = 4𝒊 + 𝒋 − 2𝒌
Find
i. The length of AB, correct to 3.S.F [2]
ii. Angle BAC, correct to the nearest degree. [3]
iii. The area of triangle ABC correct to 3.S.F [2]
1
8. The point A has position vector (2), the line 𝑙 has equation
3
145
1 1
𝒓 = ( 4 ) + 𝑡 (−1) and the plane 𝒑 has equation
−1 1
−1
𝒓. ( 2 ) = 2
2
(i) Find the point of intersection of 𝑙 and 𝒑. [2]
(ii) Find the length of the perpendicular from A to 𝒑 [4]
(iii) Find the length of the perpendicular from A to 𝑙 [5]
(iv) Find the acute angle between 𝑙 and 𝒑, correct to the nearest 0. 10 [3]
9. The point A has coordinates (3, −1, 5) and the line 𝑙 has equation
8 −6
𝒓 = ( 0 )+𝑡( 1 )
−1 4
Find the coordinates of the point B on 𝑙 such that AB is perpendicular to 𝑙 [5]
1
The plane 𝜋 has equation 𝑟. (−1) = 15
3
Find the coordinates of the point C where 𝑙 intersects 𝜋 [3]
Find a vector perpendicular to the plane ABC. Hence show that the acute angle between 𝜋 and the plane
ABC is 680 correct to the nearest degree. [6]
10. The lines 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 have equations
3 1 1 2
𝒓 = (1) + 𝑡 (2) and 𝒓 = (−1) + 𝑠 ( 1 ) respectively, where 𝑡 and 𝑠 are parameters. Show that 𝑙1
0 4 1 −1
passes through the point (2, −1, −4) but that 𝑙2 does not pass through this point. [2]
Find the acute angle between 𝑙2 and the line joining the points (1, −1, 1) and (2, −1, −4), giving your
answer correct to the nearest degree. [4]
146
SOLUTIONS
1. Calculate the acute angle between the line with equation
2 1
𝒓 = (6) + 𝑡 (3) and the z-axis, giving your answer correct to the nearest 0. 10 [4]
1 2
Solution
0
Equation of the z-axis : 𝒓 = 𝑡 (0) where 𝑡𝜖 ℜ
1
2 1
Let 𝜃 be the angle between the line 𝒓 = (6) + 𝑡 (3) and the z-axis
1 2
0 1
1 2
cos 𝜃 = (0) . 14 (3) = 14
√ √
1 2
⟹ 𝜃 = 57. 70 (nearest 0.10 )
2. Show that the lines with equations

𝒓 = 2𝒊 + 𝑡(𝒊 + 𝒋)
𝒓 = 3𝒋 + 𝑠(𝒊 − 𝒋) are perpendicular [3]
Solution
Scalar product of the direction vectors of the lines is
(𝒊 + 𝒋)(𝒊 − 𝒋) = 1 − 1 = 0
∴ the lines are perpendicular
3. Find, in the form 𝒓 = 𝒂 + 𝑡𝒃, an equation of the straight line through the points (3, 1, −2) and
(4, 0, 2)
2
Find also the acute angle between this line and a line parallel to the vector (1) [5]
2
Solution
Given: 𝒓 = 𝒂 + 𝑡𝒃
𝒂 is the point on the straight line (3,1,-2)
𝒃 is the direction vector to the line = (4,0,2) − (3,1,2) = (1, −1, 4)
∴ 𝒓 = (3,1 − 2) + 𝑡(1, −1,4)
If 𝜃 is the acute angle between this line and a line parallel to the vector (2,1,2), we have
147
[ use 𝒂. 𝒃 = |𝒂|. |𝒃| cos 𝜃 ]
(2,1,2). (1, −1,4) = (√22 + 1 + 22 )(√1 + 1 + 42 ) cos 𝜃
⟹ √9√18 cos 𝜃 = 2 − 1 + 8 ⟹ 9√2 cos 𝜃 = 9

1
⟹ 𝜃 = cos −1( ) = 450
√2
4. The position vectors of A and B, relative to the origin O, are 𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 3𝒌 and 3𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 5𝒌

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑶𝑨
respectively. The point C is given by 𝑶𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . Find
i. The length OC
ii. cos 𝐴𝑂𝐵
iii. A vector equation of the line through A and B. [6]
SOLUTION
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑨 = 𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 3𝒌
Given { 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑪 = 2𝑶𝑨
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑩 = 3𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 5𝒌
i.) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑪 = 2𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 6𝒌 ⟹ |𝑶𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √4 + 16 + 36 = 2√14
ii.) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑶𝑩
By scalar product 𝑶𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑶𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. |𝑶𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | cos 𝐴𝑂𝐵
⟹ (𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 3𝒌). (3𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 5𝒌) = √1 + 4 + 9. √9 + 16 + 25 cos 𝐴𝑂𝐵

13√7
⟹ 26 = (√14)(5√2) cos 𝐴𝑂𝐵 ⟹ cos 𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 35
iii.) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑨𝑩 𝑶𝑩 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑨 = (3𝒊 + 4𝒋 + 5𝒌) − (𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 3𝒌) = (2𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 2𝒌)
Hence the vector equation of the line through A and B is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝜆𝑨𝑩
𝒓 = 𝑶𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝜆𝜖ℜ
= (𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 3𝒌) + 𝜆(2𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 2𝒌)
= (𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 2𝒌) + 𝑡(𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌) where 𝑡𝜖ℜ
5. Verify that the point with position vector −2𝑖 + 3𝑗 lies on each of the lines with equations
𝒓 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 + 𝜆(3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌)
𝒓 = −2𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 𝜇(2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌)
Where 𝜆 and 𝜇 are parameters [2]
Find the acute angle between the lines [3]
148
Solution
−2 = 1 + 3𝜆
Let −2𝒊 + 3𝒋 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 + 𝜆(3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌). Then we have { 3 = 1 − 2𝜆 ⟹ 𝜆 = −1
0 = 1+𝜆
(if −𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 lies on the line, then there must be a value of 𝝀 that satify the equation −𝟐𝒊 + 𝟑𝒋 )
∴ −2𝒋 + 3𝒋 lies on the line
𝒓 = 𝒊 + 𝒋 + 𝒌 + 𝜆(3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌) (verified)
Similarly letting −2𝒊 + 3𝒋 = −2𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 𝜇(2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌), 𝝁 = 0 so −2𝒋 + 3𝒋 lies on the line
𝒓 = −2𝒊 + 3𝒋 + 𝜇(2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌) (verified)
Let 𝒅𝟏 = 3𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 𝒌 and 𝒅𝟐 = 2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌
∴ |𝒅𝟏 | = √32 + 22 + 12 = √14
|𝒅𝟐 | = √14
Let 𝜃 be the acute angle between the lines,

𝟑𝒊−𝟐𝒋+𝒌 𝟐𝒊+𝟑𝒋−𝒌 1 1
Then cos 𝜃 = | . 14 | = 14 |6 − 6 − 1| = 14
√14 √
6. Planes 𝝅𝟏 and 𝝅𝟐 have equations 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 and 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 respectively.

