HANOI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING PHYSICS

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EXPERIMENT REPORT
Physical I – PH1016

Name : Kiều Gia Kiên

ID : 20221318
Class ID : 730364
Class : CTTT- BF-E12 01- K67
Group : 3

HUST
 Experiment Report 1

MEASUREMENT OF BASIC LENGTH

I. PURPOSE
- Calculating and measuring the uncertainties of volume and density of metal hollow
cylinder and the steel ball.

II.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
1. Vernier Caliper
a) Introduction
- The Vernier Caliper is a precision instrument that can
be used measure internal and external distances
extremely accurately.
- The under jaw is for measuring the outside diameter of
object.
- The above jaw is for measuring the inside diameter of object.
- The sliding rule determine the decimal part of measured result in combination with the
caliper precision (∆ ), which is calculated as follow:
1
∆=
N
Where, N is the number of divisions on Vernier scale.
b) How to use a Vernier Caliper
- Preparation to take the measurement, loosen the locking screw and, move the slider to
check if the Vernier scale works properly. Before measuring, do make sure the caliper
read 0 when fully closed.
- Close the jaws lightly on the item which you want to measure. If you are measuring
something round, be sure you are measuring the full diameter.
c) How to read a Vernier Caliper
- To determine the measure result with a Vernier Caliper, you can use the following
equation:
D=n . a+m. ∆ (1)
Where:
 a is the value of a division on main rule (in millimeter), i.e. a = 1 mm.
 ∆ is the Vernier precision and also corresponding to the value of a division on
the sliding rule.
 n is the number of division on the main rule
 m is the number of division on the Vernier scale
2. Micrometer
a) Introduction
- The micrometer is a device incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise
measurement of small distances in mechanical engineering and machining.
- The main scale has a longitudinal line on the frame divides into two parts: top and bottom
half that is graduated with alternate 0.5 - millimeter divisions.
- The thimble measures the precision (Δ) of micrometer has the value of 0.01.
b) How to use a Vernier Caliper
- Start by verifying zero with the jaws closed. Turn the ratcheting knob on the end till it
clicks. If it isn't zero, adjust it.
- Carefully open jaws using the thumb screw. Place the measured object between the anvil
and spindle face, then turn ratchet knob clockwise to the close the around the specimen
till it clicks. This means that the ratchet cannot be tightened anymore and the
measurement result can be read.
c) How to read a Vernier Caliper
- To determine the measurement result with a micrometer, you can also use the following
equation:
D=n . a+m. ∆ (2)
Where:
 a is the value of a division on sleeve - double rule (in millimeter), i.e., a = 0.5 mm
 Δ is the micrometer’s precision and also corresponding to the value of a division on
thimble (usually Δ = 0.01 mm).
 n is the number of divisions both the top and down division on the sleeve.
 m is the number of divisions on the thimble.
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1) A metal hollow cylinder
Step 1: Use the under jaw and clamp around outside of metal hollow cylinder to measure
external diameter. It also measures height by clamping the ends of the cylinder. In the other
hand, use the above jaw to measure internal diameter.
Step 2: Count the number of division (n) on the main rule, lying to the left of the 0-mark on
the Vernier scale
Step 3: Look along the division mark on Vernier scale and the millimeter marks on the
adjacent main rule, until you find the two that most nearly line up. Then, count the number of
divisions (m) on the Vernier scale except the 0- mark.
Step 4: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (1) to calculate the measured dimension.
Step 5: Write to measured value on the report.
2) A small steel ball
Step 1: Hold on a small steel ball nearly Anvil face, then revolution of ratchet moves the
Spindle face toward the Anvil face.
Step 2: Count the number of division (n) on the sleeve - T of both the top and down divisions
of the double rule lying to the left of the thimble edge.
 Step 3: Look at the thimble divisions mark – T’ to find the one that coincides nearly a line
with the referent one. Then, count the number of divisions (m) on the thimble except the 0-
mark.
Step 4: Put the obtained values of n and m into eq. (2) to calculate the measured dimension.
Step 5: Write to measured value in the report.
IV.EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1) Measure of a metal hollow cylinder
∆ = 0.02
m=35.2 ± 0.1(g)

Trial D (mm) d (mm) h (mm)

1 50,24 42,70 12,76
2 50,22 42,72 12,78
3 50.22 42,68 12,78
4 50.20 42,70 12,74
5 50.18 42,68 12,76
D=¿ 50.212 d=42.696 h=12.764

√ √ √
5 5 5

∑ ( Di−D )
2
∑ ( d i−d ) 2
∑ ( hi−h )2
i=1
s . d= ≈ s . d= i=1 ≈ 0,017 mm s . d= i=1 ≈ 0,017 mm
5 5 5
0,023mm s.d s .d
→∆d ≈S .D≈ ≈ 0,007 mm → ∆ h ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0,007 mm
s.d √ 5 √ 5
→∆ D≈S. D≈ ≈ 0,010 mm
√5

2) Measure of a small steel ball

∆ = 0.01
m= 4.1 ± 0.1(g)

Trial Db
1 15.97
2 15.98
3 15.99
4 15.98
5 15.97
Db=15.978
 √
5

∑ ( Dbi−Db ) 2 0,008
i=1
s . d= ≈
5
s.d
→∆T4≈S. D≈ ≈ 0,004
√5

V. DATA PROCESSING
1) A metal hollow cylinder
a) Volume
π 2 2 π
V = ( D −d ) h= × ( 50.212 −42.696 ) ×12.794=7,016 × 10 ( mm )=7.016 × 10 ( m )
2 2 3 3 −6 3
4 4

√ ∆ (D2−d 2 ) 2 ∆ h 2
2
∆V = V̅ Δπ
( ) +( ) +( )
π D2−d 2 h

√ √(
2

)( )
2
= V̅ ( ∆ π ) +(2 ∆D 2 ∆d 2 1
+ × 2 ) +¿ ¿
π D̅ d̅ D̅ −d̅
2

√ √(
2

)( )
2
=7,016 ×10 3 ( 0 , 01 ) +(2 0 ,01 2 0,007 2 1
+ × ) +¿ ¿
3 , 14 50.212 42.696 2
50.212 −42.696
2

≈ 22.673 (mm3 ¿

= 0,02×10−6 (m 3)
Hence:

V = (7.016 ± 0.02) ×10−6 (m 3)

b) Density
m 35 , 20
ρ̅ = v = −3 3 3 3
3 ≈ 5.017 ×10 (g/m m )=5.017 ×10 (kg/m ¿
7.016 ×10

