aditya-l1

India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1,

intended for launch by the end of August
or early September, has arrived at the
Sriharikota spaceport.

CURRENT AFFAIRS 30
AUGUST 2023
WWW.INSIGHTSONINDIA.COM

INSIDE
GENERAL STUDIES – 1
Topics: Ancient History
1. Ancient History: Democracy in India
Topics: The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and
important contributors /contributions from different parts
of the country.
2. 81st Anniversary of ‘Quit India Movement’ 8 Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associa-
Topics: Post-independence consolidation and reorganiza-
tion within the country.
3. Kashmir Issue: Historical aspects 10
Topics: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
4. Impact of Climate Change on Children
5. Health Facilities for Tribal Women Report Casteism
in Indian Society
Topics: Women and women related issues.
6. SC guidelines for eliminating gender stereotypes 13
Topics: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earth-
quakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical
features and their location- changes in critical geographical
features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora
and fauna and the effects of such changes.
7. Increased rain and reduced snowfall in the Hima-
layan region 13
8. India and the Northern Sea Route 14
9. Flood Plain Zoning 15
GENERAL STUDIES – 2
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolu-
tion, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic
structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme
with that of other countries.
1. Constitutional Challenge to the 2019 Abrogation of
Article 370 17
2. Impact of Article 370 abrogation 17
3. NEET & Tamil Nadu’s Protest 19
4. Renouncing Indian citizenship 20
5. Fali S Nariman on Basic Structure Doctrine 21
Topics: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the
States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal struc-
ture, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels
and challenges therein.
6. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi
(Amendment) Bill, 2023 22
Topics: Separation of powers between various organs dis-
2 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
pute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
7. Jan Vishwas Act, 2022 and Separation of Power 23
8. Pros and Cons of Mediation Bill 2021 24
Topics: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, func-
tioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues
arising out of these.
9. Money Bills and Financial Bills 25
10. Lowering the Minimum Age for Contesting Election
8 26
11. Suspensions of Members of Parliament (MPs) 27
Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Exec-
utive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the
tions and their role in the Polity.
12. Standing Committee Report on “Judicial Process and
their Reforms” 28
Topics: Salient features of the Representation of People’s
Act.
10
13. Lily Thomas case and Section 8(4) of RPA 29
12 Topics: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, pow-
ers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional
Bodies.
14. Centre’s Bill on Election Commission Appointments
30
15. ECI: Point of contention between the government
and the judiciary 31
Topics: Government policies and interventions for develop-
ment in various sectors and issues arising out of their design
and implementation.
16. “Limited Internet shutdowns” and their impact 33
17. The dire condition of Government Schools in Bihar
34
18. Justice Rohini panel’s findings 35
19. National Research Foundation (NRF) Bill has been in-
troduced in the Lok Sabha 36
20. Parliamentary panel findings on Drug abuse in India
37
21. National Nursing and Midwifery Commission
(NNMC) Bill, 2023 38
22. National Dental Commission Bill, 2023 39
23. 5 Years of Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Ar-
ogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY) 39
24. CAG Audit: National Social Assistance Programme
(NSAP)40
25. Bill introduced: Reforms in Indian Criminal Law 41
26. A Shift in India’s Democratic Landscape 43
27. The NMC Registered Medical Practitioner (profes-
sional conduct) Regulations 2023 43
28. Scheduled Caste (SC) status for Dalit Christians 45
29. Impact of the DPDP Bill on the RTI Act 46
30. Limitations of India’s new Digital Personal Data Pro-
tection law (DPDP) 2023 46
Current Affairs 30
31. Issues with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana
(ABRY) 47
32. Gaps in Registration of Births and Deaths (RBD)
Amendment Act 47
33. Piped Water Connection 48
34. 9 years of PM Jhan Dhan Yojana 49
35. Minority Scholarship Scheme Scam 50
Topics: Development processes and the development indus-
try- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations,
donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
36. SHGs: ‘Lakhpati Didi’ scheme 51
Topics: Issues relating to development and management of
Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human
Resources.
37. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2023
52
38. Mental health issues in Security forces 53
39. Teaching in the mother tongue 54
40. The key to India’s hunger challenge 55
41. First UN guidance on Children’s Rights and Environ-
ment56
Topics: Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
42. Lancet Study on Nutrition and TB Linkage 56
Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency and
accountability, e-governance applications, models, success-
es, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency
& accountability and institutional and other measures.
43. Analysis of Recent Reforms in Indian Criminal Law
57
44. Suspension of Wrestling Federation of India (WFI)
58
Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-
ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
45. Admitting new members to BRICS 59
46. India-UK Relationship 60
47. India-Greece Bilateral Relationship 61
Topics: Effect of policies and politics of developed and devel-
oping countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
48. South Asia’s Integration 62
49. Pakistan Army Act 63
Topics: Important International institutions, agencies and
fora, their structure, mandate.
50. Multilateral Development Banks and issues with
global financial safety institutions 63
51. Expansion of BRICS 64
GENERAL STUDIES – 3
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mo-
bilization of resources, growth, development and employ-
ment.
1. Draft National Tourism Policy 65
2. Revised Draft of the National Policy on Official Statis-
tics 66
3. RBI’s State of the Economy report 67
4. India is becoming a young country but with an age-
ing workforce 67
5. High Youth Unemployment in India 68
6. ‘Future of Work: State of Work @ AI’ report 69
Topics: Government Budgeting.
7. Rethink the dynamics of India’s fiscal federalism 70
Topics: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the
country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems
storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce
and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid
of farmers.
8. Use of Technology in Agriculture 71
Topics: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies
and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- ob-
jectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer
stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of
animal-rearing.
9. Coastal Aquaculture Authority (Amendment) Bill,
202372
10. House Panel Urges Government to Ensure Fertilizer
Availability and Local Production 73
Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in
industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
11. India’s chip design ecosystem 73
12. India’s protectionist Industrial Policy 74
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Rail-
ways etc.
13. Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation)
Amendment Bill, 2023 75
14. CAG Report on Railway Finance 77
15. Committee recommendation on stalled housing
projects78
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of In-
dians in science & technology; indigenization of technology
and developing new technology.
16. Draft National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP) 79
17. Lead poisoning in India 79
Topics: Awareness in space.
18. ISRO and Chandrayaan-3 mission 81
19. Significance of Chandrayaan-3 Mission and ISRO’s
future mission 83
20. Aditya-L1 solar mission 84
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution
and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
21. NITI Aayog: Towards Decarbonising Transport 2023
85
22. Plastic Overshoot Days 86
23. WMO: 2022 State of the Climate in Asia Report 87
www.insightsonindia.com 3
 Current Affairs 30
24. Tourism’s Ecological Toll 88 DC)101
25. Impact of Geopolitics on Clean Energy Targets 88 12. Major quotes and Speeches of PM Modi from 2014
26. Debt-Fossil Fuel Trap Report 89 onwards101
27. Air Pollution Shortens Indian Life 90 13. “Karnataka’s ‘Koosina Mane’ Creches: Redefining
Childcare102
Topics: Disaster and management.
28. Drought Declaration Norms 91
Topics: Challenges to internal security through communica- GS-3
tion networks, role of media and social networking sites in
internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; mon- 1. JALDOST Airboat 103
ey-laundering and its prevention 2. India’s first captive breeding success story in Assam
29. India and the Nuclear Weapon 92 Zoo103
Topics: Various Security forces and agencies and their man- 3. Fediverse 103
date. 4. Devika: North India’s First River Rejuvenation Project
103
GENERAL STUDIES – 4 5. Deepor Beel 103
6. Air pollution linked to rise in antibiotic resistance
1. A crisis of academic ethics in India 93 104
2. Example of Ethics: Chef Pillai 94 7. Plant-eating dinosaur species 104
3. Can AI be Ethical and Moral? 94 8. Havana Syndrome 104
9. OS Maya 105
10. China’s ‘Sponge Cities’ and Their Flood Challenges
CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT; 105
11. Scientists Design 2D Composite Quantum Material
GS-1 105
12. Zayed Talwar 106
1. SDCs to Promote Tribal Culture 95
13. Niveshak Sarathi 106
2. UNESCO heritage danger list 96
14. Telangana on track to become a leader in AI 106
3. Exposure of children to the internet 96
15. Graphene-Aurora Program 107
4. Janjatiya Gaurav Corridor initiative 96
16. Traditional Rice Variety: Red Rice 107
5. How climate change is killing languages 96
17. Redwoods Rising 107
6. Kalka-Shimla Railway (KSR) 96
18. Pibot 107
7. Kanniyakumari’s Matti Banana 97
19. Bengaluru: India’s first 3D-printed post office 108
8. Solution to minimize heatwaves in Urban India 97
20. Jal Sansads 108
21. India as a premier wedding destination 108
GS-2 22. Eco-anxiety 108
23. SeamlessM4T 108
1. Odisha Millets Mission (OMM) 97
24. Cleantech Solutions 109
2. Skilling in Emerging Technologies 98
25. Fire Prevention Zone (Canada) 109
3. G20 EMPOWER Tech Equity Digital Inclusion Plat-
26. India’s First Solar Roof Cycling Track (Hyderabad)
form98
109
4. G20 Principles for Financing Cities of Tomorrow 98
27. Solution for Mitigating human-wildlife conflict 109
5. Chennai City Partnership 99
28. Near vs. Far Side of Moon 110
6. Supreme Court verdict on Rahul Gandhi’s conviction
29. Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) 110
case99
7. Economic Community of West African States (ECOW-
AS)99 GS-4
8. Visa Issuance Suspensions Between France and Mali 1. Aces on Wheels 110
100 2. Milasha Joseph 111
9. SuSwagatam portal 100 3. Krushnachandra Ataka 111
10. Athidhi Portal 100 4. John Warnock 111
11. Indian Web Browser Development Challenge (IWB- 5. Puneeth Rajkumar’s eye donation 111

4 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
20. ‘SAMUDRA’ mobile app 127
FACTS FOR PRELIMS; 21. PM e-Bus Sewa scheme 127
22. Global Initiative on Digital Health 127
GS-1 23. University Grants Commission releases draft for for-
eign educational institutes 127
1. GI tags in News 111
24. Ninth Commonwealth Parliamentary Association
2. Paharis and Paddaris 112 128
3. Lithium Extraction 113 25. First ABDM Microsite 128
4. Palaeo Proxies 113 26. Grand Cross of the Order of Honour 129
5. Puri (Odisha) 113 27. The land scheme is reserved only for domiciles: J&K
6. Tamil Palm manuscripts: Gnanamuyarchi 114 administration 129
7. Adichanallur archaeological site (Tamil Nadu) 114 28. Nikah halala 129
8. Arunachal Rang Mahotsav 114 29. India Smart Cities Award Contest, 2022 129
9. Matangini Hazra and Kanaklata Barua 115 30. Right To Repair 130
10. Kirti Chakras and Shaurya Chakras 115 31. Project ‘AMBER’ 130
11. Karnail Singh Isru 115 32. SVAMITVA Scheme 130
12. Madan Lal Dhingra 116 33. Meaning of “Global South” 130
13. Third-longest monsoonal break in this century has 34. ‘Self-respect’ marriages 131
ended116 35. Kampala Declaration 131
14. North Sea Transition Authority (NTSA) 116
15. Vast megalithic site in Kerala 117
16. Ancient Mailara cult in coastal Karnataka 117
GS-3
17. Indian Ocean Dipole turns positive 117
1. Indian companies can soon list on foreign exchanges
18. The Fujiwhara effect 118
132
19. Seethakali folk art (Kerala) 118
2. Worldcoin 132
20. Increasing Cyclone frequency 119
3. 46,000-year-old worms brought back to life from Si-
berian permafrost 132
GS-2 4. New blood testing technology called GEMINI 133
1. Room-temperature superconductor 133
1. ULLAS: Nav Bharat Saksharta Karyakram 119
5. Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) 133
2. GOBARdhan Initiative 120
6. Finger Minutiae Record – Finger Image Record (FMR-
3. The Indian Institutes of Management (Amendment) FIR) modality 134
Bill, 2023 120
7. Akira ransomware 134
4. The doctrine of ‘reasonableness’ 121
8. Polypills 134
5. Justice G. Rohini Commission 121
9. Western Tragopan 135
6. Mediation Bill, 2021 121
10. Massive extinct whale ‘may be the heaviest animal
7. MASI Portal 121 that ever lived’ 135
8. New Ayush visa category for foreign nationals 122 11. Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff 135
9. Bal Raksha Bharat loses FCRA permit 122 12. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) standards136
10. The Pharmacy (Amendment) Bill, 2023 123 13. Sahakar 22 136
11. Vivad se Vishwas 2.0 123 14. Smart Corn GMO 136
12. Digital Health Incentives Scheme (DHIS) 123 15. Saving Vultures: Ban on aceclofenac and ketoprofen
13. Amrit Bharat Station Scheme 124 137
14. Keralam 124 16. Maharatna and Navratna category 137
15. Mission Indradhanush 125 17. Restrictions on the import of electronic devices 138
16. Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam 125 18. Rajmargyatra 138
17. Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (PM- 19. NIDHI program 139
USHA) scheme 125 20. Red Sanders 139
18. Remittances to India 126 21. Water neutrality in Indian industries 139
19. Vishwakarma Yojana 126 22. Bhu-Vision 140

www.insightsonindia.com 5
 Current Affairs 30
23. Einstein cross 140 NCAP)156
24. 5% of birds in India are endemic 140 60. Gene-edited mustard 156
25. Israeli Spike Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) anti-tank guid- 61. Definition of Green Hydrogen 156
ed missiles 141 62. COP28: Gabon wraps up $500 million debt-for-na-
26. Nuclear Medicine 141 ture swap 156
2. IMS-1 Satellite Bus Technology 141 63. Acoustic Side Channel Attacks 157
27. Neerakshi 141 64. Demon particle 157
28. Tidal energy potential 142 65. Namoh 108 158
29. US scientists achieve net energy gain for the second 66. Pacific islands face the risk of drowning 158
time in nuclear fusion reaction 142 67. DRDO’s UAV Tapas 158
30. Belem Declaration 142 8. Advisory board on bank frauds 158
31. Vaquita porpoise 143 68. Market Coupling 159
32. RBI launches new features for UPI 143 69. MeitY-NSF research collaboration 159
3. Deflation 143 70. Pandemic Fund for Strengthening Animal Health
4. The Ganga Afforestation Project Falls Short of Target System of India 159
144 71. Gondia, Gadchiroli to host Maharashtra’s 1st ele-
5. Rising Pest Threats 144 phant reserve 160
6. Mangroves 144 72. Bacteria that ‘eat’ methane 160
33. Interpol Global Academy Network 145 73. Pfizer’s RSV vaccine 160
34. Aromatic rice ‘Mushkbudji’ 145 74. Ultra-processed food 160
35. IMF Quota Review 146 75. Dholpur-Karauli tiger reserve in Rajasthan 161
7. New Soil Health Card Scheme 146 76. 1 hydrogen bus in Leh
st
161
36. Inclusive Conservation Initiative (ICI) 147 77. C.R. Rao 161
37. Asian Elephant 147 78. Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR) Initiative 162
38. NCCF and NAFED 148 79. Why rural India shifted to sugars and processed
39. Metagenome sequencing 148 foods162
40. Deemed forests 149 80. Hubble Space Telescope captures ‘ghostly’ glow of
41. India’s first drone common testing centre 149 distant galaxy 162
42. First-ever Global Summit on Traditional Medicine 81. Deficiency in micronutrients in soil linked to the
149 health of children and women 162
43. STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) 82. Indigenous ASTRA Beyond Visual Range air-to-air
mission150 missile163
44. Scientists detect ‘microplastics’ in the human heart 83. FIDE Chess World Cup 163
for the first time: Report 150 84. FIFA Women’s World Cup 2023 163
45. Aditya-L1 150 85. Khelo India initiative 163
46. ‘Termination-level Transition’ 151 86. Facts about Cinnamon 164
47. Sanchar Saathi Portal 152 87. Bees can monitor pollution 164
48. ‘FloodWatch’ app 152 88. Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) Ratified
49. Sixth Anniversary of Minamata Convention 152 164
50. New salamander species in the mountain lakes of 89. Somatic genetic variants 165
Manipur153 90. “State of India’s Birds, 2023” report 165
51. New snake species 153 91. Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) Ratified
52. INS ‘Vindhyagiri’ 154 165
53. India has started manufacturing 38 APIs  154 92. 6th Census Report on Minor Irrigation (MI) Schemes
166
54. Pig kidney in a human body 154
93. 23rd August will be celebrated as the National Space
55. Wildfires in Canada and Spain 154
Day166
56. Offshore wind power projects 155
94. Solar Orbiter Spacecraft Discovers Tiny Jets That
57. Infrastructure Debt Fund-NBFCs (IDF-NBFCs) 155 Could Power the Solar Wind 167
58. The issue with turmeric supplements 155 95. IUCN’s Tiger Programme Launches Phase IV Call for
59. Bharat New Car Assessment Programme (Bharat Concept Notes 167

6 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
96. Acroynym “RAISE” for Business 167
97. Emperor Penguin 167
98. Chinese Navy is testing the most powerful coil gun
ever built 168
99. Military exercises in News 168
100. Magic rice 168
101. Nabhmitra 169
102. Pragyan rover confirms sulphur  169
103. National Carbon Registry 169
104. Addis Ababa Declaration  169
105. Hollongapar Gibbon sanctuary 169
106. Mysteries of the Y chromosome 170
107. Flora, Fauna and Funga 170
108. Cybterterms in News 171

