CLC / CAPSTONE RESEARCH LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Research Review
APA citation of article:
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Watson, C. J., Carignan‐Guillemette, L., Turcotte, C., Maire, V.,
& Proulx, R. (2020). Ecological and economic benefits of low‐
intensity urban lawn management. Journal of Applied Ecology,
57(2), 436-446.
Lerman, S. B., & Contosta, A. R. (2019). Lawn mowing
frequency and its effects on biogenic and anthropogenic carbon
dioxide emissions. Landscape and urban planning, 182, 114-
123.
Driga, A. M., & Drigas, A. S. (2019). Climate Change 101: How
Everyday Activities Contribute to the Ever-Growing Issue. Int. J.
Recent Contributions Eng. Sci. IT, 7(1), 22-31.
Saidani, M., & Kim, H. (2021). Quantification of the
environmental and economic benefits of the electrification of
lawn mowers on the US residential market. The International
Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 26(6), 1267-1284.
Saidani, M., Pan, Z., Kim, H., Wattonville, J., Greenlee, A.,
Retrieved from (website address):
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/
10.1111/1365-2664.13542
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
S0169204618304080
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Athanasios-Drigas/
publication/
332029427_Climate_Change_101_How_Everyday_Activ
ities_Contribute_to_the_Ever-Growing_Issue/links/
5c9b9997a6fdccd4603f1910/Climate-Change-101-How-
Everyday-Activities-Contribute-to-the-Ever-Growing-
Issue.pdf
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-021-
01917-x
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/
Notes from article (summarized in YOUR OWN WORDS):
 If urban areas decrease mowing their lawns from
15 to 10 times per year they would cut costs by
36%.
 In 2018, CAD $860,200 was put into eastern
urban areas of Canada.
 Lawns dominate green spaces, particularly in
residential areas, reaching 163,000 km2 in
residential areas.
 Mowing time might be shorter when using a
rideable mower, rideable mowers emit more than
four times as much CO2 compared to a push
mower.
 Due to the absorption of carbon dioxide, the
oceans are acidifying. Every year the amount of
carbon dioxide absorbed by oceans is increasing
by 2 billion tons.
 Overall, transport makes up for 26% of earth’s
carbon dioxide emissions.
 In the US, 426 million metric tons of CO2 are
emitted from landfills every year.
 Gasoline-powered lawn mowers are emitting 30
million tons of pollutants yearly.
 A reduction of 49.9% and 32.3% of CO2
emissions since electric powered lawn mowers
were introduced.
 Different types of lawn mowers (autonomous,

Shannon, T., ... & Cluzel, F. (2021). Comparative life cycle
assessment and costing of an autonomous lawn mowing
system with human-operated alternatives: Implication for
sustainable design improvements. International Journal of
Sustainable Engineering, 14(4), 704-724.
Alamoush, A. S., Ballini, F., & Ölçer, A. I. (2020). Ports'
technical and operational measures to reduce greenhouse gas
emission and improve energy efficiency: A review. Marine
Pollution Bulletin, 160, 111508.
CLC / CAPSTONE RESEARCH LITERATURE REVIEW
10.1080/19397038.2021.1919785
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/
S0025326X20306263
electric, and gasoline powered)
 Chart of expected costs of the types of mowers.
 Chart of greenhouse gas emmissions (by the
home owner for 10 years)
 This article’s future plans to cut down on
greenhouse gas emissions of 80% by 2050.
 Stratagies of how to reduce emission rates.
 Map of implemented greenhouse gas reduction
measures.