√ √
2 2 2 2
∆ρ = ρ̅ ( ∆ m ) +( ∆ V ) = 5.017 ×10−3 × ( 0.1 ) +( 0.02 )
m V 35.2 7.016
≈ 0.020 ×10 3(kg/m3 ¿

Hence
 ρ = (5.017 ± 0.020)× 103 (kg/m3)

2) A steel ball
a) Volume
1 1 3
V̅ b = π.D̅ b 3 = × 3 ,14 × 10.00 = 2135.826 (mm 3) = 2.135×10−6 ( m3)
6 6

√ √
2
∆π
2
∆ Db 0.01 2 0.004 2= 6.86(mm3 )
) = 0.52×10 × (
3
∆Vb = V̅ b (
) +(3× ) +(3 × )
π D̅b 3.14 15.978
= 0.00×10−6(m3)
Hence

V b = (2.135 ± 0,00) ×10−6 (m3)

-
 Experiment Report 2

MOMENTUM AND KINETIC IN ELASTIC

AND INELASTIC COLLISIONS

I. Purpose of experiment
-Calculations of the velocities and momentums of each measurement system before and after the
collision in the case of elastic and inelastic collision.
-Evaluation of the percent change in kinetic energy and momentum through the collision for two
sets of data specified above before and after the collision in the case of elastic and inelastic

collision.

II.Theoretical background
1. Momentum
-Momentum is a physics quantity defined as product of the particle's mass and velocity. T is a
vector quantity with the same direction as the particle's velocity.
⃗p=m. ⃗v
Where:
 ⃗p is the momentum of the object.
 m is the mass of the object.
 v⃑ is the velocities of the object.
2. Conservation of Momentum
-If the vector sum of the external forces on a system is zero, the total momentum of the system is
constant.
⃗
∑ ⃗F =0= dp
dt
=¿ ⃗p =const

3. Elastic collision
-In any collision in which external forces can be neglected, momentum is conserved and the total
momentum before equals the total momentum after that is
m1. ⃗ v 2=m1. ⃗
v 1 +m2 ⃗ v 1 '+m1. ⃗
v2 '
-In elastic collisions only, the total kinetic energy before equals the total kinetic energy
after that is
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
. m1. v 1 + . m2. v 2 = . m 1. v 1 ' + . m1. v 2 '
2 2 2 2
4. Elastic collision
-Conservation of momentum gives the relationship:
m1. ⃗
v 1 +m2 ⃗
v 2=(m1+ m2 )⃗v
-The ratio of final to initial kinetic energy:
K' m1
=
K m1 +m2
It is obviously that the kinetic energy after a completely inelastic collision is always less than
before.

III. Experiment procedure

1) Elastic collision
- Step 1: Place the cart 1 (m1) on the left or track closer to the starter system. The cart m2 is
stationary between the photogate (v2 = 0 m/s). In this investigation, cart 2 is attached with a
bow-shaped fork with rubber band facing cart 1 and a needle plug facing the end holder on
the right of track. It is also noted that in this case, the weight m1 should be haft of m2 due to
cart 2 is attached with an additional weight.
- Step 2: Push the trigger on the top of vertically long stem of system that enable cart 1 to be
released and accelerate in the direction to cart 2. During this process, it receives an initial
velocity v1 that can be calculated by the duration t1 measured by photogate 1. Quickly record
the moving time t1.
- Step 3: After collision, cart 2 moves with the velocity v2’that can be calculated by the
duration t2’ measured by photogate 2 and cart 1 moves in the opposite direction with cart 1.
Then, record the time t2’ and also total time t1 + t1’ displayed on the timer. The moving time
of the cart 1 after collision, t1’ is determined by subtract t1 by total time t1 + t1’.
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times and record all
the measurement results in a data sheet 1.
- Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic balance. Record the
mass of each cart.
2) Inelastic collision
- Step 1: Place the cart 1 (m1) on the left of track closer to the starter system. Put off the right
plug of cart 1 and attach the other one with a needle facing to cart 2. Place the cart 2 (m2) also
stationary between the photogates as in elastic collision. In this circumstance, the fork plug
facing cart 1 is replaced by another one having plasticine. It is noted that in this case, the
weight m1 should be twice m2. In order to get this condition, take off the additional weight
from cart 2 and put it on cart 1.
- Step 2: Push the trigger of the starter system that enables cart 1 to be released and accelerate
in the direction to cart 2 similar previous case. Record the moving time t1 that can be
considered as t.
- Step 3: After collision, cart 1 sticks with cart 2 then both carts move together with the same
velocity v’ that can be calculated by the duration t’1 = t’2 = t’ measured by photogate 2.
Record the t’ displayed on the timer.
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement procedure from step 1 to 3 for more 9 times and record all
the measurement results in a data sheet 2.
- Step 5: Weight two carts to know their masses by using an electronic balance. Record the
mass of each cart.
IV.Experiment result

1) Elastic collision
mglide1 = 401.5 ± 0.1 g mglide2 = 795.9 ± 0.1 g

Trial t1(s) t2` (s) t1’ (s)

1 0.165 0.260 0.591

2 0,167 0.262 0.583

3 0.168 0.264 0.595

4 0.167 0.260 0.574

5 0.171 0.269 0.575

6 0.169 0.265 0.586

7 0.169 0.265 0.582

8 0.168 0.264 0.571

9 0.171 0.270 0.580

10 0.168 0.266 0.606

t 1=¿0.168 t 2=¿0.265 '

t 1=0.584
 √ √ √∑
10 10 10
s . d= ∑ ¿¿¿¿ s . d= ∑ ¿¿¿¿ s . d= ¿¿¿¿
i=1 i=1 i=1

s .d ¿0.003 ' s .d
→ ∆ t 1≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.0006 → ∆ t 1≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.003
√10 √10
' s .d
→ ∆ t 2≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.001
√10

2) Inelastic collision
mglide1 = 799.3 ± 0.1 g mglide2 = 403.9 ± 0.1 g
Trial t1(s) T1’=t2’
1 0.239 0.536
2 0.237 0.519
3 0.242 0.518
4 0.240 0.518
5 0.240 0.513
6 0.235 0.541
7 0.236 0.524
8 0.239 0.506
9 0.238 0.507
10 0.238 0.498
t 1=0.238 t 2 '=0.518

√ √∑
10 10
s . d= ∑ ¿¿¿¿ s . d= ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿0.013
i=1 i=1

s .d ' s .d
→ ∆ t 1≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.001
→ ∆ t 2≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.004
√10 √10

V.Data processing
1) Elastic collision
a. Velocities
s 0.1
v 1= = =0.595(m/s)
t 1 0.168