MAPPING
1. China 171
2. North Sea 171
3. Kuril Islands 172
4. Johannesburg (South Africa) 172
5. Assam’s Manas Tiger Reserve 172
6. Arash-Dorra Gas Field 173
7. Omkareshwar Reservoir (Madhya Pradesh) 173
8. Ghana 173
9. Kenya 174
10. Indonesia’s Aceh Province 174
11. Deadly Wildfires Strike Maui (Hawaii, USA) 174
12. Katchatheevu Island (Tamil Nadu) 175
13. Hydropower Dams in Arunachal Pradesh 175
14. Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary (Maharashtra) 175
15. Georgia 176
16. Gandhidham (Gujarat) 176
17. Sulina Channel (Danube River) 176
18. Lake Titicaca 176
19. Trinidad and Tobago 177
20. ‘Likaru-Mig La-Fukche’ road (Ladakh) 177
21. Niger 177
22. Japan 178
23. Panama Canal 178
24. Denmark 179
25. China-Bhutan Boundary Dispute 179
26. Australia 180
27. Hurricane Idalia (Florida) 180
28. Kenya 180

www.insightsonindia.com 7

GENERAL STUDIES – 1
Topics: Ancient History
1. ANCIENT HISTORY: DEMOCRACY IN IN-
DIA
Context:
In the context of India’s 76th year of Independence, the ar-
ticle highlights the debate surrounding the origins of democ-
racy and India’s claim to being the “mother of democracy.”
What is Democracy?
Democracy is a system of government where power is vested
in the hands of the people, allowing them to participate in
decision-making through voting and representation.
The debate:
Western narrative claims that democracy was invented in
ancient Athens before being rediscovered and spreading
around the globe in modern times.
While ancient Greece is often associated with the birth of
democracy, India’s historical references to democratic prac-
tices challenge this narrative.
Aspect of Democracy:
Aspect Examples from India’s History
Early Demo- References in ancient texts like the Rig
cratic Practices Veda and Buddhist scriptures suggest
democratic forms of governance in In-
dia. The Vinay-Pitaka scripture regulated
meetings and voting through a secret bal-
lot system in Buddhist sanghas.
Ancient Re- Ancient Indian states like the Lichhavis,
publics Mallas, and Vajji confederations were re-
publics with self-governing systems.
R e p r e s e n t a - Democratic practices within Gana sang-
tion and Deci- has involved decisions taken by mem-
sion-Making bers themselves. The governing style was
maintained through conventions applica-
ble to these groups.
Democratic In- The mention of institutions like sabha,
stitutions samiti, and sangha in texts indicates
democratic setups, where discussions,
resolutions, and equitable resource dis-
tribution were emphasized.
8 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Diverse Gover- The coexistence of various forms of
nance self-governing groups, such as warrior
formations, religious fraternities, and
economic organizations, showcased di-
verse democratic models in different
contexts.
Recognition by Greek historian Diodorus Siculus men-
Historians tioned India’s independent and demo-
cratic republics, indicating external ac-
knowledgement of democratic systems
in ancient India.
Parallel Evolu- Just as Greek democracy evolved inde-
tion pendently, Indian democracy evolved
through ancient republics and assem-
blies. Indian democracy’s roots are as an-
cient as those of Greek democracy.
Conclusion:
Despite historic roots, flaws in the system, such as the ex-
clusion of certain groups, discrimination, and weak political
rights exist. There is a need of protecting democracy, as gifts
like democracy can also be vulnerable to erosion.
To know about democracy from a polity point of view: Click
here
Insta Links:
• India’s democratic values have eroded significantly
• India’s democracy, diminished and declining
Topics: The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and
important contributors /contributions from different parts
of the country.
2. 81ST ANNIVERSARY OF ‘QUIT INDIA
MOVEMENT’
Context:
On the 81st Anniversary of the historic ‘Quit India Move-
ment’, the Vice-President, PM and Chairman of Rajya Sabha,
paid homage to freedom fighters and highlighted the move-
ment’s enduring relevance.
About Quit India Movement (also known as the August
Movement)
It was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the
All India Congress Committee by Mohandas Gandhi on 8th
August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to Brit-
ish rule in India.
Reasons that led to the Quit India movement:
• The Failure of the Cripps Mission
• Wartime miseries: There was popular discontent
because of rising prices and shortage of rice, salt,
etc.,
Current Affairs 30
• Weakening Empire: News of reverses suffered by
the British in Southeast Asia and an imminent Brit-
ish collapse. It also shattered the notion of White
prestige
QIM united people against British Rule:
• People’s movement: By August 9, Gandhi and all
other senior Congress leaders had been jailed. With
no one to give directions, people took the move-
ment into their own hands.
• Public rampage: Many felt Gandhi’s mantra of Do or
Die represented the militant mood of Gandhi. The
general public attacked symbols of authority and
hoisted national flags forcibly on public buildings.
Satyagrahis offered themselves up to arrest, bridges
were blown up, railway tracks were removed, and
telegraph lines were cut.
• Parallel governments: Parallel governments were
established in many places:
o Ballia (for a week)—under Chittu Pandey.
o Tamluk —Jatiya Sarkar undertook cyclone
relief work, sanctioned grants to schools,
supplied paddy from the rich to the poor,
organised Vidyut Vahinis, etc.
o Satara (mid-1943 to 1945)—named “Prati
Sarkar”, was organised under leaders like
Y.B. Chavan, Nana Patil, etc. Village libraries
and Nyayadan Mandals were organised,
prohibition campaigns were carried on, and
‘Gandhi marriages’ were organised.
• Active help by all sections: was provided. Extended
Mass Participation:
o By businessmen through donations, shelter,
and material help, students (acting as cou-
riers),
o Youth, especially the students of schools
and colleges, remained at the forefront.
o Women, especially school and college girls,
actively participated and included Aruna
Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kripalani, and Usha Mehta.
o Workers went on strikes and faced repres-
sion.
o Peasants of all strata were at the heart of
the movement. Even some zamindars par-
ticipated. These peasants concentrated
their offensive on symbols of authority, and
there was a complete absence of anti-za-
mindar violence.
o Simple villagers- by refusing information
from the authority.
o Muslims helped by giving shelter to under-
ground activists. There were no communal
clashes during the movement.
• Loyalty to the government suffered considerable
erosion: This also showed how deep nationalism
had reached.
o Government officials including police par-
ticipated, passed on secret information to
the activists, especially those belonging to
lower levels of police and administration, re-
sulting in an erosion of government loyalty.
o Pilots and train drivers by delivering bombs
and other materials.
Although QIM was violently suppressed by the British, it
had mobilised the masses with Unparalleled heroism and
militancy, which was not seen during the Non-cooperation
Movement (1920) and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).
QIM changed the character of the Indian freedom struggle
and placed the demand for independence on the immediate
agenda of the national movement.
Quit India Movement’s Enduring Relevance Today:
Aspect Enduring Relevance Today
Unity and Together- Demonstrates the power of col-
ness lective efforts for a cause
Determination and Inspires perseverance and com-
Dedication mitment to challenges
Upholding Sovereign- Reinforces the importance of
ty and Integrity safeguarding national identity
Striving for Indepen- Encourages pursuit of self-reli-
dence ance and autonomy
Overcoming Challeng- Provides lessons in resilience and
es and Adversity overcoming obstacles
Social and Political Ac- Inspires citizen participation for
tivism societal betterment
Leadership and Cour- Highlights the impact of bold
age leadership and courage
Promoting National Instils a sense of patriotism and
Pride pride in the nation
Conclusion
As Ram Manohar Lohia wrote on the 25th anniversary of
the Quit India Movement “9th August was and will remain a
people’s event. 15th August was a state event… 9th August
1942 expressed the will of the people — we want to be free,
and we shall be free. For the first time after a long period in
our history, crores of people expressed their desire to be
free…”
Insta links
Quit India Movement
Topics: Post-independence consolidation and reorganiza-
tion within the country.
www.insightsonindia.com 9

3. KASHMIR ISSUE: HISTORICAL ASPECTS
Context:
The article delves into the historical complexities of the
Kashmir issue, particularly focusing on the events surround-
ing Hari Singh’s accession to India and the subsequent devel-
opments.
Background of Kashmir’s accession to India:
The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, ruled by Maha-
raja Hari Singh, was faced with a crucial decision as British
colonial rule ended in India in 1947. As part of the partition
process, princely states were given the choice to join India,
Pakistan, or remain independent.
Maharaja Hari Singh’s preference for independence was
rooted in his aspiration to maintain a neutral status for Kash-
mir. However, this choice was challenged by various factors,
including the state’s geographical location, its religious and
ethnic diversity, and the political pressures of the time.
The role played by Gurdaspur Division:
The division of Gurdaspur, a district that held strategic signif-
icance due to its land connectivity to Kashmir, played a piv-
otal role. The Radcliffe Boundary Commission’s decision to
include Gurdaspur in India ensured that there was a viable
land route between India and Kashmir, which influenced
Hari Singh’s ultimate decision to accede to India.
Tribal incursion:
In 1947, as tensions between India and Pakistan escalated,
tribal militias backed by Pakistan invaded Kashmir. Facing a
dire security situation, Hari Singh sought India’s military as-
sistance. In return, he agreed to accede to India, formalizing
the accession with the signing of the Instrument of Acces-
sion.
Why did India approach the United Nations for intervention
in Kashmir?
This accession was followed by military intervention by Indi-
an forces to counter the tribal invasion and secure Kashmir.
However, the situation continued to be complex.
In January 1948, India brought the Kashmir issue before
the United Nations Security Council. India’s contention was
that Pakistani infiltrators had occupied parts of Jammu and
Kashmir, which had legally acceded to India through the In-
strument of Accession signed by Maharaja Hari Singh. India
argued that these infiltrators should be asked to leave the
region to restore the status quo.
What is UNSC decide?
The UN proposed a ceasefire, demilitarization, and a pleb-
iscite to determine the future of the region. However, the
UN’s intervention did not lead to a resolution of the Kash-
10 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
mir issue. The ceasefire was implemented, but the plebiscite
never took place due to disagreements between India and
Pakistan over the preconditions, including the withdrawal of
forces from the region.
Article 370:
A significant development was the inclusion of Article 370 in
the Indian Constitution on October 17, 1949, which grant-
ed Jammu and Kashmir a “special status” within the Union
of India. This special status provided the region with certain
autonomy in areas like governance, laws, and citizenship,
reflecting a unique arrangement that aimed to accommo-
date the region’s distinct circumstances.
After 1954, as Pakistan strengthened its ties with the Unit-
ed States and both countries signed a military pact, Jawa-
harlal Nehru, became more resolute against the idea of a
plebiscite in Kashmir. Meanwhile, the region of Jammu and
Kashmir continued its integration into India’s democratic
processes, participating in the drafting of the Indian Consti-
tution and beyond.
Insta Links:
• Constitutional Challenge to the 2019 Abrogation of
Article 370
• We need civil society engagement in Kashmir
Topics: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
4. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON CHIL-
DREN
Context:
A recent study has highlighted how climate change contrib-
utes to violence against children.
How climate change contributes to violence against chil-
dren?
Aspect Description
Hazards and Di- Natural disasters create stressful en-
saster Risk vironments, leading to higher risks of
violence against children in relief shel-
ters or at home. In post-disaster situa-
tions, children might be forced into la-
bour for recovery efforts.
Gender Climate change can exacerbate child
marriage in certain regions due to
drought-induced economic pressures,
affecting girls disproportionately.
Mobility and Im- Climate migrants face increased risks
mobility of violence, and separation from fam-
ilies or caregivers makes children vul-
nerable. Immobility, as in slum areas,
can lead to child abuse and violence.
Current Affairs 30
Child Labor Natural disasters and cli-
mate-change-related industries (ag-
riculture, mining, etc.) contribute to
child labour, which can expose children
to exploitation and violence.
Health Climate-related mental health issues
can lead to increased perpetration of
violence against children, as eco-anxi-
ety and fear of consequences contrib-
ute to domestic violence.
As temperatures rise, infants will bear
the greatest burden of malnutrition
and rising food prices.
Children will suffer most from the rise
in infectious diseases.
Addressing violence against children due to climate change
requires a multi-faceted approach:
• Integrated Policies: Develop context-specific poli-
cies that recognize the link between climate change
and violence against children.
• Early Warning Systems: Establish early warning sys-
tems for climate-related disasters that specifically
consider children’s vulnerabilities.
• Psychosocial Support: Offer counselling, play thera-
py, and mental health services to help children cope
with anxiety and stress.
• Gender-Sensitive Interventions: Focus on prevent-
ing child marriage, human trafficking, and gen-
der-based violence exacerbated by climate change.
• Climate-Resilient Education: Integrate climate
change awareness and preparedness into school
curricula to empower children with knowledge and
skills to face climate-related challenges.
• Child-Centred Disaster Plans: Develop and imple-
ment disaster preparedness plans that specifically
address the needs and vulnerabilities of children
during extreme weather events.
• Child-Centred Shelters: Design and set up shelters
that prioritize the safety and well-being of children
during emergencies.
Also, refer to our previous article on the Impact of Climate
change on Social issues
Insta Links:
Still a nightmare for domestic violence survivors
Context:
A Parliamentary Committee (on the empowerment of wom-
en) tabled a report criticizing the Union government for lack-
ing disaggregated data on tribal populations’ health con-
ditions and emphasized the need for comprehensive data
collection.
Major Highlights of the Report:
Key Highlights Description
Lack of Dis- The report highlights the absence of de-
aggregated tailed data on the health conditions of
Health Data tribal populations in the country.
Early Marriage Early marriage in tribal women causes
early pregnancy and other general health
risks.
Prevalence of The report highlights how tribal women
Health Issues suffer from malnutrition, a high infant
among Tribal mortality rate (over 41%), and communi-
Women cable diseases like malaria, tuberculosis
etc (NHFS-5)
More than half of tribal women of re-
productive age suffer from anaemia
Online Portal An online portal is being established for
for Registra- tribal people to register for diseases, al-
tion lowing targeted interventions.
However, the committee critiques the
online portal and suggests setting up self-
help kiosks for easier registration.
Key Recommendations:
• Extensive Data Collection: The committee recom-
mended the inclusion of tribal sub-samples in the
National Family Health Survey-5
• Empowerment of ministry: The committee suggests
empowering the Tribal Affairs Ministry to plan re-
sources for tribal welfare in various sectors.
o Ministry of Tribal Affairs should work with
MoHFW to generate central health data for
tribals with separate classifications like girl
children, women of various age groups etc
• Inclusive data collection: The committee recom-
mends including tribal populations in data collection
and examining the information periodically.
• Focus on Prenatal, Post-natal Care, and Access to
Health Services, including mental health and emer-
gency services.
• Ministry’s Efforts to Monitor Tribal Health Data:
The Tribal Affairs Ministry is working on a central da-
tabase to monitor the health of tribal people.
• Linking of the Swasthya portal to various govern-
ment databases such as the POSHAN tracker
• Education: Devise a special action plan to retain trib-
al girl children in school and develop an alternate
learning program for ‘out of school’ girl child
For Health Schemes in Tribal areas: Click Here
www.insightsonindia.com 11

Best practices:
Mera Baccha Abhiyan:
• It aims to fight malnutrition through public participation
in Datia district, Madhya Pradesh.
• As a result, the district witnessed a drop in malnutrition
rates (by over 17%), a rise in immunisation, breastfeed-
ing and a drop in diarrhoea.
Piramal Swasthya – One of the largest implementing agen-
cies of primary healthcare programmes in India:
• It has over a decade’s experience of working with the
tribal communities of Andhra Pradesh, implementing
its unique community-based model.
• More recently, it has partnered with NITI Aayog to trans-
form the health and nutrition systems in 25 Aspiration-
al Districts spread across 7 States of India.
Insta Links:
• Launch a national tribal health mission
• India@100: Resolving the tribal health challenge
5. HEALTH FACILITIES FOR TRIBAL WOMEN
REPORT CASTEISM IN INDIAN SOCIETY
Context:
The article discusses the need to acknowledge the existence
of caste in Indian society is crucial for achieving true equality
and inclusion.
What is casteism?
Casteism is a social system characterized by the hierarchical
division of society based on caste, resulting in discrimina-
tion, inequality, and unequal access to opportunities for in-
dividuals belonging to different castes.
Efforts to eliminate caste-based discrimination in India:
• Constitutional Provisions: Articles 15 and 17 specifi-
cally address the prohibition of discrimination based
on caste.
• Reservation Policies: have been implemented to
provide historically disadvantaged castes with better
access to education, jobs, and political representa-
tion. E.g. Article 330 and Article 332
• Legal Framework: Laws like the Scheduled Castes
and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities)
Act, 1989, provide protection against violence and
discrimination faced by marginalized communities.
• Awareness Campaigns: Public awareness cam-
paigns, workshops, and seminars are conducted to
sensitize society.
• Social Movements: Various social reform move-
ments, led by activists, organizations, and leaders,
have aimed to challenge and change traditional
caste-based norms and practices.
12 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Despite the above efforts, caste-based discrimination con-
tinues to persist in Indian society due to the following rea-
sons:
• Historical Legacy: Historical injustices and inequal-
ities continue to influence perceptions and be-
haviours, leading to the perpetuation of discrimina-
tory practices.
• Cultural Norms and Traditions: Social practices, rit-
uals, and inter-caste marriage restrictions reinforce
caste-based distinctions, making it difficult to break
free from these entrenched norms.
• Power dynamics: Caste-based discrimination is of-
ten tied to power dynamics, with dominant castes
seeking to maintain their privileged positions. Lower
castes face discrimination and exclusion as a means
of preserving existing hierarchies.
• Economic Disparities: Lower-caste individuals of-
ten face limited access to education, employment
opportunities, and resources, leading to a cycle of
poverty and marginalization that reinforces discrim-
inatory practices.
• Lack of Effective Implementation: While laws and
policies have been enacted to address caste-based
discrimination, their effective implementation re-
mains a challenge.
o Weak enforcement, lack of awareness, and
corruption hinder the eradication of dis-
criminatory practices.
• Political Considerations: Political parties exploit
caste divisions for electoral gains, perpetuating
caste-based discrimination for their own interests.
What is Decasting in India?
“Decasting” in India refers to the process of dismantling
and eliminating the entrenched caste-based discrimination,
inequalities, and social hierarchies present in society. It in-
volves challenging and overcoming the practices, biases,
and prejudices associated with the caste system.
Steps for Achieving De-casteing in India
Acceptance: Acknowledge the presence and impact of
casteism in society, instead of denying or
overlooking it.
Education: Educate younger generations about the
importance of seeing beyond caste and the
value of inclusivity.
Representa- Push for Dalit representation in cultural in-
tion beyond stitutions, intellectual spaces, and media,
reservations: beyond just reserved seats in politics
C e l e b r a t e Embrace and highlight the contributions of
Dalit History: Dalits in the Indian independence move-
ment and other spheres.
Promote Al- Encourage individuals from privileged
lies: castes to become allies, supporting mar-
ginalized communities in various spaces.
Current Affairs 30

Build Trust: Address and work on the distrust Dalits Promoting Equal By encouraging the use of accurate
might feel towards the upper segments of Justice terms, the handbook helps ensure
society, fostering unity. equal treatment and justice for all in-
Policies Em- Formulate policies that emphasize diversi- dividuals.
phasizing In- ty, inclusion, and equity, ensuring nobody Challenging Bi- The handbook challenges stereotypes
clusion: is left behind. ased Assump- about women’s emotional capacity
tions and rational thinking, emphasizing
Conclusion that gender does not dictate one’s
Addressing caste-based discrimination requires a multi-fac- ability for rational thinking
eted approach that tackles both structural and attitudinal is-
sues. It involves raising awareness, promoting education and Fostering Re- Using respectful language respects the
economic opportunities, enforcing anti-discrimination laws, spect and Digni- dignity and rights of all individuals in-
and fostering social and cultural change. ty volved in legal proceedings.
Enhancing Legal The handbook underscores the impor-
Insta Links: Communication tance of language in legal proceedings,
Caste System promoting clear and accurate commu-
nication.
Topics: Women and women related issues. Aligning with Removing gender stereotypes aligns
Constitutional legal practices with the constitution-
6. SC GUIDELINES FOR ELIMINATING GEN- Values al principles of equality and human
rights
DER STEREOTYPES
Empowering The handbook empowers legal profes-
Context: and Inspiring Le- sionals to use language that upholds
The Supreme Court has released a 30-page handbook aimed gal Professionals justice, equality, and dignity in legal
at eliminating gender stereotypes from legal language and proceedings.
proceedings.
The “Handbook on Combating Gender Stereotypes” ad- Conclusion:
dresses unjust gender-based terms frequently used in Indian The handbook’s release reflects the Supreme Court’s com-
courts and offers accurate alternatives. It emphasizes the mitment to promoting equitable and unbiased legal prac-
importance of using language that respects the rights and tices, reinforcing the notion that language shapes not only
dignity of all individuals. legal interpretations but also societal perceptions.

Insta Links:
• Gender Parity in Civil Services
• Breaking Barriers and Building Inclusivity

Topics: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earth-

quakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical
features and their location- changes in critical geographical
features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora
and fauna and the effects of such changes.

