Communication

DefinitionS
– from the Latin word communis which means common
– “It is an exchange of fact, ideas, or opinions, or emotions by two or more persons.” (Newman and
Summer, 1977)
– “It is the sum of all the things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the
mind of another. It is a bridge of meaning. It involves a systematic and continuous process of
telling, listening, and understanding.” (Louis Allen, 1958)
– “It is the intentional transmission of information by means of some established signalling-
system.” (Lyons, 1977)
– or simply the sending and receiving of information

THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

ITS BASIC COMPONENTS
Sender
• This is the person responsible for
encoding an intended message
into meaningful verbal and
nonverbal symbols.
Channel
• The channel of communication
is the medium through which
the message is conveyed from
the sender to the receiver (i.e.
writing, speaking, video, or
audio).
Receiver
• This is the person who decodes
or interprets the meaning of the
message in order to understand
it.
Feedback
• This reverses the communication
process and conveys the
receiver’s response back to the
sender.
THE NOISE
– it is anything that impedes the communication
of a message.
External
• comes from the environment and
keeps the message from being
heard or understood.
Internal
• occurs in the minds and bodies
of the sender-receivers.
Semantic
• caused by people’s emotional
reactions to words, refers to
when a speaker and a listener
have different interpretations of
the meanings of certain words.
IN OTHER WORDS:
1. The sender translates (encodes) information
into words, symbols, or pictures, and passes it
to the receiver through some medium (channel).
2. The receiver then receives the message,
retranslates (decodes) it into a message
that is hopefully the same as what the sender
intended.
THE MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
THE EARLIER MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
ARISTOTLE'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

SENDER OR SPEAKER MESSAGE RECEIVER OR LISTENER

SHANNON-WEAVER'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Information
Source Transmitter Reception Destination
SENDER ENCODER CHANNEL DECODER RECEIVER

