THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD – Midterms
STATE exist for the public good and should remain as a
social safety net for promoting welfare and equity,
especially in the global South where despite the
immense wealth created from globalization, millions
still survive on less than a dollar a day (WB), hence
increasingly vulnerable if public services serve the
market imperative than their real needs.
• Economic policy is critical in social development and
international relations--- toward a people-oriented
globalization
• Unions (EU, ASEAN, WTO, economic actors) need to:
change the way they view economic policy.
• increase engagement/change of mindset through
policies
Grasping the global picture, allows us to explain
national policy as part of a global policy agenda of
neoliberalism, and encourages us to see beyond the
stated goal of increasing productivity and efficiency
(Marobela & Boy, 2012).
The crisis of capitalism pressures capitalists to expand,
invest, generate profit and accumulate capital. And with
this expansion global capitalism shapes the world
economy.
Central to the spread and reproduction of capital has
been the mediating role of global institutions like the
IMF, WTO, World Bank, and United Nations not only
promote neoliberal policies but impose them as the
mantra for the world economic system (Saad-Filho,
2003 as mentioned in (Marobela & Boy, 2012).
The Importance of Economic Policy
1. Historically, unions (ASEAN, EU) adopted the
“service” model
2. Old model is no longer sufficient.
3. Unions need to engage in economic policy
4. Successfully engaging economic policy means
engaging union movement from TOP to BOTTOM.
5. In the 1950s/1960s unions did not need to do this
kind of activity; the ruling paradigm favored them. That
has changed a lot.
Understanding Neo-liberal Economic Policy
Neoliberal policies---deregulation, and privatization—
free from government control
• Globalization dominates economic policy debate
• Need to view as part of “neo-liberal” policy agenda.
• The “Neo-liberal” Box
• Globalization & Outsourcing
• Rediscovering Economics
• Political Challenges
• Monetary policy ---- tools of banks re: interest rates
and economic growth, change reserve requirements are
controlled.
• Fiscal policy---government spending—tax policies,
lowering of tax rates when there is economic
depression, inflation
• The third-world countries are concerned about the
approaches adopted by the World Bank and the IMF in
formulating their policies and the way they are
governed.
• The power wielded in defining what is globally good
for other poor nations ultimately has negative social
and economic impacts on the livelihood of the people of
third world countries (developing countries) who
(human capital) unwillingly pay a heavy price for the
public goods following bad decisions they impose, what
Friedrichs and Friedrichs, (2002) have called “crimes of
the World Bank”).
• Public services are not just about pushing
performance standards and reducing costs to please
bureaucrats, local politicians, and the political agenda of
global institutions (Marobela & Boy, 2013).
Religion (spiritual sense) - idea of transcendence,
relation to sacredness/ holiness, relation of people to
the ultimate condition of existence.
Religion (material sense) - Beliefs capable of motivating
individuals/group to mobilize/ to achieve political
goals/unite people/suppress mass actions as a tool of
repression.
Secularization - refers to the belief that religion would
lose its significance with economic development and
modernization.
* Auguste Comte---POSITIVISM “People come and go. Customs, fashions, and
* Max Weber preferences change. Yet the web of fundamental rights
* Emile Durkheim and justice which a nation proclaims must not be
* Karl Marx broken.” (Nelson Mandela)

Ahmed Sékou Touré, first president of Guinea, as

Three Core Concepts of Secularization Paradigm:
quoted in Rolf Italiaander’s The New Leaders of Africa,
1. Differentiation New Jersey, 1961

2. Rationalization • “We should go down to the grassroots of our culture,

3. Worldliness (materialism)
Secularization Paradigm is a family of theories that vary
in terms of the extent of the decline or displacement of
religion, the direction of the process, and the driving
forces they ascribe to secularization.
Gorski (2000)’s Four Basic Positions in Understanding
• The disappearance of religion thesis
• The decline of religion thesis
• The privatization thesis
• The transformation thesis
The three (3) different camps within the old
secularization paradigm:
not to remain there, not to be isolated there, but to
draw strength and substance therefrom, and with
whatever additional sources of strength and material
we acquire, proceed to set up a new form of society.
Tylor's definition of culture (1871)−A complex whole
that includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law,
custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired
by man as a member of society.
2 KINDS OF CULTURE:
1. Material---technology, resources, education,
language, laws
2. Non-material---norms—standards of society, values,
beliefs, traditions, practices, mores (morals), religion
(indicated by symbols, behavior, and attitudes)