√ √
2
∆s ∆ t1
2
0.01× 10
−2 2
∆ v 1=v 1 ( ) +( ) =0.592× ( ) +¿ ¿ (m/s)
s t1 0.1

Hence:
v1 =0.595 ± 0.018m/s

s 0.1
v 2= = =0.377(m/s)
t 2 ' 0.265

√ √
2
∆s
2
∆ t 2' 0.01 ×10
−2 2
∆ v 2 ' =v 2 ' ( ) +( ) =0.377 × ( ) + ¿ ¿ (m/s)
s t2 ' 0.1

Hence:
v2’ =0.377 ± 0.001m/s

s 0.1
v 1 '= = =0.171(m/s)
t 1 ' 0.584

√ √
2
∆s ∆ t1 '
2
0.01× 10
−2 2
∆ v 1 ' =v 1 ' ( ) +( ) =0.1× ( ) +¿ ¿ (m/s)
s t1 ' 0.1

Hence:
v1’ =0.171 ± 0.009m/s

b. Momentum
We have the total momentum before collision are
−3
P1=m1 . v 1=401.5× 10 ×0.592=0.238 (kgm/s)

∆ P1=P 1
√ (
∆ m1 2
m1
) +¿ ¿ (kgm/s)

Hence:
 P1 = 0.238 ± 0.007 kgm/s

We have the total momentum after collision are

−3 −3
P2=m2 . v 2 '−m1 . v 1 ' =795.9 ×10 × 0.377−401.5 ×10 ×0.171=0.231(kgm/s)

∆ P2 =P 2
√( m1 )
∆ m1 2
+¿ ¿

¿ 0.252 × (
√0.1 ×10−3 2 0.009 2 0.001 2
401.5 × 10
−3
) +(
0.171
) +(
0.377
) +(
0.1 ×10−3 2
795.9 ×10
−3
) =0.013 (kgm/s)

Hence:
P2 = 0.231 ± 0.013kgm/s

The percent change in momentum

|P2−P 1| |0.231−0.238|
C %= = =2.94 %
P1 0.238

c. Kinetic energy
We have the total kinetic energy before collision are
1 2 1 −3 2
K 1= . m1 . v 1 =¿ × 401.5 ×10 × 0.595 =0.071 (J)
2 2

∆ K 1 =K 1
√ (
∆ m1 2
m1
) +¿ ¿

Hence:
K1 = 0.071± 0.004 J

We have the total kinetic energy after collision are

1 2 1 2 1 −3 2 1 −3 2
K 2= . m1 . v 1 ' + m2 . v 2 ' = ×401.5 × 10 ×0.171 + ×795.9 ×10 × 0.367 =0.059 (J)
2 2 2 2

∆ K 2=K 2
√( ∆ m1 2
m1 )+¿ ¿
¿ 0.055 × (
√ 0.1× 10−3 2
401.5× 10
−3
) +(2×
0.009 2
0.171
) +(2 ×
0.001 2
0.377
) +(
0.1× 10−3 2
791.5 × 10
−3
) =0.011 (J)

Hence:
K2 = 0.059 ± 0.011kgm/s

The percent change in momentum

|K 2 −K 1| |0.059−0.071|
C %= = =16.9 %
K1 0.071

2) Inelastic collision
a. Velocities
s 0.1
v 1= = =0.420(m/s)
t 1 0.238

√ √
2
∆s
2
∆ t1 0.01 ×10
−2 2
∆ v 1=v 1 ( ) +( ) =0.420× ( ) +¿ ¿ (m/s)
s t1 0.1

Hence:

v1 =0.420 ± 0.014 m/s

s 0.1
v 2= = =0.193(m/s)
t 2 ' 0.518

√ √
2
∆s ∆ t 2'
2
0.01 ×10
−2 2
∆ v 2 ' =v 2 ' ( ) +( ) =0.193 × ( ) +¿ ¿ (m/s)
s t2 ' 0.1

Hence:
v2’ =0.193 ± 0.001m/s

s 0.1
v 1 '= = =0.193(m/s)
t 1 ' 0.518

√ √
2
∆s
2
∆ t1 ' 0.01 ×10
−2 2
∆ v 1 ' =v 1 ' ( ) +( ) =0.193 × ( ) +¿ ¿ (m/s)
s t1 ' 0.1

Hence:
 v1’ =0.193 ± 0.001m/s

b. Momentum
We have the total momentum before collision are
−3
P1=m1 . v 1=799.3 ×10 × 0.420=0.33 5 (kgm/s)

∆ P1=P 1
√ (
∆ m1 2
m1
) +¿ ¿ (kgm/s)

Hence:
P1 = 0.335 ± 0.011 kgm/s

We have the total momentum after collision are

−3 −3
P2=m2 . v 2 ' +m1 . v 1 '=403.9 ×10 × 0.248+799.3 ×10 ×0.208=0.232(kgm/s)

∆ P2 =P 2
√( m1 )
∆ m1 2
+¿ ¿

¿ 0.232 × (
√ 0.1 ×10−3 2 0.001 2 0.001 2
799.3 ×10
−3
) +(
0.193
) +(
0.193
) +(
0.1 ×10−3 2
403.9 ×10
−3
) =0.001 (kgm/s)

Hence:
P2 = 0.232 ± 0.001kgm/s

The percent change in momentum

|P2−P 1| |0.232−0.335|
C %= = =30.74 %
P1 0.335

c. Kinetic energy
We have the total kinetic energy before collision are
1 2 1 −3 2
K 1= . m1 . v 1 = × 799.3× 10 ×0.420 =0.070 (J)
2 2

∆ K 1 =K 1
√ (
∆ m1 2
m1
) +¿ ¿
Hence:
K1 = 0.070 ± 0.005 J

We have the total kinetic energy after collision are

1 2 1 2 1 −3 2 1 −3 2
K 2= . m1 . v 1 ' − m2 . v 2 ' = ×799.3 × 10 × 0.208 + × 407.2× 10 ×0.248 =0.022(J)
2 2 2 2

∆ K 2=K 2
√( m1 )
∆ m1 2
+¿ ¿

√
¿ 0.022 × (
0.1 ×10−3 2
799.3 ×10
−3
) +(2 ×
0.001 2
0.193
) +( 2×
0.001 2
0.193
) +(
0.1 ×10−3 2
403.9 ×10
−3
) =0.003 (J)

