POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING —__ JAS Tordillo, MME,32 FUELS AND COMBUSTION PEE ‘A. Solid Fuels (Principal component: Carbon, C) Coal, coke, wood, charcoal, bagasse, coconut shells and husks, briquetted fuels) B. Liquid Fuels (Principal component: Hydrocarbon, CHa) Se lcohol, kerosene, diesel, bunker, other fuel oils C. Gaseous Fuels (Principal component: Hydrocarbon, CsHn) Natural gas, producer gas, bast furnace gas, lquifed petroleum gas (LPG), methane, ethane, acetylene, propane ‘Three methods of classifying coals (adopted in US since 1827): 4. Classification by Rank ‘> degree of metamorphism, or progressive alteration, in the natural series from lignite to anthracite "> probably the most universally applicable method of classification, in which cols are arranged according to fixed carbon content and calorific value, in BTU, cclculated on the mineral-matier-ree basis. Classification of coals by rank: 1 Anthracite 1, Bituminous. 1, Sub-bituminous W. ignite 2. Classification by Grade > qually determined by size designation, caloric value, ash, ash-softening ‘temperature, and sulfur. 3. Classification by Type or Variety ‘> determines by the nature of the original plant material and subsequent alteration thereat ‘Three varieties of coal in the high-volatile C bituminous group: 1, agglomerating and nonweatherng 2. agglomerating and weathering 3, nonagglomerating and nonweathering Moist BTU -> refers to coal containing its natural bed moisture but not incluing visible water on the surface ofthe cos. 1. Vertical firing > although an early method, sil is used extensively, but with all the secondary ait admitted around the burner nozzle so that it mixes quickly with the ‘coal primarily air mixture from the bumer nozzle. 2 impact firing -> a form of vertical fring, consists of burners located in an arch tow in the furnace or in the side walls and directed toward the furnace door, with high POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLA velocities of both primary and secondary ai. This ing-ype furnace: ing > employs a turbulent bu ‘ezzie within 2 housing provided with adjustable val or rear wall, This type of oumer is euited to high oa 4, Comer or Tangential fring > is charactorze ‘of the furnace and directed tangent to 3 the furnace. This type of fring is suited to etter and medium or high-volatle coals, and itis cap Note: Wet-bottom construction generally is cho fusion characteristics, whereas dry bottom cf fusion coals Coke > is the soi, intusible, celtlar heated. in the absence of ar, above decomposition of the cosls ccaurs. High (average practice, 928 0 1037 °C). Low below 704°C. The residue, made trom 8 Wood Fuel may come to the boller ple bark, sawdust, or shavings. The major wood seldom contains less than 123% wane 110 7%. There are three general metnos fn an inctined grate, (2). In suspension. fat grates, Charcoal > the only carbon for sie Prehistoric times up to eighteenth ‘Combustion of wood at about 400°C about 31 kgs. per m? and softwood) 14% volatile and 2% moisture Is « charcoal ranges from 25,531 to 32s Straw, Paper, and Miscellaneous! heat in a furnace firebox, ofr with a lash point below 377°C Be into into four classes: (1). viscous residuums obtained = distilates derived directly oF ‘and weathered crude pets fuels, which are mixture of te Gasoline > as a refines Use as a carburetant in use, is mixture of hydrocs standard method of testvelocities of both primary and secondary air. This type of fring is used es \wet-bottam or slagging-type furnace. ‘3. Horizontal firing -> employs a turbulent burner, which consists of a circular nozzle within a housing provided with adjustable valves, the unt being located infront ‘or rear wall This type of burner is suited to high capacity and dry bottom furnaces. 4. Comer or Tangential firing > is characterized by burners located in each corner Of the furnace and directed tangent to a horizontal. imaginary circle in the micsle of the furnace. This type of fring ie sulted fo ether wet or dry bottom furnace operation ‘and medium or high-volate coals, and itis capable of extremely high capacities Note: Wet-bottom construction generally is chosen for low grade coals that have low fusion characteristics, whereas dry bottom construction often is selected for high fusion coals. Coke + is the solid, infusible, celular residue left after fusible bituminous coals are heated, in the absence of air, above temperatures at which active thermal ecomposition of the coals occurs, High temperature ranges from 815 to 1083 °C (average practice, 926 to 1037 °C). Low temperature coke is formed at temperatures Below 704°C. The