NOISE
FEEDBACK

SCHRAMM'S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

Field of experience Field of experience

SOURCE Encoder SIGNAL Decoder DESTI-
NATION

MESSAGE
Encoder Decoder
k
ac

k
ac
db

db

Interpreter Interpreter
Fee

Fee

Decoder Encoder
MESSAGE
THE MODERN MODELS OF COMMUNICATION by Adler and Rodman (2011) from their
book Understanding Human Communication
LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
– Communication has occurred when a SENDER CHANNEL RECEIVER
message has been sent or received.
Key Features Pros Cons
• One way communication • Good at audience • Communication is not
• Used for mass persuasion and propaganda continuous as no concept of
communication setting feedback
• Senders send message and • Intentional results • No way to know if
receivers only receive communication was effective
• No feedback
• Concept noise
INTERACTIVE MODEL OF COMMUNICATION SENDER CHANNEL RECEIVER
– Communication is a two-way process RECEIVER CHANNEL SENDER
where there is a conversation loop.
Key Features Pros Cons
• Used for new • Feedback even in mass • Feedback can take a very
communications like internet communication long time
• Slower feedbacks in turns • New communication • Sender and receiver might
• Concept of field of channels not know who the other
experience person is
• Known as convergence model
• Communication becomes
linear if receiver does not
respond
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
– We cannot NOT communicate. In a SENDER/ CHANNEL RECEIVER/
dialogue, roles are often switched between RECEIVER SENDER
communicators.
Key Features Pros Cons
• Used for interpersonal • Simultaneous and instant • Encourages non-verbal
communication feedback communication
• Senders and receivers • No discrimination between • More noise due to
interchange roles sender and receiver communicators talking at
• Sim ultaneous feedback the same time
• Context of environment and
noise
• Feedback is taken as a new
message
 TYPES AND ELEMENTS OF
Communication
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
SPEAKER
– also known as the sender, he/she chooses his/her purpose, crafts the message accordingly,
and decides how to deliver it
– source of information
RECEIVER
– also known as the listener or audience, they are the ones who receive the message.
– it is said that even if the Speaker is great and the message is beautiful, if there is no Listener
or the Listener is not paying attention, then communication fails.
– they are the ones who respond and give feedback
MESSAGE
– the message is made up of the ideas and feeling that sender-receivers want to share. This is
what needs to be delivered or imparted to somebody else
– the message to be sent is based on WHY the speaker wants to say it, WHAT the speaker
wants to say, and HOW the Speaker wants to say it.
– all our communication messages are made up of two kinds of symbols: verbal and nonverbal.
– id eas and feelings can be communicated only if they are represented by symbols. A symbol is
something that stands for something else (e.g., roses express love).
CHANNEL
– the means by which the message is sent. The five senses are the channels we usually use.
– the channel is the route traveled by a message.
– we are familiar with the channels of radio, television, CDs, newspapers, and magazines in the
mass media.
– other channels communicate nonverbal messages. For example, when a person goes to apply
for a job, she uses several nonverbal signals to send out a positive message: a firm handshake
(touch), appropriate clothing (sight), and respectful voice (sound). The senses are the
channels through which the speaker is sending a message.
CONTEXT
– refers to the interrelated conditions of communication which affect how people understand
the message. It is classified into five types:
• Physical context
• Social context
• Psychological context
• Cultural context
• Cultural context
NOISE
– also called interference
– can be external (a physical sound) or internal (a mental disturbance)
 4 Kinds of Noise
• Physiological noise
• Physical Noise
• Psychological Noise
• Semantic Noise
FEEDBACK
– the interaction or response of the listener
2 Kinds of Feedback
• Positive Feedback
• Negative Feedback
RESPONSE
– the result of monitoring by the Speaker of the Listener’s Response
– feedback is vital to communication because it lets the participants see whether ideas and
feelings have been shared in the way they were intended.
SETTING
– the environment in which the communication occurs
– has 2 components: the physical location and psychological setting
– formal settings lend themselves to formal presentations. An auditorium, for example, is good
for giving speeches and presentations, but not very good for conversation.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
– involves the use of language and words for the purpose of passing on the intended message
– communication in the form of spoken words only
– can be in the spoken or the written form
Written Communication
• involves any kind of exchange of information in the written form. For example, emails,
texts, letters, reports, SMS, posts on social media platforms, documents, handbooks,
posters, flyers, etc.
Oral Communication
• employs the spoken word, either direct or indirect as a communication channel. This
verbal communication could be made in a channel that passed information in only one
form i.e. sound.
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
– messages are relayed without the transmission of words
– messages are wordless
– mainly aids verbal communication by supplementing it with gestures, body language, symbols,
and expressions
Paralanguage
• The “how” of saying something. It is NOT about what is said.
• Ex. Saying “I love you” with an angry tone is a contradictory message.
Symbols
• The use of things to convey a message or feeling.
• Ex. Giving flowers symbolizes love, appreciation, belongingness, etc.
 Colors
• The use of colors based on the meaning of each color.
Chronemics
• The language of time
• The use of time as a basis on daily routines
• “Body Clock”
Proxemics
• The language of space
• The use of space to show importance, power, or position
• Ex. The CEO has the biggest office in the build ing.
Haptics
• The language of touch
• The use of touch to express what cannot be said.
Gestures
• The most often used type of Non-verbal communication.
• Examples:
◦ Emphasizing – “YES!” (fist pounding the table)
◦ Regulating – “shhhh” (forefinger in front of the lips)
◦ Illustrating – “this large” (hands set apart)
◦ Emblems – clenched fist upraised

Facial Expression
• The configuration of eyes, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, nose, and forehead to show how the
person feels.
• Assists the Listener in understanding the message better.
Posture and Appearance
• The way one carries and dresses oneself.
• How one stands or sits in Communicative Situations tells the people around how one
sees oneself as a Speaker, one’s attitude toward the Message, and how one looks at
the Listener.

