Physical Science

Quarter 2 – Module 8:
Photon Concept and Its Practical
Application

CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS

Module 8
Personal Development
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 8: Photon Concept and Its Practical Application
First Edition, 2020

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 Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 8:
Photon Concept and Its Practical
Application
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding
of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the concept of polarity of molecules. The scope of this module permits it to
be used in different learning situations. The language used recognizes the varied
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed
to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is all about:

● Lesson 1 – Photon Concept and Its Practical Application

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain how photon theory accounts for photoelectric effect and atomic
spectra;
2. apply the wavelength-frequency-energy relationship in solving word
problems;
3. explain how the photon concept can be used to explain photographic dark
rooms, sunburns, and our perception of colors;

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 What I Know

Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Planck’s constant is equal to_______

A. 6.022 X 10-23 J
B. 6.626 X 10-34 Js
C. 2.179 X 10-18 J
D. 3.0 X108m/s

2. The following are characteristics of photons EXCEPT

A. It can interact with other particles like electrons
B. It can carry energy and momentum
C. It has rest energy
D. It has a mass equal to 1.67 x 10-27 kg

3. What is the unit of energy?

A. Watt C. calorie
B. Joule D. joule/s

4. A sunburn is caused by exposure to what type of radiation?

A. Microwave C. Ultraviolent
B. Gamma D. X-ray
5. A light bulb produces various wavelengths of energy called light spectrum.
The visible light is the segment of electromagnetic spectrum that is visible
to human eye. Which of the following colors of the visible light spectrum
contains the lowest amount of energy?
A. Red C. green
B. yellow D. blue
6. Arrange the following types of electromagnetic radiation in increasing
frequency:
I. Infrared III. visible light
II. Ultraviolet IV. X-ray
A. Infrared  ultraviolet  visible light  x-ray
B. X-ray  visible light  ultraviolet  infrared
C. Visible light  infrared  ultraviolet  x-ray
D. Infrared  visible light  ultraviolet  x-ray
7. Atomic spectra are created due to the changes in the energy. What subatomic
particle is involved in this phenomenon?
A. Protons C. electrons
B. Neutrons D. positrons

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 8. Which of the following statements is TRUE when the frequency
of electromagnetic radiation decreases?
I. Its wavelength also decreases.
II. Its energy also decreases.
III. Its energy increases.
IV. Its wavelength increases.

A. I only C. I and III only

B. II only D. II and IV only
9. For human eyes, different frequencies of visible light are perceived as _____.
A. Waves C. particles
B. Colors D. sound
10. When both the L and M cones of our eyes are being stimulated, what color
will be seen?
A. Blue C. yellow
B. Cyan D. magenta

True or False: Write T if the statement is true, otherwise write F.

11. Max Planck introduced the concept of quantization of light energy.
12. Albert Einstein suggested that light is composed of photons and each
photon has energy.
13. When an atom emits photons, its energy level increases.
14. Wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy of photon.
15. Microwaves have longer wavelength than visible light.

Lesson
Photon Concept and Its
1 Application
In your junior high school science, you learned about nature, types and
characteristics of waves, particularly electromagnetic waves. The previous module
focused on the theories that explain the wave-particle duality of light and how light
behaves as it is reflected, refracted, interfered, scattered, dispersed, absorbed
and filtered.

Now you will know more about the nature of light as a particle. You will also
understand how light affects our daily activities. I know you are already excited
for another fruitful journey that will surely LIGHT up your life. But before you move
on, do the activity below for you to find out how much you have learned about
transverse wave.

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 What’s In

Let’s WAVE and SAY ALOHA!

Let us have some warm-up exercise for our nerve cells first before we proceed to the
presentation of our lesson. You will perform a simple activity that will help you
recall the basic parts of transverse wave. Have some fun!

Notes to the Teacher

Students should be able to classify that light is a longitudinal
wave when direction of energy and particle is concerned and an
example of an electromagnetic wave since its particle vibration is
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation and its ability
to transmit energy without any medium. The activity below would
allow students to recall what a transverse wave looks like and
identify its parts.

LABEL THE DIAGRAM

Directions: Identify the numbered parts of the diagram of transverse wave below.
Choose your answer from the words inside the box.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

WORD BANK:

A. Amplitude
B. Crest
C. Trough
D. Wavelength

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 What’s New

WORD HUNT
Directions: Find and circle the words listed below in the puzzle. The word may go
in any direction including backward and diagonally.

