DISS 1st Activity Sheets Student

KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Bliss Road, Kalayaan Village, Pasay City

2023-2024
DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
Mastery of the Topic 15 pts.
Delivery and Presentation of the Topic 15 pts
Instructional Material 10 pts
Cooperation 10 pts
GROUP 1 Total 50 pts
Anthropology is the study of humans; the social science that seeks to understand human origins and adaptation, and
the diversity of cultures and worldviews. The term anthropology comes from the Greek words anthropos (human) and
logos (study). This etymology relates to the scope of anthropology as a discipline, which includes everything about
humans – from their biological and evolutionary past, to ways of life and traditions that they uphold.
The Development of Anthropology
In order to trace the history of anthropology as a discipline, one must consider two historical events – the rise of the
empires and states and the dawn of colonialism and imperialism – that made a significant impact on the rise of
scholars who built the theoretical and methodological foundations of this field of study.
Important Personalities in Anthropology
Edward Burnett Tylor
Tylor (1832–1917) is regarded as the Father of Cultural Anthropology. He defined anthropology as the “science of
culture,” which was the first time that culture had been declared as an object of study. He argued that just like any
topic of science, culture could be objectively studied with proper methodology and theoretical framework. He said
that “culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is a complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, morals, law,custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
Lewis Henry Morgan
Morgan (1818–1881) was a lawyer by training and profession, who became fascinated with the land disputes
between the United States government and the American Indian people as the Iroquois. What defined Morgan’s
career as an anthropologist was his success in documenting the kinship system of the Iroquois.
Franz Boas
Boas (1858–1942) was one of the key figures who did not use science to justify racism. In his evolutionary stance on
societal development, he argued that culture is not a by-product of a human group’s physical characteristics, but of
social learning affected by the various factors like environment and history. This argument became the foundation of
human variation analysis that is based on cultural differences, a far cry from the biological deterministic framework of
the evolutionists.
Anthropology was developed as a discipline in response to the sociocultural shifts and issues that transpired when
people of various backgrounds came in contact with one another. As the discipline progressed, various approaches in
understanding society were used by its practitioners. Today, anthropology remains relevant as it attempts to address
contemporary issues for the general public.
2023-2024
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
GROUP 2 Delivery and Presentation of the Topic 15 pts
Cooperation 10 pts
Total 50 pts
Economics
is a social science discipline that deals with the optimum allocation of scarce resources among its alternatives to
satisfy the unlimited human wants and needs of the people. Economics was first conceived as the study of the
allocation of resources within the household level. Its origin could be traced back to two ancient Greek words: oikos
(house) and nomos (custom or law), referring to the rules implemented in the household to ensure its efficient
management. Such idea allowed for the inquiry of small-scale interactions among economic factors, which in turn
formed the microeconomic approach.
Fields of Economics
Microeconomics – focuses on small-scale market interactions that transpire between individuals consisting of
business firms and households.
Macroeconomics – focuses on analyzing the determinants of national income. This approach allows for the
aggregation of individual responses and behavior within market systems.
Mainstream economics – focuses on understanding the interconnections between the concepts of rationality,
individualism, and equilibrium.
Heterodox economics – It focuses on the interconnection of concepts like institutions, history, and social structure.
Economic Theory – an umbrella term that refers to the explanation and understanding of the processes and
interactions related to the production and consumption of goods within a market system.
Applied Economics – utilizes economic theories and formulas to real-world scenarios with the goal of predicting
possible events that would affect the individuals within the economic system.
Positive Economics – viewed as the descriptive form of economics wherein its chief aim is to describe and explain
economic phenomena and behavior.
Normative Economics – is often associated with welfare economics, as it is focused on providing explanations and
arguments on how economic policies should be.
The discipline of economics was conceived to address the shift in production and distribution of goods, as mechanized
factories were instituted as replacement for basic manual labor by the turn of the century. The issues and challenges
of this shift centered on topics like labor cost, values in production, price shifts and production processes. The
subdisciplines of economics are guided by the theoretical approaches that range from highly macro perspective to a
micro perspective.
2023-2024
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
Cooperation 10 pts
Geography Total 50 pts
is the study of the earth’s surface; a specialized investigation of the physical structure of the earth, including its terrain
and its climates, and the nature and character of its contrasting inhabited portions. The word geography comes from