- the functionalists Components of Culture:

- the phenomenologists 1. Cultural knowledge

2. Norms
- the dialectic (an idea may result in another idea) 3. Values
theorists 4. Symbols
• Clash of civilization thesis by Samuel Huntington 5. Mores

- globalization will be the cause of the resurgence Norms – how certain people ought to act in given
(rebirth) of religion. situations.

- globalization will be cultural, not economic or Values – shared ideas or standard about the
ideological. worthwhileness of goals and lifestyles.

• Azzouzi (2013)- the resurgence (rebirth) of religion is World’s Largest Media Company (2014)
the consequence of globalization. • Google
2. Criticisms: • Walt Disney
• Comcast
1. Amartya Sen’s inadequate recognition of Huntington • 21st Century Fox
on heterogeneity --- (Religion cannot unite the people • Facebook
globally because culture is diverse). • Bertelsmann
• Viacom
2. Edward Said’s problems of the conceptualization of
• CBS
civilization and identities of Huntington into what they
• Baidu
are not.
• News Corp
World’s Largest Media Company (2020)
1. AT & T—world’s biggest telecom co.
2. Alphabet Inc.—parent co. of Goggle, youtube
3. Comcast—NBC, MSNBC, Universal corp.
4. Walt Disney--
5. 5 Facebook—social media, the juggernaut of
tech
6. Tencent holdings—Chinese-based media co.,
largest video game co.
7. Charter Comm. Inc.---US, broadband, cable, and
internet
8. News Corp. Ltd. / 21st Century Fox
9. Apple Inc.---American multi-tech company
10. Sony Entertainment –subsidiary of Japanese
corp.
Global Media Culture
Free flow of Information: The Road to Modernization
1. Model of development through Mass Media and the
free flow of information (Modernization Paradigm)
• More positive association between communication
components to that of the social, political, and
economic components in national growth
A. Models of Development
1. Western Liberal Model of Development: ...
2. Welfare Model of Development: ...
3. Socialist/Marxist Model of Development
1. 4 Democratic-Socialist Model of
Development: ...
4. Gandhian Model of Development:
Mass Media (educate, inform, entertain) plays a critical
role in the modernization paradigm.
Theories of modernization or development dominated
much of Western thinking from the Enlightenment of
the 1600s and 1700s to the present (Thornton 2005).
-----theories asserted that all society’s progress evolves
through the same natural, universal, and necessary
stages of development (Inglehart 2001 as cited in
Kyianytsia, 2021.
Global Media Culture
• Developing societies must follow the Western concept
of modernity in order to achieve development.
• Treat Mass Media as a factor that intervenes between
antecedents and consequences of modernization.
• Criticisms were also laid down against these theories.
--Government espousing this Western (Eurocentrism)
Model of Modernization used the media system to
control the population rather than promoting education
for democracy.
• The cultural Imperialism Paradigm grew in influence
(Schiller 1991 responds to his critics and maintains that
cultural imperialism is more important than ever for
understanding the hegemony (Antonio
Gramsci)/political control of the United States,
especially after the breakup of the USSR.)
------resistance movements/global justice
movements/advocates
A. Non-Aligned Countries Declaration of 1960/1979 also
known as the Havana Declaration Against the uneven
flow of information
----ISSUES RAISED:
• cultural imperialism and media imperialism
• Cultural Domination paved the way for the entry of
Western-based transnational corporations that would
dominate non-western economies—resulting in the
intensification and expansion of capitalism.
• Imperialism, is a highly subjective or' emotional word.
Morgenthau sees it as an "expansion of state's powers
beyond its borders, a policy that aims at the overthrow
of the status quo, at the reversal of the power relations