i. Show that the acute angle between 𝝅𝟏 and 𝝅𝟐 is 600 . [5]
ii. Show that the point 𝑃, with coordinates (7,2,-1), lies in 𝝅𝟏 . Find the perpendicular distance of
P from 𝝅𝟐 [5]
iii. Deduce or find otherwise, the perpendicular distance from P to the line of intersection of 𝝅𝟏
and 𝝅𝟐 [4]
Solution
Given 𝝅𝟏 : 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 i.e. (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)(1, −2,3) = 0
𝝅𝟏 : 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 i.e. (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)(3,1,2) = 0
i.) 𝒏𝟏 = (1, −2,3) is perpendicular to plane 𝜋1
𝒏𝟐 = (3,1,2) is perpendicular to plane 𝜋2
𝒏 .𝒏 (1,−2,3).(3,1,2) 1
cos 𝜃 = |𝒏 𝟏|.|𝒏𝟐 | = (√1+4+9)2
= 2 ⟹ 𝜃 = 600
𝟏 𝟐
ii.) (7,2, −1). 𝒏𝟏 = (7,2, −1)(1, −2,3) = 7 − 4 − 3 = 0
Hence the point P lies in 𝝅𝟏 (shown)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝒏𝟐 .
Let 𝛼 be the angle between 𝑶𝑷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑷.𝒏𝟐 (7,2,−1).(3,1,2) 21+2−2 21 √21
cos 𝛼 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= = =6 =
|𝑶𝑷||𝒏𝟐 | √49+4+1.√9+1+4 756 √21 6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |. cos 𝛼 = (√54)( √21 3

𝒅 = |𝑶𝑷 6
) = 2 √14
149
1
2 𝑑 √14
iii.) Required distance, 𝑃𝑆 = sin 𝜃 = sin 60
= √42
7. Relative to a fixed origin O, the points A,B and C have position vectors given respectively by
𝒂 = 2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌, 𝒃 = 5𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 3𝒌, 𝒄 = 4𝒊 + 𝒋 − 2𝒌
Find
i. The length of AB, correct to 3.S.F [2]
ii. Angle BAC, correct to the nearest degree. [3]
iii. The area of triangle ABC correct to 3.S.F [2]
SOLUTION
i.) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒃 − 𝒂 = (5𝒊 − 2𝒋 + 3𝒌) − (2𝒊 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌) = 3𝒊 − 5𝒋 + 4𝒌

𝑨𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = √32 + 52 + 42 = √50 = 7.07 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
Length of 𝑨𝑩
ii.) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑪 = 𝒄 − 𝒂 = (4𝒊 + 𝒋 − 2𝒌) − (2𝒋 + 3𝒋 − 𝒌) = 2𝒊 − 2𝒋 − 𝒌
Length of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑪 = √22 + 22 + 12 = 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩.𝑨𝑪 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝟑𝒊−𝟓𝒋+𝟒𝒌)(𝟐𝒊−𝟐𝒋−𝒌) 6+10−4
cos 𝐵𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝑨𝑪
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
= =
|𝑨𝑩 (√50)(3) 15√2
4 2√2
= =
5√2 5
∴ ∡𝐵𝐴𝐶 = 560
1 1 2√2 2
iii.) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝑨𝑪
Area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 2 |𝑨𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | sin ∡𝐵𝐴𝐶 = (√50)(3)√1 − ( )
2 5
1 √17 3√34
= (5√2)(3) =
2 5 2
= 8.75 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
1
8. The point A has position vector (2), the line 𝑙 has equation
3
1 1
𝒓 = ( 4 ) + 𝑡 (−1) and the plane 𝒑 has equation
−1 1
−1
𝒓. ( 2 ) = 2
2
i. Find the point of intersection of 𝑙 and 𝒑. [2]
ii. Find the length of the perpendicular from A to 𝒑 [4]
iii. Find the length of the perpendicular from A to 𝑙 [5]
iv. Find the acute angle between 𝑙 and 𝒑, correct to the nearest 0. 10 [3]
150
Solution
Given ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑶𝑨 = (1,2,3)
Line 𝑙: 𝒓 = (1,4, −1) + 𝑡(1, −1,1) … … … … … … . . (1)
Plane 𝒑: 𝒓. (−1,2,2) = 2 … … … … … … … … (2)
1 2
⟹ 𝒓. 3 (−1,2,2) = 3
(i) Point of intersection = (1 + 𝑡, 4 − 𝑡, −1 + 𝑡). (−1,2,2) = 2

⟹ −1 − 𝑡 + 8 − 2𝑡 − 2 + 2𝑡 = 2
∴𝑡=3
∴ the coordinates of the point of intersection is (4,1,2)
(ii) Length of the perpendicular from A to P
2 1 2 1 7
= |𝒅 − 𝒑. 𝒏
̂ | = | − (1,2,3) (−1,2,2)| = | − (−1 + 4 + 6)| =
3 3 3 3 3
(1,−1,1) 1
(iii) ̂ = |(1,−1,1)| =
Unit direction vector of line 𝑙 is 𝒂 (1, −1,1)
√3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑶𝑨
Let (0,4,-1) on the line 𝑙 to be B ⇒ 𝑩𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑶𝑩
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1,2,3) − (1,4, −1) = (0, −2,4)
Length of the perpendicular from A to 𝑙

1 1 6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . 𝒂
𝑩𝑨 ̂ = (0, −2,4). (1, −1,1) = (0 + 2 + 4) =
√3 √3 √3
1 1
(iv) cos(90 − 𝜃) = | (1, −1,1). (−1,2,2)|
√3 2
1 1
sin 𝜃 = |(−1)| =3 ⟹ 𝜃 = 11. 10
√3 √3
9. The point A has coordinates (3, −1, 5) and the line 𝑙 has equation
8 −6
𝒓 = ( 0 )+𝑡( 1 )
−1 4
Find the coordinates of the point B on 𝑙 such that AB is perpendicular to 𝑙 [5]
1
The plane 𝜋 has equation 𝑟. (−1) = 15
3
Find the coordinates of the point C where 𝑙 intersects 𝜋 [3]
Find a vector perpendicular to the plane ABC. Hence show that the acute angle between 𝜋 and the
plane ABC is 680 correct to the nearest degree. [6]
151
Solution
8 −6
Given A : (3, −1, 5) and 𝑙: 𝒓 = ( 0 ) + 𝑡 ( 1 )
−1 4
Let B be the point on 𝑙 such that AB is perpendicular to 𝑙 and coordinates of B is given by
8 −6
𝒓 = ( 0 )+𝑡( 1 )
−1 4
−6 8 −6 3 −6
Since AB is perpendicular 𝑙, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩. ( 1 ) = 0 ⟹ [( 0 ) + 𝑠 ( 1 ) − (−1)] . ( 1 ) = 0
4 −1 4 5 4
5 −6
⟹ 𝑠(36 + 1 + 16) = − ( 1 ) . ( 1 ) = −(−30 + 1 − 24) ⟹ 𝑠 = 1
−4 4
2
∴ coordinates of B = (1)
3
1
Given plane 𝝅 has equation 𝒓. (−1) = 15
3
8 −6
Where 𝑙 intersects 𝝅, 𝒓 = ( 0 ) + 𝑡 ( 1 )
−1 4
8 −6 1
∴ [( 0 ) + 𝑡 ( 1 )] . (−1) = 15 ⟹ 𝑡(−6 − 1 + 12) + (8 − 0 − 3) = 15 ⟹ 5𝑡 = 10 ⟹ 𝑡 = 2
−1 4 3
8 −6 −8
∴ coordinates of C = ( 0 ) + 2 ( 1 ) = ( 2 )
−1 4 7
A vector perpendicular to the plane ABC is given by
−1 −7 𝒊 𝒋 𝒌 10
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒏 = 𝑨𝑩 × 𝑨𝑪 = ( 2 ) × ( 3 ) = |−1 2 −2| = (16)
−2 2 −7 3 2 11
Let 𝜃 be the angle between the plane ABC and 𝝅
10 1
(16).(−1)
11 3 27
cos 𝜃 = = ⟹ 𝜃 = 68.10 (shown)
√(100+256+121)(1+1+9) √5247
152
10. The lines 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 have equations
3 1 1 2
𝒓 = (1) + 𝑡 (2) and 𝒓 = (−1) + 𝑠 ( 1 ) respectively, where 𝑡 and 𝑠 are parameters. Show that
0 4 1 −1
𝑙1 passes through the point (2, −1, −4) but that 𝑙2 does not pass through this point. [2]
Find the acute angle between 𝑙2 and the line joining the points (1, −1, 1) and (2, −1, −4), giving
your answer correct to the nearest degree. [4]
Solution
3 1 1 2
Given 𝑙1 : 𝒓 = (1) + 𝑡 (2) and 𝑙2 : 𝒓 = (−1) + 𝑠 ( 1 )
0 4 1 −1
2 3 1 1 −1
Suppose (−1) = (1) + 𝑡 (2) , ∴ 𝑡 (2) = (−2) ⟹ 𝑡 = −1
−4 0 4 4 −4
Hence 𝑙1 passes through (2, −1, −4) (shown)
2 1 2 2 1
Suppose (−1) = (−1) + 𝑠 ( 1 ) , ∴ 𝑠 ( 1 ) = ( 0 ) ` no solution
−4 1 −1 −1 −5
Hence 𝑙2 does not pass through (2, −1, −4) (shown)
1 2 1
Let 𝒂 = ( 0 ) , 𝒃 = (−1) , ∴ 𝒃 − 𝒂 = ( 0 )
−5 −4 −5
1 2 1 2
Hence the acute angle 𝜃 is given by ( 0 ) . (1) = |( 0 )| |( 1 )| cos 𝜃
−5 1 −5 −1
7
⟹ 2 + 0 + 5 = √1 + 0 + 25√4 + 1 + 1 cos 𝜃 ⟹ cos 𝜃 = ⟹ 𝜃 = 560
√26√6
153
Complex numbers
questions
1. By using de Moivre’s theorem, or otherwise, show that cos 4𝜃 = 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1.
Hence find all acute angles 𝜃 for which cos 4𝜃 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 0 [6]
2. (a) Given that 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖√3 , find |𝑧| and arg 𝑧. Hence or otherwise, show that
𝑧 5 − 16𝑧 ∗ = 0 [5]
(b) Use de Moivre’s theorem to express sin 5𝜃 and cos 𝜃 in terms sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃, and hence
𝑡 5 −10𝑡 3 +5𝑡
show that tan 5𝜃 = 1−10𝑡 2 +5𝑡 4 where 𝑡 = tan 𝜃 [5]
3. (a) Obtain a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, having roots
2 + 𝑖√5 and 2 − 𝑖√5 [5]
(b) Find the roots of the equation 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 = −4 [3]