the Greek word “geo” (earth, land or ground) and “graphia” (to write, an art, or a study). The combination of the two
words provides an elementary definition of geography, which is the study of describing the earth. This study also
accounts for the people living in it and their interactions with the environment. As an academic discipline, geography
seeks to answer old questions such as “Where am I in this world?” or “Where am I in the context of the world?”. As a
social science, geography examines the human or social aspects of these inquiries. Thus, we can say that geography is
an interdisciplinary study that explores the relation between Earth, its human inhabitants, and the changes and
interplay that occurred overtime.
Important Personalities in Geography
Anaximander (610–546 BCE) a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, biologist and astronomer. He is also considered as one
of the first, if not the first, geographer.
Strabo (64–20 BCE) a Greek geographer who coined the term Geographia, which was also the title of his 17-volume
series on geographical studies.
Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) using geometry, he became the first to have calculated accurately the circumference of
Earth.
Ptolemy (100–178 CE) compiled and summarized in Geographike Hyphegesis(Guide to Geography) all known
information of geography of his time. One of his most important contribution to geography was the formulation of
map coordinates by utilizing and developing the concepts of latitude and longitude.
Edrisi an Arab geographer and descendant of Prophet Mohammed, who collected all known geographical information
of his time.
Ibn Battuta (1304-1368 CE) was a Moroccan explorer who published his 30-year journey in his book Rihla (Journey).
He travelled farther and longer than Marco Polo by visiting all the places in the known Muslim world, as well as non-
Muslim lands.
Fields of Geography
Physical geography is a discipline which studies the changes in the natural patterns and processes of Earth’s surface
over time.
Human geography is a discipline which studies the relationship of people, communities and cultures across space and
place.
Integrated geography is a discipline which studies how human activities impact the environment through the analysis
of the shifts in landforms and cycles of natural resources.
Geomatics is a discipline which focuses on the scientific management of geographic data. It involves the
methodology by which data are gathered, processed, stored, and delivered to users using the aid of the latest
computer software and hardware.
Regional Geography is a discipline which focuses on a particular region on the surface of the earth.
The field of geography was developed as a response to the growing curiosity of human groups to understand the
variation in their environment and those people that inhabit them. The interdisciplinary nature of geography allowed
it to collaborate with other disciplines in the social sciences through shared methods and topics. In time when
environmental crises are prevalent and the earth’s surface is experiencing drastic changes due to natural and man-
made causes, Geography all the more finds its relevance as a field of inquiry in the social sciences.
2023-2024
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
Cooperation 10 pts
History Total 50 pts
is the study of the past; it describes /narrates and analyses human activities in the past and the changes that they had
undergone. The word history came from the Greek word historia which means “finding out,” “inquiry,” and
“narrative.” In some interpretations, historia means “knowledge acquired investigation.” The American Historical
Association defines history as “the neverending process whereby people seek to understand the past and its
meaning.” History, in many ways is a way for us to understand ourselves and make sense of the world.
Important Personalities in History
Herodotus (484–425 BCE), a Greek historian, known to be the Father of History. He compiled and systematically,
arranged his collection of works in the Histories (440 BCE). Narrating the events which took place during the Greco-
Persian War, he presented his accounts by providing geographic and ethnographic information, which was in part
provided to him by people he had interviewed.
Thucydides (460–400 BCE), a Greek Philosopher, historian and general. He is known as the Father of Scientific History
as his History of the Peloponnesian War (431 BCE) recounted events, based on evidence and analysis. His works, as he
described it in his introduction, narrated facts without becoming fictional by using gods and deities as reference.
Ban Gu (32–92 CE) was a Chinese historian and poet. He became famous in compiling the Book of Han, which
contained the history of the Han Dynasty. It is regarded as the first work to have covered a single dynasty in
detail.Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) a German historian and founder of the modern study of History. He was the
first to have provided a historical seminar where he elaborated on the methods and techniques in studying history.
Karl Marx (1818–1883) was, among others, a German Philosopher, Economist, and Sociologist. Marx is often referred
to as the Father of Communism. Marx stated in his book The German Ideology his theory on the materialist
conception of history. The principle idea of this theory is that the material conditions or resources determine a
group’s social structure and social order-“it is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but, on
the contrary, their social existence that determines their consciousness.”
Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975) was a British Historian and Philosopher known for his monumental 12-volume work
