Reading- is a cognitive process of and “refers to are used with

decoding symbols to derive meaning definitions.

from a text. 6. Situations- which a word is
used can also be helpful in
determining the meaning of
Effective Reading Strategies that word. The meaning of a
word may change
1. Previewing depending on its context, or
- means looking at the readily how and where it is used.
visible parts of the text, like 5. Denotation
titles and subtitles, and also - is the basic, precise, literal
visuals and graphs, pictures, meaning of the word that
and charts. can be found in a dictionary
2. Skimming 6. Connotation
- looking for the main point of - is the positive, negative, or
the reading and identify the neutral feelings, attitudes,
ideas that develop it. ideas, or associations with
3. Scanning a word.
- Looking for specific
information. You need to Examples:
have an idea of the details
1. Father
you are looking for.
4. Context Clues Denotation: a male parent
- words, phrases, and
Connotation: - association: positive
sentences that surround an
- feelings: love and respect
unfamiliar word that can
help you recognize the 2. Daddy
meaning of an unknown Denotation: a male parent
word. Connotation: -association: positive
- feelings: love, familiarity,
Common types of Context
childhood
Clues:
1. Synonyms- used when the
text has words or phrases
that are similar in meaning
to the unknown word.
2. Antonyms- word that
reveals the opposite
meaning in relation to the
unknown word.
3. Examples- are specific
details in a text that are
used to clarify the meaning
of a word.
4. Explanations- may be given
as clues to describe an
unknown term. Phrases like
“because” or “that is”
follow a word, these may be
explanation.
5. Definitions- follow an
unfamiliar word. Terms like
“means”, “is defined as”,
Critical Reading- evaluate claims,
seek definitions, judge information,
demand proof, and question
assumptions. This type of reading
goes beyond passively
understanding a text, because you
process the author’s words and make
judgments after considering the
reading’s message.
Techniques to develop critical
reading skills:
1. Keeping a reading journal
- writing your feelings and
ideas in reaction to your
reading assignment
2. Annotating the text
- making notes on your copy
of the reading
3. Outlining the text
- by locating the thesis
statement, claims, and
evidence, and then plotting
these into an outline, you
can see how the writer
structures, sequences, and
connects his or her ideas
4. Summarizing the text
- getting the main points of
the essay and important
supporting details
5. Questioning the text
- asking specific questions
Identifying and Analyzing Claims
Explicit- information that is clearly
stated.
Implicit- ideas that are suggested
Defining Claims- central argument or
thesis statement of the text.
Providing details, explanations, and
other types of evidence.
Types of Claim:
1. Claims of fact- state a
quantifiable assertion, or a
measurable topic. It answers a
“what” question.
2. Claims of value- consists of
arguments about moral,
philosophical, or aesthetic
topics. It attempts to explain how
problems, situations, or issues
ought to be valued.
3. Claims of policy- posit that
specific actions should be
chosen as solutions to a
particular problem. It begins
with “should”, “ought to”, or
“must”. It also defends
actionable plans, usually answer
“how” questions.
Identifying the Context of
Development
Context- social, cultural, political,
historical, and other related
circumstances that surround the
text.
Intertextuality- is the modelling of
a text’s meaning by another text. It
is also defined as connections
between language, images,
characters, themes, or subjects
depending on their similarities in
language, genre or discourse.
Hypertext- is a nonlinear way of
showing information. Connects
topics on screen to related
information, graphics, videos, and
music—information is not simply
related to text.
Critical Reading as Reasoning
Identifying Assertions
- the primary channel for a
reader to assent to a claim.
These are declarative
sentences that claim
something is true about
something else. These are
sentences that is either true
or false.
Common types of assertion:
1. Fact- statement that can be
proven objectively by direct
experience, testimonies of
witnesses, verified
observations, or the results of
research.
2. Convention- a way in which
something is done, similar to
traditions and norms.
 3. Preference- based on personal
choice
Pre-Writing- first stage in the writing
process that pertains to different
techniques that help you discover
ideas before writing the first draft of a
paper.
Determining the Writing Situation
1. Knowing the kind of paper.
2. Determine the writing situation,
or the context of your
assignment.
3. Consider your purpose, the
reason why you are writing.
4. You must recognize who your
readers are and anticipate their
expectations, background, and
knowledge of the topic.
5. Think about the topic, is the
subject or the specific issue
that your paper will discuss.
6. Consider the tone, which refers
to the attitudes and feelings you
want your writing to reflect toward
your purpose, topic, audience,
and yourself.
Using Pre-Writing Strategies
1. Brainstorming
- one of the better and more
popular methods of
discovering the writing
topic.