Hence:
K2 = 0.022 ± 0.003kgm/s

The percent change in momentum

|K 2 −K 1| |0.022−0.070|
C %= = =68.57 %
K1 0.070
 Experiment Report 3

MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE SYMMETRIC RIGID

BODIES
I. Purpose of the experiment

- Measure the period T to find the moment of inertia of an object

II. Theoretical background

The moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation is determined by
I =∫ r dm ( kg m2 / s )
2

dm : the mass element

r : the distance from the mass element to the axis of rotation.
The moment of inertia about the center of mass axis is call I cm
1 2
- For a long bar: I cm= ml
12

1 2
- For a thin disk or a solid cylinder: I cm= m R
2

- For a hollow cylinder having a very thin wall: I cm=m R2

2 2
- For a solid sphere: I cm= m R
5

The parallel-axis theorem relates the moment of inertia about an axis through the center
of mass to the moment of inertia I about a parallel axis through some other point.
2
I =I cm + M d
If the object is rotated by an angle φ, the torque acting on it will be: τ z=D z ∅
The theorem of angular momentum of a rigid body in rotary motion:
2
dL dω d ∅
τ= =I =I 2
dt dt dt
d ∅ Dz
2
We get the typical equation of oscillation as: 2
+ ∅ =0
dt I
The oscillation is corresponding to a period: T =2 π
√ I
Dz

III. Experiment procedure

a. Measurement of the rod
Step 1: Set up the equipment.
Step 2: Press the “Start” button to turn on the counter
Step 3: Push the rod to rotate with an angle of 1800 . Make 5 trials and record the
measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
Step 4: Press the button “Reset” to uninstall the rod for the next measurement.

b. Measurement of the solid disk

Step 1: Using the suitable to mount the solid disk on the rotation axle of the spiral
spring.
Step 2: Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the rod.
Step 3: Make 5 trials and record the measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
Step 4: Press the button “Reset” to uninstall the solid disk for the next measurement.
c. Measurement of the hollow cylinder
Step 1: Mount the hollow cylinder coupled with a supported disk below on the rotation
axle of the spiral spring.
Step 2: Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the disk.
Step 3: Make 5 trials and record the measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
Step 4: Press the button “Reset” to uninstall the hollow cylinder for the next
measurement.
d. Measurement of the solid sphere
Step 1: Mount the solid sphere on the rotation axle of the spiral spring.
Step 2: Perform the measurement procedure similar to that of the hollow cylinder.
Step 3: Make 5 trials and record the measurement result of period T in a data sheet.
Step 4: Press the button “Reset” to uninstall the solid sphere for the next measurement.
 IV. Experiment result
1) Measurement of the Rod:

Trial T1 (s)
1 2.662
2 2.662
3 2.664
4 2.665
5 2.660

√
5

T 1=2.663 ¿ ∑ ( T i −T 1 )2
i=1
s . d= =0.01 ¿
5
s .d
→ ∆ T 1≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.004 ¿
√5

2) Measurement of the Solid Disk:

Trial T2 (s)
1 2.096
2 2.090
3 2.093
4 2.094
5 2.091

√
5

T 2=2.093 ¿ ∑ ( T i −T 2 )2
i=1
s . d= =0.003 ¿
5
s .d
→ ∆ T 2≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.001¿
√5

3) Measurement of the Hollow Cylinder:

a) Supported Disk:
Trial T3 (s)
1 0.317
2 0.314
3 0.317
4 0.318
5 0.324
 √
5

T 3=0.318 ¿ ∑ ( T i −T 3 )2
i=1
s . d= =0.004 ¿
5
s .d
→ ∆ T 3 ≈ S . D≈ ≈ 0.002 ¿
√5

b) Supported Disk + Hollow Cylinder:

Trial T4 (s)
1 1.149
2 1.136
3 1.139
4 1.139
5 1.140

√
5

T 4=1.141 ¿ ∑ ( T i −T 4 )2
i=1
s . d= =0.005 ¿
5
s.d
→∆T4≈S. D≈ ≈ 0.002 ¿
√5

4) Measurement of the Solid Sphere:

 Trial T5 (s)
1 2.147
2 2.145
3 2.145
4 2.148
5 2.146

√
5

T 6=2.146 ¿ ∑ ( T i −T 5 )2
i=1
s . d= =0.03 ¿
5
s.d
→ ∆ T 6 ≈ S . D≈ ≈ 0.01 ¿
√5

V. Data processing
1) The Rod:

a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment:

( ) ( )
2

( )
2 2
T1 2.6 63 −3 kg m
I cm1=D z =0.044 =7 . 906 ×10
2π 2 ×3.141 s

√( )(
ΔT 2
)
2
Δπ
→ ∆ I cm1=I cm 2⋅ + −2
T π

¿ 7.906 ×10−3 4 ⋅
√( 2.6 73 ) (
0.00 4 2
+4⋅
0.001 2
3.141 )
=0.024 ×10−3 (
kg m2
s
)

Hence
2
−3 kg m
I cm1=( 7.906 ± 0.024 ) × 10 ( )
s

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

2
1 2 1 2 −3 kg m
I cmTH 1= ml = × 0.24 × ( 0.62 ) =7.688 ×10 ( )
12 12 s
The difference between theoretical and experimental number:
| I cmTH 1−I cm1| |(7.688−7.882)×10−3|
%σ = = =2 ,52 %
I cmTH 1 7.688 ×10−3

2) Solid Disk:
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

( ) ( )
2

( )
2 2
T2 2.093 −3 kg m
I cm2=D z =0.044 =4.884 ×10
2π 2 ×3.141 s

√( Δ T2 2
)( )
2
Δπ
→ ∆ I cm2=I cm2 2⋅ + −2
T2 π

¿ 4.884 ×10−3 4 ⋅
√ ( 2. 084 ) (
0.0 1 2
+4⋅
0.001 2
3.141 )
=0.0 05 ×10−3(
kg m2
s
)

Hence
2
−3 kg m
I cm2=( 4.884 ± 0.0 05 ) ×10 ( )
s

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2 2
1 2 1 0.220 −3 kgm
I cmTH 2= m R = ×0.795 × =4.810 ×10 ( )
2 2 2 s

The difference between theoretical and experimental number :

| I cmTH 2−I cm2| |(4,810−4.879)× 10−3|
%σ = = −3
=1.43 %
I cmTH 2 4.810 ×10

3) Hollow cylinder:
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment
+) Moment of inertia of the supported disk

( ) ( )
2

( )
2 2
T3 0.318 −3 kg m
I cm3=D z =0.044 =0.112 ×10
2π 2× 3.141 s

√( ) ( )
Δ T3 2 2
Δπ
→ ∆ I cm3=I cm3 4 +4
T3 π

√ (
0.004 2
) (
0.001 2
)
2
−3 −3 kg m
¿ 0.112 ×10 4⋅ +4⋅ =0.003 × 10 ( )
0.318 3.141 s
2
kg m
Then, I cm3=( 0.115 ± 0.003 ) ×10−3 ( )
s
+) Moment of inertia of the coupled object (supported disk + hollow cylinder)
 ( ) ( )
2