7. INCREASED RAIN AND REDUCED SNOW-

FALL IN THE HIMALAYAN REGION
Context:
Significance of the “Handbook on Combating Gender Ste- A new study has found that mountains across the globe, in-
reotypes: cluding the Himalayas, are now seeing more rainfall at eleva-
Significance Explanation tions where it has mostly snowed in the past.
Eliminating Gen- The handbook aims to remove gen-
der Stereotypes der-based terms and assumptions from Status of Rainfall and Snowfall in the Himalayan Region:
legal language, promoting fairness and • IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in
impartiality. a Changing Climate (2019): The IPCC reported that
snowfall had decreased in mountain regions, in-

www.insightsonindia.com 13
 Current Affairs 30
cluding the Himalayas, due to higher temperatures, Impact on Altered precipitation Changes in alpine
particularly at lower elevations. Ecosystems affects vegetation, flora and fauna due
• Changing Precipitation Patterns: Scientific studies and Biodi- wildlife, and fragile to shifting climate.
have indicated shifts in precipitation patterns in the versity mountain ecosystems.
Himalayan region, with more instances of extreme
Socioeco- Reduced snowfall im- Ski resorts face
precipitation occurring as rainfall rather than snow-
nomic Con- pacts winter tourism, challenges due to
fall, even at higher altitudes.
sequences agriculture, and wa- shorter snow sea-
ter-dependent liveli- sons.
Why Himalayan region is having Increased rain and reduced
hoods.
snowfall?
• Changing Weather Patterns: Alterations in atmo- Glacial Lake Faster glacial melt Imja Lake in Nepal
spheric circulation, jet streams, and other weather Outburst leads to unstable gla- is at risk of GLOF
systems can result in shifts in precipitation patterns. F l o o d s cial lakes and potential due to glacial melt.
• Global Warming and Temperature Rise: As global (GLOFs) GLOFs, posing flood
temperatures increase, the atmosphere can hold risks downstream.
more moisture, leading to increased evaporation Infrastruc- Changes in rainfall Damage to roads,
and subsequent precipitation. ture Vulner- patterns challenge in- bridges, and hydro-
• Elevated Freezing Levels: The freezing level, also ability frastructure resilience power plants.
known as the zero-degree isotherm, is the altitude and lead to increased
at which falling precipitation transitions from snow disaster risks.
to rain.
o Rising temperatures associated with global Insta Links:
warming have caused the freezing level to Sansad TV: Perspective- Monsoon: Changing Patterns
rise, leading to more rain at higher altitudes
that used to receive snowfall.
• Snowfall Reduction: Warmer temperatures cause 8. INDIA AND THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE
more precipitation to fall as rain rather than snow
• Feedback Loops: Less snow cover means there is Context:
less reflective surface to bounce sunlight back into The Arctic region holds significance for India due to poten-
space (albedo effect), causing further warming and tial impacts on economic security, water security, and sus-
contributing to the shift from snow to rain. tainability arising from climate change.
• Warming-Induced Atmospheric Changes: This can
lead to a greater intensity of storms, causing heavy What is the Northern Sea Route (NSR)?
rainfall events in areas where snowfall was histori- It is the shortest shipping route connecting Europe and the
cally dominant. Asia-Pacific region. Spanning 5,600 km, it passes through
four seas of the Arctic Ocean. The route starts at the bound-
Impact of increased rain and reduced snowfall in the Hima- ary between the Barents and Kara seas (Kara Strait) and
layan region: concludes at the Bering Strait (Provideniya Bay). The NSR
offers potential distance savings of up to 50% compared to
Impact Description Examples
existing shipping lanes via Suez or Panama.
Increasing Shifts from snowfall to More instances of
disasters rainfall at higher ele- heavy rainfall cause
vations, affect water flash floods.
availability and haz-
ards.
Water Re- Altered snowmelt and Changes in river
s o u r c e rain patterns affect flow and hydrologi-
Changes river flow, water avail- cal patterns.
ability, and ecosystem
dynamics.
I n c r e a s e d Rainwater saturates Uttarakhand’s 2013
Flood and the soil, leading flash floods due to
L a n d s l i d e to landslides, de- excessive rainfall.
Risk bris flows, and flash
floods.

14 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
How is Russia making the NSR navigable?
Russia ensures the navigability of the Northern Sea Route
(NSR) by using icebreaking assistance, as the Arctic Ocean
remains icebound for most of the year. Russia maintains the
world’s only nuclear-powered icebreaker fleet.
The inaugural nuclear icebreaker, “Lenin,” operated from
December 1959 for thirty years. Today, the fleet of nucle-
ar-powered icebreakers, overseen by Rosatom’s subsidiary
FSUE Atomflot, ensures secure navigation on the Northern
Sea Route (NSR).
India’s participation in NSR development is driven by:
• Growing Cargo Traffic: NSR cargo traffic increased
by about 73% during 2018-2022.
• Strategic Transit Route: India’s geographical location
and reliance on sea transportation make the NSR a
crucial transit route.
• Chennai-Vladivostok Maritime Corridor (CVMC):
This project, stemming from a 2019 memorandum
of intent, shortens transport time to 12 days (al-
most reduced by a third). It allows efficient trade
through the Sea of Japan, the South China Sea, and
Malacca Strait.
• Cargo Potential: A study by Chennai Port Trust
shows CVMC can import items like coking coal,
crude oil, LNG, and fertilizers from Russia to India
efficiently
• Geopolitics: India would like to complement China
and Russia’s potential collective influence over NSR.
India’s engagement in the Arctic:
• India’s engagement with the Arctic began when it
signed the Svalbard Treaty in February 1920 in Par-
is between Norway, the US, Denmark, France, Italy,
Japan, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Ireland,
and the British overseas Dominions and Sweden
concerning Spitsbergen. Ever since then, India has
been closely monitoring all the developments in the
Arctic region.
• India initiated its Arctic research program in
2007 with a focus on climate change in the region.
o The objectives included studying telecon-
nections between the Arctic climate and
the Indian monsoon, to characterize sea ice
in the Arctic using satellite data, and to esti-
mate the effect on global warming.
• India has set up a research station Himadri at Ny-
Ålesund, Svalbard, in 2008
• In May 2013, India became an observer state of the
Arctic Council along with five others including China.
• India launched its inaugural multi-sensor moored
observatory and northernmost atmospheric labora-
tory in 2014 and 2016 respectively
• Till last year, thirteen expeditions to the Arctic were
successfully conducted.
Significance of the Arctic region significant to India
Key Reasons Significance of the Arctic Region for
India
Climate Impact The vulnerability of the Arctic to climate
change could affect India’s economic
and water security.
Natural Re- The region holds vast unexplored hydro-
sources carbon reserves and valuable minerals,
contributing to India’s resource needs.
Economic De- India’s economic development in the
velopment Arctic aligns with UN Sustainable Devel-
opment Goals.
Historical En- India’s connection dates back to the
gagement Svalbard Treaty in 1920, with ongoing
scientific studies and Arctic Council par-
ticipation.
Trade and Tran- The Arctic’s Northern Sea Route (NSR)
sit offers a potentially shorter trade route,
particularly for India’s sea-dependent
trade.
Global Influ- By engaging in Arctic affairs, India can
ence assert its global presence and contrib-
ute to discussions on climate change
and resource management.
Last Year, India released its Arctic Policy, with the aim of
enhancing the country’s cooperation with the resource-rich
and rapidly transforming region.
Insta links
India and the Arctic
9. FLOOD PLAIN ZONING
Context:
Reckless urbanization near riverbeds is a key factor in re-
cent floods in Punjab. Experts from the National Institute of
Hydrology emphasize the need for floodplain zoning plans
as a long-term solution to mitigate flood losses.
What is Flood Plain Zoning?
Floodplain zoning is a land use planning strategy that des-
ignates specific areas along rivers and water bodies for vari-
ous uses based on their susceptibility to flooding.
Aim: The aim of floodplain zoning is to regulate develop-
ment in these areas to minimize the potential damage and
risks associated with floods.
Example of floodplain zoning:
The areas along the river are divided into different zones
based on the likelihood and severity of flooding:
• High-Risk Zone (Zone A): This zone is closest to the
river and has the highest risk of flooding during
www.insightsonindia.com 15

heavy rain events.
o In this zone, only limited and essential
structures are allowed, such as flood-resis-
tant community centres, parks, and open
spaces. Permanent residential or commer-
cial buildings are prohibited to prevent dam-
age and loss of life.
• Moderate-Risk Zone (Zone B): This zone is located
slightly farther from the river and has a moderate
risk of flooding.
o Here, some residential and commercial de-
velopment is allowed, but structures must
adhere to flood-resistant design standards.
Building elevations might be required to
keep living spaces above potential flood lev-
els.
• Low-Risk Zone (Zone C): This zone is situated at a
greater distance from the river and has a lower risk
of flooding.
o In this area, most types of development
are permitted, including homes, business-
es, and recreational facilities. However,
structures might still need to meet certain
flood-resistant criteria to ensure safety.
Current Affairs 30
Current Sit- Punjab lacks proper floodplain zoning de-
uation spite NGT directions.
Four states (Manipur, the erstwhile Jam-
mu & Kashmir, Rajasthan and Uttarakhand)
have adopted floodplain zoning on paper
but implementation is limited.
Environmental activists and NGOs in Punjab
are advocating for floodplain zoning.
NDMA guidelines:
As per guidelines on floodplain zoning by the National Disas-
ter Management Authority, defence installations, industries,
and public utilities like hospitals, electricity installations, wa-
ter supply, telephone exchanges, aerodromes, railway sta-
tions, commercial centres, etc. should be located such that
they are above the levels corresponding to a 100-year fre-
quency or the maximum observed flood levels.
NGT direction:
According to the National Green Tribunal (NGT), there should
be no construction within a 500 m area from the central lin-
ing of a river.

Different aspects of Flood Plain Zoning: Model Bill for Flood Plain Zoning:
Aspects The Model Bill for Flood Plain Zoning outlines provisions for
Benefit Well-maintained flood plains act as natu- flood zoning authorities, surveys, delineation of flood plain
ral defences against flooding and recharge areas, notification of limits, prohibition of flood plain use,
groundwater levels. compensation, and crucially, removal of obstructions for un-
impeded water flow. It proposes replacing low-lying settle-
Identification of flood plains based on to-
ments with parks and playgrounds to reduce the loss of life
pography helps in better land use planning.
and property.
It not only reduces the damage caused by
floods but also maintains the ecological
balance of the floodplain and helps re-
charge groundwater levels.
Proper zoning can prevent unsuitable con-
structions and concretization of flood plains.
Challenges Lack of zoning leads to encroachment and
mismanagement of flood plains.
Unsuitable constructions push floods fur-
ther inland and delay floodwater drainage.
Floodplain degradation affects soil fertility
and quality.

States have shown resistance to imple-

menting floodplain management, including
potential legislation, primarily due to pop-
ulation pressure and the lack of alternative
livelihoods.

16 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
The argument for favour and Against:
GENERAL STUDIES – 2 Arguments in Favor of Arguments Against Removing
Removing Article 370 Article 370
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolu- Temporary Provision: Ar- Original Agreement: The ac-
tion, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic ticle 370 is titled “Tem- cession of Jammu & Kashmir
structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme porary provisions with to India was based on certain
with that of other countries. respect to the State of terms, with Article 370 being
Jammu and Kashmir”. central.
1. CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGE TO THE This suggests it wasn’t
meant to be permanent.
2019 ABROGATION OF ARTICLE 370
Self-contained Exit: Arti- “Temporary” Misunderstood:
cle 370(3) allows for the The term “temporary” in Arti-
Context:
President to declare the cle 370 refers to the period be-
The Supreme Court began hearings on the constitution-
article inoperative, indi- fore J&K’s Constituent Assem-
al challenge to the 2019 abrogation of Article 370, which
cating a mechanism for its bly created its Constitution
granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir.
removal. (1951-1957), not the Article’s
lifespan.
What is Article 370?
Uniformity: Removal can Constituent Assembly’s Role:
Article 370 was a provision in the Indian Constitution that
lead to the uniform ap- Clause (3) of Article 370 man-
granted special autonomy and privileges to the state of
plication of Indian laws to dated that any change to the
Jammu and Kashmir. It allowed the state to have its own
Jammu & Kashmir, inte- relationship between J&K and
constitution, flag, and autonomy over most matters ex-
grating it fully with India. India needed the J&K Constit-
cept foreign affairs, defence, and communications. This ar-
uent Assembly’s recommen-
ticle was abrogated in 2019, revoking the special status of
dation.
Jammu and Kashmir and integrating it fully into the Indian
Union. Development & Growth: End of Constituent Assembly:
Some believe removal Since the Constituent Assem-
Why was Article 370 abrogated in 2019? can boost the region’s bly ceased to exist after 1957,
Article 370 was abrogated in 2019 to fully integrate the development, as it would the power to alter Article 370
state of Jammu and Kashmir into the Indian Union and re- get equal attention and also ended, making the Arti-
move its special autonomy. The Indian government stated opportunities like other cle permanent.
that this move aimed to promote economic development, states.
better governance, and equal rights for all citizens across Preservation of Identity: Ar-
the region, while critics expressed concerns about the po- ticle 370 ensured J&K main-
tential erosion of cultural and political distinctiveness. tained its unique identity and
relationship with India.
The present argument in the Supreme Court regarding Ar-
ticle 370: Conclusion:
Article 370 is part of the Constitution’s “Temporary, Tran- As the ongoing Supreme Court hearing unfolds, it’s evident
sitional and Special Provisions” section and is titled “Tem- that finding a balanced resolution that respects historical
porary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and agreements while considering contemporary realities is cru-
Kashmir”. The provision outlines that the President can de- cial for the future of the region and the country.
clare it inoperative, making it commonly seen as temporary.
However, the petitioners argue that its temporary nature is Insta links
due to the Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly’s In the Article 370 hearing, the original text and spirit count
role (1951-1957) in recommending changes to it. Once the
Constituent Assembly ceased to exist in 1957, the provision
2. IMPACT OF ARTICLE 370 ABROGATION
was argued to have become a permanent feature.
Context:
The central question that SC will decide is whether Parlia- The article is in continuation of yesterday’s article (Constitu-
ment has the power to abrogate Article 370 after 1957 tional Challenge to the 2019 Abrogation of Article 370)
when the Constituent Assembly was no longer in existence.
Positive changes in the security situation in Jammu and
Kashmir after the removal of Article 370:

www.insightsonindia.com 17
 Current Affairs 30

Aspect Changes and Examples

Decrease in Stone Incidents reduced significantly; 618 in 2019 to 76 in 2021
Pelting Injuries to security forces dropped from 64 to 10
The decline in Ter- 32% reduction in acts of terrorism since August 2019
rorism Incidents Deaths of security forces decreased by 52%
Reduction of 14% in “admission of terrorists”
Enhanced OGW Ar- Arrests of over-ground workers (OGWs) increased from 82 to 178
rests Disruption of militant support networks
Improved Law and Only 20 law and order incidents were recorded in J&K in 2022
Order General improvement in the overall security environment
Deterrence of Infil- Fewer infiltrations and armed forces personnel were killed.
tration

Negative changes in the security situation in Jammu and Kashmir:

Aspect Changes and Examples
Targeted Killings Increase in killings of civilians, particularly Kashmiri Hindus and outsiders
Over 50% of civilian deaths post-August 5, 2019, in the past eight months.
Low-Cost Drone Small weapons dropped by drones from across the border aid killings
Threat
Alleged ‘Part-Time’ Engagement of ‘part-time’ militants by handlers in Pakistan for attacks
Militants
Attacks on Hin- Militants targeting Hindu-majority areas with IEDs
du-Dominated Ar-
eas
Erosion of Trust Concerns about security and safety among locals and minorities
Fragile Security Suc- Security achievements overshadowed by persistent threats
cesses

Positive and Negative changes in J&K’s political landscape after the abrogation of Article 370:
Aspect Positive Changes
Local Governance Establishment of Panchayati Raj institu-
tions, District Development Council (DDC)
elections held in all 20 districts in 2020.
Political Alliances Formation of People’s Alliance for Gupkar
Declaration (PAGD) with National Confer-
ence and PDP uniting.
Administrative Re- Delimitation Commission redraws Assem-
districting bly constituencies increases representa-
tion, and introduces reserved seats.
New Political Out- The emergence of J&K Apni Party and
fits Jammu and Kashmir Progressive Azad
Democratic Party (JKPADP).
ST List Expansion Proposal to include new groups in the
Legislation state’s ST list, aiming for broader represen-
tation.
Transparency and Increased engagement of local communi-
Participation ties in governance through Panchayati Raj.
Negative Changes
Complaints of limited power and influence for elected
DDC members, delays in disbursing honorariums; De-
lays in holding Assembly elections
Fragmentation of political parties, leadership changes,
desertion of senior leaders from established parties.
Concerns about the accuracy and fairness of the delim-
itation process, and potential gerrymandering.
The splintering of traditional political parties created a
more diverse political landscape.
Protests and demonstrations by existing ST groups fear-
ing dilution of political empowerment
Concerns about the effectiveness and autonomy of lo-
cal bodies under the new governance structure.