between two or more states (Godsgift & Obukoadata,
2008).
• Cultural imperialism thus involves a sort of
domination, a vault of economic gain and national
prestige. It involves ideological warfare more bizarre
than the world wars.
-----Its central proposition is that society is brought into
the modern world system through a domineering
process of technology, economic and political beliefs.
Forms of mass media
• Television- (1927) most important advertising
medium--- (BROADCAST AGE)
• SOCIAL MEDIA---INTERACTIVE STAGE
• Internet – replaced print media as the second.
• Print Media – goes down to third.
B. Contribution of Media Imperialism Scholars for
UNESCO----United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Demand change in
(proposed multidimensional approach to media
education—development and policy agendas)
communication policies based on the NWICO debate
C. NWICO (New World Information and Communication
Order) ---representation of developing countries
(middle nations/poor countries) in the world.
Recommendation:
• Report of the MacBride Commission aimed to
promote independence, diversity, and pluralism of
media, and to strengthen the national media of the
South.
-----democratization of communication (MacBride
Report, 1980: 191-233).
Cultural Pluralism
HOW TO PREVENT CULTURAL IMPERIALISM FROM
EXISTING:
The transition from Homogenization to
Heterogenization:
HOW???
• Cultural Pluralism- the result of the criticisms against
cultural imperialism
- also known as Cultural Globalization
• Transition from “one way” to “multidirectional flows”-
--GLOBAL INTERCONNECTIVITY (MEDIA)---GLOBAL
INTERDEPENDENCE
• Heterogenization is anchored on the meaning of
globalization as hybridization, synchronization, re-
territorialization, and indigenization.
The development of media is divided into two different
ages, the broadcast age, and the interactive age.
1. Broadcast age – radio or television station,
newspaper company, movie production – is
often indirect, delayed and impersonal.
2. Interactive media – rise of digital and mobile
technologies – instant feedback was a
possibility
The rapid expansion of global communications in the
21st century can be traced back to the mechanical
advancements of technologies during the course of the
18th and 19th centuries, which started mainly with the
invention of the telegraph in 1837, and included the
growth in postal services, cross- border telephone and
radio communications and the creation of a modern
mass circulation press in Europe.
• Evolution of technologies capable of that marked
transmitting messages via electromagnetic waves a
turning point in advancing the globalization of
communications.
• The emergence of international news agencies in the
19th century, such as Reuters, paved the way for the
beginnings of a global system of codification.
Effects to institutions
------Self-sustaining institutions
Media ----------religion and revitalization
-----------economic development
----------- modernization to benefit people
GOAL-------------development of/for the people
-----well-informed population/effect of media on
population and migration pattern
Demography is the study of population growth and
globalization and how it is impacting migration
(territorial movement) is affected by the media.
Demographic analysis
---- Focuses on this enduring collectivity >> studying
changes in its size, growth rates, and composition.
Emphasis is on understanding aggregate processes, but
demography is also attentive to the implications of
those processes for individuals.
Many of the indexes used in demography (life
expectancy at birth, total fertility rate) translate
aggregate-level processes into statements about the
demographic circumstances faced by an average or
randomly-chosen individual (Preston et. al. 2001 as - cultural experience
cited in United Nations, 2014). - political engagement