V B A Y A N I I D O L M
I T E L O I V A R T L U
S W H Y R U S E R I S R
I X B L T U T O R N A T
B Z M T I T Y P E A I C
L S A H D G B H I N F E
E A X A Y M H O A O A P
L R P I C U Q T H M H S
I A L B N I T O K E A C
G W A V E L E N G T H I
H A N Z U L Y N Q E J N
T T C O Q G T H A R N E
W R K N E N E R G Y J P
E Y V X R E T H G I F O
T H O R F R A I K A N T

• visible light • Max Planck

• wavelength • frequency
• spectrum • energy
• photon • nanometer
• light • ultraviolet

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Find My Perfect Match: To have a deeper understanding of the terms that you
have identified from the above activity, match the items in column A (definition)
with the items in column B (concept).

COLUMN A COLUMN B

1. produced by separation of the components a. visible light

of lights by their different degrees of refraction
according to wavelength.
2. a quantum of light b. wavelength
3. distance between two successive crests of c. spectrum
troughs
4. a segment of electromagnetic spectrum d. photon
visible to human eye
5. bright form of energy emitted by an object e. light
(e.g. sun)

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one a. Max Planck
billionth (short scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m.)
2. the number of complete vibrations or oscillations per b. frequency
unit of time
3. he determined the quantum energy of a photon c. energy
4. relating to electromagnetic radiation having d. nanometer
frequencies higher than those of visible light but
lower than those of x-rays
5. ability to do work e. ultraviolet

What is It

A. Particle Nature of Light

The concept of light as a quantized form of energy emerged during 1900s when Max
Planck postulated the blackbody radiation. This marks the beginning of quantum
theory, which believes that energy comes in discrete units called quanta.
Later on, Albert Einstein supported this idea of Planck and suggested that light
is composed of tiny particles called photon and each photon possesses energy.

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 1. Blackbody Radiation

A blackbody is a surface or object that can absorb all incoming radiation falling
on it and reflects no radiation, thus appears black at room temperature.
However, when exposed to a certain amount of temperature, the blackbody radiates
certain amount of energy with associated wavelength. For example, a visible light is
being emitted when the blackbody is heated to about 1000K, but the light becomes
brighter and orange when the temperature is increased to 1500K. Increasing the
temperature further up to 200K, the light being emitted becomes white. This
phenomenon is known as blackbody radiation.

Based on the above example, we can infer that the nature of the spectrum emitted
by the blackbody is dependent on the temperature and not on the material
the object is made of. This means that, as the temperature increases, the average
wavelength emitted decreases and radiation becomes invisible. On the other hand,
as the temperature decreases, the wavelength increases, and the radiation becomes
visible as red to glowing white.

In order to explain the blackbody radiation, Planck came up with an equation

to explain the distribution of wavelengths that are emitted from a heated
blackbody. It is given as E=hf

where E is the energy of radiation;

h is the Planck’s constant (6.626 X 10-34Js)
f is the frequency (in Hertz)

Planck also proposed the Quantum Theory which states that energy is radiated
or absorbed in the form of packets or bundles, called quanta (singular, quantum)
and each quantum is equal to hf.

2. Photoelectric Effect
Albert Einstein used the quantized energy idea of Planck to come up with the
Photon Theory which proposes that light is composed of photons. According to this
theory, a photon has the following characteristics:

a. It has a velocity of light in free space. The velocity of light

(c) is equal to 3X108 m/s.
b. It has rest energy.
c. It has zero mass
d. It can carry energy and momentum
e. When radiation is emitted or absorbed, it can be created
or destroyed.
f. It can interact with other particles like electrons.

Using his photon theory, Einstein explained the phenomenon called photoelectric
effect. In this phenomenon, when light strikes a metal surface, the electrons would
become excited and jump out of the metal. This is because, according to Einstein,
light consists of packets of energy called photons which transfer energy
to the electron causing it to become excited.

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 3. Atomic Spectra

In your Grade 9 science, you learned that electrons orbit or energy levels.
As long as electron stays in the orbit, it does not absorb or emit energy and said
to be in its ground state. But when the atom is being heated, its electrons become
excited and occupy a higher energy level. At this point the electron is in its excited
state. As electrons leave the excited state and return to its ground state again,
they emit energy in the form of photon.