titled A study of History. In this book, Tonybee narrated the histories of 26 civilizations, describing how they overcame
challenges with the guidance and leadership of an elite group of leaders.
Fields of History
Cultural history focuses on the study of belief systems, customs, social forms,political systems, material traits, and
economic activities of a group or community usually for the purpose of cross comparison with others.
Social history is concerned with the study of particular kinds of phenomena such as family and marriage, adolescence,
and work and leisure through the use of sociological theories and approaches.
Intellectual history looks into the history of ideas and theories. Historiography is one of its primary subfields wherein
the development of schools and approaches are documented.
History is one discipline whose methods and approaches are highly used by practitioners in other disciplines in Social
Sciences, Natural Sciences and Humanities. In earlier times, the value of history was centered in its system of
organizing data relating to significant events. Today, the value of history lies in its ability to provide context in the
trajectory of events and shifts in personalities.
2023-2024
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
GROUP 5
Cooperation 10 pts
Total 50 pts
Linguistics
is the study of language and its structure. Linguistics is interdisciplinary in nature, intersecting with the Humanities
and Social Sciences as it inquires on the basic element that allows societies to communicate ideas across space and
time. The term linguistics was derived from the Latin word “lingua”, which refers to language. Since the late 1500s,
individuals who study language have been called linguists. Linguistics, as a discipline, deals with three principal
components: sound, structure, and meaning. Sound is divided into Phonetics and Phonology.Phonetics, studies
human speech sounds, while Phonology studies the principles governing sound systems of languages. Structure is
divided into Morphology and Syntax. Morphology, studies language structure from its morphic units or root words,
while Syntax studies sentence structure such as grammar. Lastly, meaning is divided into Semantics and Pragmatics.
Semantics studies the logic and meaning of words and phrases, while Pragmatics studies the use of language and its
effects on society.
The Fields of Linguistics
Historical Linguistics, otherwise known as diachronic linguistics, studies how a particular language changed over time.
Sociolinguistics examines how language is used in relation to people’s sociocultural environment. It considers the
following: (1) the social background of the addresser and the addressee; (2) the relationship of the addresser and the
addressee; and (3) the context and manner through which the communication transpired.
Developmental Linguistics analyzes the development of language acquisition, language retention, and language loss
and bilingualism. It studies the development of linguistic ability among children and the stages by which they
gradually come to use language.
Neurolinguistics studies the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information in relation to
language. It investigates how the human brain functions when used in communication and how it uses information to
experiment and elaborate on linguistic and psycholinguistic theories.
Language enables humans to communicate more efficiently so they can collaborate and survive in their environment.
As various forms of languages developed, there was a need to understand and document these languages to promote
cross-cultural dialogues and understanding. With the initial goal of uncovering the historical roots of languages,
Linguistics later transformed to a field studying more complex inquiries on the nexus of human nature and the
development of language.
2023-2024
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
GROUP 6
Cooperation 10 pts
Total 50 pts
Political Science
is the systematic study of politics. It is the study of political power relations, behavior, and activities as well as
systems of government from a domestic, international, and comparative perspective. Traditionally, the study of
political science focuses primarily on the state and its institutions. The contemporary study of political sciences,
however, has a broader and more encompassing approach as it deals with societal, cultural, and psychological factors
that affect the political system.
The term politics is derived from the Greek word politikos which means “of, for, or relating to citizens,” or in
Aristotelian terms, “affairs of the cities.” In the broader sense, politics is the theory and practice of influencing other
people; in the narrow sense, it is the theory or principle of organizing control or governance over a people,
community, or state. The Fields of Political Science
Comparative Politics studies the differences and similarities of the political systems of the world in an empirical
manner. It is not focused on analyzing countries but is more of a method of analysis.
Political Philosophy is the root from which Political Science sprouted from. The most notable concepts in Political
Philosophy include justice, law, rights and government. Political Philosophy as a field of study covers theories from the
ancient past to postmodern thoughts on politics.
Public Law is a field in Political Science which focuses on the legal concerns between the state and the people such
as constitutional law and administrative law.
The discipline of Political Science was conceived due to the need of transparency in the governance of individuals
within a society. Various theorists in this discipline engaged in the production of knowledge and guidelines that could
guide leaders in their governance. Today, Political Science remains relevant as it continues to provide conceptual tools