Show that the roots satisfy the equation |𝑧| = 2 [2]
4. (a) The complex numbers 𝑧 and 𝑤 are such that 𝑤 = 1 + 𝑖𝑎, 𝑧 = −𝑏 − 𝑖
Where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are real and positive. Given that 𝑤𝑧 = 3 − 4𝑖, find the exact values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 [7]
2 3
(b). The complex numbers 𝑧 and 𝑤 are such that |𝑧| = 2, arg(𝑧) = − 3 𝜋, |𝑤| = 5, arg(𝑤) = 4 𝜋
Find the exact values of

(i) The real part of 𝑧 and the imaginary part of 𝑧 [3]
𝑤
(ii) The modulus of 𝑧2 [2]
5. (a) By eliminating 𝑤, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations
𝑧 = 𝑤 + 3𝑖 + 2, 𝑧 2 − 𝑖𝑤 + 5 − 2𝑖 [6]
6. (a) The complex numbers 𝑧 and 𝑤 are given by 𝑧 = −3 + 2𝑖 and 𝑤 = 5 + 4𝑖
(i) Find |𝑧| and arg(𝑧), expressing the modulus in surd form and the argument in radians correct
to 3 significant figures. [3]
𝑧
(ii) Express 𝑤 in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are exact fractions [2]
(b). Use de Moivre’s theorem to express cos 5𝜃 in terms of cos 𝜃. Hence show that
𝜋
𝑥 = cos(10) is a root of the equation 16𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 2 + 5 = 0 and write down another angle 𝜃,
𝜋
between 0 and 2 , such that 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 is a root of this equation [7]
2𝑖
7. Find the modulus of the complex number 3−4𝑖, and show that the argument, in radians is 2.5,
correct to one decimal place [5]
2𝑖
Hence find, correct to one decimal place, the value of 𝑥 and a value of 𝑦 such that 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦𝑖 = 3−4𝑖 [4]
154
8. (a) The point P in an Argand diagram represents the complex number 𝑧. Show by means of
separate, clearly labelled sketches the set of all possible positions of P in each of the following
cases
i. |𝑧 + 2| = 2 [2]
𝜋 1 𝜋
ii. 4
< arg(𝑧) < 2
[3]
(b.) The equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8 = 0 has 2𝑖 as one of its roots. Find the other roots [3]
9. ai) simplify (1 + 𝑖)20 [3]

(1+𝑖)5
(ii.) Evaluate (1−𝑖)4 exactly [2]
b.) Find the square roots of 3 + 4𝑖 [5]

10. (a) Find all the fifth roots for the complex number 𝑧 5 + 32 = 0 [7]
1
(b.) Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 16 (cos 5𝜃 + 5 cos 3𝜃 + 10 cos 𝜃) [5]
155
1. By using de Moivre’s theorem, or otherwise, show that cos 4𝜃 = 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1.
Hence find all acute angles 𝜃 for which cos 4𝜃 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 0 [6]
Solution
cos 4𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)4
= 𝑅𝑒(𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 + 4𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 − 4𝑖 cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃)
∴ cos 4𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 6𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃

= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 6(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)2
= 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1 (shown)
cos 4𝜃 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 0
⟹ 8𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1 = 0 ⟹ (4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1)(2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1) = 0
1 1
⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 2
⟹ 𝜃 = 600 𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 450
2. (a) Given that 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖√3 , find |𝑧| and arg 𝑧. Hence or otherwise, show that 𝑧 5 − 16𝑧 ∗ = 0 [5]
(b) Use de Moivre’s theorem to express sin 5𝜃 and cos 𝜃 in terms sin 𝜃 and cos 𝜃, and hence show
𝑡 5 −10𝑡 3 +5𝑡
that tan 5𝜃 = where 𝑡 = tan 𝜃 [5]
1−10𝑡 2 +5𝑡 4
Solution
Given 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖√3 , |𝑧| = √12 + 3 = 2

𝜋
arg 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 3
1 √3 𝜋 𝜋
⟹ 𝑧 = 2 (2 + 𝑖 2
) = 2(cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3 )
By de Moivre’s theorem
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧 5 = 25 (cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3 )5 = 32(cos 3
+ 𝑖 sin 3
)
1 √3
= 32 (2 − 𝑖 2
) = 16(1 − 𝑖√3) = 16𝑧 ∗
⟹ 𝑧 5 − 16𝑧 ∗ = 0 (shown)
(b) By de Moivre’s theorem,
cos 5𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)5
156
⟹ 𝑅𝑒(𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑖 sin 𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃(𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3 + 5 cos 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 +
(𝑖 sin 𝜃)5 )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
sin 5𝜃 = 𝐼𝑚 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)5
⟹ 𝐼𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑖 sin 𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃(𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3 + 5 cos 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 +
(𝑖 sin 𝜃)5 )
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 sin 𝜃
sin 5𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃 sin 𝜃

tan 5𝜃 = =
cos 5𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
Dividing the denominator and numerator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 to get
𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝜃−10𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃+5 tan 𝜃 𝑡 5 −10𝑡 3 +5𝑡
= (shown)
1−10𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃+5𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 1−10𝑡 2 +5𝑡 4
3. (a) Obtain a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, having roots
2 + 𝑖√5 and 2 − 𝑖√5 [5]
(b) Find the roots of the equation 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 = −4 [3]

Show that the roots satisfy the equation |𝑧| = 2 [2]
Solution
(a) Given roots are 2 + 𝑖√5 and 2 − 𝑖√5