The set of frequencies of electromagnetic spectrum emitted by excited atom

is referred to as the atomic emission spectra. Every element emits a specific energy
and wavelength producing a unique set of banding pattern, thus we can say
that atomic spectra serves as fingerprints of every element. The figure below shows
the emission spectrum of an electrically excited hydrogen atom. The fine lines
corresponds to the emitted light with a specific wavelength while the dark bands
in between corresponds to the absorbed frequencies.

Wavelength (λ) in nanometers

Figure 1. Emission spectrum of hydrogen atom

B. Relationship of Wavelength and Energy

(a) (b)
Figure 2. Parts of a wave (a) and the short and long wavelength (b)

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As shown in the above figure, wavelengths possess different parts such as crest,
trough, and amplitude. Long wavelength has low frequency and low energy while
short wavelengths have high frequency and energy.

We learned from our previous science subjects that the relationship between
frequency and wavelength can be expressed using the equation c= λf where c is the
speed of light, λ is the wavelength and f is the frequency. Since the speed is constant,
using the equation, we can infer that frequency and wavelength are inversely
proportional. Meaning to say, as wavelength increases, the frequency decreases
and vice versa.
Previously, we learned that E= hf. Combining the two equations, we will arrive
at the formula,

hc
E = ______
λ

Using the equation above we can say the wavelength is inversely proportional
to energy. This means that the shorter the wavelength (the higher the frequency),
the greater the energy.

According to the lyrics of the song Rainbow by South Boarder, “There’s a rainbow
after the rain. So how are rainbows formed? Rainbows are formed when the rays
of light from the sun hits the water droplets (e.g. raindrops or fogs) from the
atmosphere through the process called refraction. The raindrops serve as a prism
or a glass which bends the light. But how does refraction result in a rainbow’s
color? From the above discussion, we all know that sunlight is made of many
different wavelengths or colors, that travels at varying speed when passing through
a medium. This caused the white light to split into different colors-ROYGVIB
(for Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Violet, Indigo and Blue). The longer wavelengths
appear as red while the shorter wavelengths appear as blue or violet.
We see the color spectrum of the rainbow when white light passes through the
raindrop at different angles approximately two degrees from red to violet.
Applying what we have learned, among the colors of the rainbow, the red spectrum
has the lowest frequency, has least energy and longest wavelength while the violet
has the highest frequency, greatest energy and shortest wavelength.

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C. Practical Application of Photon Theory

We can use the knowledge we derived from the relationship between energy and
wavelength to answer the following questions:
a. Why is red light commonly used in dark room?

As you can see in figure below, red light is the region of the visible light with
the longest wavelength (620-780 nm) and with lowest frequency; hence has
the lowest energy. Because of its low energy, red light is considered as “safe
light” and is ideally used in photographic dark rooms. This is because
photosensitive materials used in printing are not photosensitive to red
and does not cause “fogging” in prints which can be seen as blur or dark veil
across the print.

Figure 3. The visible light spectrum

b. Why do people get easily sunburned by ultraviolet (UV) light but not by
visible light?

Ultraviolet (UV) light has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency

and shorter wavelength than visible light as shown in figure 3. Since it has
high frequency, we can expect that it also has high energy.
Therefore, exposure to UV light can cause sunburn or even skin cancer
(prolonged exposure) faster than exposure to visible light.

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 Figure 3. Electromagnetic spectrum

c. How do human eyes perceive colors?

Figure 4. Anatomy of the Human eye (left) and the three types of photoreceptors
(right)

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The human eye can perceive colors because of its cones cells. As shown in figure 4,
there are three different photoreceptors or cone cells present in the retina of our
eyes. Each cone cells contains photosensitive pigment to certain wavelength
of light. The L cone is photosensitive to red (long wavelength), the M cone
is photosensitive to green (middle wavelength) and the S cone is photosensitive
to blue (short wavelength). However, the sensitivity ranges of the three cones
sometimes overlap specially when the light that stimulates them are near
the middle of the visible light. Refer to figure 5 for the cone sensitivity curve.

Figure 5. Spectral sensitivity curve of the cones of the human eye

Suppose a 550 nm wavelength of light enters your eye, what color of the light will
you perceive? If your answer is green, you are certainly correct. If you will try
to look at figure 4, the light with 550 nm wavelength will stimulate the green
receptor more strongly than the red receptor and therefore, your eyes will perceive
green light.