18 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
3. NEET & TAMIL NADU’S PROTEST
Context:
The conflict between Tamil Nadu and the Central govern-
ment over NEET has broader implications related to equity
and federalism
What is NEET?
NEET (National Eligibility Entrance Test) is the qualifying test
for MBBS and BDS programs in Indian medical and dental
colleges. It was introduced to standardize admissions across
the country.
Tamil Nadu’s Opposition: Tamil Nadu has been vehemently
opposing NEET, citing various issues:
• Adverse Effects: A committee led by Justice A. K. Ra-
jan found that NEET negatively impacted the share
of seats historically enjoyed by Tamil Nadu Board of
Secondary Examination (TNBSE) students.
• Favoured CBSE Students: NEET favoured Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) students over
TNBSE students, creating an imbalance.
• Coaching Dependency: NEET led to a surge in the
coaching industry, shifting focus from learning to
exam preparation.
• Social Inequality: Repeated attempts to crack NEET
disproportionately benefited financially and social-
ly privileged students, excluding marginalized back-
grounds.
• Economic Disparities: Merit-based admissions in
state-run institutions contrasted with economically
advantaged students getting admissions in private
colleges based on poor NEET scores.
• Exam Conduct Issues: Discrepancies in exam con-
duct, including impersonation cases, raised concerns
about the fairness of the exam.
Tamil Nadu attempted legislative actions to counter NEET:
In 2017, the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly passed bills
aiming to exempt the state from NEET-based admissions, but
these bills were not granted approval by the President. In
2021, a new bill was introduced to admit students to MBBS/
BDS courses solely based on Class XII board scores, bypass-
ing NEET. In 2022, after the Governor returned the bill, it
was readopted by the Assembly and sent back to the Gover-
nor. Currently, the bill is awaiting consideration by the Min-
istry of Home Affairs.
Can states refuse to implement Central laws?
• Usually, when a state wants to amend a Central law
made under one of the items in the concurrent
list, it needs the clearance of the Centre.
• When a state law contradicts a Central law on the
same subject, the law passed by Parliament prevails.
Why has the Constitution envisaged such an arrangement?
This is an arrangement envisaged as most Parliament laws
apply to the whole of India and states amending the Cen-
tral laws indiscriminately could lead to inconsistencies in
different regions on the application of the same law. In mat-
ters of trade and commerce, this could especially pose seri-
ous problems.
The other options available with the states are:
• To take the Centre to the Supreme Court over the
validity of these laws.
• Article 131 of the Constitution provides exclusive
jurisdiction to the Supreme Court to adjudicate mat-
ters between the states and the Centre.
• Article 254 (2) of the Constitution empowers state
governments to pass legislation which negates the
Central acts in the matters enumerated under the
Concurrent List.
o State legislation passed under Article 254
(2) requires the assent of the President of
India.
Way forward:
The complex issue of NEET and its impact on Tamil Nadu’s
education system requires a balanced solution that address-
es both equity concerns and the preservation of regional
values.
To resolve this matter, a multi-pronged approach could be
considered.
• First, there should be a comprehensive review of
the NEET examination process to ensure that it fair-
ly evaluates students’ aptitude and knowledge rath-
er than solely relying on marks.
• Second, alternative admission criteria that account
for socioeconomic backgrounds and contextual fac-
tors should be explored, enabling a more diverse
pool of students to access medical education.
• Third, efforts should be made to enhance the qual-
ity of education in state-run institutions, providing
students with the necessary skills to excel in compet-
itive exams.
• Additionally, the central government and state au-
thorities could collaborate to establish a transpar-
ent and inclusive framework for medical admissions
that combines elements of standardization and lo-
cal autonomy.
Insta Links:
What is the Bill to scrap NEET in Tamil Nadu?
www.insightsonindia.com 19

4. RENOUNCING INDIAN CITIZENSHIP
Context:
A growing number of Indians are relinquishing their citizen-
ship, primarily seeking better economic opportunities and
social security abroad.
What does Data show?
o Over 15 lakh Indians have given up their citizenship
in the past decade, with many heading to the United
States.
o High-net-worth individuals are also leaving India
(through investment migration), with around 6,500
expected to move out this year, making it the sec-
ond-highest net outflow globally after China.
o The USA remains the most preferred destination,
followed by Canada, Australia, and the UK.
o The MEA estimated the number of Indian nationals
living abroad to be around 1.2 crore in 2021
Reasons for Renouncing Citizenship:
Reasons Explanation
Better Economic Seeking improved job prospects and
Opportunities higher income abroad.
Improved Social Looking for better healthcare, edu-
Security cation, and social welfare benefits in
the new country.
Lifestyle Consider- Pursuing a better quality of life, safe-
ations ty, and overall living standards.
Friendly Tax Legis- Opting for countries with favourable
lation tax laws and reduced financial bur-
dens.
Education Oppor- Accessing higher education and spe-
tunities cialized programs is not available in
the home country.
Ease of Mobility Obtaining a passport that allows vi-
sa-free travel to more destinations
globally.
Political Stability Escaping political instability, conflict,
or governance issues in the home
country.
Environmental Moving to places with better envi-
Factors ronmental conditions and climate.
Family Reasons Reuniting with family members al-
ready settled in another country.
Investment and Exploring entrepreneurial ventures
Business Opportu- or investment opportunities abroad.
nities
What is Citizenship?
Citizenship is the legal and social relationship between an
individual and a state, signifying full membership and alle-
giance to that state.
20 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
o In India, there are citizens and aliens, with citizens
being integral members of the nation and enjoying
all civil and political rights.
o This concept of citizenship creates an exclusionary
distinction from non-citizens.
o The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of
acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registra-
tion, naturalisation and incorporation of territory.
Principle of Citizenship:
Two widely recognized principles determine the granting
of citizenship: “jus soli,” which grants citizenship based on
place of birth, and “jus sanguinis,” which considers blood
ties.
o India has leaned towards the concept of jus soli
since the days of the Motilal Nehru Committee in
1928, rejecting the racial notion of jus sanguinis as
it contradicted Indian values and ethos.
Ways to Renounce Citizenship in India:
Ways Details
Voluntary Re- An Indian citizen of full age and capac-
nunciation ity can relinquish citizenship through
their will.
When an individual gives up citizenship,
minor children also lose Indian citizen-
ship but can regain it at 18.
By Termination India follows single citizenship, mean-
ing one can be a citizen of only one
country at a time.
If a person becomes a citizen of another
country, Indian citizenship automatical-
ly ends, except during war.
Deprivation by Government can terminate citizenship
Government if a citizen:
o Disrespects the Constitution
o Acquired citizenship through
fraud
o Illegally traded or communicat-
ed with the enemy during war
o Is sentenced to over 2 years in
prison within 5 years of regis-
tration or naturalization
o Lives outside India for 7 con-
secutive years
Conclusion:
A successful, prosperous, and influential diaspora is an
advantage for India, and our approach is to tap diaspora
networks and utilise its reputation for national gain. The
Government’s efforts are particularly aimed at encouraging
the exchange of knowledge and expertise in a manner that
would contribute to India’s national development
Current Affairs 30
Insta Links:
Renunciation of Indian citizenship is now simpler
5. FALI S NARIMAN ON BASIC STRUCTURE
DOCTRINE
Context:
Fali S. Nariman discusses the significance of the Basic Struc-
ture Doctrine
What is the Basic Structure Doctrine?
The doctrine of basic structure is a judicial innovation that
puts a limitation on the amending powers of the Parlia-
ment. The doctrine was propounded by the Supreme Court
in Keshavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973) and its ob-
jective is to ensure that the basic features of the Constitu-
tion remain unaltered and to preserve the core identity of
the Constitution.
Key Developments of Basic Structure Doctrine:
Year Event
1965 German constitutional expert Dietrich Conrad
highlights the unchangeable nature of fundamen-
tal constitutional principles.
1973 Kesavananda Bharati case introduces basic struc-
ture doctrine in a bench decision of 13 judges.
1975 Union of India seeks reconsideration of the doc-
trine; a bench of 13 judges convened in November.
The bench dissolved without decision, indicating
continued adherence to the doctrine.
1975 Constitution 39th Amendment passed, includ-
ing Article 329A(4) attempting to validate Indira
Gandhi’s election.
1975 Supreme Court declares Article 329A(4) unconsti-
tutional and void, reinforcing the doctrine’s prin-
ciples.
1978 Constitution 44th Amendment Act abolishes re-
maining clauses of Article 329A, cementing the
doctrine’s foundation.
1980 Minerva Mills vs. Union of India case reaffirms the
basic structure doctrine in a Constitution Bench
decision of five judges.
2007 IR Coelho vs. State of Tamil Nadu reaffirms the
doctrine in a bench decision of nine judges.
Why did CJI recently call the Basic Structure Doctrine a
“North Star”?
The Chief Justice of India D. Y. Chandrachud called Basic
Structure Doctrine a North Star. This is because it guides
and gives directions to law-makers, implementers and in-
terpreters.
• The doctrine acts as a “North Star” because it pro-
vides a fixed reference point or guiding light for con-
stitutional interpretation.
• It helps prevent any arbitrary or excessive exercise
of power by the government and ensures that con-
stitutional amendments do not violate or under-
mine the essential features of the Constitution.
• It maintains constitutional supremacy by preventing
lawmakers from undermining the essence of the
Constitution.
• Limiting the powers of lawmakers prevents the rise
of any authoritarian regime.
• The core values and goals of the Constitution re-
main intact. For instance, secularism was identified
as a ‘basic feature’ in S.R. Bommai v. State of Karna-
taka.
• It acts as an effective system of checks and balances
and avoids any concentration of power in any one
organ of the government.
• The doctrine has been instrumental in safeguarding
the fundamental rights of citizens.
• The Doctrine ensures consistency and stability in
the interpretation of the Constitution itself.
Significance of Basic Structure:
Significance Explanation
Testimony to Prevents damage to the Constitution by
Constitutional- ruling the majority’s brute majority.
ism
Safeguarding In- Limits constituent power to avoid total-
dian Democracy itarian regimes.
Preserving Con- Maintains founders’ meticulously
stitution’s Te- framed principles.
nets
Strengthening Ensures independent Judiciary, and
Democracy separation of powers.
Dynamic and Allows adaptation over time, unlike rig-
Progressive id past judgments.
  
Why is the doctrine criticised?
• It is not found in the text of the original Constitu-
tion itself and therefore by inventing this test the
judiciary is encroaching on the Parliament’s powers.
• Senior advocate Raju Ramachandran: The power of
“unelected judges” to strike down amendments to
the Constitution on the basis of this doctrine is “an-
ti-democratic and counter-majoritarian.”
Conclusion
However, despite the criticism, by and large, the Basic Struc-
ture Doctrine acts as a guiding star that seeks to maintain
the sanctity of the Constitution.
Insta Links
Basic Structure Doctrine
www.insightsonindia.com 21

Topics: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the
States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal struc-
ture, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels
and challenges therein.
6. GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL CAPITAL
TERRITORY OF DELHI (AMENDMENT) BILL,
2023
Context:
The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi
(Amendment) Bill, 2023, was introduced in the Lok Sabha,
leading to opposition protests and debates.
About the Bill:
The bill aimed to replace the National Capital Territory of
Delhi (Amendment) Ordinance, 2023, which deals with the
control of services in Delhi.
Background of the Issue:
The Delhi government and Lieutenant Governor have been
in a legal battle since 2015 over control of “services” in Del-
hi. The Supreme Court gave a split verdict in 2019, and a
five-judge Constitution Bench recently (May 2023) grant-
ed more powers to the Delhi government over services. It
ordered that the Delhi government will have control over
administrative services other than matters related to public
order, police, and land.
To counter it, the central government passed the National
Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Ordinance, 2023.
The ordinance excluded “services” from the purview of the
Delhi legislature and conferred LG with more powers. It will
now be replaced by the Government of National Capital Ter-
ritory of Delhi (Amendment) Bill, 2023.
Key features of the new bill:
Aspect Description
Purpose To amend certain provisions of the Gov-
ernment of NCT of Delhi Act, 1991.
Establishment Introduces the National Capital Civil
of NCCSA Services Authority (NCCSA) to provide
recommendations to the LG on service
matters.
C o m p o s i t i o n NCCSA consists of the Chief Minister of
of NCCSA Delhi (Chairperson), Principal Home Sec-
retary, and Chief Secretary of the Delhi
Govt.
22 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Empowerment Central Govt. empowered to make rules
of Central regarding the Government of National
Govt. Capital Territory of Delhi’s affairs, officer
& employee functions, terms, and condi-
tions.
Discretionary LG granted discretionary power over
Power to LG matters beyond Delhi Assembly’s com-
petence or requiring judicial/quasi-judi-
cial action.
Concerns regarding the bill:
Concerns Description
Centralization Critics argue that the Bill centralizes
of Power power in the hands of the LG, diminish-
ing the elected government’s authority.
Bypassing the Opponents claim that the Bill bypasses
Legislative As- the elected Legislative Assembly’s deci-
sembly sion-making role.
Impact on Co- Critics argue that the bill is undermining
operative Fed- the democratic mandate and interfering
eralism with local governance.
Potential for Some fear that discretionary power giv-
Conflict en to LG could lead to conflicts between
the elected govt. and LG.
Constitutional Questions arise about the constitution-
Validity al validity of the Bill and its alignment
with federal principles.
Curtailing Delhi Critics worry that the Bill might curtail
Government’s the autonomy of the Delhi government
Autonomy in policy-making.
How UTs are administered?
The Union Territories (Uts) in India are administered by the
President through an appointed administrator, who rep-
resents the President and exercises administrative powers
in the UT. In some Uts, such as Delhi and Puducherry, the
administrator holds significant powers, including the ability
to make laws and regulations for the UT, while in others, the
administrator’s powers are limited to providing advice to
the elected government.
Special provision for Delhi UT:
Special provisions have been made for certain Uts, such
as Puducherry, Delhi, and Jammu and Kashmir (yet to be
constituted), which have a legislative assembly and a Coun-
cil of Ministers headed by a Chief Minister. The legislative
assembly of these Uts has the power to make laws with re-
spect to matters enumerated in List II or List III in the Sev-
enth Schedule of the Constitution insofar as these matters
are applicable in relation to the UT.
However, some entries in List II, such as public order, police,
and land, are not within the legislative competence of the
Current Affairs 30
legislative assembly of Delhi. Issues Related to Jan Vishwas Act:
Issues
Insta Links:
V i o l ate s The legislation replaces criminal imprison-
Centre-Delhi row heads to Constitution Bench
Separa- ment with monetary penalties but shifts the
tion of authority to impose penalties to the bureau-
Topics: Separation of powers between various organs dis- Power cracy.
pute redressal mechanisms and institutions.
It amends environmental and pollution con-
trol Acts to replace imprisonment with penal-
7. JAN VISHWAS ACT, 2022 AND SEPARA- ties, decided by designated bureaucrats
TION OF POWER A form Critics argue the Act offers a form of ‘quasi-de-
of ‘qua- criminalization’, and more efforts are needed
Context: si-de- for true decriminalization.
The recently enacted Jan Vishwas Act, 2022, aimed at easing criminal-
business regulations, transfers the authority to impose pen- ization’:
alties for offences from the judiciary to the bureaucracy. This Technical Questions were raised about the technical
move has raised concerns about the separation of powers, compe- competence of adjudicating officers under
as bureaucrats become both prosecutors and judges. tence of the Act, especially in environmental legal pro-
adjudi- ceedings.
What is Separation of Power? cating of-
Separation of Powers is a fundamental principle in gov- ficers
ernance where the powers of a government are divided
among different branches to prevent any one branch from
Status of division of powers between executive and judicia-
having unchecked authority. It ensures a system of checks
ry in India:
and balances.
The division of powers between the judiciary and the execu-
tive is not explicitly outlined in the Constitution.
For example, in a democratic country, the legislative, execu- • Article 50 instructs the state to achieve this separa-
tive, and judicial branches have distinct functions to prevent tion over time.
the concentration of power and ensure accountability. • Initially, the criminal magistracy was part of the ex-
ecutive at Independence.
About the act: • It was only around 1970 that certain State legisla-
tures, like West Bengal, enacted laws to separate
the judicial and executive functions within the crim-
inal magistracy under the Criminal Procedure Code,
1898

The bureaucracy encroaches upon judicial power through

various methods:
• Establishing Judicial Tribunals: Ministries create ju-
dicial tribunals to take over judicial functions, often
appointing bureaucrats as “technical members”
• Creating Statutory Regulators: The Union govern-
ment establishes regulators like SEBI and CCI with
the authority to impose substantial fines on private
sector entities.
• Appointing Adjudicatory Officers: The government
introduces adjudicatory officers in legislation like
the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, IT Act,
and Food Safety Act. These officers, who are bureau-
crats, possess powers to impose penalties or con-
firm property attachment orders.

Supreme Court Views:

• A “judicial function” should only be performed by
an independent judicial authority free from execu-

www.insightsonindia.com 23

tive control.
• While there is limited precedent on whether im-
posing penalties qualifies as a “judicial function,”
processes involving fact-finding, applying the law,
and determining punishment or compensation fun-
damentally constitute a judicial function.
Hence, it’s the government’s duty to present its case before
an impartial judge to guarantee citizens a fair trial before
any penalty is imposed. The government cannot serve as
both prosecutor and judge in its own matter.
Insta Links:
• The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill
2023
• Good Governance Practices
8. PROS AND CONS OF MEDIATION BILL
2021
Context:
The recently passed Mediation Bill, 2021 in India aims to
govern mediation processes. We had already discussed this
bill before. Here we will analyse the positive and negative
features of the bill.
What is Mediation?
Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) meth-
od in which a neutral third party, known as a mediator, helps
parties in a dispute reach a mutually agreeable resolution.
Mediation is considered a more cost-effective, efficient, and
less adversarial method compared to traditional court liti-
gation.
24 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
The Mediation Bill, 2021 brings several positive aspects to
India’s legal landscape:
• Voluntary Pre-Litigation Mediation: The Bill recom-
mends making pre-litigation mediation voluntary in-
stead of mandatory, aligning with the core principle
of voluntariness in mediation.
• Recognition of Settlement Agreements: The Bill in-
cludes provisions for the recognition and enforce-
ment of settlement agreements arising from medi-
ation.
o This aligns with international norms, as In-
dia is a signatory to the United Nations
Convention on International Settlement
Agreements Resulting from Mediation (Sin-
gapore Convention).
• Efficient Timeframes: On the recommendation of
the parliamentary panel, the bill reduces the time
for concluding a mediation process from 180 to 90
days.
o This streamlined approach enhances the ef-
ficiency of the mediation process, allowing
parties to reach resolutions more promptly.
• Online and Community Mediation: The introduc-
tion of concepts like “online” and “community” me-
diation reflects modern approaches to dispute res-
olution.
• Flexibility in Interim Relief: The Bill provides for in-
terim relief in exceptional circumstances during me-
diation.
• Inclusion of Mediation Culture: By providing a legal
framework for mediation, the Bill promotes a cul-
ture of mediation in India.
• Global Recognition: The adoption of dedicated me-
diation legislation puts India on par with global prac-
tices in alternative dispute resolution.
o This enhances India’s reputation as a desti-
nation for business and investment.
Issues with the Mediation Bill, 2021:
Issues Description
Limited Grounds This could hinder parties’ recourse
for Challenge in case of new evidence or unfore-
seen circumstances.
Challenge Period The 90-day period provided to
Inadequate raise challenges against settlement
agreements might not be sufficient
for parties to discover certain de-
fects or fraud at a later stage.
Undefined Term The term “exceptional circumstanc-
“Exceptional Cir- es” in Clause 8 under which party
cumstances” can move court (before or during
the mediation process) is undefined
in the Bill.
Current Affairs 30
Access to Online Online mediation requires wide-
Mediation spread internet access, which is not
uniformly available across India.
Mandatory Panel Requiring a panel of three media-
of Three Mediators tors for community mediation lim-
for Community its the flexibility that mediation usu-
ally offers.
Restrictions on The Bill restricts the government’s
Government Partic- participation in mediation proceed-
ipation ings only to “commercial disputes,”
limiting its potential impact on re-
solving broader public issues, as the
government is the biggest litigant in
India.
Conclusion:
The bill provides a legal framework for mediation and re-
flects the government’s whole-of-government approach to
promoting alternative dispute resolution. However, the Bill’s
impact on promoting mediation as a preferred mode of jus-
tice remains debated.
Insta Links:
The Mediation Bill, 2021
Topics: Parliament and State Legislatures – structure, func-
tioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues
arising out of these.
9. MONEY BILLS AND FINANCIAL BILLS
Context:
Recently, Minister for Parliamentary Affairs clarified that The
Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Bill is a normal Bill
and not a Money Bill. The article discusses the differenc-
es between Money Bills and Financial Bills, along with the
court’s view on the issue
Money Bills and Financial Bills:
Any bill related to revenue or expenditure is a Financial Bill.
A Money Bill is a specific type of Finance Bill that deals only
with matters specified under Article 110(1) and deals with
taxes, borrowing, expenditure, etc. It can only be intro-
duced in the Lok Sabha and must be certified by the Speaker.
All Money bills are Financial bills but all Financial bills are
not Money bills
Recent controversies:
Controversy Details
2017 Finance The Constitution Bench of the Supreme
Act Amend- Court struck down amendments made
ments to the 2017 Finance Act, which was
passed as a Money Bill. The amend-
ments altered the functioning of various
tribunals.
Question of The Supreme Court referred the mat-
Money Bill Clas- ter of whether the 2017 Finance Act
sification amendments could have been passed
as a Money Bill to a seven-judge bench,
indicating uncertainty about their classi-
fication.
Doubts on Aad- The Supreme Court has expressed
haar Act Ruling doubts about the correctness of the
2018 verdict that upheld the Aadhaar
Act as a Money Bill.
Preconditions for a Financial Bill to become a money bill
• Introduction: Must be introduced only in the Lok
Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha, as per Article
117(1) of the Constitution.
• President’s Recommendation: Can only be intro-
duced on the President’s recommendation, as per
Article 117(1) of the Constitution.
Financial Bills (I) VS Financial Bills (II) :
Financial Bill (I) encompasses matters both related to mon-
ey bills and general legislation.
• It is presented under Article 117 (1) of the Consti-
tution
• Similarities with money bills: It can only be intro-
duced in the Lok Sabha and upon the President’s
recommendation.
• Dissimilarities: Unlike money bills, a Financial Bill (I)
can be subject to amendments or rejection by the
Rajya Sabha. In case of disagreement between the
two Houses, a joint sitting can be convened by the
President to resolve the deadlock.
Financial Bill (II) concerns provisions involving expenditure
from the Consolidated Fund of India but does not cover the
subjects outlined in Article 110.
• Governed by Article 117 (3) of the Constitution, Fi-
nancial Bill (II) follows the legislative procedure of
ordinary bills.
• It can be introduced in either House of Parlia-
ment, and while the President’s recommendation is
not necessary for introduction, it becomes crucial
during the consideration stage.
• Without the President’s recommendation, neither
House can pass the bill.
www.insightsonindia.com 25
 Current Affairs 30
Comparison of Money Bills and Financial Bills:
Aspect Money Bills Financial Bills
Introduction Can only be introduced in the Lok Can be introduced in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya
Sabha Sabha.
President’s Recom- Must be introduced on the Presi- President’s recommendation is necessary for Category I at
mendation dent’s recommendation. the introduction stage and for Category II at the consider-
ation stage.
Originating House Must originate only in the Lok Category II can originate in either the Lok Sabha or the
Sabha. Rajya Sabha.
Rajya Sabha Involve- Rajya Sabha’s involvement is limit- Rajya Sabha can fully participate, including amendments
ment ed; it can only provide recommen- and discussions.
dations. (Article 117)
Inclusion of RS Recom- Not mandatory for Money Bills to Provision for Rajya Sabha’s recommendations to be in-
mendations include Rajya Sabha’s recommenda- cluded in Financial Bills.
tions.
Subjects Covered Deals exclusively with matters listed Deals with matters beyond those listed in Article 110(1)
in Article 110(1) of the Constitution. and can include other financial provisions.
Certification Certified by the Speaker as a Money
Bill if it falls under Article 110(1).
Overriding Authority Lok Sabha’s decision prevails in Requires agreement of both Houses for passage.
case of disagreements with the Ra-
jya Sabha.
President’s Role President’s recommendation is es- President’s recommendation is required if the Bill involves
sential for the introduction expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India.