( )
2 2
T4 1.1 41 −3 kg m
I cm4 =Dz =0.044 =1. 451×10
2π 2 ×3.141 s

√( ΔT4 2
)( )
2
Δπ
→ ∆ I cm4 =I cm 4 2⋅ + −2
T4 π

¿ 1. 439 ×10−3 4 ⋅
√ ( 0.002 2
1.136 ) (
+4 ⋅
0.001 2
3.141 )
=0.005× 10−3 (

2
kg m2
s
)

kg m
Then, I cm4 =( 1. 451 ±0.005 ) × 10−3 ( )
s
=> Moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder

( )
2
−3 −3 kgm
I cm=I cm 4−I cm3= (1. 451−0.115 ) ×10 =1.3 36 ×10
s

√ 2
→ Δ I cm= ( Δ I cm4 ) + ( Δ I cm3 )
2

( )
2
kgm
¿ √ (0.005 × 10 ) +(0.003 ×10 ) =0.006 ×10
−3 2 −3 2 −3
s

Hence

( )
2
−3 kgm
I cm= (1.336 ± 0.006 ) × 10
s

b)Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

+) Moment of supported disk + hollow cylinder:

( )
2 2
2 0.089 −3 kgm
I cmTH 3=m R =0.780 × =1.545× 10 ( )
2 s

The difference between theoretical and experimental number:

| I cmTH 3−I cm| |(1.545−1.3 36)×10−3|
%σ = = =1 3 , 52 %
I cmTH 3 1.545 × 10−3

4) Solid sphere:
a) Moment of inertia obtained by experiment

( ) ( )
2

( )
2 2
T5 2.1 46 −3 kgm
I cm5=D z =0.044 =5. 134 ×10
2π 2× 3.141 s

√( ΔT5 2
) ( )
2
Δπ
→ Δ I cm5=I cm5 4 ⋅ +4
T5 π

√( ) (
0.001 2
)
2
0.01
¿ 5. 050 ×10−3 × 4 +4
3.141 2.146
2
−3 kgm
¿ 0.0 48 × 10 ( )
s
Hence
2
−3 kgm
I cm5=(5.134 ± 0.048)× 10 ( )
s

b) Moment of inertia calculated by the theoretical formula

( )
2 2
2 2 2 0.146 −3 kgm
I cmTH 4 = m R = ×2.29 × =4.881× 10 ( )
5 5 2 s

The difference between theoretical and experimental number:

| I cmTH 4−I cm 5| |(4.881−5. 086)×10−3|
%σ = = =4.20 %
I cmTH 4 4.881 ×10−3
 Experiment Report 4
DETERMINATION OF GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION USING SIMPLE
PENDULUM OSCILLATION WITH PC INTERFACE

I. Purpose of the experiment

- The measurement results of two investigation of pendulum oscillation in two case of
vertical and inclined oscillation plan to determine the value of gravitational acceleration.

II. Theoretical background

- When pendulum mass m is deviated to a small angle γ a retracting force acts on it to the
initial balanced position: F γ =−mg . sinγ ≈−mg. γ

- If one ensures that the amplitudes remain sufficiently small while experimenting the
movement can be described by:
2
d γ
I 2 =−gγ or γ =γ 0 sin ¿ ¿)
dt
- This is a harmonic oscillation having the amplitude γ 0 and the oscillation period T:

-
T =2 π
√ g
l

If one rotates the oscillation plane around the angle  will respect the vertical plane:

-
T =2 π
√ l
g cos θ
Based on 2 equations above, we would see how the gravitational acceleration depends on
its length and the inclined angle.
- The Cobra 3-Basic-Unit is interface for measuring, controlling and regulating in physics
and technology

III. Experiment procedure

a. Pendulum with vertical oscillation plane
3.2.1 Preparation
- Set up experiment
- Start the measure software written for Cobra interface
3.2.2 Investigation for various pendulum lengths
- Step 1: Choose an arbitrary pendulum length (may be 400 mm or 500 mm).
- Step 2: Move the 1-g weight holder and release it:
 + Click on the “Start measurement” icon. After approximately 5 oscillation click on
the “Stop measurement”
+ A graph will appear on the screen, and determine the period duration with the aid
of the cursor lines, which can be freely moved and shifted onto the adjacent maxima or
minima of the oscillation
+ Record the measurement result in a data sheet.
- Step 3: Repeat the measurement several times (5 times)
- Step 4: Repeat the measurement with different pendulum length (500 mm, 600 mm, and
700 mm)
3.2.3 Pendulum with inclined oscillation plane
- Step 1: Rebuild the experiment set up this oscillation plane is initially vertical
- Step 2: Determine g for various deflection angles  = 0 o , 10o , 20o , 40 o ,60 o , 80 o
- Step 3: Perform the measurement several time (5 times) for each case of angel

IV. Experiment result

1. Pendulum with vertical oscillation plan

L(mm) 500 600 700

1.428 1.582 1.728

1.426 1.583 1.726
T(s) 1.420 1.584 1.725
1.423 1.584 1.721
1.424 1.580 1.718
T 1=1.424 ( s ) T 2=1.583 ( s ) T 3=1.724 ( s )

√ √ √
5 5 5

∑ ( T i −T ) 2
∑ ( T i −T ) 2
∑ ( T i −T ) 2
i=1 i=1
s . d= ≈ 0.004
s . d= i=1
s . d=
≈ 0.003 ≈ 0.006
5 5 5
(s) (s) (s)
 s .d s .d s .d
→ ∆ T 1≈ S . D ≈ → ∆ T 2 ≈) S . D ≈
≈ 0.002(s ≈ 0.001(s
→∆T ) 3 ≈ S . D≈ ≈ 0.003(s)
√5 √5 √5

2. Pendulum with inclined oscillation plan

 0 10 20 30 40

0.771 0.807 0.822 0.839 0.890
0.787 0.804 0.830 0.828 0.894
T(s) 0.775 0.794 0.821 0.830 0.897
0.779 0.799 0.824 0.837 0.901
0.773 0.795 0.831 0.831 0.896
T 1=0.777 ( s ) T 2=0.8 ( s ) T 3=0.826 ( s ) T 4=0.833 ( s ) T 5=0.896 ( s )
 √ √ √ √ √
5 5 5 5 5