residue, made from a noncooking coal, is known as char. Wood Fuel > may come to the boller plant inthe form of cordwood, slabs, edging, bark, sawdust, or shavings, The major variable in wood is moisture content, ‘air dred ‘wood seldom contains less than 12% water, whereas kiln dried usually contains from vo 7% There are three genetal methads in burning wood fuels: (1.) in moving bea on an incined grate, (2). In Suspension, as in spreader stokers, or (3). in ples on fat grates. Charcoal > the only carbon for steel making and other metal smelting from prehistoric times up to eightaenth century. Charcoal is produced by partial Combustion of wood at about 400°C and with limited ai. Hardwood chareoal weighs ‘Sbout 31 kgs. pet m? and softwood charcoal about 28 kgs. perm? The maximum of {4% volatie and 2% moisture is customerly established The heating value of ‘charcoal ranges from 25,531 to 32,498 kkg. Straw, Paper, and Miscellaneous Waste Fuels > also classified as solid fuels. TRIN PUL ee Fuel Olls > any liquid or iquefiable petroleum products burned for the generation of heat in a furnace firebox, of for the generation of power in an engine, exciusive of cls ‘wth a figsh point below 37.7°C by the Tag closed tester. Fuel ols in common use fall into into four classes: (1). Residuals olls, which are topped crude pelvoleums or Viscous residuums obtained In refinery operations; (2). Distllate fuel is, which are fes derived directly or indrecty from crude petroleum; (3). Crude petroleums ‘and weathered crude petroleums of reatvely low commercial valve; and (4) blended fuels, which are mixture of two or more ofthe preceding classes, Gasoline > as a refined petroleum naptha which by its composition is suitable for tise a8 a carburetant in intemal combustion engines. Motor gasoline for automotive Use, is mixture of hydrocarbons distiling in the range of 37.7°C to 2044°C by the Standard method of test. The hydrocarbons belong chemically to four principal3-4 FUELS AND COMBUSTION classes’ paraffins, olefins, naphtenes, and aromatics. Gasoline ordinanly graded by ‘olailty and antknock value, oF octane number. Kerosene > 2 petroleum distilate having a flash point not below 22.6 °C as determined by the Abel tester. Alcohol the alcohol most frequently used considered as fuel for internal combustion engines is ethiy alcoho sometimes called grain alcohol. Its modern chemical name is ethano! ( C:H:OH). Two other alcohols thal have been used 2s fuel are methanol and isopropanol, which are also called mathly alcohol and isoprohy leona, Coal Tar and Tar Oll_ > is 2 prosuct of the destructive distillation of bituminous coal carried cut at high temperature Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) > are mixtures of hydrocarbons liquefied under preseure for efficient transportation: storage and use. Diese! fuel olls > refiners grade fuels broadly according to methods of production (1) Ostilate fuels are produced by cistlaton of crudes, (2). Residual fuels, are those Jeft alter the cistilation process, (3) blended fuels, are mixtures of straight aistilate fuels with cracked fuel stacks. GASEOUS FUELS -> gaseous fuels commonly used in industry. whether distributed ‘by public utes or produced in isolated plants, are composed cf one or more simple gases in varying proportions > crude oils are trequenty described as “parainic, ‘naphthenic’, or ‘mixed based” ‘Two broad types of olls are in use 4. Straight olls > are produced entrely rom the orudes chosen through elimination cof undesired constituents by sutable refining processes. 2, Additive olls > are produced by adding to straight mineral ols certain ol-soluble compounds that enhance the lubricating cil properties for use in a diesel engine ISAE three types of lubricating ols: 4, Regular type > suitable for moderate operating concitions. 2 Premium type > having oxidation stabilly and bearing corrosive-preventive propertias making lt generally suilabe for more severe service than regular-duty ype. 5B Heavy duty type > has oxcition stabilty, bearing corresion-preventive properties, ‘and detergent dispersant characteristics for use under heavy-duty service concitons, ‘A. Proximace analysis - analysis of the composition of fuel which gives, on mass basis, the relaive amounts of masture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLA Ultimate (chemical) analysis - analysis ofthe c mass basis, the relative amounts of carbon, hydra and moisture. TA Speci Gravity of @ Liquid = Specific Gravity ofa Lig = Speiifie Gravity of a Gas = Desi of Gos Density of A Instruments used for measuring specific “> Hyarometer, pyonometer, wesiphal API and Baume Gravity Units: SAP ole soaisee *Baume = 2 _ 19 Seesee Specific gravity at temperature't, 86, SGisec[t - 0.0007(t- 1585 PETS ERT Higher heating value (gross calorie. the water in the products of co Lower heating value (net calorific water in the products of combustion Instruments used in measuring ‘Oxygen bomb calorimeter. for Gas calorimeter. for gaseous ete ‘A. Dulong’s formula, used fors , = 33,820 + 144,212) B. ASME formula, for p = 41,190 + 1388POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 3-5 .B, Ultimate (chemical) analysis - analysis of the composition of fuel which gives, on mass basis, the relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash and moisture Specific Gravity of a Liquid = Densty of iat Densiy of Wate ‘Speéific Gravity of a Gas = Densiv of Gas erat of Ar Instruments used for measuring specific gravity: ‘> Hyarometer, pyonometer, westphal balance [API and Baume Gravity Units: capt = lS. inns (forpetroleum products ce (for petroleum products) paume =! - Seenere (for brine) Specific gravity at temperature t, applying correction factor: 8G = SGisee[t - 0.0007(t- 15.)] Higher heating value (gross calorific value) > the heating value obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in he quid state, Lower heating value (net calorific value) -> the healing value obtained when the ‘water in tre products of combustion is inthe vapor state Instruments used in measuring the heating value of fuels: ‘Oxygen bomb calorimeter: for solic And quis fuels Gas calorimeter. for gaseous fuels Frormulas of Calculating Heating Value: ‘A. Dulong's formula, used for slid fuels of known ultimate analysis: ©, = 33,620 + 144212(H-2) + 99048 klkg B, ASME formula, for petroleum products: y= 41,190 + 199.6 (AP) Kk3:6 FUELS AND COMBUSTION. . Bureau of Standards Formula: Q 51,716 - 8,793.8 (SG) kikg Difference between higher and lower heating value Gy = (Hi \2442) where: Hz = 26 - 15(SG), % fa. Viscosity ™ Viscosity resistance to flow or the property which resists shearing ofthe lubricant ‘Absolute viscosity > viscosity whichis determined by direct measurement of shear resistance Kinematic viscosity > absolute viscosity divided bythe density Viscosity index > the ate at which viscosity changes with temperature Units of Viscosity A. Absolute viscosity tjem =) Ba Dyna 200 1 poise = PM2=88° = 0.1 Pasec = B. Kinematic Viscosity: ‘stoke = 1% = 0.001 milsec Viscosimeter > an instrument, consisting of siandard otfice, used for measuring viscosiy (im SSU and SSF) SSU (Saybolt Second Universal) > number of seconds required for 60 mi of oil (at 37.59%) to pass through a standard orifice ‘SSF (Saybolt Second Furol) > unit used for very viscous liquids using 2 relstvely larger orice 1 centistoke = 0,308(SSU -26) 62SSF"= 660SSU POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PL Flash Point > the temperature at which oil gi ‘when ignited Fire Point > the temperature at which oll g when ignited Pour point > the temperature at which of temperature at which of wil solity Dropping Point > the temperature at which Cloud Point » temperature at which the p Conradson number (carbon residue) carbonaceous residue remaining afer d Octane number > the ignition quality ‘volume of so-octane in a mixture if isooct in ant-knock quality ‘Cetane number > the ignition quality in the standard fuel ‘Combustion > chemical reaction & by heat and light ‘Theoretical air also termed 25 needed forthe complete combustion ‘Theoretical alr-fuel ratio > the ‘combustion reaction, of ai needed! Theo AF ratio = a kg ‘Actual air-fuel ratio > theo ‘Actual AIF rato = Theo: Percent Excess Air: %% excess air (e %) =uring il at tvely POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 37 (cE ET Flash Point > the temperature at which oil gives off vapor that burns temporary ‘when ignited Fire Point “> the temperature at which oil gives off vapor that bums continuously ‘when ignited Pour point > the temperature at which oll will no longer pour freely or the temperature at which ol wl soliiy Dropping Point > the temperature at which grease melts Cloud Point > temperature at which the paraffin elements separate from oil Conradson number (carbon residue) > the percentage by weight of the carbonaceous residue remaining afer destrucive distilation ‘Octane number > the ignition quality rating of gasoline, which is the percentage by ‘volume of iso-octane in a mixture if is0-octane and heptane that matches the gasoline Inant-knock qual Cetane number > the ignition quality rating of diese, which isthe percent of catane in the standard fu Combustion > chemical reaction, between fuel and oxygen, which is accompanied by heat and light ‘Theoretical