Sum of roots = 4
Product of roots = 9
Hence the required quadratic equation is 𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 9 = 0
(b) Given 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 = −4
Recall that 𝑧 is a root of 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 4 = 0 ⟺ 𝑧 ∗ is a root of 𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 4 = 0

Therefore, sum of roots = 𝑧 + 𝑧 ∗ = −2 and product of roots= 𝑧. 𝑧 ∗ = 4
|𝑧|2 = 4 ⟹ |𝑧| = ±2
157
4. (a) The complex numbers 𝑧 and 𝑤 are such that 𝑤 = 1 + 𝑖𝑎, 𝑧 = −𝑏 − 𝑖 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
real and positive. Given that 𝑤𝑧 = 3 − 4𝑖, find the exact values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 [7]
2 3
(b). The complex numbers 𝑧 and 𝑤 are such that |𝑧| = 2, arg(𝑧) = − 𝜋, |𝑤| = 5, arg(𝑤) = 𝜋
3 4
Find the exact values of

i. The real part of 𝑧 and the imaginary part of 𝑧 [3]
𝑤
ii. The modulus of 𝑧2 [2]
Solution
(a) Given 𝑤𝑧 = 3 − 4𝑖
⟹ (1 + 𝑖𝑎)(−𝑏 − 𝑖) = 3 − 4𝑖
⟹ −𝑏 − 𝑖 − 𝑎𝑏𝑖 + 𝑎 = 3 − 4𝑖
Comparing real and imaginary parts, 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 3 … … … … … (1)
And 1 + 𝑎𝑏 = 4 … … … … … (2)
From (1), 𝑎 = 3 + 𝑏
Sub into (2),1 + (3 + 𝑏)𝑏 = 4 ⟹ 𝑏 2 + 3𝑏 − 3 = 0
−3±√9−4(−3) 1 1
𝑥= 2
= 2 (−3 + √21) = 2 (√21 − 3)
1 3
From (1),𝑎 = 3 + 2 √21 − 2
3 1
= 2 + 2 √21
1
= 2 (3 + √21)
2𝜋 2𝜋
(b) 𝑧 = 2[cos (− 3
)+ 𝑖 sin(− 3
)]
−2𝜋
(i) ∴ 𝑅𝑒 (𝑧) = 2 cos 3 = −1
2𝜋
𝐼𝑚(𝑧) = 2 sin (− 3 ) = −√3
𝑤 |𝑤| 5 5
(ii) |𝑧2 | = |𝑧2 | = 22 = 4
5. (a) By eliminating 𝑤, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations
𝑧 = 𝑤 + 3𝑖 + 2, 𝑧 2 − 𝑖𝑤 + 5 − 2𝑖 [6]
Solution
𝑧 2 − 𝑖𝑤 + 5 − 2𝑖 = 0 … … … … … . (1)
158
𝑧 = 𝑤 + 3𝑖 + 2 ⟹ 𝑤 = 𝑧 − 3𝑖 − 2
Sub into (1)
𝑧 2 − 𝑖𝑧 − 3 + 2𝑖 + 5 − 2𝑖 ⟹ 𝑧 2 − 𝑖𝑧 + 2 = 0
⟹ (𝑧 − 2𝑖)(𝑧 + 𝑖) = 0
∴ 𝑧 = −𝑖 𝑜𝑟 2𝑖
For 𝑧 = −𝑖
𝑤 = −𝑖 − 3𝑖 − 2 = −2 − 4𝑖
For 𝑧 = 2𝑖
𝑤 = 2𝑖 − 3𝑖 − 2 = −2 − 𝑖
6. (a) The complex numbers 𝑧 and 𝑤 are given by 𝑧 = −3 + 2𝑖 and 𝑤 = 5 + 4𝑖

(i) Find |𝑧| and arg(𝑧), expressing the modulus in surd form and the argument in radians correct
to 3 significant figures. [3]
𝑧
(ii) Express 𝑤 in the form 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are exact fractions [2]
𝜋
(b). Use de Moivre’s theorem to express cos 5𝜃 in terms of cos 𝜃. Hence show that 𝑥 = cos(10) is a
𝜋
root of the equation 16𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 2 + 5 = 0 and write down another angle 𝜃, between 0 and 2 , such
that 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 is a root of this equation [7]
Solution
(a) (i) 𝑧 = −3 + 2𝑖 ⟹ |𝑧| = √(−3)2 + 22 = √13

2
tan 𝜃 = (−3) ⟹ 𝜃 = 2.55 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑧 −3+2𝑖
(ii) =
𝑤 5+4𝑖
(−3−2𝑖)(5−4𝑖)
= 52 +4 2
−7+22𝑖 7 22
= 41
= − 41 + 41 𝑖
(b) cos 5𝜃 = 𝑅𝑒 (cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)5
⟹ 𝑅𝑒(𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝜃𝑖 sin 𝜃 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃(𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)3 + 5 cos 𝜃 (𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 +
(𝑖 sin 𝜃)5 )
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 5 cos 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 10𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃) + 5cos 𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)2
= 16𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 + 5 cos 𝜃
159
𝜋
Sub 𝜃 = into the above equation, we have
10
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cos 2 = 16𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 (10) − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ( 10) + 5 cos(10)
0 = 16𝑥 5 − 20𝑥 3 + 5𝑥
𝜋
Where 𝑥 = cos( )
10
𝜋
Since 𝑥 = cos( ) ≠ 0, we have 16𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 2 + 5 = 0………..(1)
10
𝜋
Therefore 𝑥 = cos(10) is a root of (1)
3𝜋
Let 𝜃 =
10
Sub into the equation for cos 5𝜃, we have
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
cos 2
= 16𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 ( 10 ) − 20𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 ( 10 ) + 5 cos( 10 )
0 = 16𝑥 5 − 20𝑥 3 + 5𝑥
3𝜋
Where 𝑥 = cos( )
10
𝜋
Since 𝑥 = cos(10) ≠ 0, we have 16𝑥 4 − 20𝑥 2 + 5 = 0………..(1)
3𝜋
Therefore 𝑥 = cos( ) is a root of (1)
10
2𝑖
7. Find the modulus of the complex number 3−4𝑖, and show that the argument, in radians is 2.5,
correct to one decimal place [5]
2𝑖
Hence find, correct to one decimal place, the value of 𝑥 and a value of 𝑦 such that 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦𝑖 = 3−4𝑖 [4]
Solution
160
2𝑖 2𝑖(3+4𝑖) −8+6𝑖
𝑧= = = = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
3−4𝑖 (3−4𝑖)(3+4𝑖) 25
82 +62 10
Where 𝑟 = √ 252
= 25 = 0.4
6 3
And tan 𝜃 = −8 = − 4 ⟹ 𝜃 = 2.498 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 2.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑 (1.d.p)
2𝑖
𝑒 𝑥+𝑦𝑖 = = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ⟹ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
3−4𝑖
Hence 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑟 ⟹ 𝑥 = ln 𝑟 = ln 0.4 = −0.916 = −0.9 (1 dec)
And 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑒 𝑖𝑦 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝜃 = 2.5
8. (a) The point P in an Argand diagram represents the complex number 𝑧. Show by means of
separate, clearly labelled sketches the set of all possible positions of P in each of the following
cases
(i).. |𝑧 + 2| = 2 [2]
𝜋 1 𝜋
ii.) 4 < arg(𝑧) < 2
[3]
b.) The equation 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 8 = 0 has 2𝑖 as one of its roots. Find the other roots [3]
Solution
(ai) |𝑧 + 2| = 2 ⟹ |𝑧 − (−2 + 0𝑖)| = 2 which is a circle with centre (-2,0) and radius 2
Im
-4 -2 re
161
𝜋 1 𝜋
ii.) 4 < arg (𝑧) < 2
𝜋 𝜋
⟹ 4
< arg(𝑧 −1 ) < 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
⟹ 4
< − arg(𝑧) < 2
⟹ − 2 < arg(𝑧) < − 4
im
re
𝜋 𝜋
𝜃 = −2 𝜃 = −4
(b.) The conjugate of 2𝑖 is also a root i.e. −2𝑖