Intercultural
CULTURE
Communication
– is a unique combination of rituals, relig ious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that
unify a group of people

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
– is a form of communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social
groups
– is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally
appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different relig ious,
social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds
INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE
– enables a communicator to understand and interact with other cultures by apply ing attitudes
and values, and understanding interaction skills
– entails acceptance of and respect for one’s cultural identity and open-mindedness and
sensitivity to others

4 BASIC BEHAVIORS OF INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE

DISPLAY OF RESPECT
• Respect simply means seeing the value of other cultures regardless of their difference
from your own culture.
• When you engage in communication, always respond without judgment, and avoid actions
that may be easily interpreted negatively.
ORIENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE
• Considering the context behind a person’s message is another essential behavior. The
orientation of the communicator’s knowledge is not always the same.
• When this orientation varies, it may result in misunderstanding. Thus, you must determine
the context which shapes the person’s thinking and behavior.
EMPATHY
• You empathize when you put yourself in another person’s shoes and try to feel how they
feel. Empathy aids in build ing trust and establishing connections with people from other
cultures.
• It is essential for effective communication so that you can see the perspective of the
other person and know why they think the way they do
TOLERANCE OF AMBIGUITY
• Tolerance refers to openness to differences, while ambiguity means confusion. In
intercultural communication, difficulty and conflict are inevitable. However, to show
intercultural competence, tolerance for ambiguity is encouraged to avoid hostility and
anger.
• It is a way of showing that you are respectful, accepting, and appreciative of the diversity
and difference of your culture and that of others.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURES
INDIVIDUALISTIC VS. COLLECTIVIST
INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES
• Value individual freedom; place “I”
before “We”
• Value independence
• Value directness and clarity
• Examples: USA, Australia, Great
Britain
COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
• Value the group over the individual;
place “We” before “I”
• Value commitment to family, tribe,
and clan
• Value cooperation over competition
• Examples: Venezuela, Mexico, Taiwan,
Thailand, Philippines
 MONOCHRONIC VS. POLYCHRONIC
MONOCHRONIC/ON-TIME CULTURES
• Compartmentalize time
• Say they can waste or save time
• Separate work and social time, task
and relational time
• Examples: North America, Northern
Europe, Japan, Korea
POLYCHRONIC/SOMETIMES CULTURES
• Factor in time as one element of a larger
context
• Value social relationships and time
considerations together
• Orchestrate family and social
responsibilities and task dimensions
• Examples: Latin America, Middle East,
Africa, France, Philippines

UNCERTAINTY-ACCEPTING VS. UNCERTAINTY-REJECTING

UNCERTAINTY-ACCEPTING CULTURES UNCERTAINTY-REJECTING CULTURES
• Are willing to take risks • Are threatened by ideas and people from
• Avoid rules, seek flexibility, and reject outside
hierarchy • Establish formal rules for behavior; prefer
• Value individual opinion, general stability, hierarchy, and structure
principles, and common sense • Embrace written rules, regulations, and
• Examples: Denmark, Great Britain, rituals
Germany, and the USA • Examples: Japan, Indonesia, France, Spain,
Greece, Argentina

BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

ETHNOCENTRISM
– the belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups/cultures. In
ethnocentrism, you use your own culture as the measure that others are expected to
meet; cultural relativism is the belief that another culture should be judged by its own
context rather than measured against your culture.
STEREOTYPING
– a generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture.
PREJUDICE
– a negative attitude toward a group of people just because they are who they are.
 FUNCTIONS OF
Communication
FUNCTIONS
– refer to how people use language for different purposes
– also refers to how language is affected by different times, places, and situations used to control
the behavior of people and regulate the nature and amount of activities people engage in.
REGULATION AND CONTROL
• Means being able to use language, gestures, and emotions to manage individual or group
activities
• Example: A parent telling a child not to misbehave and a traffic officer signaling the stop
and go of vehicles
SOCIAL INTERACTION
• Is the most obvious and most often used
• Is by which we exchange ideas and information with one another, or even just to enjoy each
other’s company
• Example: Greeting teachers, catching up with friends
MOTIVATION
• The formation of specific goals, feedback on progress toward the goals, and reinforcement
of desired behavior all stimulate motivation and require communication
• Example: Assuring a friend that she can achieve her goals, encouraging a nervous friend
about to participate in a contest
INFORMATION
• Provides the information that one needs to make decisions by transmitting the data to
id entify and evaluate the alternative choices
• Example: NDRRMC gives the public data about current geographical news, fault lines, and
proper safety measures for when earthquakes hit
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION
• Provides a release for the emotional expression of feelings and for the fulfillment of social
needs (appealing to the listener’s feelings)
• Example: Venting out to a friend about a problem, a man proposes to his long-time
girlfriend
TYPES OF