air > also termed as stoichiometric ai, isthe minimum amount of ait needed forthe complete combustion of fel Theoretical air-fuel ratio > the exact theoretical amount, as determined trom the ‘combustion reaction, of ait needed fo burn a unit amount of fue, kg air per kg fuel Theo AF ratio = Tat. ig akg ful ‘Actual air-fuel ratio % theoretical air-fuel rat plus excess ait ‘Actual A/F ratio = Theo AVF ratio + (e)Theo AVF ratio. Percent Excess Air: ctl AIF — Theoretical A/F "Taree AIF % excess aire %) x100FUELS AND COMBUSTION Pr a fuel with known chemical formula: Fuel + dir 2 Products of Combustion A. Theoretical balance of hydrocarbon fuel: Fiat 5 Priduts of Combustion a st Cotta +O; + x(8.78) Ns yCDs + 2H:O + x (876) Ne B. Actual balance with excess air, e: Qo GoHin + x(1 + 6}02 + x(1 +0N3.76) Ne Ploaues ct Combuston i D yCOr + ZH: + x(1 +0)(3.76) Ns + x(@)02 ¥ and z represents thé number of moles percentage excess air (ane mya m2 Methods of balancing simple chemical react! 41. Number of moles of fuel should be set fo 1 2. Balance CO: with C, fom the hydrocarbon fue. 3. Balance H:O with Ha, rom the hydrocarbon fue 4. Balance Os rom the products using CO» and HO. Important facts in balancing chemical reactions: 1, Moial analysis is volumetric analysis, 2 Air by volume consists of 21% Oxygen and 78% Nitrogen, thus there are 3.76 mols Of Ne per mol of O;, 3. Osis only 23.2% and Nitrogen is 76.8% by mass of air. 4 Molecular weight of air, M= 28.97 kg air per mol of ar. eT Theo AF = 1150 + 34 Molecular Weights: C=12 Ne=28 He=2 Sees There are 20 kg of fue gases formed per fuel oil CssHee What isthe excess air inp 20.17 C28 © 1658 08: Sova fo he ert ail te Cully + 18505 + 1050076" is + 30.79 1 arta ssosassne? Meee ine) ~ "a Achsl NF = 2019 ue gee - thy Theo AE se Excess aie = Actual A/F: — PES ‘A fuel has the folowing volumatics CH, = 68% Cite ‘Assume complete combustion mam ‘and 27°C dry bulb. Whats the A962 81281 Combustion reaction with CHs + 032 Cite + 24805 = 313260, + 23210 = Combustion reaction with 15% CHa + 032CaMe + 1.1502 > CO; +232H,0 + = otal mols in products of 1:32 +292 + 10725_ POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 3-9 SOLVED PROBLEMS: “Tete are 20kg of fue gases formed per ka of ue oi bued inthe combustion of @ ate Cotiy Whats te exo a h pent? Root Cer b i056 Seat Soving for he theoretical uel rato Gutta + 1850: + 185(870)Ms = 1200; + 19140 + 18519 76Ns theo ar = 185 + 1856.76) Actual A/F’ — Thooretical A/F ‘Theoretical A/F x 100 x 100 26.87% Anpurer: c.2867 TESS ‘A fuel has the following volumetric analysis: CH, = 68% Cit, = 32% ‘Assume complete combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 kPa, 21°C wet bulb ‘and 27°C dry bulb. What isthe partial pressure ofthe water vapor in KPa? A962 6.1728 B 1281 D 1504 ‘Combustion reaction with theoretical air CH. + 032 Cate + 2.4802 + 2-48(3.76) Ne 9 132COr + 232 H.0 + 248(376) Ne ‘Combustion reaction with 15% excess ait CH. + 0.32 CaMo + 115(2.48) Os + 1,15(2-48)(3.76) Ne COs + 2.32 Hs0 + 1.15(2.48N3.76) No + 0.15(2.48) O2 “Total mols in products of combustion: = 132 +232 + 10723 + 0372 = 14.735 mols3-10 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Answer: 0.16.94 Ta rs Adie of fuel to produce one kanr? APIOS ©. P1069 B PLO D.P1.00 Solving for density at 15.6°C: Mis "APL = = 1318 8 SGus= Density at 156°C = 0.887(1) = 0.887 kg ‘Solving for density at 28°C: SG, = SGru{t - 0.0007(t- 15.611 Sone = O8tm) = Cours. 156) = 08To Deny at26°6 = 87H) = C87D%ah! pre peri = = Pez0perIg Cost Per kw.hr 3930 kw hr al i = POS per kw-hr Answer: A. P1068 TES ‘A gaseous fuel mixture has a mola analysis Hy = 14% CH. = 3% CO = 27% Oz = 06% CO; = 45%N2 = 50.9% Determine the theoretical a A213, C1233 B. 3.230 DB 1130 | electric plant supplies energy for Meralco, During a 24-hour period. the plant Consumed 200 gallons of fuel at 28°C and produced 3990 kwh. Industrial fuel used | 28 °API and was purchased at P5.50 per liter at 15. 6°C. What should be the cost 200 gai, 37854 li, 0879 kg , P20 ks {el rato for complete combustion on molal basis, (Chemical reaction with Oxygen 14H, + 0.070 O» OSC. + 0.060 O: = 003 027CO + 0.135 0: = 0271 0.2650, 4 from foe 10.258 0; from ae T moi a sro ft Theo. AF 4.233 Answer C. 1.233 ND COMBUSTION, “The following is an analysis of C= G8 M26 N= 16 Hf burned in a bole, the coal Co= 12 CO =08 ‘The refuse contains 0.008 ial percentage excess air used A 458% B 498% Theo NF = 11.66 + = 115078) = 10278 ka Nain product = 100 = Total kg in products Wom. Bm kg prod 30. Eibared ae a col aeeas ae POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENC CCherical reaction with Oxygen: 14H, + 0.070 Or = 