However, when a light with a 580 nm wavelength enters your eyes, both the red
and green receptors will be strongly stimulated hence your eyes will perceive yellow
color based on the additive color mixing as shown in figure 6.

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 Figure 6. Additive Color Mixing

What’s More

Short Essay Questions

Directions: Apply the scientific method in answering the questions below.
Use the template below in presenting your answers.

I. Problem
II. Preliminary Information
III. Hypothesis
IV. Facts about the Problem
V. Conclusion

1. Why is ultraviolet radiation commonly used in sanitizing hospitals

and operating rooms?
2. Using the photon theory, explain how atomic spectra are formed.

3. Give the contribution of Max Planck and Albert Einstein in the current
understanding of the particle nature of light.

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 What I Have Learned

Directions: Identify what is being asked. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Based from the equation, E= hc/λ, wavelength is __________ proportional

to energy.

2. When electrons leave the excited states and return to return to lower energy
levels, they emit energy in the form of ______.

3. Cone cells of the human eyes have __________________ pigments that detect
color.

4. The three types of cones in the human eyes are: ____________, ___________,
and ________________.

5. ____________ was proposed by Albert Einstein, which states that light itself
is quantized.

6. The value of Planck’s constant is ______________.

7. __________ is the unit of frequency.

8. Solar energy enters the Earth’s atmosphere in the form of _____________.

9. X-rays have ______ frequency, ________ wavelength and ___________ energy

as compared to visible light.

10. ______ refers to the print deterioration which is seen as blur across
the print.

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 What I Can Do

LET’S COMPUTE!

Analyze and solve the following problems below. Show your complete solution
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A hydrogen gas is contained inside a glass tube. When a bright light

is illuminated, the spectrum showed an absorption line at 654 nm.
What is the energy of the absorbed photon?

Planck’s constant (h) =

Given
Speed of light (c) =
Wavelength (λ) =

Formula

Solution

Final Answer

2. The red light from a helium-neon laser has a wavelength of 642 nm.
What is the energy of one photon?

Planck’s constant (h) =

Given
Speed of light (c) =
Wavelength (λ) =

Formula

Solution
Final Answer

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 Assessment

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What color in the visible light spectrum contains the highest amount
of energy?
a. red
b. yellow
c. green
d. violet

2. Who proposed the Quantum Theory of Light?

a. Lord Rayleigh
b. Max Planck
c. Albert Einstein
d. Isaac Newton

For numbers 3-5, choose the color of light that would be perceived by our eyes if:

3. Both the green and red receptors are being stimulated.

4. Both the blue and green receptors are being stimulated
5. Both the blue and red receptors are being stimulated.

a. Cyan
b. magenta
c. white
d. yellow

6. Who proposed the Photon Theory?

a. Max Planck
b. Albert Einstein
c. Isaac Newton
d. Louis de Broglie

7. Which of the following is the unit of wavelength?

a. hertz
b. joule
c. nanometer
d. candela

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 8. The quanta of light is called_____.
a. protons
b. electrons
c. photons
d. atoms

9. What happens to the energy of photon when the wavelength increases?

a. It decreases.
b. It also increases.
c. Remains the same
d. Becomes doubled

10. The color of light which is considered safe to use in photographic printing is
____
a. violet
b. red
c. blue
d. white

True or False: Write T if the statement is true, otherwise write F.

11. The red receptors in the cone of the human eyes are sensitive to short
wavelength.

12. Wavelength is inversely proportional to the energy of photon.

13. The speed of light is equivalent to 3 X108 m/s.

14. The sun’s energy enters the atmosphere in the form of UV rays.

15. Photoelectric effect refers to the expulsion of electrons from an illuminated

surface of metal.

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 Additional Activities

Directions: You may choose only one from the questions below and answer briefly
and concisely.

1. Using your knowledge on personal care products, how does sunscreen lotion
protect your skin from the damaging effect of ultraviolet rays? Explain why
x-rays and gamma rays are commonly used in radiotherapy.

2. Why do x-rays and gamma rays are commonly used in treating cancer
(radiotherapy)?

3. Suppose a 490 nm wavelength of light enters your eyes, what receptors

in retina of your eyes will be stimulated and what color will be perceived
by your eyes?