Speech Contexts
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH CONTEXT
• Number of communicators • Relationship of the • Immediacy of exchange
• Physical proximity communicators • Context
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXTS
INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
– an internal dialog with oneself. The person communicates to himself/herself, often with the
purpose of clarifying something and analyzing ideas.
– is commonly known as engaging in “self-talk”.
Examples
• Daydreaming,
• Sense-making
• Making personal journals
• Writing entries in a diary
• Analyzing which part of the test was too difficult
• Reflecting on the essence of Christmas
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
A. DYADIC COMMUNICATION
– involves two participants who may share their roles as speaker and receiver alternately.
Examples
• Job interview
• Talking to a friend over the telephone or in person
• Conversation with a priest
B. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION
– involves 3-15 participants, with a common goal to shared ideas and arrive at a decision.
Examples
• Discussion-groups
• Panel
• Board meetings
• Brainstorming with groupmates
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
– involves a large group, with a speaker engaging in a public dialog with an audience.
– is usually formal, with a speech often well-prepared.
Examples
• State of the Nation Address
• Political campaigns
• Protest rallies
MASS COMMUNICATION
– involves professional communicators using technology to disseminate information.
– is carried out through the use of mass media technology.
Examples
• News reports through television by broadcasters
• News reports printed via newspapers
 TYPE OF NUMBER OF PHYSICAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE IMMEDIACY OF CONTEXT
SPEECH COMMUNICATORS PROXIMITY COMMUNICATORS EXCHANGE
CONTEXT
Intrapersonal 1 Close Personal Real-Time Face-to-face
Dyadic 2 Close Personal or Impersonal Real-Time or Face-to-face
Delayed or Mediated
Small Group 3-10 or 5-15 Close Personal or Impersonal Real-Time Face-to-face
or Mediated
Public Large Group Distant Impersonal Real-Time Face-to-face
Mass Large Group Distant Impersonal Real-Time or Mediated
Taped-Delay

Speech Styles
– the form of language that the speaker uses which is characterized by the degree of formality

FROZEN
– a formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be archaic.
– exemplified by prayers by prayers that have been recited in the same way for years
– the readers or the hearers are not permitted to give questions to the speaker.
EXAMPLES
• The Pledge of Allegiance or Panatang Makabayan.
• The Oath of Office of any officer, whether of the Student, the Council, or of congress
• The preamble of the Philippine Constitution
• Reading the Miranda Rights to an arrested criminal

FORMAL
– used only for imparting information to medium or large groups.
– speech is well-organized and correct in grammar and diction.
– technical vocabulary and exact definitions are important in the formal style.
EXAMPLES
• Job Interview
• Academic Papers
• Prestig ious Ceremonies

CONSULTATIVE
– informative; most operational among other styles, this speech style is used in semi-formal
communication and may happen in two-way participation most of the time.
– The speaker does not usually plan what he wants to say and sentences tend to be shorter and
spontaneous.
 EXAMPLES
• doctor-patient conversation
• teacher-student conference
• lawyer-client conversation

CASUAL
– used among friends and acquaintances that do not require background information.
use of slang; interruptions occur often
– there are no social barriers; the relationship between speaker and hearer is close.
1. Ellipsis (omission) like “Thanks” 2. Slang which is a prime indication of in-group
(casual) from “Thank you” (formal). relationships like chicks, boylets, GG, girl, besh, and bro.
EXAMPLES
• casual conversations with friends, family members
• chats, phone calls, and messages

INTIMATE
– non-public speech that uses private vocabulary and includes nonverbal messages.
– Jargon is commonly associated with the intimate style. (This is also the secret language between
people of the same profession or orientation and could not be understood by those who are not
in the same group)
– usually occurs among people who have known each other for a long time and have shared many
experiences.
EXAMPLES
• boyfriend/girlfriend love conversations
• best friend about deepest & darkest problems
• serious family conversations

Communicative Strategies
– are plans, ways, or means of sharing information adopted to achieve a particular social,
political, psychological, or linguistic response.

NOMINATION
• This is the beginning of all conversations.
• It simply means initiating a topic for conversation.
• This is a response to the usual question: What should I say?
• Difficulty in choosing a topic usually occurs when we talk to strangers.
• In topic nomination, it is best to choose a topic that both parties are familiar with.