∑ ( T i −T ) 2
∑ ( T i −T ) 2
∑ ( T i −T ) 2
∑ ( T i −T ) 2
∑ ( T i −T ) 2
i=1
s . d= d= i=1
s≈.0.006 d= i=1
s≈.0.006 d= i=1
s≈.0.005 d= i=1
s≈.0.004 ≈ 0.007
5 5 5 5 5
(s) (s) (s) (s) (s)
s .d s .d s .d s.d s .d
→ ∆ T 1≈ S . D ≈ →≈ 0.003(s)
∆ T 2≈ S . D ≈ →≈ 0.003(s)
∆ T 3 ≈ S . D≈ →≈ 0.002(s)
∆T4≈S. D≈ → ≈ 0.002(s)
∆ T 5 ≈ S . D≈ ≈ 0.003(s)
√5 √5 √5 √5 √5

V.Data Processing
1) Determination of the oscillation period of a thread pendulum as a
function of the pendulum length:

Pendulum with vertical oscillation plane:

T =2 π
√ l
g

( )
2
2π
⇒ g=l
T

a. L1=500 (mm)

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2π 2 ×3.141 m
g1=L1 =0.500 × =9.731 2
T̄ 1 1.424 s

√[ T ] [ l ] π √ 1.424 0.500 3.141 ) =0.034 ( m/s )

+ [2 ]
2 2 2
=9.731× 4 ( ) +( ) +4(
ΔT Δl Δπ 1 0.002 0.0011 0.001 2 2 2
2
Δ g =g × −2
1 1 +
1 1

2
Then , g 1=9.731 ± 0.034(m/s )

Hence
2
g1=9.731± 0.034 (m/s )

b. L2=600 (mm)

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2π 2× 3.141 m
g2=L2 =0.600 × =9. 449 2
T̄ 2 1.583 s

√[ ][ ][ ] √(
2
2 2

)( ) ( )
ΔT2 Δ l2 Δπ 0.001
2
0.001
2
0.001
2
=0.021 ( m/s )
2
Δ g 2=g2 × −2 + +2 =9. 449 × 4 + +4
T2 l2 π 1.583 0.600 3.141
2
Then , g 2=9. 449 ± 0.021(m/ s )
Hence
2
g2=9. 449 ±0.021(m/s )
c.L3= 700
(mm)

( ) ( )
2 2
2π 2× 3.141 2
g3=L3 =0.700 × =9. 294 (m/s )
T̄ 3 1.724

[√ T ] [ l ] +[ 2 Δππ ] =9.294 √ 4( 0.003

2 2 2

) +( ) + 4(
3.141 )
ΔT Δl 3 3 0.001 0.001 2 2 2
2
Δ g =g × −2
3 3 + =0.035(m/ s )
3 3 1.724 0.700
2
Then , g 3=9.294 ±0.035 (m/s )

Hence
2
g3=9.294 ± 0.035(m/ s )

2) Determination of the gravitational acceleration as a function of the inclination of the

pendulum force:

Pendulum with inclined oscillation plane:

T =2 π
√ l
g cos θ

( )
2
l 2π
⇒ g=
cos θ T

a. θ1=0°

( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2 ×3.141 2
g1 = = =9.151(m/ s )
cos θ 1 T 1 cos 0 0.7 77

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2
ΔT1 Δ l1 Δπ Δ cos θ1
Δ g 1=g 1 × −2 + +2 +
T1 l1 π cos θ 1

¿ 9. 20 0 × 4 ×
√ ( 0.775
+ ) (
0.00 4 2 0.001 2
0.140
+4 × )
0.001 2 0.001 2
3.141
+
1.000 (
T h en , g1=9.151 ± 0. 097(m/ s )
) (
=0. 097(m/s 2)
2
)
Hence
2
g1=9.151+ .097(m/ s )

b. θ2=10 °
 ( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2 ×3.141
=8,766 ( m/s )
2
g2 = =
cos θ 2 T 2 cos 1 0 0. 800

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
22 2
ΔT2 Δl Δπ Δ cos θ 2
Δ g 2=g2 × −2 + + 2 +
T2 l π cos θ2

√
¿ 8,766∗ 4 × ( 0. 800
2
) (
0.004 2 0.001 2
+
0.140 )
+4 ×
3.141
+ (
0.985) (
0.001 2 0.001 2
)
=0 .121(m/s 2)

T h en , g2 =8.766 ± 0.121( m/ s )

Hence
2
g2=8,766 ±0. 121(m/ s )

c. θ3 =20°

( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2×3.141 2
g3 = = =9.517 (m/s )
cos θ 3 T 3 cos 2 0 0.826

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2
Δ T3 Δl Δπ Δ cos θ 3
Δ g 3=g3 × −2 + +2 +
T3 l π cos θ 3

√
¿ 9.517 × 4 × ( 0.826 )(
0.00 6 2 0.001 2
+
0.140 )
+4×
3.141
+ (
0.940) (
0.001 2 0.001 2

T h en , g3 =9.517 ± 0.161( m/s )

2
)
=0. 161(m/ s2 )

Hence
2
g3=9.517 ±0. 161(m/ s )

d. θ 4=30 °

( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2× 3.141 2
g4 = = =9.194 (m/s )
cos θ4 T 4 cos 3 0 0. 833

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2
Δ T4 Δl Δπ Δ cos θ 4
Δ g 4=g 4 × −2 + + 2 +
T4 l π cos θ4

√
¿ 9. 194 × 4 × ( 0.833 )(
0.002 2 0.001 2
+
0.140
+4×)3.141
+ (
0.001 2 0.001 2
0.766 )(
T h en , g 4=9. 194 ± 0.0 8 0(m/s )
2
)
=0.0 8 0(m/ s2 )

Hence
 2
g4 =9. 194 ± 0.0 8 0(m/ s )

e. θ5 =40 °

( ) ( )
2 2
l 2π 0.140 2 ×3.141 2
g5 = = =8.963(m/s )
cos θ 5 T 5 cos 4 0 0. 8 97

√[ ][ ][ ][ ]
2 2 2
Δ T5 Δl Δπ Δ cos θ 5
Δ g 5=g5 × −2 + +2 +
T5 l π cos θ 5

√
¿ 8.963 × 4 × ( 0.867)(
0.00 6 2 0.001 2
+
0.140 )
+4×
3.141( + )(
0.001 2 0.001 2
0.766
T h en , g5 =9. 595± 0.150( m/s )
2
)
=0.088(m/s 2)

Hence
2
g5=8.963± 0.086 (m/s )

3)Conclusion
Gravitational acceleration does not depend on the length of the rod or the angle of inclined
oscillation plane due to the fact that it only depends on altitude, depth and other factors such as
air density, the gravitational effect of the Moon and the Sun.