Sum of roots = 0
Product of roots = 4
∴ quadratic factor is 𝑥 2 + 4
Perform long division to get a linear factor 𝑥 − 2
∴ the other root is 2
⟹ the other roots are −2𝑖 and 2
9. ai) Simplify (1 + 𝑖)20 [3]

(1+𝑖)5
(ii.) Evaluate (1−𝑖)4 exactly [2]
b.) Find the square roots of 3 + 4𝑖 [5]
Solution
(ai) If 𝑍 = 1 + 𝑖
162
𝑍 20 = (1 + 𝑖)20
|𝑍| = √12 + 12 = √2
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑔(𝑍) = 4
𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑍 = √2(cos + 𝑖 sin )
4 4
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑍 20 = [(cos 4 𝑖 sin 4 )]20
20𝜋 20𝜋
= (√2)20 (cos 4
+ 𝑖 sin 4
)]
= 210 (cos 5𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 5𝜋) = −1024
(aii) 1 + 𝑖 = 𝑖(1 − 𝑖) ⟹ (1 + 𝑖)5 = 𝑖 5 (1 − 𝑖)5 = 𝑖(1 − 𝑖)5

(1+𝑖)5 𝑖(1−𝑖)5
⟹ (1−𝑖)4 = (1−𝑖)4
= 𝑖(1 − 𝑖)
=1+𝑖
(b.) Let 𝑤 2 = 3 + 4𝑖
Where 𝑤 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
⟹ (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖)2 = 3 + 4𝑖
⟹ (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ) + 2𝑏𝑖 = 3 + 4𝑖
⟹ 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = 3 … … … … … … … … … … … … … (1)
2𝑎𝑏 = 4 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (2)
2
From (2) 𝑎 = 𝑏
Sub into (1)

22
(𝑏2 ) − 𝑏 2 = 3
4
⟹ 𝑏2 − 𝑏 2 = 3
⟹ 4 − 𝑏 4 = 3𝑏 2
⟹ 0 = 𝑏 4 + 3𝑏 2 − 4
⟹ (𝑏 2 + 4)(𝑏 2 − 1) = 0
Either 𝑏 2 − 1 = 0 or 𝑏2 + 4 ≠ 0
163
⟹ 𝑏 = ±1
When 𝑏 = 1, 𝑎=2
𝑏 = −1, 𝑎 = −2
∴ the roots are 2 + 𝑖 and −2 − 𝑖
10. (a) Find all the fifth roots for the complex number 𝑧 5 + 32 = 0 [7]
1
(b.) Use de Moivre’s theorem to show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 16 (cos 5𝜃 + 5 cos 3𝜃 + 10 cos 𝜃) [5]
Solution
𝑧 5 = −32
|𝑧 5 | = 32
arg(𝑧 5 ) = 𝜋
⟹ 𝑧 5 = 32(cos 𝜋 + 𝑖 sin 𝜋)
1
π+2πk 𝜋+2𝜋𝑘
𝑧 = 325 [cos ( )+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ]
5 5
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 2[cos ( 5 ) + 𝑖 sin( 5 )] where 𝑘 = 0
𝑧 = 2(0,8090 + 0.5877𝑖)
𝑧 = 1.618 + 1.1754𝑖
When 𝑘 = 1
1
𝜋+2𝜋 𝜋+2𝜋
325 [cos ( )+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
5 5
3𝜋 3𝜋
= 2(cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin( )]
5 5
= 2(−0.309016 + 0.9510𝑖)
= −0.6180 + 1.9021𝑖
= −0.62 + 1.90𝑖
When 𝑘 = 2
𝜋+2𝜋(2) 𝜋+2𝜋(2)
2[(cos ( 5
)+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( 5
)]
5𝜋 5𝜋
= 2[cos ( 5 ) + 𝑖 sin( 5 )]
= 2(−1 + 𝑖(0))
= −2
When 𝑘 = 3
164
𝜋+2𝜋(3) 𝜋+2𝜋(3)
2[𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )]
5 5
7𝜋 7𝜋
= [cos( 5 ) + 𝑖 sin ( 5 )]
= 2(−0.30901 − 0.95105𝑖)
= −0.62 − 1.90𝑖
When 𝑘 = 4
𝜋+2𝜋(4) 𝜋+2𝜋(4)
2(cos ( )+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
5 5
9𝜋 9𝜋
= 2 (cos ( 5
)+ 𝑖 sin( 5 ))
= 2(0.81 − 0.5877𝑖)
= 1.62 − 1.18𝑖
1
b. Suppose 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 then 𝑧 + 𝑧 = 2 cos 𝜃
1
(2 cos 𝜃)5 = (𝑧 + 𝑧)5
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ (𝑧 + 𝑧)5 = 𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 4 (𝑧) + 10𝑧 3 (𝑧)2 + 10𝑧 2 (𝑧)3 + 5𝑧(𝑧)4 + (𝑧)5
1 1 1
= 𝑧 5 + 5𝑧 3 + 10𝑧 + 10 (𝑧) + 5(𝑧)3 + (𝑧)5
1 1 1
= 𝑧 5 + (𝑧)5 + 5𝑧 3 + 5(𝑧)3 + 10𝑧 + 10(𝑧)
1 1 1
⟹ 32 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = [𝑧 5 + (𝑧)5 ] + 5[𝑧 3 + (𝑧)3 ] + 10[𝑧 + 𝑧]
1
Since 𝑧 𝑛 + = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃
𝑧𝑛
⟹ 32 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 2 cos 5 𝜃 + 5[2 cos 3𝜃] + 10[2 cos 𝜃]
⟹ 32 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 2 cos 5 𝜃 + 10 cos 3𝜃 + 20 cos 𝜃

1
Dividing throughout by 32 to get 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 = 16 (cos 5𝜃 + 5 cos 3𝜃 + 10 cos 𝜃) (shown)
165
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
questions
1. Prove by induction that
1 1 1 1 𝑛
1×2
+ 2×3 + 3×4 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛+1) = 𝑛+1 [4]
2. Prove that 3𝑛 − 2𝑛 − 1 is a multiple of 4 [5]

𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)(n+1)(n+2)
3. a. Prove by induction that ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 −𝑟 = 4
[6]
b) Hence evaluate
50
∑𝑟=21 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 [2]
4. A sequence of positive integers 𝑢1 ,𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , … is defined by 𝑢1 = 1 and 𝑢𝑛+1 = 3𝑢𝑛 + 2 for 𝑛 ≥ 1;
thus the first few terms of the terms of the sequence are 1,5,17,53, … . Prove by induction that
𝑢𝑛 = 2(3𝑛−1 ) − 1 [5]
2 1 2𝑛 2𝑛 − 1
5. If 𝐴 = ( ) , prove that 𝐴𝑛 = ( ) [4]
0 1 0 1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
6. Prove by Induction that (1 + 𝑖√3)𝑛 = 2𝑛 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ [7]
3 3
𝑑 𝑛 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑛𝜋
7. Prove that 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
= 2𝑛/2 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 4
) [7]
𝑛 1
8. Prove that ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
𝑥 𝑛+1 +𝐶 [5]
9. Prove that |sin 𝑛𝑥| ≤ 𝑛|sin 𝑥| [7]
𝑑𝑛 1 (−2)𝑛 𝑛!
10. Prove by Induction that (
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 2𝑥+1
) = (2𝑥+1)𝑛
[6]
11. Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝑥)
sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 … + sin(2𝑛 − 1) 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
[8]
166
SOLUTIONS
1 1 1 1 𝑛
1. Prove by induction that 1×2
+ 2×3 + 3×4 + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛+1) = 𝑛+1 [4]
Solution
1 1 1 1 𝑛
Let 𝑃𝑛 be the proposition that, + + + ⋯+ =
1×2 2×3 3×4 𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑛+1
1 1
When 𝑛 = 1, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = = = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 ∴ 𝑃1 is true.
1×2 2
1 1 1 1 𝑘
Assume 𝑃𝑘 is true i.e. 1×2 + 2×3 + 3×4 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘+1) = 𝑘+1
1 1 1 𝑘 1
𝑃𝑘+1 = 1×2 + ⋯ + 𝑘(𝑘+1) + (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) = 𝑘+1 + (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2)
𝑘(𝑘+2)+1 𝑘 2 +2𝑘+1 𝑘+1