TOPIC RESTRICTION
• It is a process by which a speaker constrains the response/reaction within a certain set of
categories.
• Usually, topic restrictions can be identified with questions which have dichotomous responses.
• Ex: Yes/No Questions, True/False Questions
TURN-TAKING
• It refers to the alternating pattern of interaction among speakers.
TURN-GETTING
• This is done when a speaker simply wishes to say something. Common phrases used are:
“Excuse me, but did you say…?” or “as you pointed out…”
TURN-KEEPING
• The speaker wishes to hold on to his/her turn. Speakers usually make use of connectors
such as: moreover, furthermore, also, etc.
TURN-YIELDING
• The speaker gives up his/her turn. This is done so that others may be given the chance
to talk as well.
TURN-ACCEPTING
• Speakers take alternate roles in speaking. A speaker may choose the next speaker by
either naming him or by establishing eye contact. A next speaker can also “self-select”
him/herself.

TOPIC CONTROL
• This is concerned with the speaker being able to steer the conversation into the direction
that he/she wants to take.
• Steering the conversation into a certain direction is continuous until another speaker
interrupts the conversation flow.

TOPIC SHIFTING
• These are points in the conversation when the speaker moves from one topic to another.
• Topic shifts occur when the topic gets a little boring or when one of the participants of the
conversation have little or no knowledge or interest about the topic being discussed.

REPAIR
• Repair happens when the speaker self-corrects or corrects what others have said.
• Repair can also refer to the act of “checking” what the participants of the conversation
may or may have not understood.

TERMINATION
• This refers to the end of conversation using verbal or nonverbal signals.
• Termination or end of a conversation does not come abruptly.
PRE-TERMINATION SITUATIONS
1. Finalizing arrangements or details
2. Introducing a new topic which the other person may not respond to
3. Referring to the orig inal purpose of the conversation
4. Referring to what previously was said in the conversation
5. Leaving other person with well-wishes such as “send my regard to your friends.”
Principles of Speech Writing
& Delivery
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING
1ST PRINCIPLE: ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE
In analyzing your audience, consider these:
• Demographic Data
• Feelings toward the topic and knowledge about it
• Psychological Make-up
• Physical Setting
2ND PRINCIPLE: CHOOSING A TOPIC
In choosing a topic, you must consider these guidelines:
• The topic must be timely/relevant
• It should be personally interesting to you as a speak
• It must be intellig ible to the listeners
3RD PRINCIPLE: SOURCING THE INFORMATION
In writing your speech, you need to do these things:
• Look for facts, statistical figures, and other relevant pieces of information to
support your main points
• Identify the purpose of your speech
4TH PRINCIPLE: OUTLINING AND ORGANIZING THE SPEECH CONTEXT
KINDS OF OUTLINES
Chronological Spatial/Geographical
– historical/time approach e.g past-future – going from one place to another
Cause and Effect Topical
– involves discussion on the cause and – divides topics into subtopics based
effect of an issue on importance or interest value

Writing the Introduction (Stating the Idea)

• Asking a rhetorical question–one that does not need an outright answer from the audience
• Citing a biblical passage or a quotation
• Singing the first few lines of a song or reciting a famous poetic passage
• Telling an anecdote or a humorous story
• Using narrative material taken from newspapers, television, newscasts, talk shows, etc.

Writing the Body (Develop the Idea)

The body provid es details or supports for each of the main points you previewed in the
introduction. To develop the idea you can use:
• Examples to illustrate
 • Reiterations of the main idea
• Statistics
• Comparisons
• Testimonies of experts
• Interim summaries as transitions

Writing the Conclusion (Restating the Idea)

The includes a summary of the main points discussed, cite quotations, repeat lines you used to
open your talk, etc. For an effective conclusion, state:
• A quote
• A reference to the opening
• Urging action

PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

1ST PRINCIPLE: ARTICULATION
• It includes both the utterance of words or pronunciation and the clarity of speech
sounds or enunciation
2ND PRINCIPLE: MODULATION
• Modulation refers to how one uses one’s voice in speaking
Pitch Pace
– refers to the highness or lowness of a – also called rate
voice – the speed of a speaker’s utterance
– slowness and fastness of voice
Power
– the vocal energy or intensity exerted by
a speaker
– refers to the softness or loudness of
voice
3RD PRINCIPLE: STAGE PRESENCE
• The ability of the speaker to command the attention of the audience
• To achieve stage presence, you have to take the stage confidently and deliver the
speech wholeheartedly
4TH PRINCIPLE: FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, GESTURES, AND MOVEMENTS
• The coordination of verbal and nonverbal messages is essential to successfully deliver
the message of the speech
Facial Expressions Movements
– reveal the speaker’s emotions and signal – the act of moving from one spot to
to the audience the interpretation of another during delivery
the given message – signals transition from one idea to the
next
Gestures
– purposeful movements of the head,
arms, hands, and other parts of the
body
 5TH PRINCIPLE: RAPPORT WITH THE AUDIENCE
• Build ing rapport means engaging with the audience and connecting with them
○ Make regular eye contact
○ Speak naturally and with conviction
○ Relate with the audience

6TH PRINCIPLE: THE AUDIENCE

• When creating a speech (or adapting to something you have written to turn it into
a speech), it is important that you understand the audience to whom you will be
speaking
7TH PRINCIPLE: THE LANGUAGE
• How you craft your speech’s overall message, the language (formal vs. informal) you
use, the word choice you select, and the details you provide

Speech Types
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE AND DELIVERY
Types of Speech According to Purpose
SPEAKING TO INFORM (INFORMATIVE/EXPOSITORY SPEECH)
• Speaker explains the topic to the audience, helps people understand something, and shows
them how to do something.
• Structurally, it begins with a favorable attention in order to catch the interest of the
listeners, followed by the classification step which will inform or clarify the subject matter
to the listening audience.
• The purpose includes imparting knowledge, clarifying information, and securing
understanding.
SPEAKING TO PERSUADE (PERSUASIVE SPEECH)
• To speak persuasively is to sell an idea to the audience, to promote a specific product, to
convince them to take action, to think, act, and believe in what the speaker wants them
to.
• In persuasive speaking, one should be:
○ factual, by speaking truthfully and avoid ing half truths and lies
○ specific, by making sure claims are supported
○ reliable, by establishing integrity and competence to talk about the topic

SPEAKING TO ENTERTAIN (ENTERTAINING SPEECH)

• Entertaining speeches are usually short but such that give the audience an enjoyable
experience, leave the audience with a favorable impression, and amuse the audience
through humor, stories, or illustrations.
• The after dinner speech is a typical example of an entertaining speech.
• In entertaining speech, one should be:
○ optimistic, by keeping a positive tone throughout the speech
○ uncomplicated, by keep it lig ht and on point without being wordy
○ lively, so as to hold audience’s interest throughout the speech
Types of Speech According to DeLIVERY
IMPROMPTU
• involves very little or no preparation or practice time
• on-the-spot speech
• Quick formula for delivering an impromptu speech:
○ Point- start your speech by making a clear point about the subject
○ Reason- explain why you are speaking on the topic
○ Example- give a few examples to bring life to your story
○ Point- end with a conclusion that wraps up the speech

EXTEMPORANEOUS
• involves quick preparation and a little practice
• conversational in style
• allows speakers to use notes while speaking
• means having limited preparation based on prior knowledge and orig inal analysis
• points to remember in delivering an extemporaneous speech:
○ Practice using notes.
○ Do not memorize but be very familiar with the expression and flow of id eas.
○ Rehearse aloud at least 6 times.
○ Edit your notes.
○ Memorize certain key elements of your talk:

> the opening

> the transition from the opening to the first point
> every important transition that follows
> the conclusion
MANUSCRIPT READING
• involves writing a presentation word-for-word and reading it to the audience
• used when a speaker needs to be very precise in what he or she says
• reading to an audience from a paper script or teleprompter
• involves reading a speech verbatim and is typically used when there is time constraint or
the speech is telecast
MEMORIZED
• writing a presentation word-for-word and reciting the presentation from the memory
• used for shorter presentations such as delivering a toast
• useful when the message needs to be exact and the speaker does not want to be confined
by notes.