Experiment Report 5

INVESTIGATION OF TORSIONAL VIBRATION

I. Purpose of the experiment
- Bars of various materials will be exciting into torsion
vibration. The relationship between the torsion and
the deflection as well as the torsion period and
moment of inertia will be derived. As a result,
moment of inertia of a long bar can be determined.

II. Theoretical background

 - r o and r denote the position vector of a point p in the unreformed and deformed
states of the body, then for small displacement vectors:
u=r−r o=(u1 , u2 , u3) (1)

∂ ui ∂ u k
and the deformation tensor is: ε ik= −
d xk d xi
- Hooke’s law provides the relationship between ε⃗ and σ⃗ : σ =E . ε , Where E is
elastic modulus
d⃗
F
- The forces d⃗F are described by the stress tensor σ⃗ : σ⃗ = (2)
dA
- The angular restoring torque or torsion modulus Dτ can be determined by:
τ =Dτ . ∅ (3)
dL d
- From Newton’s basic equation for rotary motion: τ = = ¿) (4)
dt dt
- Combination eq. 3 and 4 we obtain the equation of vibration as follows:
d ∅ Dτ
2

2
+ ∅ =0 (6)
dt Iz

- The period of this vibration is: T =2 π

√ Iz
Dτ
(6)

III. Experiment procedure

- Step 1: Assemble the steel rod on the torsion apparatus.

- Step 2: Use the spring balance of force to turn the disk being deflected an angle 
- Step 3: Record the value of force F shown on the spring balance and the distance
of the lever arm.
- Step 4: Pull out to turn the disk being deflected an angle , then let it vibration
and use the stopwatch to determine the vibration period.

IV. Experiment result

1) Measurement of force (F)
a. ϕ 1=2 0∘

τ 1 =F.r (N.m)
Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 0.95 0.095
2 1.05 0.105
 3 1.00 0.100
4 1.00 0.100
0.1
5 1.10 0.110

τ 1 =0.102 ¿

√
Δr=0.001 5

∑ ( τ i−τ )2
i=1
s . d= =0.006 ¿
5
s.d
→ ∆ τ1 ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.0025 ¿
√5

b. ϕ 2=2 5∘

τ 2=F.r (N.m)
Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 1.5 0.150
2 1.45 0.145
3 0.1 1.45 0.145
4 1.4 0.140
5 1.45 0.145

τ 2=0.145 ¿

√
Δr=0.001 5

∑ ( τ i−τ )2
i=1
s . d= =0.003 ¿
5
s.d
→ ∆ τ2 ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.0016 ¿
√5

c. ϕ 3=3 0 ∘
 τ 3 =F.r (N.m)
Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 1.95 0.195
2 1.9 0.190
3 0.1 1.95 0.195
4 2.05 0.205
5 2.00 0.200

τ 3=0.197 ¿

√
Δr=0.001 5

∑ ( τ i−τ )2
i=1
s . d= =0.0057 ¿
5
s .d
→ ∆ τ3 ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.0026 ¿
√5

d. ϕ 4 =4 0∘

τ 4=F.r (N.m)
Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 2.45 0.245
2 2.65 0.265
3 0.1 2.65 0.265
4 2.50 0.250
5 2.50 0.250
 τ 4=0.255 ¿

√
Δr=0.001 5

∑ ( τ i−τ )2
i=1
s . d= =0.0093 ¿
5
s.d
→ ∆ τ 4≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.0042 ¿
√5

e. ϕ 5=50 °

τ 5 =F.r (N.m)
Trial F (N)
r (m)
1 2.95 0.295
2 2.90 0.290
3 0.1 3.00 0.300
4 2.90 0.290
5 2.90 0.290

τ 5=0.293 ¿

√
Δr=0.001 5

∑ ( τ i−τ )2
i=1
s . d= =0.0045 ¿
5
s .d
→ ∆ τ5 ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.002 ¿
√5

2)Measurement of vibration period

Trial T(s)
1 1.5
2 1.45
3 1.45
4 1.4
 5 1.45
=> T = 1.450±0.016
V.Data Processing
1. Graph showing the relationship of torsion on deflection angle θ:

0.275

0.225

0.175

0.125

0.0749999999999999

0.0249999999999999

40 50 60 80 100
t 0.102 0.145 0.197 0.255 0.293

(((
5
(4
(7
5
π
ππ
ππ
π
/
//
//
/
3
91
63
1
686
8
;;
0 ;;
;
;
00
0
.0
.0
0
.
0.
1.
.
0
61
22
2
8
56
62
0
7
)3
)6
2
)))

2)Determination of the torsion modulus D as the slope m of the above graph and its
uncertainty.
With the above graph, we can see that:
The “best fit” line passes through the points (π/9; 0.102) and (5π/18; 0.293).
+¿¿
+) The Dτ dotted line passes through the points (5π/36; 0.145) and (5π/18 ;0.293).
−¿ ¿
+) The Dτ dotted line passes through the points ( 5π/36; 0.145) and (π/9 ;0.102).
∆τ
Therefore , we can measure slope m as D=
∆θ
0.293−0.102
∆τ
Dτ = = π π ≈ 0.365(Nm/rad)
∆θ 5 −
18 9
Similarly ,
 0.145−0.102
−¿ ¿ ≈
D τ = 5 π −π 0.493(Nm/rad)
36 9
0.293−0.145
+¿¿ ≈
D τ = 5π −5π 0.339(Nm/rad)
18 36
0.339−0.493
−¿
Dτ
We obtain ∆ D τ =¿ D+¿− ¿=¿ ∨¿=0.077(Nm/rad)
∨¿ ¿
2
τ 2

Hence , Dτ =0.365± 0.077 (Nm/rad)

Calculation of moment of inertia of the long rod.

√ ( )
2
Iz T
T =2 π ⇒ I z=D τ ×
We have: Dτ 2π

( ) ( )
2 2
T 7.250 −3 2
I z =Dτ × =0.369 × =485.9 ×1 0 (kg m )
2π 2π

√ T D) π +(
√ 7.250 0 .365 3.141 ) =0.10 ×1 0
2

Δ I =I (2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
ΔT ΔD Δπ
2
τ 0 .08
2
0 .077 −3 0 . 001
2 2 2
−3 2
z z + 2 =485.9 ×1 0 × 2× + + 2× ( kg m )
τ

Hence,
−3 2
I z =( 485.9 ± 0.1 ) × 1 0 (kg m )
 Experiment Report 6

DETERMINATION OF SOUND WAVELENGTH AND

VELOCITY USING STANDING WAVE PHENOMENON

I.Purpose of the experiment

- To understand the physical phenomenon of standing wave and to determine the sound
wave length and propagation velocity.