0.14 HO 003CH. + 0.060 O2 = 0.0300, + 0.06 H:0 027CO + 9135 0 = 02760, 02650; 0,006.0; from fuelitseit 0.2590; from ar 0.259 + 0.2593.76) T mols. aie ‘mot fue! Theo. AF 1.203 Answer: C1233 DESERTS ‘The faliowing is an analysis of coal in percent: C=7 G=6 S41 He=6 Ni=16 Ash =.94 {Mtburned in a boiler, the coal produces the following Orsat analysis in percent CO;= 12 CO =01 O =85 ‘The refuse contains 0.008 kg of carbon per kg of coal burned. Determine the percentage excess air used A 45.8% C. 48.5% B 498% D. 75% Theo AF = tise + 245(4-9) + 43s pees - 298) + 43000% 8 {006 - SS) (001 10.278 kg aicperkg coal 11.5(074) + Nein product = 100 - 12-01 - 65 = 81.4% by volume Total kg in products = 0.12(44) + 0.001(28) + 0.065(32) + 0.814(28) 528 + 0028 + 208 + 22.702 30.18 koN, _ 2279 oe Goumed _ 9740.08 = 0.732 eg coal Cin prod ae pee 0.0481 kg * 3013.67 * 301K235)3-2 FUELS AND COMBUSTION Note: 1kg C + 267K9 14g C + 1.3390, 367 kg CO: 233 kg CO pe ee eal Na supplied 5.218 15,218(07552) = 11.493 = 14.965 Note: Ns is 76.8% by weight in air 14:965—10 ons Percentage of Excess Air = = 455% Answer A. 45.6% TEE When 1 mol of carbon with 1 inal oxygen: ‘A. Zmols carbon dioxide Cf mol carbon and 1 mol COs 1 mol carbon dioxide . 4 mol carbon monoxide 10 +10; =.1.C0; Answer: _B, 1 mol carbon dioxide TEEN {A steam generator burrs fuel ol that has the following chemical analysis by mass in C=853 He=141 S=05 N= 04 ‘Combustion fakes place in 125 percent in theoretical ir. The flue gases leave the air presheater at 0.17 Mpa. What is the parial pressure of the stack gases to avoid Condensation in kPa? Take molecular weight ofthe fue gases 0s 28 6 A 1985 c i793 Bits ©. 1420 Converting the given mass analysis to molal analysis Componeni Mass Analysis ‘Moin Analysig a 853 85/12 = 7.108 f 141 14172 = 7,050 s 05 osis2 = 0018 te 0128 =_0.004 7 a POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLA ‘Combustion reaction with 125% theoretical air: 7.A0BC + 7.050 Hs + 0.016 S + 0.004 Na + 1.254 7.108 CO; +7.050H.0 + 0.01880; * Total mols in products = 7108 + 7.050 + 85.59 mols 1080 Paria Pressure 0) = (2050 0 = Answer 6. 17.93 TESS ‘fuel ol is burned with 50% excess air the wet products at a pressure of 102 KPav is burned at the rate of 45 kgirin? fue ol are similar to those of Ci Hox A 1871 c 8 3525 . Combustion reaction with 50% excess Se Cratlg + 1.50(18.5) Os + 1.50 (185) D 1200; + 131.0 + 1508 L085) + 1.50085) mols ‘mol fuel 132.05(28.97) 1202) + 2640) 1209 ‘Amount of wet products Solving forthe gas constant af Components No_ of Mois COs 2 H:0 8 Ne 10434 oe 925 73883 3979.52 1859POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 3-33 Combustion reaction with 125% theoretical ar T.AOBC + 7.050 H; + 0,016 $ + 0.004 Ns + 1.25(101.649) Or + 1.25 (10,649) (3.76) Ne D 7.108.CO; + 7.050H:0 + 0.01880; + 50.054N: + 0.25(10.649) 02 Total mols in products = 7.108 + 7.050 + 0016 + 50.054 + 2.662 66.89 mols (7.050 ) Paria Pressure Ho) = (255) 170 = 17.92KPe Answer 0.17.93 FUELS AND COMBUSTION ‘A fuel ol is burned with £0% excess air. What isthe volume rate of fow in m°/min of the wet products at @ pressure of 102 KPa and a temperature of 350°C when the fuel 's burned atthe rate of 45 kgimin? Assume that the combustion requirements of the {us ol are similar to those of C:sHs» A 1871 c. 2462 B 3526 © 4563, ‘Combustion reaction with 50% excess ait Crate + 1.50 (18.5) O2 + 1.50 (18.5) 3.76) Nz 3 1200; + 13,0 + 1150 (185) (3.76) Ne + 0.60(18.5) 0; Ar _ 150085) + 13018) 3.79 Fuel 7 = 190.09 Moist imal fuel 152092897). 99g, KOA i202) + 2a) ig tel Amount of wet products = 2251 +1 = 2351 Aa t a fuel = 28.5145) = 1050 kaimin Solving fer the gas constant ofthe wet products Components No.of Mo's No. ofka ‘COr 2 (i2xag 528.09 H:0 3 13x18 234,00 Ne 10434 104.34x28= 2,921.52 o 925 926%32 = _396.00 738.58 3,670.52 3979.52 = 28713-14 FUELS AND COMBUSTION 83143 . 0.2896 2871 ‘Solving forthe volume flow of the wet products: Pv = mRT. t02V = 1058 (0.2896)350 + 273) Vo = 1.871 m'fmin Ansurer A. 1871 TEES ‘A test run using this coal showed a dry products of combustion analysis by volume of nitrogen equals 82.5%, molecular weight of 30 kg fue gas per mol dy fle gas, and the weight of this dry flue gas is 15.03 kg per kg of coal. The actual ash-pit sample ‘was 0.15 kg per kg of coal, of which 20% was carbon. What s the percentage excess air supplied to the fuel combustion in percent? A 456% © 5112 8 6088 D. 7241 Consider an ultimate analysis the same as thet given in Bd. Exam Apri 1995, as follows C= 0.28% S = 1% Ho = 6¥Ne = 16% Ash = 94% Treoar = 1156 +345(H - 2) +438 + 1151074) + 245 (005-28) + 43,001) = 10.278 kg air perkg coal Nz supplied = 45.03(0,77) = 11.573 Ar_supplied _ 11.573. 