= = =
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) (𝑘+1)(𝑘+2) 𝑘+2
∴ 𝑃𝑘+1 is true. Hence by induction, 𝑃𝑛 is true for 𝑛 ∈ ℤ.
2. Prove that 3𝑛 − 2𝑛 − 1 is a multiple of 4 [5]
Solution
Let 𝑃𝑛 be the proposition that 3𝑛 − 2𝑛 − 1 is a multiple of 4

When 𝑛 = 1, 𝑃1 = 31 − 2(1) − 1 = 0
When 𝑛 = 2, 𝑃2 = 32 − 2(2) − 1 = 4(1)

Therefore 𝑃𝑛 is true for 𝑛 = 2
Assume that 𝑃𝑛 is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 ∈ ℕ i.e.
3𝑘 − 2𝑘 − 1 is a multiple of 4
when 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑃𝑘+1 = 3𝑘+1 − 2(𝑘 + 1) − 1
= 3𝑘 3 − 2𝑘 − 2 − 1
= 3𝑘 3 − 2𝑘 − 3
= 3(4𝐴 + 1 + 2𝑘) − 2𝑘 − 3 = 12𝐴 + 3 + 6𝑘 − 2𝑘 − 3
= 12𝐴 + 4𝑘
= 4(3𝐴 + 1)
Therefore 𝑃𝑛 is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
167
By the principle of mathematical induction 𝑃𝑛 is true for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ since it is true for 𝑛 = 2, 𝑛 = 𝑘 and
𝑛 =𝑘+1
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛−1)(n+1)(n+2)
3. a. Prove by induction that ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 = [6]
4
50
b) Hence evaluate ∑𝑟=21 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 [2]
Solution
a) Consider the left hand side(LHS) and right hand side (RHS)
1 1(1−1)(1+1)(1+2) 0
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 = 13 − 1 = 0 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 4
= 4
=0
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Therefore 𝑃𝑛 is true for 𝑛 = 1
Assume that 𝑃𝑛 is true for 𝑛 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 ∈ ℕ i.e.
𝑘 𝑘(𝑘−1)(k+1)(k+2)
i.e ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 = 4
when 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑘+1 (𝑘+1)(𝑘−1+1)(k+1+1)(k+2+1)
∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 = 6
𝑘+1 𝑘
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 =∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 + (𝑘 + 1)𝑡ℎ term
𝑘+1 (𝑘)(𝑘−1)(k+1)(k+2)
∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 = + (𝑘 + 1)3 − (𝑘 + 1)
4
(𝑘)(𝑘−1)(k+1)(k+2)+4(𝑘+1)3 −4(𝑘+1)
=
4
(𝑘+1){𝑘(𝑘−1)(k+2)+4(𝑘+1)2 −4)
= 4
(𝑘+1){𝑘(𝑘−1)(k+2)+4(𝑘)2 +8𝑘+4−4)
= 4
(𝑘+1){𝑘(𝑘−1)(k+2)+4(𝑘)2 +8𝑘+4−4)
= 4
(𝑘+1){𝑘(𝑘−1)(k+2)+4(𝑘)2 +8𝑘)
= 4
(𝑘+1){𝑘(𝑘−1)(k+2)+4𝑘(𝑘+2)
= 4
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘(𝑘−1)+4k)
=
4
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘(k−1+4)
= 4
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+2){𝑘(k+3)
=
4
168
(𝑘+1)(𝑘+1−1)(𝑘+1+1)(𝑘+2+1)
= = RHS
4

𝑛 =𝑘+1
50 50 20 (𝑘+1)(𝑘−1+1)(k+1+1)(k+2+1)
b) ∑𝑟=21 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 ∑𝑟=1 𝑟 3 − 𝑟 = 6
(50+1)(50−1+1)(50+1+1)(50+2+1) (20+1)(20−1+1)(20+1+1)(20+2+1)
= 4
- 4
(51)(50)(52)(53) (21)(20)(22)(23)
= 4
- 4
=1703830
4. A sequence of positive integers 𝑢1 ,𝑢2 , 𝑢3 , … is defined by 𝑢1 = 1 and 𝑢𝑛+1 = 3𝑢𝑛 + 2 for 𝑛 ≥ 1;

thus the first few terms of the terms of the sequence are 1,5,17,53, … . Prove by induction that
𝑢𝑛 = 2(3𝑛−1 ) − 1 [5]
Solution
Given that 𝑢1 = 1
𝑢𝑛+1 = 3𝑢𝑛 + 2 for 𝑛 ≥ 1
The sequence is 1,5,17,53, …
To prove 𝑢𝑛 = 2(3𝑛−1 ) − 1
When 𝑘 = 1, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑢1 = 1
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 2(30 ) − 1 = 1
∴ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Assume that 𝑃𝑘 is true for 𝑘 ∈ ℕ
i.e. 𝑢𝑘 = 2(3𝑘−1 ) − 1
We must show that 𝑃𝑘+1 is also true
i.e. 𝑢𝑘+1 = 2(3𝑘+1−1 ) − 1
𝑢𝑘+1 = 3𝑢𝑘 + 2 = 3[2(3𝑘−1 ) − 1] + 2 = 2(3𝑘 ) − 3 + 2 = 2(3𝑘 ) − 1
Which is true for the integer 𝑘 + 1

By the mathematical induction, it is thus true for all positive integers
2 1 2𝑛 2𝑛 − 1
5. If 𝐴 = ( ) , prove that 𝐴𝑛 = ( ) [4]
0 1 0 1
169
Solution
2 1 2𝑛 2𝑛 − 1
Let 𝑃𝑛 be the proposition that if 𝐴 = ( ) , then 𝐴𝑛 = ( )
0 1 0 1
When 𝑛 = 1
1
𝐴1 = (2 21 − 1) = (2 1
)
0 1 0 1
Therefore, the statement is true when 𝑛 = 1
Assume the statement is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘 i.e.
𝑘
𝐴𝑘 = (2 2𝑘 − 1)
0 1
We need to prove that the statement is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑘+1
i.e. 𝐴𝑘+1 = (2 2𝑘+1 − 1)
0 1
When 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑘
𝐴𝑘+1 = 𝐴𝑘 . 𝐴 = (2 2𝑘 − 1) (2 1)
0 1 0 1
𝑘
= (2 . 2 + 0 2𝑘 + 2𝑘 − 1) = (2𝑘+1 2. 2𝑘 − 1)
0+0 0+1 0 1
𝑘+1
= (2 2𝑘+1 − 1)
0 1
Therefore, 𝑃𝑛 is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑛 =𝑘+1
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
6. Prove by Induction that (1 + 𝑖√3)𝑛 = 2𝑛 (cos 3
+ 𝑖 sin 3
) for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ [7]
Solution
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
Let 𝑃𝑛 be the proposition that (1 + 𝑖√3)𝑛 = 2𝑛 (cos 3
+ 𝑖 sin 3
) for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
When 𝑛 = 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (1 + 𝑖√3)1 = 1 + 𝑖√3