in understanding the interplay of power and politics among nations and their leaders.
2023-2024
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
GROUP 7
Cooperation 10 pts
Total 50 pts
Psychology
is the scientific study of human behavior and mental process. Psychology is an interdisciplinary study which involves
disciplines in the Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, and even Humanities and Philosophy.The root word of
PSYCHOLOGY comes from the Greek word psyche which means “soul”; hence, Psychology is the study of the soul.
Psychology seeks to answer why the human mind works the way it does and how it functions and operates. Due to
the depth and breadth of these questions, scholars opened up Psychology to partake and accept theories and
principles utilized in other disciplines. Psychologists inquire about concepts related to personality, behavior, cognition,
and perception. The application of Psychology is not simply confined within the treatment of mental health problems
but encompasses even other areas of human activity. Psychology is applied to sports, media, organizational
development, human resources, marketing, law enforcement, and even military warfare.
Fields of Psychology
Biological Psychology studies Psychology from a biological perspective. It examines how thoughts, feelings, and
behavior physically affect human beings or animals.
Behavioral Psychology or behaviorism determines psychological processes through the use of observable data.
Behaviorism is essentially a learning theory as it inquires the developmental aspect of behavior and analyzes
quantitatively the changes that occurred overtime.
Cognitive Psychology analyzes how sensory data are interpreted and are used by the mind to produce behavior. It is a
field focused on how information and knowledge is gained, selected, stored in memory, retrieved, and internally
manipulated.
Social Psychology interprets the behavior of groups in the presence of others. It is the area of Psychology that
inquires on the changes in behavior, emotions,thoughts, and feelings of individuals in a group or as a group, in
relation to other groups or the community.
Psychoanalysis is an area of Psychology that can be philosophical and practical inquiry, such that ideas and concepts
which are metaphysical in nature can only be theorized but not experimented on.
Humanistic Psychology is a field that focuses on how a person can better achieve self-actualization through the
development of his or her abilities. It is a holistic approach to Psychology as it aims to maximize one’s self-awareness
and behavior.
The discipline of psychology progressed from the simple inquiry of reasons behind human actions to the analysis of
the clinical factors that define human behavior, cognition, and consciousness. This progression allowed Psychology to
traverse across the disciplines of the social sciences and the natural sciences. One chief contribution of psychology in
the 21st century society is its capacity to improve the quality of life of individuals through the examination and
betterment of their mental health and general sense of well-being.
2023-2024
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
GROUP 8
Cooperation 10 pts
Total 50 pts
Sociology
is the systematic study of human society. The term sociology was coined by the French Philosopher Auguste Comte,
who is also considered as the Father of Sociology. The term was derived from the French word sociologie which is a
combination of the Greek words socious, which means “companionship” or “friendship,” and the suffix -ology, which
means “the study of.” Thus, sociology is simply defined as “the study of society.” As an academic discipline, sociology
inquires into social behaviour and historical development of social institutions. It makes use of empirical methods to
investigate the different facets and functions of the society. In line with this pursuit, the important aim of Sociology is
to provide an understanding of ourselves and others as members of society. Sociological perspective provides us with
the ability to systematically differentiate and assess fundamental social issues. The definitions of sociology vary
depending on a sociologist’s perspective. Like other disciplines of the social sciences, confining sociology in a strict and
formal definition is still up for debate. Emile Durkheim defined sociology as “the science of social institutions.”
Moreover, Max Weber defined sociology as “the science which attempts the interpretative understanding of social
action in order thereby to arrive at a casual explanation of its course and effects.” On the other hand, Morris Ginsberg
defined the discipline as “the study of human interactions, their conditions and consequences.”
From these definitions, one can deduce that Sociology is an inquiry of the human condition- how individuals live and
interact with society and how that relationship transcends into individual perspectives. Society – including the groups
where we belong and the community we live in – is part and parcel of what defines us.
Important Personalities in Sociology
Auguste Comte
Sociology is the youngest of all social sciences. Developed in 1838 by August Comte in his series of text titled A Course
on Positive Philosophy (1830-1842), wherein his theory aimed to make the structural components of the society
(government, family, and economics) comprehensible through systematic, empirical observation and classification.
Herbert Spencer
The English Social philosopher applied biological concepts into the field of Sociology with his theory of organic
analogy. In his work Principles of Sociology(1876), Spencer compared the development and activity of the society to a
living organism. He said that like organisms, society grows and develops in a gradual process and passes through