• Evaluation of the Global Cities Outlook of a city’s

potential based on the rate of change for 13 metrics
What is a Global City?
across four(4) dimensions:
• Also known as “Alpha City” or “World Centers”
- personal well-being
• Regarded as a primary node in the global economic - economics
network - innovation
- governance
• An urban center that enjoys significant competitive
advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized ecopolis – sustainable city
economic system (Brenner, 1998)
- top priority is to cut car use
• It serves as an important focal point for business,
Miyasaki’s anime
global trade, finance, tourist, and globalization to exist
(Sassen, 1994)

The New World Order of Cities Demography

• Established World Cities • Represents the study of statistics which illustrates the
• Emerging World Cities changing structure of the human population and thus
• New World Cities poses an effect on globalization on a holistic level.

• Pertains to the composition of a particular human

Six (6) Cities stand out:
population.
1. London
----------demographic patterns
2. New York
3. Paris - “baby boomers” generation---post-war babies
4. Tokyo centennials, millennials, generation x, generation Z,
5. Hong Kong alpha gen
6. Singapore
- population momentum –demographic transition(high
Analyzing Global Cities birth rates to low death rates) and population growth,
fertility rate, mortality rate, and reproductive age
• GWC ranked World Cities by their connectivity
through four(4) “advanced producers services”. • Demographic analysis /Interdisciplinary approach
- accountancy ---- Focuses on this enduring collectivity >> studying
- advertising changes in its size, growth rates, and composition
- banking/finance Emphasis is on understanding aggregate processes, but
- law demography is also attentive to the implications of
those processes for individuals.
• Manila is listed as an Alpha City - means that Manila is
considered as an emerging global economic player. Many of the indexes used in demography (life
expectancy at birth, total fertility rate) translate
Global Cities Index
aggregate-level processes into statements about the
• Current Performance of Cities based on the 27 metrics demographic circumstances faced by an average or
spanning five dimensions: randomly-chosen individual (Preston et. al. 2001 as
cited in United Nations, 2014).
- business activity
- human capital
- information exchange
Pattern of Global Demographic Change
• Current World Population (7.98 B)
statistics/projections
• Disparity in population growth between countries
• Crude Birth and Death Rates (no of deaths per
1,000 population)
• Global Fertility Rate vs. global food production
• Infant and Child Mortality Decline
• Global Life Expectancy
• Working Age Population
Demographic Change and Its Economic Impact
• Consequential with respect to economic and social
development.
- Thomas Malthus’s point of view (mathematical
increase in food production Vs. a geometric increase in
population)
- The population optimists’ point of view
- Population Neutralism
The Impact of Demographical Changes to Globalization
• Demographic Changes affect the phenomenon of
globalization to a large extent.
• Demography has shaped trading patterns since
antiquity.
• The early demographic transition (high birth rates
to low death rates) in Europe
• The rise of Asia’s population and its role at the
heart of the global economy
Global Migration
• It is an essential aspects of demographic analysis.
• Humanity seems to be always on the move.
• The core dynamics of Global Migration.
• 2017 International Migration Report of United Nation
(high-income countries hosted 64%, or nearly 165
million, impact on SDG 2030, Asia and Europe were the
regions of origin for the largest numbers of
international migrants — 106 million and 61 million)
• Some basic concepts related to Migration
International Migrant
• A person who is living in a country other than his/her
country of birth.
• The difference between immigration (movement of
people to a country) and emigration (movement of
people from a country).
• Both activities of immigrating and emigrating can
bring a host of positive effects for both the host and
home countries.
• Migrants as the most vulnerable members of society.
Reason for Global Migration
I. Political- i.e. civil strife, wars, and the need for asylum
- Syria
- Afghanistan
- South Sudan
- Myanmar
- Somalia
- Democratic Republic of Congo
II. Economic – In search for better opportunities
-Economic effects of Migration
1. The sending and receiving countries
2. The situation of the developing countries
3. The situation of the developed countries
III. Environmental – Disaster Driven Migration
• Environmental Problems and Natural Disasters
• The importance of “Environmental Refugees”
• Statistics of environmental migrants
• The Effects of Desertification due to climate
change
The Push-Pull Factors of Migration
• Analysis of Migration through push-pull model
- push factor is the one that drives people to leave
home
- pull factor is the one that attracts migrants to a new
location
Push – negative aspects of the sending country
Pull – positive aspects of the receiving country
Other factors: Challenges and Prospects

• network factor • Continued rise in international migration during the

coming decade
1. can either facilitate or deter migration.
• Persistent migration streams will bring new problem
2. includes cost of travel, ease of communication, and
in the years ahead
international business trends.
- Human Trafficking
3. not related to specific country
- Terrorism
4. have profound effect on international migration - Increased Racism

Examples of Push Factors

• Lack of Economic opportunities

• Lack of Safety
• High Criminality
• Crop Failure
• Drought
• Flooding
• Poverty
• War

Example of Pull Factors

• Higher Employment
• More Wealth
• Better Service
• Good Climate
• Safer, less Criminality
• Political Stability
• More Fertile Land
• Lower Risks from Natural Hazards

Trends in Global Migration

• Continuous growth in the number of international

migrants

• High-income countries host almost 2/3 of all

international migrants

• Data analysis by geographic region

Migration and

Globalization

• The Intrinsic Relationship between Migration and

Globalization

• Variety of ways that affected Migration and

Globalization

• Globalization produces countervailing forces