Insta Links:
What are money Bills?

10. LOWERING THE MINIMUM AGE FOR CONTESTING ELECTION

Context:
A Parliamentary panel has suggested lowering the minimum age for contesting in Assembly elections from 25 years to 18
years.
Benefits of Lowering Minimum Age Description
1. Youth Representation: This allows young individuals to In countries like Canada, where the minimum age for can-
participate actively in the political process and bring fresh didacy in federal elections is 18, young leaders like Pierre-
perspectives to policy discussions. Luc Dusseault were elected to the House of Commons at a
young age.
2. Enhanced Political Engagement: Encourages political The success of youth-led movements such as “March for
awareness and involvement among youth, contributing to a Our Lives” in the United States demonstrates the political
more engaged and informed citizenry. activism and engagement of young people.
3. Diverse Leadership: Promotes diversity in leadership by Young youth leaders will bring new energy and momentum
allowing representation from different age groups, back- to the parliamentary system.
grounds, and experiences.
4. Adaptation to Modern Challenges: Acknowledges that The committee pointed out that surveys show significant
young candidates may have insights into contemporary is- political awareness and knowledge among youth globally.
sues like technology, climate change, and social justice.

26 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Drawbacks of Lowering Minimum Age:
Drawbacks Examples
1. Lack of Expe- Young candidates might lack the experi-
rience ence and maturity required for effective
decision-making and governance.
2. Limited Un- Young candidates may have a limited un-
derstanding derstanding of the complexities of gover-
nance and public policy.
3. Vulnerability Young candidates might be more suscep-
to Influence tible to external influence, as they may
have less exposure to political dynamics.
4. Inadequate Lowering the age might lead to unpre-
Preparedness pared candidates entering the political
arena, resulting in ineffective represen-
tation.
Election Commission’s view:
The Election Commission disagreed with the proposal, stat-
ing that 18-year-olds might lack the necessary experience
and maturity for such responsibilities.
Other proposals discussed by the committee:
• Common Electoral Rolls: The committee discussed
the concept of a common electoral roll for different
types of elections but urged caution, emphasizing
the importance of maintaining the principles of fed-
eralism.
o Currently, some states utilize the Election
Commission’s electoral rolls, while others
do not
o Implementing a common electoral roll, as
proposed by the central government and
ECI, is presently outside the scope of Article
325.
o The committee expressed concern about
the potential impact of a common roll on
state powers listed under Chapters IX and IX
A of the constitution.
• Aadhaar and Voter ID linking: The committee ex-
pressed concerns about linking the Aadhaar and
Voter IDs of non-citizens, suggesting the establish-
ment of legal provisions to ensure non-citizens with
Aadhaar are not included on electoral rolls.
• Remote voting: The committee invited comments
from political parties on Election Commission’s pro-
posal for remote voting for internal migrants
Recommendations by the committee:
• False declaration during nominations: The panel rec-
ommended increasing the punishment for filing a
false affidavit from six months to up to two years,
depending on the severity of the offence.
• Section 125A of the Representation of People
Act of 1951, deals with the penalties for provid-
ing false information.
Insta Links:
Salient Features of the Representation of People’s Act
11. SUSPENSIONS OF MEMBERS OF PAR-
LIAMENT (MPS)
Context:
Recent suspensions of Members of Parliament (MPs) have
raised concerns about the legality, rationale, and constitu-
tionality of such actions (as per the author).
• Example: Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury’s recent suspen-
sion in LS; Sanjay Singh and Raghav Chadha (in Rajya
Sabha)
Method of Suspending Members in India’s Parliament:
General Principle of Presiding Officers
The fundamental principle is that the Presiding Officer, i.e.,
the Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chairman of Rajya Sabha,
is responsible for maintaining order to ensure the smooth
functioning of the House. To uphold proper proceedings, the
Speaker/Chairman can compel a member to leave the House
if necessary.
Method Process and Rule Used
Lok Sabha Under Lok Sabha Rule 373, the Speaker
has the authority to instruct a member
to leave the House immediately. On
the Non-compliance of the instruction,
the chair names members causing dis-
ruptions under Rule 374
Government introduces suspension
motion
The motion seeks approval of the
House. If passed, the member is sus-
pended.
Rajya Sabha Chair identifies disruptive members un-
der Rule 256
A suspension motion was presented to
the House.
The motion requires House approval.
On approval, the member is suspend-
ed. The House may, however, by anoth-
er motion, terminate the suspension.
Rule for Sus- Rules framed under Article 118 of the
pending Constitution. Suspension is based on
either Rule 374 (Lok Sabha) or Rule 256
(Rajya Sabha).
The suspension follows the established
procedure. It usually lasts until the end
of the ongoing session.
www.insightsonindia.com 27

Differences in powers of Speaker and Chairman of Rajya
Sabha:
o Like the Speaker in Lok Sabha, the Chairman of
Rajya Sabha is empowered under Rule Number 255
of its Rule Book to “direct any Member whose con-
duct is in his opinion grossly disorderly to withdraw
immediately” from the House.
o Unlike the Speaker, however, the Rajya Sabha Chair-
man does not have the power to suspend a Mem-
ber.
Implications of Suspending Members from India’s Parlia-
ment
• Disruption to Proceedings: Suspended members
can’t participate, potentially hampering legislative
activities.
• Legal Implications: The Supreme Court’s 2022 Ash-
ish Shelar vs Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
ruling declared suspensions beyond rule-prescribed
periods unconstitutional.
• Deviation from Rules: Recent cases (e.g., Sanjay
Singh, Raghav Chadha, Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury)
show suspensions exceeding typical limits or pend-
ing investigations, departing from traditional norms.
• Challenge to Democracy: Excessive reliance on sus-
pensions might silence opposition voices, impacting
democratic debates.
• Conflict Resolution Need: Such suspensions under-
score the necessity for improved methods to handle
disagreements within Parliament.
Actions for Addressing Parliamentary Suspensions:
Actions Description
Adhere to Established Follow Rules 374 (Lok Sabha) and
Rules 256 (Rajya Sabha) meticulously
when suspending members.
Avoid Extended Sus- Ensure suspensions don’t exceed
pensions the duration of the ongoing ses-
sion; prolonged suspensions un-
dermine democratic norms.
Review Recent Chang- Reevaluate recent indefinite
es suspensions, like Adhir Ranjan
Chowdhury’s, to ensure they
align with constitutional norms.
Seek Judicial Guidance Refer to the Ashish Shelar vs Ma-
harashtra Legislative Assembly
(2022) decision to clarify the le-
gality of suspension durations.
Promote Dialogue Prioritize dialogue and negotia-
tion among political leaders to
address disagreements, reducing
the need for suspensions.
Conclusion:
28 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
There is a need to strike a balance between deliberate dis-
ruption and raising the important issue.
Insta Links:
Suspension of MPs from Parliament
Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Exec-
utive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the
Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associa-
tions and their role in the Polity.
12. STANDING COMMITTEE REPORT ON
“JUDICIAL PROCESS AND THEIR REFORMS”
Context:
The Parliamentary standing committee on Personnel, Griev-
ances, Law and Justice has recommended that judges of the
Supreme Court and high courts should be required to de-
clare their assets annually, citing the need for transparency
and public trust.
Key issues highlighted and Recommendations:
Issues Highlighted Recommendations by the commit-
tee
Lack of Transpar- Recommend enacting a law requir-
ency in the Judi- ing judges of the Supreme Court and
ciary high courts to declare assets annual-
ly.
Emphasize that asset disclosure en-
hances trust and credibility in the
judiciary.
Huge pendency of Establish 4-5 regional benches of SC,
cases wherein the regional benches may
decide appellate matters
Non-publication Currently, only a few HCs release their
of Annual Report annual report. SC should direct HCs
to publish Annual Reports in a uni-
fied format.
Long Court Vaca- Suggest doing away with long court
tions vacations to address the perception
of inconvenience to litigants.
Acknowledge that vacations contrib-
ute to the pendency issue.
Lack of Social Di- Stress on appointing an adequate
versity in Judicial number of women and candidates
Appointments from marginalized sections to high
courts and the Supreme Court, pro-
moting diversity and trust in the ju-
diciary.
Include this provision in the Mem-
orandum of Procedure (MoP). Cur-
rently, only 15% of registered advo-
cates are women
Current Affairs 30
Increasing the Re- Propose amending the Constitution to
tirement Age of increase the retirement age of high
Judges court and Supreme Court judges. The
current retirement age is 62 years for
HC judges and 65 for SC judges
Reassess judges’ performance based
on health, judgment quality, and
quantity delivered.
This can contribute to impartiality
and quality in post-retirement as-
signments.
Other major Issues in the Indian Judiciary:
Issues Description
Inadequate Physi- Shortage of courtrooms, basic facili-
cal and Digital In- ties, and parking spaces causing over-
frastructure crowding and procedural delays.
Need for digital infrastructure for
virtual hearings, underscored by the
Covid-19 pandemic.
Live streaming of court proceedings is
limited in most courts, excluding cer-
tain case categories.
Limited Use of Al- Underutilization of ADR mechanisms
ternative Dispute like mediation and arbitration, con-
Resolution (ADR) tributes to court burden.
Recruitment De- Slow filling of judicial vacancies, re-
lays sulting in inadequate judge-to-popu-
lation ratio.
High courts with almost 400 vacan-
cies; around 35% of vacancies are in
the lower judiciary.
Other improvements required:
• Strengthen E-Court System: Implement a robust
e-court system for digitized records, online filing,
e-summons, and video conferencing for hearings.
• Transform Appointment System: Fill judicial vacan-
cies promptly, establish clear appointment time-
lines, and consider All India Judicial Services (AIJS)
• Case Management Software: Develop software to
track case progress, automate tasks, and improve
coordination among stakeholders.
• Data Analytics and Case Prediction: Utilize data an-
alytics and AI to predict case outcomes, aiding judg-
es in informed decisions.
• Public Legal Education: Promote awareness pro-
grams to empower citizens with legal knowledge,
reducing unnecessary litigation.
• Citizen Feedback Mechanism: Establish a feedback
system to identify areas for improvement in the ju-
dicial process.
Insta Links:
The problem of vacancies in the Indian Judiciary
Topics: Salient features of the Representation of People’s
Act.
13. LILY THOMAS CASE AND SECTION 8(4)
OF RPA
Context:
The article discusses the implications of the Lily Thomas
case’s judgment that invalidated Section 8(4) of the Repre-
sentation of People Act.
What is Lily Thomas case’s about and its judgement?
The Lily Thomas case pertains to the Supreme Court of In-
dia’s judgment that invalidated Section 8(4) of the Represen-
tation of People Act. This provision allowed a three-month
period for convicted legislators to appeal before disqualifi-
cation.
• The court’s ruling led to instant disqualification
upon conviction, impacting the careers of sitting leg-
islators.
• The judgment was based on the premise that Article
102(1) doesn’t distinguish between sitting mem-
bers and candidates for disqualification.
Disqualification of MPs and MLAs under RPA, 1951:
• Section 8(3) disqualifies MPs and MLAs convicted
and jailed for 2+ years, leading to 6-year disqualifi-
cation after release.
o Convicted individuals on bail with pending
appeals are ineligible for contesting elec-
tions.
• Section 8(4) previously allowed convicted legislators
to continue if they appealed within 3 months.
o In Lily Thomas’s case, Supreme Court, July
2013, declared 8(4) unconstitutional, dis-
qualifying on the date of conviction.
Issues with the Judgment in Lily Thomas Case:
Issues Description
1. Instant Disquali- E.g., Recently Rahul Gandhi was dis-
fication qualified immediately after his con-
viction in a defamation case.
2. Adverse impact Legislators lose their seats due to
on Legislators quick disqualification without prop-
er recourse.
3. Insufficient time Limited time for legislators to appeal
for the appeal pro- and present their case for reversal.
cess
www.insightsonindia.com 29

4. Slow court pro- Courts take extended periods for
cedures handling appeals, creating undue
delays.
5. Differential Article 103 allows differentiation
Treatment between sitting members and candi-
dates for disqualification.
6. Role of President The suggested authority for declar-
ing disqualification lies with the
President under Article 103
7. Uncertainty Whether staying only sentence or
about staying sen- both sentence and conviction can lift
tence/conviction disqualification.
8. Limited impact No significant change was observed
on behaviour in politicians’ criminal records and
behaviour due to the judgment.
Measures needed to address the issues arising from the
judgment in the Lily Thomas case:
• Review and Amendment: Consider amending sec-
tion 8(4) of RPA, allowing a reasonable period for
appeal before disqualification takes effect.
• Clear Guidelines: Establish clear guidelines for the
application of disqualification, including the role of
the President in declaring disqualification.
• Timely Appeals: Implement measures to expedite
the appeals process to ensure that legislators have
a fair and timely opportunity to present their cases.
• Constitutional Safeguards: Consider introducing a
constitutional amendment in Article 102 that pro-
vides protection against abrupt disqualifications.
Insta Links:
Salient features of the Representation of People’s Act, 1951
Topics: Appointment to various Constitutional posts, pow-
ers, functions and responsibilities of various Constitutional
Bodies.
14. CENTRE’S BILL ON ELECTION COM-
MISSION APPOINTMENTS
Context:
A Bill (Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Com-
missioners (Appointments, Conditions of Service, Term of
Office) Bill) has been proposed by the Centre in the Rajya
Sabha to amend the process of appointing Chief Election
Commissioners (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) in
order to address the impact of a Supreme Court verdict.
Background:
In March this year, the Supreme Court ruled that a commit-
tee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition
in Lok Sabha, and Chief Justice of India must appoint CEC
and ECs until a relevant law is enacted by Parliament. The
30 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
court noted that the Constitution lacked provisions for the
appointments. The judgment brought the appointment pro-
cess on par with that of the CBI Director.
The new Bill’s Aim: The proposed Bill seeks to replace the
Chief Justice of India with a nominated Cabinet Minister in
the committee for appointments.
Major features of the new bill:
Feature Description
C o m m i t t e e The bill proposes a committee for select-
Composition: ing members of the Election Commis-
sion of India (ECI). The committee com-
prises the Prime Minister, the Leader of
the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and
a Cabinet Minister nominated by the
Prime Minister.
Search Com- A Search Committee will be established,
mittee: led by the Cabinet Secretary. The Search
Committee will consist of two other
members not below the rank of Secre-
tary to the government, knowledgeable
in matters related to elections. This com-
mittee will prepare a panel of five indi-
viduals eligible for appointment.
Qualifications The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC)
for Appoint- and other Election Commissioners (ECs)
ment: must be individuals of integrity. They
should have held or currently hold a
post equivalent to the rank of secretary.
Candidates should possess knowledge
and experience in the management and
conduct of elections.
Earlier, there was no rule prescribing
the qualifications for appointment to
the posts
Appointments The Selection Committee, consisting of
Process: the Prime Minister, the Leader of the
Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and the
nominated Cabinet Minister, will ap-
point the CEC and ECs from the prepared
panel.
Impeachment The bill introduces a provision for the
Process: removal of Election Commissioners
through an impeachment-like process,
similar to the removal process for Su-
preme Court judges.
Protection of The bill aims to protect Election Com-
Election Com- missioners from arbitrary removal by
missioners: aligning their removal process with that
of Supreme Court judges.
Current Affairs 30
A d d r e s s i n g The bill aims to address the concerns
Constitutional raised in the 2015 public interest litiga-
Validity: tion challenging the constitutional va-
lidity of Centre-appointed members of
the Election Commission.
E n h a n c i n g The introduction of a Search Committee
Transparency: and a panel of eligible candidates aims
to enhance transparency and account-
ability in the selection process.
Debate: The Bill’s composition has raised concerns about in-
dependence, as the Prime Minister and a nominated Cabinet
Minister could potentially outvote the Leader of the Oppo-
sition, raising questions about impartiality in the selection
process.
Issues with the proposed bill:
Issue Explanation
Composition of The committee consists of the Prime
Selection Com- Minister, the nominated Cabinet Min-
mittee ister, and the Leader of the Opposition.
This potentially gives the Executive
dominance in appointments, under-
mining the independence of the Elec-
tion Commission.
Lack of Chief The Bill replaces the Chief Justice of
Justice’s Involve- India with a nominated Cabinet Min-
ment ister in the appointment process. This
reduces judicial representation in the
committee and might affect impartial-
ity.
Search Commit- While the inclusion of a Search Com-
tee mittee is positive, its effectiveness
in selecting suitable candidates and
avoiding bias needs to be evaluated.
Decision Beyond The Bill allows the Selection Commit-
Shortlist tee to choose anyone from outside the
shortlisted candidates, undermining
the purpose of the shortlisting pro-
cess.
Downgrading of The rank of Election Commissioner is
Election Com- being reduced in the warrant of prece-
missioners’ Rank dence. This could impact their stature
Conclusion:
To ensure the utmost transparency, credibility, and impar-
tiality of the Election Commission, it’s advisable for the gov-
ernment to consider broader consultations and maintain a
balance between various stakeholders, thereby reinforcing
the institution’s role as a bastion of democratic integrity.
One important suggestion by former Chief Election Commis-
sioner of India S Y Quraishi to improve the bill is to have
a unanimous verdict as a precondition to the appointment
process.
Existing Provisions for Appointment to ECI
Constitutional Provisions: Part XV (Article 324-329) of the
Indian Constitution: Deals with elections and establishes a
commission for these matters.
Structure of ECI: According to Article 324, the Election
Commission shall consist of the CEC and such number of
other election commissioners, if any, as the President may
from time to time fix.
Appointment Procedure: Article 324(2): The appointment
of the CEC and other Election Commissioners shall be
made by the President, subject to the provisions of any
law made on that behalf by Parliament
Suggestions: The Law Minister suggests a pool of suitable
candidates to the Prime Minister for consideration. The
President makes the appointment on the advice of the PM.
Service Conditions: The President determines the condi-
tions of service and tenure of office of the Election.
They have a tenure of six years, or up to the age of 65
years, whichever is earlier.
Removal: They can resign anytime or can also be removed
before the expiry of their term. The CEC can be removed
from office only through a process of removal similar to
that of a SC judge by Parliament. Any other EC cannot be
removed except on the recommendation of the CEC.
Insta Links:
How are the CEC and ECs appointed?
15. ECI: POINT OF CONTENTION BE-
TWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND THE JUDI-
CIARY
Context:
Recently, the government introduced a Bill that seeks to re-
place the Chief Justice of India with a cabinet minister nom-
inated by the Prime Minister in the committee of selection
for the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and
other Election Commissioners in India.
Previously, The Supreme Court gave a unanimous judgment
on March 2 and directed that the Chief Election Commis-
sioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) should be
appointed by the President based on a committee’s advice.
This committee would include the Prime Minister, the Lead-
er of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha or the largest Opposi-
tion party leader, and the Chief Justice of India (CJI).
For major provisions of the New Bill and issues with it: Click
Here
www.insightsonindia.com 31