15959 Wgcod 0768 (Note: Nois 76.8% by weight in air) Percent excess air = [S278 = 45.61% T0278 Answer A. 4861 POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLA TEESE What is the percent theoretical air for a combust ‘combustion gas analysis are known as follows: Fuel. % by volume CO, = 124% He = 22% CO = 27%. Ne = 58.4% Combustion gas: % by volume CO; = 245% Ne = 74.4% 0; = 1.0% aw ©. 116 B 121 128 Combustion Reaction with Theoretical A 0.424CO: + 0.27CO + 0.022, + 0.584Ne 3 0384C0, + 0.22H,0 + O584N> + 0 Combustion Reaction with Excess Air 0.126CO, + 02700 + 0.022H,+0,584Ns «(9 > 039460; + 0.22H,0 + O584N: * 0 Expressing the percentage of oxygen in the ore 0.186 0304 + OSks + 01463.76) x= 01 Percent Theoretical Air = 1 +01 Anouer AM TEST Find the air-fuel ratio for a combustion: A B19 ‘Theoretical combustion zezction Citta + 12.502 + 12.5(278)Ne > 2.45 DES TEST It metnane is completely bumes ATS 5 376 Fue!+Air > Products of =cof and me POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANTENGINEERING 3-15 PESTO \What is the percent theoretical air for a combustion process to which the fuel and combustion gas analysis are known as follows: Fuel % by volume 12.4% 22% CO = 27% 584% Combustion gas: % by volume (CO; = 246% Ny = 74.4% Or = 10% Aut e168 B 121 8. 128 Combustion Reaction with Theoretical Air O.124CO; + O27CO +.0,022H, + O.584Ns + 0.1460, + 0.145(3.76)N2 039460, + 0.22H,0 + O584N: + 0.146(3.76)Ne Combustion Reaction with Excess Air (0.124C0, +.0:27CO + 0.022H,;+0 SB4N> + (1 + x)0.1460s + (1 + x)(0-146)(3 76)N2 > 0.36400; + 022H:0 + OSE4N> + 0,146(3.78)(1 + x)Ne + x(0.145)02 Expressing the percentage of exygen in the products excluding the water: tore eee ac NO art He sts 0304 + 584 + 01463.76) (140) + O.146x x= om Peroent Theoretical Air = 1+ O11 = 1.41 = 111% Angers AM TRUSTEES Find the eirfuel rato for 2 combustion process to which the fuel is Cots A 20 17 B19 B15 ‘Theoretical combustion zezction Gibis + 12.50; + 125(2.78)N> > GCO2 +9H,0 + 12.5(8.70)Nz ESTEE ‘completely burns, find the percent methane is regen in the products.3:16 FUELS AND COMBUSTION CHe + 20; + 2(3.75) Np D COs + 24:0 +2(8.76) Ns Percent Nein the products of combustion = eS = 147% * cae Aniwer A 1.8% SETS Methane is burned completely with 25% excess a Compute the number of moles of ritrogen in the products of combustion per mole of fuel A 12 C94 B7 os Combustion reaction with theoretical ai GH, + 203 +2(8.78)N2 > COs +2H:0 + 213.76)N: Combustion reaction with 25% excess air. GH + 1.25(2}02 + 1.25(2N3.76)N2 > COs +2H:0 + 1.25(2)(9.76)No + 025 (2)02 Number of moles of Nz in products per mole fuel = 125 (24376) = 94 Answer 6.94 TEES u Aggaseous mixture of methane (CH), ethane (C:He) and propane (C:Hs) has partial pressures respectively of 95 kPa, 108 kPa and 60 kPa. Whatis the mass percentage ff methane inthe mixture? A 2817 4501 B. 22.12 0. 3806 Volumetric analysis: Che = sertines = 098 Cite = sarin = O42 Cite = Sh = 020 Molecular Weights: CH= 16 Cite= 30 Cie = 44 Mass Analysis: - Component [Val | Val x MW [Mass Mass Ferceriage Analysis Analysis, Ce 038 | 0s8x16 _| 6.08 Cg Aa = 22.1 CiHe 042, 04230] 1260 | 12.627.48 = 45.05%. CsHe 020 [020x44[a.00 880/27 48 = 32.02% POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PL Mass percentage of Methane (CH) Answer B. 22.42 TESTES Calculate the heating value of coal having the Bulong's formula. ‘Carbon 75%, hydrogen 6%, oxygen 6% Water 1.5%, ash 8%. A. 150,450 Btullo cx 5. 13.630 Biull ©. a= 145000 + 2000(H-°) + gos 06 @ = 14:500(0.75) +-62.000{ 005-925 @ = 13,630 stub Anpuree: 8. 19,630 8tulb DEE [AL 25°AP|specife gravy, what a A 192245 8 252252 Qh = 41,130 + 1396 (’API) 44130 + 138.626) = 48 wou, 4820 (oss a Answer: & 19,2285 TES The analysis i of a products with atmospheric ar s 3s CO_=12%, ‘Compute the % theoretical A 100% 5 113% Combustion reaction wit Git + 4.850; + 4653. ‘> 01260; + 000% ‘Combustion reaction wat Gite + 4.65(1 + 390: = 301200; + 0.0075 25POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING a7 Mass peroentage of Methane (CH.) = $2 = 22.12% Answer B. 22.42 FUELS AND COMBUSTION - 15 Calculate the heating valve of coal having the faliowing composition by weight using DBulong's forma Carbon 75%. hydrogen 5%, oxygen 6%, nitrogen 1.5%, sulfur 3% Water 1.5%, ash 8% A. 150,450 Btls ©. 12840 stub 8 13630 Btu D. 14580 But a esice +e2ceo(H-2) +48 Bum 0.06) s @ = 14.500(0.75) +62.000{ 008 o + 4,000 0.03) 3.630 Stull Answer: B. 13,830 Btu DES ‘At2S°AP| specific gravity, what s the heating value of olin Btufb? ‘A 19,2285 ©. 44,620, 25,2252 0. 