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 Module 8
CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS 19
What's In
What I Know Assessment
1. B 1. D
2. D 2. B
3. B 3. D
4. C 4. A
5. A 5. B
6. D 6. C
7. C 7. C
8. C 8. C
9. B 9. A
10. C 10. B
11. T 11. F
12. T 12. T
13. F 13. T
14. F 14. T
15. T 15. T
Answer Key
 Module 8
CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS 20
What ’s New
What I have Learned
1. Inversely/indirectly
2. Photon
3. Photosensitive
4. L (long wavelength), M (medium wavelength) and S (short wavelength)
5. Photon Theory
6. 6.626 X 10-34 Js
7. Hertz
8. Ultraviolet rays
9. Higher, shorter, higher
10. Fogging
What ’s Mor e
1. UV light is used in sanitizing hospital rooms and operating rooms because of its high energy
that can disrupt or destroy the molecular bonds that hold together the DNA of viruses and bacteria. It is also
effective and much safer in killing drug resistant strains of bacteria without using toxic chemicals.
2. Photon theory assumes that light is quantized. When an element is being heated, its electrons
become excited causing them to jump to the next higher energy level. However, when electrons
return to its ground state, they emit specific energies which are related to the frequencies
observed in the element’s atomic spectrum.
3. A. Max Planck- proposed the Quantum Theory which states energy is absorbed or radiated in
the form of tiny packets or bundles called quanta.
B. Albert Einstein- explained the photon theory, photoelectric effect and supported the idea of
Planck that light is quantized.
 Module 8
CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS 21
Addi t i onal Act i vit i es
1. Most sunscreen lotions contain active ingredients that act as either UV absorber or UV
reflectors. UV absorbers are chemicals that contain carbon (thus called organic) that absorb
UV radiation and convert it to a very low level of heat. While UV “reflectors” are mostly made
up of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, that absorb and scatter UV radiation. Most
dermatologists recommend to use sunscreen lotion with SPF (sun protection factor) 30-50
which filters 97-98% of UV rays from entering our skin. It is also advised to apply sunscreen
lotion 20 minutes before going into the sun to allow the active ingredients to bind properly to
the skin and reapplying it every after 2 hours for maximum protection.
2. X-rays and gamma rays are both types of high energy (high frequency) electromagnetic
radiation. Because of their high energy, they are commonly used in radiation therapy
because of they can able to kill cancer cells (or even the healthy cells) by damaging their
DNA. Cancer cells whose DNA is damaged would stop from dividing and die.
3. Using the additive color mixing curve (in Figure 4, p.12) green and blue curve intersect at 490 nm meaning
to say both green and blue receptors in the retina of the eyes will be stimulated hence, a cyan color will be
perceived by the eye.
4.
What I Can Do
ANSWER FOR PROBLEM #1:
Given:
Planck’s constant (h) = 6.626 X 10-34 J/s
Speed of light (c) = 3 X 108m/s
Wavelength (λ) = 654 nm or 654 X10-9 m
Formula: E = hc/λ
Solution:
E = (6.626 X 10-34J/s) (3 X 108m/s)
654 X 10-9m
E= 3.039 X 10 -19 J
ANSWER FOR PROBLEM #2:
Given:
Planck’s constant (h) = 6.626 X 10-34 J/s
Speed of light (c) = 3 X 108m/s
Wavelength (λ) = 642 nm or 642 X10-9 m
Formula: E = hc/λ
Solution:
E = (6.626 X 10-34J/s) (3 X 108m/s)
642 X 10-9m
E= 3.1 X 10 -19 J
References
Department of Education- Bureau of Secondary Education (2003). Lesson Plans in
Science III (Chemistry).

CHED-PNU. (2006). Teaching Guide in Senior High School-Physical Science.

Commission on Higher Education. C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City.
Retrieved from https://lrmds.deped.gov.og/detail/14519 last May 19, 2020

Punzalan, J.M. & Monserat, R.C. (2016). Science in Today’s World for Senior High
School- Physical Science. Sibs Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City, Philippines.

Padua, A.L., Padolina, M.C.D., Crisostomo, R.M., & Alumaga, M.J.B. (2016).
Physical Science. Vibal Group Inc. G. Araneta Avenue, Quezon City

Santiago, K. S., & Silverio, A.A. (2016). Exploring Life Through Science-Physical
Science. Pheonix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.

Religioso, T.F., & Cordero-Navaza, D. (2017). You and the Natural World- Physical }
Science. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.

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