The ongoing debate in light of the recent Supreme Court
judgement:
• Rationale: Article 324(2) reads “The appointment
of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Elec-
tion Commissioners shall, subject to the provisions
of any law made on that behalf by Parliament, be
made by the President.”
o Since there is no law made by parliament
on this issue as provided in the Constitu-
tion, the Court felt the need to step in to fill
the “constitutional vacuum.”
• Government’s position: The government had ar-
gued that in the absence of such a law by parlia-
ment, there is no real “vacuum” as the President has
the constitutional power to decide on the matter
and asked the SC to exhibit Judicial restraint.
• Separation of powers: The debate has focussed on
the separation of powers which is a feature of the
basic structure of the constitution. The question is
whether SC is in line to produce such a pronounce-
ment versus whether a government to be elected
can appoint persons governing the process of elec-
tion.
• Parliament’s new bill: The new bill has been the
government’s rebuttal to the judiciary.
• Issues in the bill: The bill attempts to return to the
status quo of government decisions while including
only the leader of the opposition (replacing the pro-
vision of CJI with the minister as a member).
o This has been criticised as the government
of the day having a greater voice in appoint-
ing such an important body.
• Other subjects of debate: The SC had left the ques-
tion of funding the EC, the Permanent secretariat
and the need for expenditure to be charged to the
Consolidated Fund of India for the government to
decide.
Suggested measures:
• Transparency and independence in appointment:
The appointments should be made by a bipartisan
committee that includes representatives from vari-
ous stakeholders.
o Also, the publishing minutes of the meeting
of such a committee is essential.
• Judicial restraint: The judiciary must be aware of
drawing the line between activism and overreacting
to exercise restraint except when a true constitu-
tional or executive vacuum exists.
• Independence of the commission: The ECI should
be given complete autonomy in the conduct of elec-
tions which can be done by creating a dedicated cad-
re of officers responsible for election duty.
• Charged expenditure and other infrastructure: The
government must act on the nudge of the SC to pro-
vide a permanent secretariat and other infrastruc-
32 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
ture along with funding via charged expenditure to
ensure the commission’s independence.
Committee Recommendations:
Committee/Leader Recommendation
V.M. Tarkunde Com- Broad-based appointments of ECI
mittee (1975) members through the collegium
process rather than the govern-
ment’s advice
Dinesh Goswami A similar suggestion for broad-
Committee (1990s) er-based appointments through a
collegium
Second Administra- Suggested broader-based appoint-
tive Reforms Com- ments of ECI members
mission (2009)
B.B. Tandon (2006) Proposed a seven-member com-
mittee with PM, CJI, Lok Sabha
Speaker, Opposition leaders, Law
Minister, and a judge nominated
by CJI
L.K. Advani (2012) Suggested a collegium with PM as
chairman, CJI, Minister of Law and
Justice, and Leaders of the Opposi-
tion as members
Current provisions:
• Appointment: The President appoints the Chief
Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commis-
sioners. The President makes the appointment on
the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed
by the Prime Minister.
• Tenure: They have a fixed tenure of six years, or up
to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
• Service conditions: They enjoy the same status and
receive salary and perks as available to Judges of the
Supreme Court (SC) of India.
• Removal: The CEC can be removed from office only
through a process of removal similar to that of an SC
judge by Parliament.
• Number of commissioners: As per Article 342(2) the
Election Commission shall consist of the CEC and
such number of other election commissioners, if
any, as the President may from time to time fix.
Conclusion:
Free and fair elections are the foundation of any functioning
democracy. In this light, it is important to find a way to bal-
ance the need for independence, accountability, and trans-
parency, in order to ensure that the ECI remains a truly inde-
pendent and impartial institution.
Insta Links:
How are the CEC and ECs appointed?
Current Affairs 30
Topics: Government policies and interventions for develop-
ment in various sectors and issues arising out of their design
and implementation.
16. “LIMITED INTERNET SHUTDOWNS”
AND THEIR IMPACT
Context:
The idea of “limited internet shutdowns” is gaining traction
as a way to control riots and security threats while allowing
beneficial use of the internet. However, there is no study by
the Indian government or any state government to assess
the effectiveness of these shutdowns.
What is “Limited internet shutdowns”?
It refers to the intentional restriction or blocking of access
to the internet, often specific websites or online services,
within a defined geographic area or for a specified period
of time. This is done as a response to security threats, social
unrest, or public emergencies, with the aim of controlling
the flow of information and communication.
• E.g., this has been applied in Manipur violence and
recent Nuh (Haryana) communal violence.
Status of India on Internet shutdown:
to a report by Access Now and the KeepItOn coalition, India
enforced as many as 84 internet shutdowns in 2022 and was
on top of the list for the fifth year in a row.
• In 2022, the Internet was shut down 49 times in
Jammu and Kashmir, the highest of any state in the
country.
Constitutional Articles & Internet Shutdown:
• Internet-related rights are protected by Articles
19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and
19(1)(g) (freedom of trade and commerce).
• Exceptions: Restrictions on these rights should fol-
low the guidelines of Articles 19(2) and (6) and ad-
here to the principle of proportionality.
o Proportionality Test: It assesses whether
governmental actions justifiably infringe on
individual rights.
Legal ground:
Internet shutdown orders are regulated by the Temporary
Suspension of Telecom Services (Public Emergency or Public
Safety) Rules, 2017, which fall under the Indian Telegraph
Act, 1885. These rules allow for the temporary suspension
of telecom services in a specific area during public emergen-
cies.
• Senior officials from the Home Ministry at both
central and state levels are authorized to issue shut-
down orders.
SC Judgment & Amendments on Internet Shutdown:
• In Anuradha Bhasin vs Union of India (2020), SC stat-
ed indefinite internet shutdowns are illegal, requir-
ing necessity and proportionality.
• The Union govt amended 2017 Rules in Nov 2020,
capping shutdowns at 15 days.
• In Dec 2021, the Standing Committee on Communi-
cation and IT proposed further amendments.
o The committee suggested a comprehen-
sive review of Rules, technology-oriented
changes, and uniform guidelines for states/
UTs to minimize public disruption.
Impact of Internet shutdown:
Impact of Examples
Internet Shut-
downs
Communica- A recently released United Nations-backed
tion Disrup- report (by OHCHR) has highlighted that
tion shutting down the internet affects peo-
ple’s safety & well-being, hampers infor-
mation flow and harms the economy
Businesses are unable to conduct online
transactions, affecting e-commerce and
communication with clients.
Information Limited access to news websites, hinder-
Flow Disrup- ing access to timely and accurate informa-
tion tion.
Inability to access educational resources,
affecting students’ learning during shut-
downs.
Economic Im- Loss of revenue for businesses relying on
pact online operations and services.
Impediments to remote work, affecting
productivity and economic activity.
Social and Po- Inability to organize protests or rallies via
litical Impact social media, affecting freedom of expres-
sion and assembly.
Government control over information
flow during sensitive events, limits public
awareness.
Human Rights Violation of freedom of speech and ex-
Concerns pression, undermining democratic values.
Infringement on the right to access infor-
mation crucial for making informed deci-
sions.
Educational Students unable to attend online classes,
Disruption disrupt education during shutdowns.
Lack of access to online educational re-
sources and platforms.
www.insightsonindia.com 33

H e a l t h c a r e Impaired access to telemedicine services
and Emergen- and health information during critical
cy Impact times.
Delays in accessing emergency services or
assistance due to disrupted communica-
tion.
Global Per- Negative impact on a country’s image,
ception raising concerns about digital rights and
freedom.
International criticism for hindering access
to information and communication.
Addressing internet shutdowns requires a balanced ap-
proach that respects security and rights:
• Adhere to Legal Standards: Follow clear legal
grounds and constitutional principles of necessity
and proportionality.
• Transparency: Provide transparent justifications for
shutdowns and hold authorities accountable.
• Limited Measures: Use specific, time-bound shut-
downs; avoid blanket measures.
• Alternatives: Consider content removal or service
restrictions instead of full shutdowns.
• Judicial Oversight: Ensure judicial review, prevent-
ing misuse as seen in Anuradha Bhasin case.
• Stakeholder Engagement: Collaborate with civil so-
ciety, businesses, and experts for balanced guide-
lines.
• Digital Literacy: Educate citizens about rights, safe
practices, and shutdown consequences.
UN’s OHCHR Recommendations
• Stop imposing Internet shutdowns: It may be the
last recourse but should be used rarely for legitimate
reasons
• Legitimate shutdown: Need to control the spread of
hate speech, disinformation or other forms of con-
tent deemed illegal or harmful
• Clear policies: There should be an unambiguous,
publicly available and legitimate policy for any
shutdown
• Internet companies should engage and collabo-
rate with stakeholders including government and
civil society to prevent such disruption
Insta Links
• UN Report on Internet Shutdown
• REGULATING THE BAN
17. THE DIRE CONDITION OF GOVERN-
MENT SCHOOLS IN BIHAR
Context:
A recent report (titled “Where Are the Kids?”) by Jan Jagran
34 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Shakti Sanghathan (JJSS) highlights the dire condition of
government schools in Bihar, raising concerns about their
potential replacement by cheap tuition centres.
Key issues highlighted:
• None of the surveyed schools met RTE Act norms
• School attendance is alarmingly low, with only
about 20% of pupils present, mainly from disadvan-
taged backgrounds.
• Acute teacher shortages, failing to meet RTE norms
on pupil-teacher ratios
• The Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) scheme for text-
books and uniforms poses challenges for poor fam-
ilies, often leading to a lack of essential resources
• Students in Classes 1-5 had forgotten basic skills by
the time schools reopened after the COVID-19 lock-
down.
Recommendations:
• Compliance with RTE Act, providing daily eggs in
midday meals
• Prohibiting tuition during school hours
• Economist Jean Dreze, who guided the survey, em-
phasizes understanding low attendance rates and
focusing on children’s needs beyond schools
Recent initiatives by Government in the Education sector:
Accomplishments Description
New Education NEP 2020 proposes transformative
Policy (NEP) and changes in education, emphasizing
Reforms experiential learning and breaking
the barriers between arts and scienc-
es. It envisions a learner-centric ap-
proach that promotes critical thinking
and inquiry-based education.
National Curricu- The NCF recommends board exams
lum Framework twice a year, a semester system for
Class 12, and more flexibility in sub-
ject combinations to reduce rigid dis-
tinctions between arts, commerce,
and science in classes 11 and 12.
School Textbooks NCERT revises school textbooks in
three rounds, ensuring updated and
relevant content for students.
Foreign Universi- UGC is finalizing regulations to al-
ties low foreign universities to establish
campuses in India, enabling them to
determine admission processes, fee
structures, and faculty recruitment.
Current Affairs 30
New Institutions, Several new educational institutions
Enhanced Capac- like IITs, IIMs, IIITs, and AIIMS have
ity been established in the last nine
years, increasing educational capacity.
EWS quota has been implemented to
enhance access to education.
Female Represen- The introduction of supernumerary
tation seats for women at IITs and NITs in-
creased female representation from
9% in 2017 to 20% in 2022 at IITs over
five years. AISHE data shows reduced
gender disparity in higher education
enrolment since 2014.
Other Changes The no-detention policy under RTE
and Initiatives Act was scrapped in 2019. The Nation-
al Testing Agency conducts entrance
tests to higher education. The Medi-
cal Commission of India was replaced
with National Medical Commission to
streamline medical education. Higher
Education Financing Agency (HEFA)
was set up to fund infrastructure de-
velopment in educational institutions.
Insta Links:
• New Education Policy
• Issues Related to Education Sector
18. JUSTICE ROHINI PANEL’S FINDINGS
Context:
The Justice G. Rohini-led Commission, established in 2017
to explore the sub-categorization of Other Backward Classes
(OBC) groups, submitted its report to the President of India
on July 31, 2023, after numerous extensions.
What is the sub-categorization of Other Backward Classes
(OBC) groups?
Sub-categorization of Other Backward Classes (OBC) groups
involves classifying existing OBC caste groups into further
categories based on their historical dominance in availing
government benefits meant for OBCs.
• Aim: It aims to ensure a more equitable distri-
bution of benefits among OBC communities by
giving higher shares to historically marginalized
groups and lesser shares to those that have tra-
ditionally dominated such benefits.
Background:
• National Commission for Backward Classes
(NCBC) proposed the sub-categorisation of
Other Backward Classes (OBCs) back in 2015.
• In October 2017, former President Ram Nath
Kovind, in the exercise of the powers conferred
by Article 340 of the Constitution, appointed
a commission to examine the issue of sub-cat-
egorisation of OBCs, chaired by retired Justice
G. Rohini, to ensure social justice in an efficient
manner by prioritising the Extremely Backward
Classes (EBCs).
What is Article 340?
• It lays down conditions for the appointment of
a Commission to investigate the conditions of the
backward classes.
• The President may by order appoint a Commis-
sion consisting of such persons as he thinks fit to in-
vestigate the conditions of socially and educationally
backward classes within the territory of India.
Constitutional basis:
• Article 14 of the Constitution guarantees equality
before the law. Measures are required to be taken
for the upliftment of unequal to bring them on par
with the advanced classes.
• Article 16 (4) provides that the State can make
any provision for the reservation of appointments
or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens
who, in the opinion of the state, are not adequately
represented in the services under the State.
Need for sub-categorization:
There is a perception that only a few dominant caste groups
among them benefit from the existing 27% reservation in
central government jobs and educational institutions.
• In 2018, an analysis of data from 1.3 lakh central gov-
ernment jobs and OBC admissions to central higher
education institutions revealed that 97% of benefits
were availed by just 25% of OBC castes.
• Approximately 37% (983) of OBC communities had
no representation in these opportunities, under-
scoring the necessity for sub-categorization.
The mandate of the Commission:
Commission was tasked with first examining how much of
27% reservation (jobs and education) and other government
benefits meant for OBCs was dominated by which caste
groups.
Major Findings:
• The Dominance of Few Caste Groups: A small
number of caste groups among all OBC groups
were found to dominate the reservation quotas
and other government benefits meant for OBCs.
• Equitable Redistribution: The need to ensure a
more equitable distribution of benefits among
OBC communities was identified, aiming to ad-
dress the imbalance caused by the dominance
of certain groups.
• Reservation Allocation Formula: The Commis-
sion formulated a formula to allocate reserva-
www.insightsonindia.com 35
 Current Affairs 30
tion shares based on historical underrepresen- More about NRF:
tation, with the objective of providing a larger
share to historically marginalized groups and
reducing the share of dominant groups.
• Rationalization of Central OBC List: The Com-
mission suggested corrections and replacements
in spellings within the Central OBC list, aiming
to rectify errors and inaccuracies in the entries.

Why are the Commission’s findings significant?

The findings are significant because they provide exact num-
bers on OBC communities benefiting from reservations
since 1992.
• Socio-Economic Data Significance: The data on so-
cio-economic changes among OBC communities since
the inception of reservation in 1992 is of great signifi-
cance as it reflects the impact of reservation policies on
these communities’ development.
• Electoral Implications: The distribution of benefits,
could have direct implications on the electoral strate-
gies of political parties, leading them to reconsider their
approach towards caste-based vote banks.
• Caste census: The findings come amid calls for a caste
Importance of the Bill:
census and growing interest in caste-based surveys.
• Stimulate increased industry investment in re-
search and development (R&D).
Conclusion:
• Foster partnerships between industry, academia,
The government intends to hold detailed deliberations with
and government divisions.
various stakeholders before implementing the recommen-
• Advocate research across natural sciences, human-
dations to address concerns and ensure smooth execution.
ities, social sciences, and the arts to nurture creativ-
ity.
Insta links:
Commission to examine the issue of Sub-categorization Issues with the Bill:
Issues Examples
19. NATIONAL RESEARCH FOUNDATION Corporate In- Private sector funding (70% allocation)
(NRF) BILL HAS BEEN INTRODUCED IN THE fluence may prioritize profit-driven research, hin-
LOK SABHA dering societal benefit.
C e n t r a l - Lack of diverse and pluralistic research
Context: ized Deci- approaches due to centralization.
The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF) sion-Making
Bill has been introduced in the Lok Sabha. It will establish N e g l e c t i n g The exclusion of state higher education
NRF and repeal the Science and Engineering Research State Partici- councils and state governments may un-
Board (SERB) – subsuming it into the NRF. pation dermine cooperative federalism.
Limited Fo- NRF’s heavy reliance on corporate fund-
What is NRF?
cus on Public ing may neglect research for public wel-
The National Research Foundation (NRF) Bill is a proposed
Good fare.
legislation aimed at establishing the NRF as an apex body
to provide strategic direction for scientific research in India, I n a d e q u a t e Closed peer reviews without broader
following the recommendations of the National Education R e s e a r c h public engagement may hinder effective
Policy (NEP). Evaluation knowledge utilization.
D i s c o n n e c t Lack of alignment with the government’s
Aim: It seeks to allocate ₹50,000 crore over five years for from Govern- 2% GDP target for R&D, hindering nation-
promoting research and innovation across various levels of ment Goals al development.
research institutions, colleges, and universities in the coun- U n c e r t a i n The private sector’s notional commit-
try. F u n d i n g ment to funding lacks transparency and
Mechanism enforceability.