𝜋 𝜋 √3
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 21 (cos + 𝑖 sin ) = 2(0.5) + 𝑖 (2 × ) = 1 + 𝑖√3
3 3 2
Since 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 ⟹ 𝑃1 is true

Assume that 𝑃𝑘 is true for all 𝑘 ∈ ℕ
170
𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
i.e. (1 + 𝑖√3)𝑘 = 2𝑘 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
3 3
Now want to show that 𝑃𝑘+1 is also true

(𝑘+1)𝜋 (𝑘+1)𝜋
i.e. (1 + 𝑖√3)𝑘+1 = 2𝑘+1 (cos + 𝑖 sin )
3 3
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (1 + 𝑖√3)𝑘+1 = (1 + 𝑖√3)𝑘 (1 + √3)1

Expressing in polar form
𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝑘 (cos 3
+ 𝑖 sin 3
) . 2(cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3 )
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋
= 2𝑘+1 (cos . cos + 𝑖 sin . cos + 𝑖 sin . cos + 𝑖 2 sin . sin )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋
= 2𝑘+1 (cos 3
. cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3
. cos 3 + 𝑖 sin 3 . cos 3
− sin 3
. sin 3 )
𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝑘+1 [cos( 3 + 3 ) + 𝑖 sin( 3 + 3 )]
(𝑘+1)𝜋 (𝑘+1)𝜋
= 2𝑘+1 [cos 3
+ 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 3
]
Therefore𝑃𝑛 is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1

𝑛 =𝑘+1
𝑑 𝑛 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑛𝜋
7. Prove that 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
= 2𝑛/2 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 4
) [7]
Solution
When 𝑛 = 1
𝑑 1 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 using product rule
= 𝑒 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)
Which can be expressed in Harmonic form i.e. 𝑅 sin(𝑥+∝) where

𝜋 𝜋
𝑅 = √2 and ∝= 4 as 21/2 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 4 )
𝜋
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 21/2 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 4 ) ……………………..You can expand the bracket
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆 therefore, the statement is true when 𝑛 = 1

Assume the statement is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘
𝑑 𝑘 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑘𝜋
𝑑𝑥 𝑘
= 2𝑘/2 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 4
)
171
𝑑 𝑘+1 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) (𝑘+1)⁄ (𝑘+1)𝜋

𝑑𝑥 𝑘+1
=2 2 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥 + 4
)
𝑑 𝑘+1 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑(𝑑 𝑘 (𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

𝑑𝑥 𝑘+1
= 𝑑𝑥(𝑑𝑥 𝑘 )
𝑘
𝑘𝜋
𝑑(22 𝑒 𝑥 sin(𝑥+ ) 𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
= 4
= 2𝑘/2 𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑥 + ) + 2𝑘/2 𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑥 + ) by product rule
𝑑𝑥 4 4
𝑘𝜋 𝑘𝜋
= 2𝑘/2 [𝑒 𝑥 sin (𝑥 + 4
)+ 𝑒 𝑥 cos(𝑥 + 4
)]
Expressing in Harmonic form

𝜋
𝑅 = √2 and ∝=
4
1
𝑘𝜋 𝜋
= 2𝑘/2 𝑒 𝑥 [22 sin(𝑥 + 4
+ 4 )]
(𝑘+1)𝜋
= 2𝑘/2 21/2 𝑒 𝑥 [sin(𝑥 + 4
)]
(𝑘+1)𝜋
= 2(𝑘+1) 𝑒 𝑥 [sin(𝑥 + ) = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
4

𝑛 =𝑘+1
1
8. Prove that ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝐶 [5]
Solution
1
Let 𝑃𝑛 be the proposition that ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝐶
When 𝑛 = 1
1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = ∫ 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 = 1+1 𝑥 1+1 + 𝐶
𝑥2
= + 𝐶 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
2
Assume that 𝑃𝑛 is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘

1
∫ 𝑥 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑘+1 + 𝐶
𝑘+1
1
∫ 𝑥 𝑘+1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘+1 𝑥 𝑘+2 + 𝐶
172
𝑥.𝑥 𝑘+1 𝑥 𝑘+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑘 . 𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘+1
−∫
𝑘+1
(1)𝑑𝑥 Using Integration by parts
𝑥 𝑘+1+1 1
= 𝑘+1
− 𝑘+1 ∫ 𝑥 𝑘+1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑘+1+1 𝑥 𝑘+1+1
= 𝑘+1
− (𝑘+1)(𝑘+1+1) + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑘+1+1 1
= 𝑘+1
[1 − 𝑘+1+1] + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑘+1+1 𝑘+1+1−1
= [ 𝑘+1+1 ] + 𝐶
𝑘+1
𝑥 𝑘+1+1 𝑘+1
= [
𝑘+1 𝑘+1+1
]+ 𝐶
𝑥 𝑘+1+1
= 𝑘+1+1
+𝐶

𝑛 =𝑘+1
9. Prove that |sin 𝑛𝑥| ≤ 𝑛|sin 𝑥| [7]
Solution
Let 𝑃𝑛 be the proposition that |sin 𝑛𝑥| ≤ 𝑛|sin 𝑥|
When 𝑛 = 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = |sin(1) 𝑥| = |sin 𝑥|
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = (1)|sin 𝑥| = |sin 𝑥|
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Therefore 𝑃1 is true
Assume that 𝑃𝑛 is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘 for 𝑘 ∈ ℕ
i.e |sin 𝑘𝑥| ≤ 𝑘|sin 𝑥|
Required to show that 𝑃𝑛 is true when 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
i.e. |sin (𝑘 + 1)𝑥| ≤ (𝑘 + 1)|sin 𝑥|
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = |sin(𝑘 + 1)𝑥| = |sin (𝑘𝑥 + 𝑥)|

= |sin 𝑘𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑘𝑥 sin 𝑥| ≤ |sin 𝑘𝑥 cos 𝑥| + |cos 𝑘𝑥 sin 𝑥| by the Triangle inequality
But cos 𝑘𝑥 ≤ 1
⟹ |sin 𝑘𝑥 cos 𝑥 | + |cos 𝑘𝑥 sin 𝑥|
173
≤ |sin 𝑘𝑥 × 1| + |sin 𝑥 × 1|
= |sin 𝑘𝑥| + |sin 𝑥|
But |sin 𝑘𝑥| ≤ 𝑘|sin 𝑥| from the Hypothesis stage
⟹ |sin 𝑘𝑥| + |sin 𝑥| ≤ 𝑘|sin 𝑥| + |sin 𝑥| = (𝑘 + 1)|sin 𝑥|
⟹ |sin (𝑘 + 1)𝑥| ≤ (𝑘 + 1)|sin 𝑥|
𝑛 =𝑘+1
𝑑𝑛 1 (−2)𝑛 𝑛!
10. Prove by Induction that ( ) = [6]
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 2𝑥+1 (2𝑥+1)𝑛
Solution
𝑑𝑛 1 (−2)𝑛 𝑛!
Let 𝑃𝑛 be the proposition that (
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 2𝑥+1
) = (2𝑥+1)𝑛 ,𝑛𝜖ℕ
When 𝑛 = 1
𝑑 1 −2
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥+1) = (2𝑥+1)2
(−2)1 1! −2
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = (2𝑥+1)1 = (2𝑥+1)2
Therefore 𝑃1 is true
Assume 𝑃𝑘 is true for 𝑘 ∈ ℕ
𝑑𝑘 1 (−2)𝑘 𝑘!
i.e. 𝑑𝑥 𝑘 (2𝑥+1) = (2𝑥+1)𝑘
We want to prove that 𝑃𝑘+1 is true

𝑑 𝑘+1 1 (−2)𝑘+1 (𝑘+1)!
i.e. 𝑑𝑥 𝑘+1 (2𝑥+1) = (2𝑥+1)𝑘+1
𝑑 𝑘+1 1 𝑑 𝑑𝑘 1 𝑑 (−2)𝑘 𝑘!
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (
𝑑𝑥 𝑘+1 2𝑥+1
) = 𝑑𝑥 [𝑑𝑥 𝑘 (2𝑥+1)] = 𝑑𝑥 [(2𝑥+1)𝑘 ]
𝑑
= (−2)𝑘 𝑘! 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 1)−𝑘−1 = (−2)𝑘 𝑘! [−(𝑘 + 1)][(2𝑥 + 1)−𝑘−2 . 2]
(−2)𝑘+1 (𝑘+1)𝑘! (−2)𝑘+1 (𝑘+1)(𝑘)(𝑘−1)(𝑘−2)…3(2)(1) (−2)𝑘+1 (𝑘+1)!