46,420 , = 41,130 +1398 °AP)) 41.130 + 139.6 (25) = 44.620 ida Q, = 44620 M1, BY, HD = 192045 Be ig 1s". cy Anger A 19,2265 PES “The analysis is of a products of combustion-on a dry basis, when CsHss was burnes with atmospheric aris as follows: G0:=12%, CO=O.75% 02= 3.01%, Ns Compute the % theoretical used for combustion, A 100% ©. 121% B 113% D. 21% Combustion reaction wth theoretical air Gilg + 4.6502 + 4.85(8.78)N2 "> 0 12C0,; + 0.0075 CO + 0.03010; + 0.8424N2 + SH:O + 4.65(3.76)Ne 84.28%, Combustion reaction wth excess air Cathe + 4.65(1 +1902 + 4.85(1 + 2)3.76)Ne 301200; + 0.0075 CO + 0.02010;+0.8424N:+9H.O+4.65(1*%),3.76)Nz *4.65(x)02Expressing the percentage of oxygen in the products excluding water (00301 + 4.65(2), THHOSR TOG +a) + HES) 132 0301 = “The fuel has @ chemical formula of CHa with 1 ir n kg per mass of kg fue, A172 c 2s 8 198 De 3-18 FUELS AND COMBUSTION 0.132 = 1.132 = 113.2% Percentage Theoretic! air Answer B. 113% ‘Theoretical Combustion Reaction: CH, +20, +2(3.76)N2 > COs + 24:0 + TPN ears cn © theo = ETHIE) ggg MEER \Whatis the specie gravity ofan oll which has a Baume reading of 28 degrees? nol Fu A 0215 2 B 0886 5 ove Actua Ai-Fuel rato wit 15% excess a= F peruat 4 = 252015102897) 9 A jo Baume = 2 = 130 F* “10n+ 40) si Anger 8.198 TIES If CHa fuel for air combustion and using A193 c: a23 a | One Kmal of CsHss is burned with 100% air containing 25 Kmol of O;, Determine the | __ Theoretical Combustion of air and fast air-fuel ratio for this combustion process, | 3027 kg airkg fue! ©. 25:72 kg airkg fuel Cit, + 3.50; +3.5(3.76)N2 > B, 35.72 kg airkg fue! 1B. 45007 kg aickg fuel tres’ = 2525070 ams T F A _ 166(1.20)(2897) moter Posh Actual t= a | Molecular weight of CeHys = £(12) + 18(1) = 114 Teorstical At = HEB - yp mete PO Aner 18 Theoretical A& = 119 Mea y BRB = 20.24 Hate DET te Find the air fuel ratio, in kg air Answer: &. 30.27 kg alrlkg fuel ici wi 208 eee ie SS eRe os sank ices eli cae cing orcssaregaioh ene asta B 0% 5. 120% ee re Excess Air = 120-100 = 20% Shaw ona Answer AB. 20% Anwwer: _ B. 185POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 3-19 DEES “The fuel has a chemical formula of CH, with 15% excess air. Find the actual mass of ‘ir n kg per mass of kg fuel A172 cms B 198 D259 ‘Theoretical Combustion Reaction: CHL + 20 +2(3.76)N2 D CO; + 24:0 + 2(3.76)Ne A_ 242076) mols air me kana a wat faal ‘Actual Ai-Fuel aio with 15% excess ar vpetuat 4 = 22GASNGBIT) 5 kg air wenial'p = yaa 4a) > 1 ig fuel Anwwer 8. 198 EEE Cabs fue! for air combustion and using 20% excess air. Determine the air-fuel ratio, A i193 € 259 8213 D303 ‘Theoretical Combustion of air and fuel: Cie +35 02 +3.5(3.76)No 20: +3H:0 + 9:5(9.76)N> 4 35435070) nol ir ea T ‘ol Fuel A _ 166601202897) ee Actuals = “aes o)~ 199 ig fuel Anpwer A183 PES Find the alr fue ratio, in kg air per kg fuel, for a combustion process to which the fuel is Coto with 20% excess air A157 © 197 6 185 D208 Fuel Air = Products of combustion Cats + 105+ x(3.76)Nz yCO: + 2H:0 +x(3.73)Ne GiHn + 130; + 13(3.78)No BECO; *10H20 + 13(8.78)Ns APE song arma Answer B. 1883-20 FUELS AND COMBUSTION TIPS EUSTCNEET ‘A mixture of 14 7 psia and 68°F that is 30% by weight COs and 70% by weight Nz has ®8 partial pressure of COs in psa that s nearest to: A214 C883 5 315 D 7.88 100 kg of gas mixture: Mass Mot 30kg 30/40 = 0882.mol TOKg 70/28 = 25 mol Nr = 3:182:mol Anwwer _B. 318 DESNETEUSEES Given gaseous fuel CsH1s and the volumetric products of combustion’ 185%, No = 85%, Os= 14%, Determine the air-fuel rato, ©. 201 D. 240 From actual reaction: 100 mols of dy gas: ACsHis + B(Os + S6TNs) = 10.01 CO; + 0.85CO+ BEN: + 4.140; + CHO Niogen Balance 3.78 (2)B = 85(2) B= 26 Carbon Balance: (8) = 10.01 + 085 A= 1.3575 220443762891 49, Ha ‘fetal RYE = este RO] gl Answer: 6. 204 TES composition by weight using 1 Dulong formula: Carbon, 77%; hydrogen, 4%; oxygen, 7%; nitrogen, 2%; siflur, 2%; water, 1%; ash.7% 10.2205 © 125125 B 11,5505 ©. 13,1825 @ = 145006 + 62.000(1 - 2) + 40005 = 14,5000 77) +82,000(0.08- £2") + 4000002) = 19,1025 Btu Anpwer _D. 131825 Calculate the heating value of coal in Btu per Ib-28 received having the following POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PL Two ka-mol of octane are burned with stochiomel ‘is formed inthe products i the combustion is come A 16 kg-mot C. 15kqam B25 kg-mol D. 18ko-m 20H in + 2502 + 25(3.76)N2 > 16002 + 1 Meme = 18 kgmo! Angier: _D. 18 kgsmol aa EET ‘Meth! alcohol (CHsOH) is burned with 20% in ke-mcloxygeng-mottel val thre be ‘complete A030 c. 058 B15 ©. 