36 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Conclusion:
For the NRF to achieve its intended impact, a balanced ap-
proach is necessary. While private sector involvement is cru-
cial, it should be complemented by increased public invest-
ment in research and development.
About SERB
• It is a statutory body under the Department of Science
and Technology (DST) established in 2009 (by the SERB
Act, 2008).
• It was set up for promoting basic research in science
and engineering and to provide financial assistance to
scientists, academic institutions, R&D laboratories, S&T
start-ups, etc.
Insta Links:
• National Research Foundation (NRF)
• R&D ecosystem in India
Recommendations
1. Regular meetings and reviews of the Apex Committee
of Narcotics Coordination Centre (set up by the Ministry
of Home Affairs in 2016).
2. Establish an impact assessment mechanism for National
Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR).
3. Incorporate awareness chapters on drug addiction,
consequences, and de-addiction measures in the educa-
tion curriculum.
4. Foster inter-ministerial coordination to address both
supply and demand side issues.
5. Conduct periodic surveys by National Drug Depen-
dence Treatment Centres (NDDTC) to stay updated on
drug abuse situations.
6. National Institute of Social Defence should undertake
the survey to provide a clearer understanding of the issue
and aid in better intervention strategies

20. PARLIAMENTARY PANEL FINDINGS India’s vulnerability:

ON DRUG ABUSE IN INDIA India is geographically situated between major drug-pro-
ducing regions, including the Golden Crescent (Pakistan,
Context: Afghanistan, Iran) and Golden Triangle (Thailand, Myanmar,
Parliament Standing Committee on Social Justice and Em- Vietnam, Laos).
powerment in India has recommended conducting a survey
to assess the impact of drug abuse on society. Negative impacts of drug addiction on individuals, families,
and society:
In 2018, the ministry commissioned a national survey con-
Aspect Negative Impacts Examples
ducted by the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre
(NDDTC) AIIMS, which formed the basis of the National Ac- Individuals Physical health de- Lung damage due to
tion Plan for Drug Demand Reduction (NAPDDR) to address terioration smoking
drug abuse in the country. Mental health dis- Anxiety, depression,
orders psychosis
What is Drug Abuse? Impaired cognitive Memory loss, de-
Drug abuse refers to the excessive, inappropriate, or harm- function creased concentration
ful use of legal or illegal substances, leading to negative Reduced produc- Frequent absenteeism
physical, mental, social, and behavioural consequences. tivity and job loss from work
Financial strain Spending money on
Findings of the Panel: and poverty drugs, neglecting bills
• No comprehensive study or survey has been con-
Criminal involve- Arrests for drug posses-
ducted by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empow-
ment and legal is- sion
erment to assess the impact of drug abuse on soci-
sues
ety.
• Around 37 crore people in the age groups of 10-17
years (children) and 18-75 years (adults) are using
drugs and alcohol in states like Punjab, Haryana, Del-
hi, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, and Maharashtra.
• Penetration of District De-Addiction Centers (DDAC)
is inadequate.
• Decrease in financial allocations for preventive edu-
cation and awareness programs.
• Delay in providing training to Master Trainers un-
der the Navchetna Programme, which focuses on
life skills and drug education for school children.

www.insightsonindia.com 37
 Current Affairs 30

Families Breakdown of fam- Strained communica- 21. NATIONAL NURSING AND MIDWIFE-
ily relationships tion, conflicts RY COMMISSION (NNMC) BILL, 2023
Emotional distress Children witnessing
and trauma parent’s addiction Context:
Financial instabil- Draining savings to sup- The Parliament has approved the National Nursing and Mid-
ity due to addic- port addiction wifery Commission (NNMC) Bill, 2023, a significant legisla-
tion-related costs tive reform aimed at revolutionizing the nursing education
and practice sector.
Neglect of respon- Parents failing to pro-
sibilities towards vide for children
Objectives:
family
• This bill will replace the existing Indian Nursing
Increased domes- Arguments and fights Council with a modern regulatory structure.
tic violence fueled by addiction • Repeal the existing Indian Nursing Council Act, of
Society Increased crime Drug-related thefts, vi- 1947, as the act is outdated and does not reflect the
rates and public olence current needs and demands
safety concerns • It will aim to enhance standards, professionalism,
The burden on Increased hospital ad- transparency, and accountability in the nursing
healthcare systems missions field.
Reduced work- Absenteeism and de-
force productivity creased output What is Nursing and Midwifery?
Nursing involves providing healthcare services, monitoring
The strain on social Overburdened rehabili- patients, administering treatments, and assisting doctors.
services tation centres Midwifery specifically focuses on providing care to pregnant
Impact on edu- Dropouts due to addic- women before, during, and after childbirth, as well as new-
cation and future tion-related issues born care. Both roles are critical in healthcare systems.
prospects
Disruption of com- Communities plagued Key highlights of the proposed National Nursing and Mid-
munity well-being by drug-related issues wifery Commission (NNMC) Act, 2023
Highlight Description
Government measures to address drug abuse:
• ‘Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan’ (Drugs-Free India Establishment National and State Nursing and Mid-
Campaign) was launched in August 2020 in 272 vul- of Commissions wifery Commissions to regulate edu-
nerable districts. cation, service standards, and conduct.
• The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment is Tenure and Ac- Fixed tenures for Commission mem-
implementing the National Action Plan for Drug De- countability bers to ensure transparency and pre-
mand Reduction (NAPDDR) for 2018-2025. vent reappointment for vested inter-
• The Narco-Coordination Centre (NCORD) was es- ests.
tablished in November 2016. Uniform Admis- Implementing standardized admission
• The “National Fund for Control of Drug Abuse” was sion and Com- processes and maintaining competence
created to support efforts against illicit drug traffic, petence for high-quality healthcare services.
addiction rehabilitation, and public education. Innovation and Encouraging technology and industry
• National Drugs & Psychotropic Substance (NDPS) Collaboration collaboration for advanced nursing ed-
Act, 1985 (Narcotics Control Bureau has been set up ucation, excellence, and research.
under it)
• National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Soft Skills and Focusing on soft skill development and
Substances 2012 S p e c i a l i z e d recognizing specialized courses to en-
Courses hance nursing professionals’ expertise.
InstaLinks: Global Mobility Facilitating Indian nurses’ global mobil-
• The ‘war on drugs’ and Expertise ity through international expert partici-
• HM reply on the Drug Abuse problem pation in Commission meetings.
Advisory Council Forming a National Advisory Council
and Coordina- for balanced representation and pro-
tion moting collaboration with other health-
care bodies.

38 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Insta Links:
“State of the World’s Nursing” report
22. NATIONAL DENTAL COMMISSION
BILL, 2023
Context:
The Parliament has passed the National Dental Commission
Bill, 2023, aiming to elevate dental education and health-
care standards in India.
Aim: To improve dental care accessibility, professionalism,
and global employability for Indian dental professionals.
Key provisions of the Bill:
Provisions Description
Constitution of Establishes the National Dental Com-
NDC and State mission (NDC) and mandates State
Dental Councils Dental Councils or Joint Dental Coun-
cils for decentralized regulation.
Three Autono- Empowers Under-Graduate and
mous Boards Post-Graduate Dental Education Board,
Dental Assessment and Rating Board
(DARB), and Ethics and Dental Registra-
tion Board (EDRB).
Fixed Tenure Introduces fixed tenures for Chairper-
and Profession- son, Members, and Secretary, empha-
al Development sizing promotive and preventive dental
care and soft skills development.
Industry Col- Encourages partnerships with industry
laboration and and institutions for dental research and
Technological integrates advanced technology into
Innovation education.
Online Nation- Establishes an online National Register
al Register and of licensed Dentists, along with a Den-
Dental Advisory tal Advisory Council for comprehensive
Council insights and guidance.
Merit-Based Se- Appoints NDC Chairman and Members
lection Process through a merit-based selection pro-
cess conducted by a Search-cum-Com-
mittee chaired by the Cabinet Secretary.
C o l l a b o rat i ve Facilitates joint sittings with relevant
Approaches bodies like National Medical Commis-
sion, Pharmacy Council, Nursing Coun-
cil, and more.
Fee Regulation Empowers Commission to frame fee
and Constitu- guidelines for private dental colleges,
tions and requires establishment of State
Dental Councils or Joint Dental Councils.
Insta Links:
Dentists to practice as general physicians
23. 5 YEARS OF AYUSHMAN BHARAT
PRADHAN MANTRI JAN AROGYA YOJANA
(AB-PMJAY)
Context:
The “Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana”
(AB-PMJAY) has marked five years of success in providing
accessible healthcare to economically vulnerable popula-
tions.
Features:
Impact of the Scheme:
• Out of Pocket Expenditure: It provides support to
more than 12 crore families, aiming to encompass
50% of India’s population.
o By doing so, it reduces out-of-pocket health-
care expenses and has saved over Rs 1 lakh
crore in treatment costs.
• Gender Equality: The scheme promotes gender
equality, with 48% of treatments benefiting wom-
en, ensuring equitable healthcare access.
• Universal Health Coverage: AB-PMJAY aligns with
Sustainable Development Goal 3.8 by moving India
closer to universal health coverage, guaranteeing
quality healthcare regardless of economic status.
• Easy Access: With over 27,000 hospitals accepting
the Ayushman Card for free treatment, patients can
access care in any state with AB-PMJAY, particularly
benefiting migrants.
• Fraud Prevention: The scheme employs the Na-
tional Anti-Fraud Unit (NAFU) and state-level units,
along with Aadhaar-based authentication, AI, and
ML technologies to detect and prevent fraud.
o It has de-empaneled over 210 hospitals for
violations.
• Feedback System: Patients receive post-treatment
calls to assess the quality of services, enhancing ac-
countability and service improvement.
www.insightsonindia.com 39

Challenges in implementing the scheme:
Challenges Details
Cooperation States’ cooperation is required for har-
of States monizing state health insurance schemes
with PMJAY; Some states like West Bengal
and Odisha have not implemented PMJAY
Burden of Costs disputed between care providers
Costs and the Centre; For-profit hospitals find
government proposals financially unviable
I n a d e q u a te Public sector health facilities lack equip-
Health Capac- ment and capacity; Need partnerships
ities with the private sector; Accountability of
service providers is crucial
Unnecessary National Health Policy 2017 suggested
Treatment “strategic purchasing” from secondary
and tertiary hospitals; Contracts with pro-
viders must ensure adherence to guide-
lines and treatment protocols to prevent
unnecessary treatment
Issues identified as per the latest CAG Report:
Audit Find- Details
ings
Beneficiary Ir- Over 7 lakh beneficiaries are linked to a
regularities single mobile number in the Beneficiary
Identification System (BIS) of the scheme
H o u s e h o l d Unrealistic family sizes in 43,197 house-
Size Inconsis- holds (11 to 201 members) indicate vali-
tencies dation control issues
Pensioner In- Pensioners in states like Chandigarh,
clusion Haryana, etc. availing PMJAY benefits led
to excess payments to insurers
I n e l i g i b l e Delayed removal of ineligible beneficia-
Beneficiaries ries caused improper benefits and extra
premium payments
Errors in Ben- Nearly about 73% of targeted households
eficiary Iden- are actual beneficiaries
tification
Claims man- Overlap of beneficiaries with state-spon-
agement is- sored schemes, excess payments, inade-
sues quate validation checks, etc.,
Grievance re- Only about 10% of the complaints were
dressal issues redressed within the timeframe
Improvements:
• Communication and Verification: The National
Health Authority (NHA) aims to rectify inconsisten-
cies through BIS 2.0, disallowing the use of the same
mobile number for multiple families.
• The NHA is also developing a policy to disable the
‘Add Member’ functionality in case of any benefi-
ciary family with more than 15 members
40 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Recommendations:
• Implement robust validation checks to enhance the
accuracy and reliability of the provided data
• Promote the participation of additional private
hospitals in the scheme
• Establish effective oversight of claim processing and
payment
• Establish District Implementing Units for efficient
scheme implementation at the local level.
Conclusion:
Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-
JAY) has made significant strides in expanding healthcare
accessibility and reducing out-of-pocket expenditure. Ad-
dressing these challenges will be crucial to ensuring the
continued success and effectiveness of PMJAY in providing
quality healthcare to millions of beneficiaries across India.
Insta Links:
Ayushman Bharat
24. CAG AUDIT: NATIONAL SOCIAL ASSIS-
TANCE PROGRAMME (NSAP)
Context:
An audit conducted by the Comptroller and Auditor Gen-
eral of India (CAG) has revealed that approximately Rs 79
crore was improperly transferred to ineligible beneficiaries
under the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) of
the Ministry of Rural Development between 2017 and 2021.
• Article 151 of the Constitution mandates the CAG
to present audit reports to the President.
Key findings of the audit report include:
Issue Description
I n e l i g i b l e A substantial portion of transferred funds
Payments was disbursed to ineligible beneficiaries, in-
cluding those who had passed away.
Nearly Rs 3 crore was diverted for cam-
paigning in respect to other ministry
schemes.
Lack of Ben- Most states (except Haryana and Kerala)
eficiary Da- failed to maintain a proper database of el-
tabase igible beneficiaries, resulting in the exclu-
sion of eligible individuals.
Age Inaccu- Ineligible payments made to individuals be-
racies low the required age for specific pension
schemes like INGOAPS and IGNWPS in
multiple states/UTs.
D i s a b i l i - Payments meant for disability pensions
ty Pension disbursed to ineligible individuals, and
Mismanage- inaccuracies in assessing the degree of dis-
ment ability in some cases.
Current Affairs 30
Deceased In 26 states/UTs, payments continued to be
Beneficia- made to over 2,100 individuals even after
ries their death, a concerning finding.
BPL List Many states relied on outdated or incom-
Mainte- plete BPL lists instead of the mandated
nance SECC to identify beneficiaries, leading to
the exclusion of eligible individuals.
I n ef f i c i e nt Some states diverted NSAP funds for other
Fund Usage purposes, and certain funds remained un-
used for years. NSAP Advisory Committee
held only a few meetings.
Impact: This misallocation of funds led to several eligible
beneficiaries being excluded from the program. Over 4.65
crore people availed of benefits during 2017-21
Significance of the Report: This report underscores the need
for more rigorous oversight and transparent management
of social assistance programs to ensure that funds are al-
located appropriately to those who truly need them. The
findings indicate significant deficiencies in beneficiary iden-
tification, record-keeping, and fund utilization, which have
collectively resulted in a substantial amount of misallocated
funds and the exclusion of eligible recipients from the NSAP.
About The National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
Aspect Details
About The National Social Assistance Pro-
gramme (NSAP) is a welfare programme
first launched in 1995 as a Centrally
Sponsored Scheme and administered by
the Ministry of Rural Development. It was
included in the ‘Core of Core’ schemes
of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) in
2016.
Aim To provide social assistance to Below
Poverty Line (BPL) households, specifi-
cally targeting the elderly, disabled indi-
viduals, widows, etc.
Implementa- Implemented in both rural and urban
tion Area areas.
Components • Indira Gandhi National Old Age
Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) - Since
NSAP’s inception in 1995
• National Family Benefit Scheme
(NFBS) – 1995
• Annapurna Scheme - Launched in
2000
• Indira Gandhi National Widow Pen-
sion Scheme (IGNWPS) - Launched
in 2009
• Indira Gandhi National Disability
Pension Scheme - Launched in 2009.
Constitutional Article 41 and Article 42 of the Constitu-
Basis tion provide the basis for NSAP:
• Article 41 directs the State to pro-
vide public assistance to citizens in
cases of unemployment, old age,
sickness, disablement, and unde-
served want within its economic ca-
pacity.
• Article 42 emphasizes securing just
and humane conditions of work and
maternity relief.
National Ma- Originally part of NSAP, it was later trans-
ternity Ben- ferred from the Ministry of Rural Devel-
efit Scheme opment to the Ministry of Health and
(NMBS) Family Welfare.
Insta links:
National Social Assistance Programme
25. BILL INTRODUCED: REFORMS IN IN-
DIAN CRIMINAL LAW
Context:
Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation intro-
duced three bills in the Lok Sabha, namely the Bhartiya
Nyaya Sanhita Bill 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha
Sanhita Bill 2023, and the Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023.
Aim: These bills replace the British-era Indian Penal Code
(IPC) 1860, Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) 1898, and Indian
Evidence Act 1872.
Issues with the previous laws:
• British Legacy: The old laws were remnants of Brit-
ish colonial rule, designed to maintain their control
over India’s justice system.
• Punitive Approach: The focus of the old laws was
punishment rather than ensuring justice for citizens.
• Outdated: The laws, enacted in the 19th century,
didn’t align with modern societal norms, technology,
or justice requirements.
• Low Conviction Rates: The outdated laws contribut-
ed to low conviction rates and delayed justice, erod-
ing public trust in the legal system.
• Gender Insensitivity: The old laws inadequately ad-
dressed crimes against women and children, reflect-
ing an insensitive approach.
• Complex Procedures: Cumbersome procedures and
paperwork led to delayed trials and inefficiencies in
the criminal justice system.
• Misuse of Powers: The laws could be misused by au-
thorities to target individuals and curtail civil liber-
ties, such as the misuse of sedition charges.
• Lack of Victim Focus: The focus was often on legal
technicalities rather than providing support and jus-
tice for victims.
www.insightsonindia.com 41
 Current Affairs 30
• Lack of Technological Integration: The old laws lacked provisions for utilizing modern technology, hindering efficient
investigation and evidence presentation.
• Limited Scope: The laws failed to address contemporary issues like cybercrimes, terrorism, and organized crime
adequately.

Major provisions of the three new bills:

Provisions Bhartiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill 2023Bharatiya Nagarik Surak- Bharatiya Sakshya Bill 2023
sha Sanhita Bill 2023
Replaces Indian Penal Code, 1860 Criminal Procedure Code, Indian Evidence Act, 1872
1898
Focus Reflects Indian ethos, justice-ori- Enhances citizens’ protec- Modernizes evidence presenta-
ented tion tion
Sections 356 sections (replacing 511) 533 sections (160 changed) 170 sections (23 changed)
Women and Children • A separate chapter is dedicat- Protection, priority in
ed to them; crimes
• Sexual intercourse on the
false promise of marriage,
employment, etc., has been
made a new offence.
• Initiating children into crime
made punishable
Digital Integration Expanded definition of documents Digitization of processes • Video recording, electronic
evidence;
• Accepted documents in-
clude electronic and digital
records, emails, etc;
Speedy Trials Summary trials, time limits • Trial expedited, Sum-
mary trial for petty of-
fences;
• Fixing the 90-day
window for investi-
gation after filing of
chargesheet
• Witness protection
scheme to be made by
states;
• Bail after serving 1/3rd
of the maximum sen-
tence for first-time of-
fenders.
Victim Support Compulsory status updates of vic- Protection, timely informa- Video recording of search and
tim support tion seizure operations by the police
Modernized Punish- Address newer crimes, cyber of-
ments fences
Terrorism and Orga- New definitions of Terrorism for Harsher provisions against Define, and address organized
nized Crime 1st time, property confiscation; gangs crimes
armed rebellion, separatist activ-
ities, organized crimes, etc., have
been made separate offences;
Mob lynching made an offence
explicitly
Fugitive Trials Trials for fugitives in absen-
tia

42 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
FIR Zero FIR, e-FIR introduced
Sedition Law Repealed
Significance:
The new laws aim to expedite justice delivery while protect-
ing citizens’ rights and addressing modern challenges. They
emphasize accountability, digitization, and justice rather
than mere punishment. In May 2020, an Expert Committee
led by Ranbir Singh was established to propose reforms in
the realm of criminal law.
Insta Links:
India’s Criminal Justice System
26. A SHIFT IN INDIA’S DEMOCRATIC
LANDSCAPE
Context:
As per the author Suhas Palshikar, “In recent times, India is
witnessing a transformation from an imperfect democrat-
ic system to an unusual sense of democracy that discards
democratic norms”.
A shift in India’s governance:
• Use of forceful measures to restore order: The use
of demolitions and physical coercion to maintain law
and order marks this shift. E.g., the use of Bulldozers
to demolish houses of those involved in riots, or oth-
er heinous crimes
• State Practices: State governments are increasingly
resorting to demolitions as a means of governance,
disregarding due process and accountability.
• State Monitoring: Governments use surveillance
techniques, including drones and facial recognition,
to monitor citizens.
• Citizen Acceptance: E.g., the use of terms like “bull-
dozer baba” by leaders to resort to tough stances,
endorsing instant justice.
Issues with the new type of instant justice Governance:
Issues Examples
Selective Targeting In the Haryana demolition drive, only
homes belonging to a specific section
of the population were singled out
for demolition.
Rule of Law Viola- The principle of the rule of law, en-
tion suring legal equality and equal pro-
tection, is disregarded.
Zero FIR, e-FIR introduced; Mandatory digitization of FIR,
introducing community chargesheets, etc.; Mandato-
service as punishment ry use of Forensic services for
offences punishable with 7 or
more years
Absence of Ac- This type of governance reflects cyni-
countability cism about accountability, assuming
that the ruler’s authority is benevo-
lent and above scrutiny.
Lack of Judicial The Supreme Court’s lukewarm
Scrutiny response to demolitions in Uttar
Pradesh raised concerns about its
role in questioning executive actions.
Procedural Ero- Legislative techniques such as reduc-
sion ing recourse to parliamentary com-
mittees and rushing bills demon-
strate an erosion of procedural
safeguards.
Ethical issues concerned:
The ethical issue with this type of governance lies in its dis-
regard for democratic principles, accountability, and the
rule of law. This approach to governance involves using co-
ercive measures and unchecked executive power to swiftly
implement decisions, often targeting specific groups or com-
munities. This raises concerns about fairness, justice, and
the potential for abuse of power. The lack of transparency,
accountability, and respect for individual rights undermines
the ethical foundation of democratic governance, leading to
potential violations of human rights and the erosion of dem-
ocratic norms.
Insta links:
Governance
27. THE NMC REGISTERED MEDICAL
PRACTITIONER (PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT)
REGULATIONS 2023
Context:
The National Medical Commission (NMC) has issued com-
prehensive guidelines for the professional conduct of regis-
tered doctors in India under The NMC Registered Medical
Practitioner (professional conduct) Regulations 2023
Some key points from the guidelines include:
Aspect Guidelines
www.insightsonindia.com 43