II. Theoretical background

- Considering a suitable initial moment t so that the incoming wave with frequency f
making a oscillation at point N in form: x 1 N =a o sin 2 πft (a o: amplitude )

- The reflective wave also creates

an oscillation of which phase is
opposite at N:
x 2=−a o sin2 πft
It means that the algebraic sum
of two oscillations is equal to 0 at
N:
x N =x 1 N + x 2 N =0
- The oscillation made by the
incoming wave at M at moment t
is the same as at N at
- moment t + y/v:
x 1 M =a0 sin 2 πf (t− y /v)

- The oscillation made by the reflected wave at M will be later than that at N with an
amount of y/v: x 2 M =−a0 sin 2 πf (t + y / v)

- The resultant wave equation will be:

x M =x1 M + x2 M =2 ao sin 2 πft ( y /¿ v )cos 2 πft ¿
- The sound wavelength  :  = v/f
- The amplitude of the resultant wave at M is:
a=¿
- Hence:
 + The position of nodes where the amplitude equals to zero are corresponding to:
2(y/) = k or y = k(/2) where k = 0, 1, 2, 3,…
+ The positions of antinodes where the amplitude is maximum are corresponding to:
2(y/) =(2k+1)./2 or y=(2k+1).(/4) ( where k = 0, 1, 2, 3…)

- The distance between two conjugative nodes or antinodes is λ/2, that is:
d= y k+1− y k =λ /2
- The distance L between its open-end and point N is determined as:
L=¿ k( λ /2¿ + (λ /2) ( k = 0, 1, 2, 3,…)

III. Experiment procedure

- Step 1: Switch the frequency knob on the surface of base box to the position of 500Hz
- Step 2: Move up the piston and observe the movement of the ampere-meter’s hand
when it gets the maximum deviation
- Step 3: Record the position L1 of the piston
- Step 4: Continue to move up the piston and observe the movement of microampere-
meter’ hand.
- Step 5: Again, record the second position of the piston L2
- Step 6: Repeat the experiment steps of 2 to 5 for more four times.
- Step 7: Perform again all the measurement with frequency 600Hz and 700Hz.

IV. Experiment result

Table 1

Frequency: f 1=500 ±1 Hz

Trial L1 (mm) L2 (mm) d 1=L2−L1 (mm)

1 165 515 350

2 166 511 345
3 170 517 347
 4 168 515 348
5 166 515 349

√∑
5
d 1=3 47.8(mm) s . d= ¿¿¿¿
i=1
s.d
→ ∆ d1 ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.860(mm)
√5

Table 2

Frequency: f 2=600 ± 1 Hz

Trial L1 (mm) L2 (mm) d 2=L2−L1 (mm)

1 135 427 292

2 137 427 290
3 139 428 289
4 134 428 294
5 136 428 292

√∑
5
d 2=291.4 (mm) s . d= ¿¿¿¿
i=1
s.d
→ ∆ d2 ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 0.872(mm)
√5

Table 3

Frequency: f 3=700 ±1 Hz

Trial L1 (mm) L2 (mm) d 3=L2 −L1 (mm)

 1 114 365 251
2 115 364 249
3 113 367 254
4 111 366 255
5 112 365 253

√
5
d 3=249(mm) s . d= ∑ ¿¿¿¿
i=1
s.d
→ ∆ d3 ≈ S . D ≈ ≈ 1.140(mm)
√5

V.Data processing
1. Calculate of Average value and Absolute error of Wave length
a. f 1=500 ±1 Hz :
−3 −3
λ 1=2⋅ d 1=2 ×347.8 ×1 0 =695.6 ×1 0 (m)

√
Δ λ1= ( 2 Δ d 1 ) = √ ( 2 ×0.86 ) =1.72 mm=1.72 ×1 0 m
2 2 −3

Hence:
−3
λ 1=(695.6 ± 1.72)× 10 (m)

b. f 2=600 ± 1 Hz :
−3 −3
λ 2=2⋅ d 2=2 ×291.4 × 10 =582.8 ×1 0 (m)

√
Δ λ2= ( 2 Δ d 2 ) = √( 2 × 0.872 ) =1.744 mm=1.744 ×1 0 (m)
2 2 −3

Hence:
−3
λ 2=(582.8 ± 1.744)×1 0 (m)

c. f 3=700 ±1 Hz :
−3 −3
λ 3=2 ⋅d 3=2 ×249 ×1 0 =498 ×1 0 (m)

√
Δ λ3= ( 2 Δ d3 ) =√ ( 2×1.140 ) =2.280 mm=2.280× 1 0 (m)
2 2 −3

Hence:
 −3
λ 3=(498 ±2.280)×1 0 (m)

2. Calculate of Average value and Absolute error of Sound velocity

a. f 1=500 ±1 Hz :
−3
v 1=λ1 ⋅f 1 =695.6 ×1 0 ×500=347.8(m/ s)

√( )( )
Δ λ1 2 Δ f 1 2
√( ) ( )
2 2
0.66 1
⇒ Δ v 1=v 1 + =347.8 × + =1.106(m/s)
λ1 f1 700 500

Hence:
v 1=347.8 ±1.106 (m/s)

−3
b. f 2=600 ± 1 Hz : v 2=λ2 ⋅f 2=582.8× 1 0 ×600=349.68(m/s )

√( )( )
Δ λ2 2 Δ f 2 2
√( )( )
2 2
1.744 1
⇒ Δ v 2=v 2 + =349.68× + =1.198 (m/s)
λ2 f2 582.8 600

Hence:
v 2=349.68 ±1.198(m/s)

c. f 3=700 ±1 Hz :
−3
v 3=λ3 ⋅ f 3=498 × 10 × 700=348.6 (m/s)

√( )( )
Δ λ3 2 Δ f 3 2
√( )( )
2 2
2.280 1
⇒ Δ v 3=v 3 + =348.6 × + =1. 672 ( m/s )
λ3 f3 498 700

Hence:
v 3=348.6 ±1.672 (m/s)

3. Theoretical velocity of sound wave and experimental values:

Theoretically, the velocity of sound wave at a temperature T can be calculated as
follows:
v=v 0 ⋅ √ 1+α . T
 √
At room temperature T=29° C : v=332.0 × 1+
29
273
≈ 349.189

In direct comparison with v 1 , v 2 , v 3which are measured above, we can

conclude that our experimental values are acceptable since they are approximate to
the theoretical value.