= (2𝑥+1)𝑘+1
= (2𝑥+1)𝑘+1
= (2𝑥+1)𝑘+1
= 𝑅𝐻𝑆

𝑛 =𝑘+1
174
11. Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that
sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 … + sin(2𝑛 − 1) 𝑥 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
[8]
Solution
Let 𝑃𝑛 be the proposition that sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 … + sin(2𝑛 − 1) 𝑥 = for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
When 𝑛 = 1
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = sin 𝑥
1−cos 2𝑥 1−(1−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)
𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 2 sin 𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥
2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥
= sin 𝑥
⟹ 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
∴ 𝑃1 is true
Assume that 𝑃𝑘 is true for 𝑘 ∈ ℕ
1−cos 2𝑘𝑥
i.e. sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ + sin(2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 =
2 sin 𝑥
We now want to show that 𝑃𝑘+1 is also true

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2(𝑘+1)𝑥
i.e sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ + sin(2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + sin [2(𝑘 + 1) − 1]𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥
𝐿𝐻𝑆 = sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ + sin(2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + sin[2(𝑘 + 1) − 1]𝑥

= sin 𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + ⋯ + sin(2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + sin(2𝑘 + 1)𝑥
1−cos 2𝑘𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥
+ sin(2𝑘 + 1)𝑥
1−cos 2𝑘𝑥+2 sin 𝑥 sin(2𝑘+1)𝑥

= 2 sin 𝑥
1−cos 2𝑘𝑥+2 sin 𝑥(sin 2𝑘𝑥 cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥 cos 2𝑘𝑥)

= 2 sin 𝑥
1−cos 2𝑘𝑥+2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑘𝑥+2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 2𝑘𝑥

= 2 sin 𝑥
1−(cos 2𝑘𝑥−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 cos 2𝑘𝑥−2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 2𝑘𝑥)

=
2 sin 𝑥
1−[cos 2𝑘𝑥(1−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)−sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑘𝑥

= 2 sin 𝑥
1−(cos 2𝑘𝑥 cos 2𝑥−sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑘𝑥)

= 2 sin 𝑥
1−cos(2𝑘𝑥+2𝑥)
= 2 sin 𝑥
175
1−cos 2(𝑘+1)𝑥
= = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
2 sin 𝑥

𝑛 =𝑘+1
176
177
178

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QUESTION AND ANSWER Pure Mathematics

CONTENT REVIEWER TAPIWA NYAMUNDA

This is a compilation of past examination questions and suggested solutions. It is my fervent

6. Show that both 𝑥 − √3 and 𝑥 + √3 are factors of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6 [3]

8. It is given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 50, where 𝑎 is a constant, and 𝑥 + 2 is a factor

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12

𝑓(1) = 6(1)3 + 11(1)2 − 5(1) − 12 = 0

6𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 12 = (3𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 + 3)

3. Factorize 𝑥 4 − 16 completely into real factors [2]

𝑥 4 − 16 = (𝑥 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 4) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 4)

4. The polynomial 𝑥 5 − 3𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 is denoted by 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑓(1) = 15 − 3(1)4 + 2(1)3 − 2(1)2 + 3(1) + 1

𝑓(−1) = (−1)5 − 3(−1)4 + 2(−1)3 − 2(−1)2 + 3(−1) + 1

ii. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑞(𝑥) + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏

That is, the remainder is (6𝑥 − 4) when 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by (𝑥 2 − 1)

Now 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥, we have (𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) + 2𝑥 = 2𝑥

𝑥 = 1 is a root of the equation, perform long division to get 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1

∴ the roots of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 are 1; 1 + √2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 − √2

5. Find the value of 𝑎 for which 𝑥 − 2 is a factor of 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 [2]

Therefore 3(2)2 + 𝑎(2)2 + 2 − 2 = 0 ⟹ 4𝑎 = −24 ⟹ 𝑎 = −6

Discriminant = 02 − 4(3)(1) = −12 < 0

6. Show that both 𝑥 − √3 and 𝑥 + √3 are factors of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6 [3]

Therefore 𝑥 − √3 and 𝑥 + √3 are factors of 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6

Hence a quadratic factor is ( 𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 + √3) = 𝑥 2 − 3

Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 6

Therefore a second quadratic factor is 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2

7. Given that 2𝑥 + 1 is a factor of 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 6. Show that 𝑎 = 9 [2]

Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 + 6

Since 2𝑥 + 1 is a factor, perform long division to get the quadratic factor 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6

8. It is given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 50, where 𝑎 is a constant, and 𝑥 + 2 is a factor

𝑓(−2) = (−2)4 − 3(−2)3 + 𝑎(−2)2 + 15(−2) + 50 = 16 + 24 + 4𝑎 − 30 + 50 = 0

Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + √5)(𝑥 − √5)

Solution set:{𝑥: 𝑥𝜖ℜ, 𝑥 < −√5 𝑜𝑟 − 2 < 𝑥 < √5 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 5}

9. When a polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) is divided by 𝑥 − 3 the remainder is −9 and when divided by 2𝑥 − 1

10. It is given that 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3)

i. 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 3) = (2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)

2. By writing 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑢, or otherwise, solve the equation 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 [5]

Hence the turning point is (2; −𝑒 2 )

4. By means of the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 −1/2, or otherwise, solve the equation

5. It is given that 4𝑥 = 82𝑥+1 . By expressing each side of this equation as a power of 2, or

Given 4𝑥 = 82𝑥+1 ⟹ (22 )𝑥 = (23 )2𝑥+1 .

Substitute these values into 𝑦 = 𝑥 1/3 to get 𝑥 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 8

8. Solve exactly 4𝑥 1/2 = 3 − 7𝑥 [4]

∴ 4𝑢 = 3 − 7𝑢2 ⟹ 7𝑢2 + 4𝑢 − 3 = 0 ⟹ (7𝑢 − 3)(𝑢 + 1) = 0

64𝑥 − 5(8𝑥 ) + 4 = 0 ⟹ 82𝑥 − 5(8𝑥 ) + 4 = 0

i.. Reduce the equation to a quadratic equation in 𝑦 [3]

ii.). 𝑦 2 − 33𝑦 + 252 = 0 ⟹ (𝑦 − 12)(𝑦 − 21) = 0

1. Solve 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 > 0 [3]

7. Solve 𝑥 3 < 6𝑥 − 𝑥 2 [4]

The solution is 𝑥 < −1 𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 1

The solution is {0 < 𝑥 < 1, 𝑥 > 2}

Multiply on both sides by (𝑥 − 2)2

𝑥(𝑥 − 2) < 5(𝑥 − 2)2

Therefore 𝑥 < 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 2.5

Therefore 1 − √6 < 𝑥 < 1 + √6

5. |𝑥| < 4|𝑥 − 3| ⟹ |𝑥|2 < 42 |𝑥 − 3|2 ⟹ 𝑥 2 < 16(𝑥 − 3)2

⟹ 𝑥 > 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 2.4