030 ‘Combustion Reaction with Theoretical Air CHIOH + (1.5)0;+ 15(3.76)N; > COs+ ‘Combustion Reaction wth 20% Excess Alc [CHSOH + (1 6)(1.2)0 + 1.5(1.23 76M > MG = 0.20(1.5) = 0.30 kgmol Oskgmat Answer _D. 0.30 PESOS Dodecane is burned at constant ‘ratio for this process? AR B44 ‘Combustion Reaction with Theoretcs! Cratos + (18.5)02 + (18 5)3.78)Ns > ‘Combustion Reaction with 120% Cartas + (144.2K18.5)02 + (141 20 ‘patria = 6.33POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING ESSENSE ‘Two kg-mol of octane are burned with stoichiometric amount of air. How much water is formed in the products if te combustion is complete? A. 16 kg-mol ©, 15kg-mol B. 25kg-mol B18 kg-mol ‘2CoHie + 2502 + 25(3.76)Np > 16CO2 + 18H,0 + 25(3.76)No : Micm = 18 kare! Anyuer: _D. 18kg-mol TESS ‘Methy! alcohol (CH.OH) is burned with 20% excess air. How much unburned oxygen in kg-mokoxygen/kg-moluel wil there be in the products if the combustion is ‘complete? A030 ¢.0s0 B15 D. 030 Combustion Reaction with Theoretical Air CHSOH + (1.5)02* 1.5(3.78)Ns > COs +2H:0 + (1.5)(3.76)No Combustion Reaction with 20% Excess Alc GHSOH + (1 6}(,2)02* 1.5(1.2)(3.76)Ne COs + 2H:0 + (1.5)1.2)(3.76)N2 +(020)1.5)0: ‘Mes = 0,20(1.5) = 0.30 kgmol Oz/kgmmol fuel Answer: _D. TEES Dodecane is burned at constant pressure wih 120% excess air. What is the air-fuel ratio for this process? Az co 33 Baa 0.55 ‘Combustion Reaction with Theoretical Air Crate + (18:5)02 + (18.5N3.76)Ne D> 1260; + 134:0 + (18.5)(3.76)N> ‘Combustion Reaction with 120% Excess Air. Caos + (141.2)18.5)02 + (144.2)(18.5)3.70N2 3 1260; + 13H,0 + (11.2)(18.5)3.76)N2 + (1.2K18.5)0; 3a942711059076) metas 7 = 193.732 Serpe 01 kg airtig fuel 4 = 193.732 Anpuer 6.33a2 FUELS AND COMBUSTION POWER AND INDUSTRIAL ENTE 18.97 kg aig fue! : Find the partial pressures in KPa of oxygen in atmospheric air of 100 KPa which aoe Contains by weight 23.1% oxygen and 76 9% nitrogen A208 © 208 8 1513 D278 Vor = 2 = 7.218% 107 : Yh 02748 TI a “The pressure and temperature of a mixture ig ae | _and. 27°C. The gas constants of hydrogen fespectvely. Calculate the partial pressure: "AND. Calculate the amount of air in kg necessary for combustion of 1kg of octane (CiHie) win 30% excess air ' A148 ©. 1515 B 168 D 19.65 Pes = (<2), Cote + (12.5)O2 + (12.5)3.76N2 > (B)COr + (BHO + (12.5)3.76N: os) on ' Poo = (Tirases ge Betusee Poo = Tit kPa mae S85G Answer DTA HE = gaara 7 15-12 h9 aha uel FUELS AND COMBUS ‘A gaseous mixture of methane Bieter e IAL pressures of 85, 100, and 60 Ks eee ee ee Tee methane. TEE A 215% PESO ee Actual AF = 15.12 (1.30) = 19.656 kg akg fuel Calculate the mass in kg of the combustion products of 20 kg diesel fuel oil (CrsHss) with 30% excess air mm = A 1492 ©. 2007 B 1998 D. 300.4 Crass + (25°5)02 + (29.5)3.76N2 > (16002 + (15)H:0 + (23.5)3.76Ne E Mon = Desay Crea + (28.5)1.30)02 + (23.5)(1.30)9.76N- tn a D> (16)CO: + (15)H:0 + (23.5).20)3.70Ns + (23.5)0.90)02 ote Pee 148418 = 18.97 kg aickg fuel-OWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING PAE = 18.97 kg aekg fl tu = 3794%9 0 Mass of combustion products = me + my ‘3794 +20 308.4 ke Anpwer: 0. 3994 EPAPSSENTEED “The pressure and temperature of @ mixture of equal masses of hyérogen are 120 kPa and 27°C. The gas constants of hydrogen and oxygen are 4,125 and 0.2598 kiikg fespectively. Calculate the partial pressure of oxygen in KPa, ATTA c. 953 B 258 D.74t Gea TEPPER ‘A gaseous mixture of methane (CH), ethane (CaHe), and propane (CsH), have partial pressures of 85, 100, and 60 KPa respectively. Calculate the mass percentage of frethane. A 215% 8 3253-24 FUELS AND COMBUSTION thmom = caarpaeemaia ” 0102 = 194% Answer: _D. 19.4% TESTERS Calculate the molecular weight of a gaseous mixture that has the following volumetric lysis: oxygen, 40, carbon dioxide, 40%, nitrogen, 20% aa © 32 Bu ©. 36 MW = 0.40(0;) + 0.40(CO:) + 0.204%) MW = 0.40(32) + 0.40(44) + 0.20(28) ‘A mixture composed of 60% carbon dioxide and 40% helium by volume analysis is ‘contained at 0.500 MPa. What is the partial pressure in KPa of the helium in this mixture? A500 ©. 300 B. 400 B. 200 Pu = (2H) Pr = 040(800) = 20% TEE ‘The composition of a mixture of gases is 60% carton dioxide, 20% axygen and 20% helium by volume. What is the apparent molecular weight ofthis mixture? A. 39.3 kghkgmol C. 387 kg/kgmot B. 31.6 kghkgmol B. 338 kg/kgmol M = (0.60)C03 + (0.20)0, + (0.20) M = (0.60)44) + (0.202) + (0.20\4) M = 33.6 kgikgmol Answer: _D. 33.6 kgikgmol DEST oD ‘A mixture contains 4 moles of oxygen, 8 moles of Nitrogen, and 5 moles of carbon Gloxide at 100°C and 225 kPa. The partial pressure of oxygen is most nearly A 90KPa ©. 225 kPa 8 75KPa ©. Okra POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PL Pa (2 p-(;-$ 5 ]a9-10 raPOWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING 3.25 } Pa =(22 (=a )9 = 00 ra