stages of complexity. Just as the organs in the body have different purposes, society has institutions that have specific
functions.
Lester F. Ward
He introduced Sociology as an academic discipline in American higher education institutions. Ward theorized that a
society’s progress could be controlled and cannot be simply driven by deterministic forces like evolution.
Emile Durkheim
A French sociologist, social psychologist, and philosopher, who focused his study on the phenomenon of suicide. He
was credited for being one of the founding fathers of modern sociology. His findings suggest that an individual is less
likely to commit suicide when he/she connects more with society.
Max Weber
A German Sociologist is credited for being one of the founding fathers of modern Sociology. Weber’s inquiries
revolved around his idea of social action. For him, Sociology must aim to determine the motivation behind these
actions, and why and how these actions are done.
Karl Marx
A German Sociologist and Philosopher credited for being one of the founding fathers of modern Sociology. For Marx,
the truth about society is not found in abstract ideas or principles but is found instead in the observable and knowable
world.
Fields of Sociology
Human Ecology studies the society in relation with its environment. This discipline also considers how the
environment is affected by society and how it is utilized for production and habitation.
Penology or penal science studies how punishment is conducted on the offending members of the society. As an
interdisciplinary approach between Sociology and Criminology, this field involves laws and the implementation of
policies and procedures.
Sociology of work was historically used as an inquiry into the effects of the Industrial Revolution on societies. Today,
however, this field shifted its inquiry on how individuals, groups, communities, and societies relate to and interact
with different industries.
The field of sociology, in its most basic sense is the study of society. The shifts in the social structures brought about
the French Revolution in the 18th century, created a need to have a scientific discipline that could address the
variance in behavior of humans in groups and organizations. With the advent of new technology and media, the
distance between societies and cultures became smaller. However, interpersonal relationships-considered as the
foundations of society-seemed to dissipate due to these technologies. In the 21st century, sociology brings out the
dysfunctions inevitably associated with the progress of society.
2023-2024
ACTIVITY RUBRICS
GROUP 9
Cooperation 10 pts
Total 50 pts
Demography
is the statistical study of human populations especially with reference to size and density. The term demography
comes from the Greek words demos (people) and graphia (a description of). From this etymology, we may derive that
demography is a study of describing people. As an academic field under Social Sciences, demography is the study of
human populations through the use of statistical analysis and mathematical modelling. Demography describes the
composition of a population according to its basic and socio-economic features. A population’s basic features include
age, sex, family, and household status. On the other hand, the socio-economic features of a population are religion,
language,ethnicity, education, income, and wealth. However, beyond these statistical descriptions is an inquiry on the
causes and effects of population change and what they mean for the future.
Concerns and issues that are researched and studied by demographers range from migration patterns, economic
problems that affect population, birth control, urban and rural congestion, to all other phenomena (spatial and
temporal) that directly or indirectly affect populations.
Fields of Demography
Historical demography is the quantitative study of populations in the past. Historical demographers use, among
others, censuses conducted by governments, historical records, church registries, genealogies, and family trees to
establish an approximation of demographic data.
Social demography uses demographic data to describe and explain social phenomena. It investigates social
phenomena that affect the distribution, growth,migration, and settlement of populations. Social demography also
studies social status distribution within a population.
Demography
is the study of human population and its trends. Demography allows us to study different aspects of people,
communities, and societies across borders. This discipline allows us to track progress, patterns, and trajectories by
providing empirical data of the components that make up society. As human populations continue to grow,
demography can trace and accurately predict movements within communities, regions, and countries. Demographic
data and their resulting analysis enable developers, planners, engineers, and even policy makers to understand and
address the needs of the population.

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KALAYAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Bliss Road, Kalayaan Village, Pasay City

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

The Development of Anthropology

Important Personalities in Anthropology

Edward Burnett Tylor

Lewis Henry Morgan

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Important Personalities in Geography

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Important Personalities in History

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

The Fields of Linguistics

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

Important Personalities in Sociology

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES

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