Use of Social Doctors can use social media for providing
Media information or announcements
The information must be verifiable and not
misleading.
The guideline warns against soliciting pa-
tients through social media
Prohibited: discussing patient treatment
specifics, and sharing patient scans online.
Patient privacy must be maintained
Advised to follow decorum when interact-
ing online
Prescription Doctors required to prescribe generic med-
Practices icines
Exceptions for cases requiring specific
brand names due to narrow therapeutic in-
dex or exceptional situations
Encouraged to educate patients about the
equivalence of generic and branded med-
icines
Right to Re- Doctors have the right to refuse treatment
fuse Treat- for abusive, unruly, or violent patients and
ment relatives
Must not refuse treatment in medical
emergencies
Prohibited from discrimination based on
various grounds.
Continuous Doctors mandated to undergo continuous
Profession- learning throughout active years
al Develop- Accumulate 30 credit points in relevant
ment fields every five years
Annual sessions of at least three credits
(ideally six)
No more than 50% of training online
Professional Doctors prohibited from participating in
Conduct conferences, CPD sessions sponsored by
pharmaceutical companies
Each Doctor shall display the unique reg-
istration ID assigned to them in prescrip-
tions, certificates, and money receipts giv-
en to patients.
Doctors cannot be involved in fee splitting,
commission from diagnostic services, en-
dorsement of a product or person, operat-
ing an open to all medical stores, etc
Prohibited from receiving gifts, hospitality,
or monetary benefits from pharmaceutical
companies, medical device companies, or
corporate hospitals.
Disciplinary Five levels of disciplinary actions ranging
action from warning to permanent debar from
practice for RMP
44 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Issues with the guidelines:
Related to Generic Medicines:
• Quality of Generic Medicines: Doctors express con-
cerns about the quality of generic medicines avail-
able
• Limited Availability of Generic Medicines: The avail-
ability of these medicines in pharmacies is limited
due to low-profit margins.
• Ineffectiveness of Generic Substitutes: Since the
quality of generic medicines can vary across com-
panies, prescribing generics without standardized
quality control might lead to ineffective treatments.
• Loss of Doctor’s Choice: Doctors might lose the abil-
ity to prescribe the best-suited medication for a pa-
tient, considering their medical history and specific
needs.
Other issues:
• Consultation Fees Disclosure: While doctors must
disclose consultation fees upfront, estimating surgi-
cal or treatment costs accurately might be challeng-
ing.
• CPD Implementation: The requirement for Continu-
ous Professional Development (CPD) might burden
doctors with additional training
• Sponsorship Restrictions: The prohibition of phar-
maceutical industry sponsorship for conferences
and educational activities could limit the availability
of educational opportunities for doctors.
• Patient Privacy: Balancing social media use with
patient privacy might be complex, as even images
posted online can be owned by social media compa-
nies or the public.
What are Generic medicines?
They are pharmaceutical products that are equivalent to
brand-name drugs in terms of active ingredients, dosage,
strength, route of administration, quality, and intended
use. Generic medicines provide cost-effective alternatives
to branded drugs while maintaining the same therapeutic
effects.
Examples of generic medicines include:
• Paracetamol: Generic version of the brand-name
drug Tylenol.
• Amlodipine: Generic version of the brand-name
drug Norvasc.
About National Medical Commission (NMC):
Establishment: Enacted through the National Medical Com-
mission Act of 2019.
Responsibilities: Overseeing all aspects of medical educa-
tion, practice, and institutions.
Boards within NMC:
• Under-Graduate Medical Education Board (UGMEB)
• Post-Graduate Medical Education Board (PGMEB)
Current Affairs 30
• Medical Assessment and Rating Board
• Ethics and Medical Registration Board
Composition: Consists of 25 members, including the Chair-
person, Presidents of Postgraduate Medical Education
Boards, Presidents of Undergraduate Medical Education
Boards, Director General of the Indian Council of Medical
Research (ICMR), and Director General of Health Services.
Insta Links:
Sansad TV: Bills and Acts- National Medical Commission Act
28. SCHEDULED CASTE (SC) STATUS FOR
DALIT CHRISTIANS
Context:
The Union Government established a commission, led by
former Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan, to explore the pos-
sibility of granting Scheduled Caste (SC) status to Dalit Chris-
tians.
• The Tamil Nadu Assembly passed a resolution to
amend the 1950 Presidential (SC) order to include
them.
• The Justice Ranganath Misra Commission (2007)
and studies by Deshpande and Bapna (2008) fa-
voured extending reservation benefits to Dalit
Christians.
Hindu Dalits converted to Christianity to escape caste-based
discrimination but haven’t achieved the expected equality
due to lingering social hierarchies. The article highlights the
need to recognize the unique struggles of Dalit Christians
through the “Theory of Intersectionality,” which considers
multiple forms of oppression like race, gender, and religion
intersecting.
The term “Dalit Christians” reflects a distinct identity, chal-
lenging the misconception that conversion erases caste dis-
crimination. The legal framework’s focus on single-axis cat-
egorization has led to exclusion, and amending the SC list
through the 1950 order is proposed as a solution.
Constitutional Description
Provisions
Article 15(4) Special provisions for the advancement
of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled
Tribes (STs).
Article 16(4A) Provides for reservation in promotion to
certain posts in favour of SCs/STs where
they are underrepresented.
Article 17 Abolishes Untouchability, ensuring the
elimination of caste-based discrimina-
tion.
Article 46 Mandates the State to promote the edu-
cational and economic interests of weak-
er sections, particularly SCs and STs, and
protect them from social injustice and
exploitation.
Article 335 Requires considering the claims of SCs
and STs in appointments to services and
posts, balancing with administrative ef-
ficiency.
Article 330 and Reserves seats in the House of the Peo-
Article 332 ple (Parliament) and legislative assem-
blies of States respectively for SCs and
STs.
Part IX and Envisages and provides reservations for
Part IXA of the SCs and STs in local bodies (Panchayats
Constitution and Municipalities).
Who is included in the Constitution Order of 1950?
• When enacted, the Constitution (Scheduled Castes)
Order of 1950, initially provided for recognis-
ing only Hindus (with exceptions) as SCs, to address
the social disability arising out of the practice of un-
touchability.
• The Order was amended in 1956 to include Dalits
who had converted to Sikhism (in entirety) and
once more in 1990 to include Dalits who had con-
verted to Buddhism. Both amendments were aided
by the reports of the Kaka Kalelkar Commission in
1955 and the High-Powered Panel (HPP) on Mi-
norities, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
1983 respectively.
• The Union government in 2019 rejected the pos-
sibility of including Dalit Christians as members of
SCs, rooting the exclusion on an Imperial Order of
1936 of the then colonial government, which had
first classified a list of the Depressed Classes and
specifically excluded “Indian Christians” from it.
Why are Dalit Christians excluded?
• The Office of the Registrar General of India (RGI) had
cautioned the government that SC status is meant
for communities suffering from social disabilities
arising out of the practice of untouchability, which
it noted was prevalent in Hindu and Sikh commu-
nities.
• It also noted that such a move would significantly
swell the population of SCs across the country.
• In 2001, RGI referred to a 1978 note and added that
like Dalit Buddhists, Dalits who converted to Islam or
Christianity belonged to different sets of caste groups
and not just one, as a result of which they cannot
be categorised as a “single ethnic group”, which is
required by Clause (2) of Article 341 for inclusion.
www.insightsonindia.com 45

Insta Links:
Scheduled Caste
29. IMPACT OF THE DPDP BILL ON THE
RTI ACT
Context:
The recently passed Digital Personal Data Protection Bill in
India has raised concerns among privacy experts due to its
potential impact on the landmark right to information (RTI)
law.
Major Provision of the New Bill:
The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill impacts the Right
to Information (RTI) Act in the following ways:
• Exemption of Personal Information: The new data
protection law changes a provision in the RTI Act
to exempt “personal information” from being dis-
closed. This affects information sought under the
RTI law.
• Impact on Transparency: Activists and experts are
concerned that the change will reduce transparency
and hinder the ability to access information.
• Blanket Ban on Personal Information: The new law
introduces a blanket ban on personal information,
making it difficult to access information even if it re-
lates to public activities or larger public interest.
• Increased Denials: Officials are expected to deny
more RTI requests using the personal information
exemption, affecting the availability of crucial infor-
mation.
• Exception Burden: While the change doesn’t affect
the provision allowing access if public interest out-
weighs the harm, it shifts the burden to individuals
46 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
seeking information to prove its public interest.
Other Concerns related to the draft Bill: Click Here
For Comparing India’s proposal with other countries: Click
Here
Insta Links:
New draft digital data protection bill: How it compares with
the older version and laws elsewhere
30. LIMITATIONS OF INDIA’S NEW DIG-
ITAL PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION LAW
(DPDP) 2023
Context:
This article is in continuation to previous article on the Im-
pact of the DPDP Bill on the RTI Act
Digital Personal Data Protection in India is criticized for grant-
ing extensive state control over citizens’ lives and privacy.
Limitation of the DPDP Bill:
The bill has an emphasis on data collection and commer-
cialization, potentially overshadowing robust protection
of citizens’ rights and data privacy.
Weak Notice Pro- Data collecting companies (data fi-
vision duciaries) are not required to inform
users (data principals) about sharing
their data with third parties
Consent Issues ‘Legitimate uses’ of data are vaguely
defined, potentially leading to con-
sent-related issues. E.g., reasons like
‘State functions’ and ‘medical rea-
sons’, do not require user consent,
possibly undermining privacy
Government Im- The government is granted extensive
munity powers to gather and process citi-
zens’ data.
Compromised In- The Data Protection Board’s lack of in-
dependence dependence due to government-ap-
pointed members
Undefined Data Unclear criteria for ‘significant data
Fiduciary Catego- fiduciaries’ exemptions from notify-
ry ing users about data collection, stor-
age, or sharing
In September 2018, nearly a year after its decision on the
fundamental right to privacy, the Supreme Court up-
held but also limited the Aadhaar programme. Justice D.Y.
Chandrachud, in his dissenting judgment, drew from Nobel
Prize-winning author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s experience
in Stalinist Russia: “The invisible threads of a society net-
Current Affairs 30
worked on biometric data had grave portents for the future • Limited Impact on Employment Generation: The
and unless the law mandates an effective data protection scheme’s outcomes suggest that it has not been as
framework, the quest for liberty and dignity would be as effective in generating employment as envisioned.
ephemeral as the wind.” • Complexity and Eligibility Criteria: The complexi-
ty of eligibility criteria is creating confusion among
eligible employees, employers, and implementing
31. ISSUES WITH THE AATMANIRBHAR
agencies.
BHARAT ROJGAR YOJANA (ABRY) • Geographical Disparities: The concentration of ben-
eficiaries in certain states indicates geographical dis-
Context: parities in employment generation.
According to the latest government data, the Aatmanirbhar • Lack of Adequate Promotion: The limited awareness
Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) scheme has fallen short of its and promotion of the scheme might be contributing
employment generation targets. to the lower enrollment figures.

About ABRY: Conclusion:

Aspect Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana While the Aatmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY) has
(ABRY) encountered certain challenges in meeting its initial tar-
Launch Date December 2020 (under the Ministry gets for job creation and disbursements, it has nonetheless
of Labour & Employment) contributed to formal employment generation during a chal-
lenging economic period post-COVID-19.
Objective Boost formal employment generation
post-COVID-19 disruptions
Insta links:
Target Audience New employees earning less than Atmanirbhar Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY)
₹15,000 per month in EPFO-regis-
tered companies
Implementation Employees’ Provident Fund Organisa-
32. GAPS IN REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS
Agency tion (EPFO) AND DEATHS (RBD) AMENDMENT ACT
Contribution Ex- Eligible employees do not need to
emption contribute to PF and pension for 2
years
Reimbursement The government reimburses either
both employee and employer contri-
butions (24% of wages) or only em-
ployee contributions (12% of wages)
Eligibility Criteria Employees hired until March 2022,
and those who lost jobs between
March 1, 2020, and September 30,
2020, earning less than ₹15,000 per
month
Enrolment Data As of July 22, 2023: over 6 million (6
lakhs) enrolments
Top 10 States in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Critical analysis of the Act:
Employment Gen- Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana,
eration Rajasthan, Telangana, Delhi, Madhya Aspects Description
Pradesh N a t i o n a l The necessity of a centralized national-level
and State database is questioned, as State-level data-
Issues and challenges associated with the Aatmanirbhar Databases bases with data flow could serve the pur-
Bharat Rojgar Yojana (ABRY): pose.
• Shortfalls in Enrollment and Job Creation: Enroll-
ment figures indicate that fewer eligible employees
have participated in the scheme than anticipated.
• Disbursement Delays: The disbursements under the
scheme have lagged behind the set targets, with
only about 42% of the initial targeted expenditure
utilized so far.

www.insightsonindia.com 47
 Current Affairs 30

A a d h a a r While the Bill mandates collecting Aadhaar each state oversees the Act’s implementation, with officials
N u m b e r numbers of parents during birth registra- at different levels handling the registration process. The Reg-
Collection tion, it lacks provisions for collecting Aad- istrar General of India (RGI) coordinates and unifies the Act’s
haar numbers of deceased individuals. implementation.

This omission creates challenges in updat-
ing databases and achieving transparent
service delivery.
Role of The Bill adds maintaining the central da-
R e g i s t r a r tabase to the Registrar General of India’s
General functions.
However, some argue that the role of coordi-
nation and unification of registration should
be the primary responsibility of State gov-
ernments, rendering a national database
unnecessary.
D a t a b a s e The Bill states that the centralized database
Usage and will update various national-level databases
Updates like NPR, electoral rolls, Aadhaar, and more.
Insta Links:
Amendments to the Registration of Births and Deaths Act
33. PIPED WATER CONNECTION
Context:
Over two-thirds (66%) of rural households in India now
have piped water connections, a significant leap from the
2019 baseline of 17%.
o This achievement was highlighted on the dashboard
of India’s flagship drinking water programme, Jal
Jeevan Mission (JJM)
Jal Jeevan Mission Overview

However, the need for parliamentary ap-

proval and the potential risks of adding da-
tabases over time are concerns.
Cause of The Bill mandates medical institutions to
Death Cer- provide a cause of death certificate.
tificate
Issues arise from instances where a definite
diagnosis isn’t possible before death or
where alternative medicine practitioners
may not classify causes according to interna-
tional standards.
Birth Cer- The Bill suggests using the birth certificate
tificate for as proof for various purposes such as admis-
Proof sions, passports, and Aadhaar.

However, some argue that this could be

achieved through amendments in rules
rather than the Act itself.
M i s s i n g The Act lacks provisions for registering “pre-
Persons in sumed deaths” when natural calamities or
Calamities accidents occur, causing delays in issuing
death certificates.
Inserting such provisions could aid families
in getting death certificates earlier in such
cases.
Other aspects of JJM’s Performance:
• States Achieving 100% Tap Connectivity: Goa, Tel-
angana, Haryana.
• Union Territories Achieving 100% Tap Connectivity:
Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra &
Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu.
• States with over 90% FHTC Coverage: Punjab, Guja-
rat, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar
• States with Least FHTC Coverage: Rajasthan, Chhat-
tisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh

About The Registration of Births and Deaths (RBD) Act, 1969
The act makes it compulsory to register births and deaths
in India based on the location of the event. State govern-
ments are responsible for the registration process and have
established facilities for this purpose. A Chief Registrar in
About Jal Jeevan Mission (Urban):
It was introduced in Budget 2021-22 under the Housing and
Urban Affairs Ministry. It aims to achieve universal water
supply through functional taps in all statutory towns, align-
ing with Sustainable Development Goal-6

48 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Objectives: Ensure tap and sewer connections; Revive water
bodies; Promote circular water economy
Insta Links:
o Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) has hit the 51% mark
Jal Jeevan Mission
34. 9 YEARS OF PM JHAN DHAN YOJANA
Context:
The government is celebrating 9 years of completion of
Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in revolutionizing
financial inclusion in India.
What is financial inclusion?
It is ensuring access to financial services and credit for vul-
nerable groups at an affordable cost. In India, it’s vital for
development and progress. Access to a transaction account
is a key step, allowing storage, payments, and transfers, act-
ing as a gateway to broader financial services.
What is PMJDY?
The PMJDY, the world’s largest financial inclusion mission,
reached a significant milestone by surpassing 500 million ac-
counts after nine years since its launch.
About the scheme:
Women Empow- Increased financial inclusion for wom-
erment en; over 55% of accounts belong to
women
Rural & Semi-Ur- Extending banking facilities to un-
ban Focus derserved regions; 67% of accounts
opened in these areas
RuPay Cards Offering insurance benefits to account
holders; About 340 million were issued
with ₹2 lakh accident insurance cover
Inclusion Empowering financially vulnerable sec-
tions; Brought marginalized sections
into the formal banking system
Financial Bene- Enabling individuals to save and trans-
fits fer funds securely; Savings brought into
the formal financial system, remittance
opportunities, freedom from usurious
money lenders
Role in Welfare Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) using
PMJDY accounts; Used to distribute
welfare packages without pilferage, in-
cluding COVID-19 financial assistance,
PM-Kisan, MGNREGA, and insurance
covers
Digital Platform Providing easy access to banking ser-
vices; the Jan Dhan Darshak app lo-
cates banking touchpoints
JAM Architecture Facilitating direct transfer of govern-
ment benefits; Part of JAM (Jan-Dhan,
Aadhaar, mobile) system for subsidy
delivery and benefits transfer
Formalisation of It provides an avenue for the poor to
Financial System bring their savings into the formal fi-
nancial system, an avenue to remit
money to their families in villages be-
sides taking them out of the clutches of
the usurious money lenders

Key Successes of PMJDY:

Aspects: Examples
Achievement • Providing banking access to rural
and urban populations alike
• Crossed 500 million accounts
• Over ₹2 lakh crore deposit
Conclusion:
Efforts are being made to provide micro-insurance coverage
to PMJDY account holders, with eligible individuals being
targeted for inclusion in schemes like PMJJBY and PMSBY. To
facilitate this, acceptance infrastructure is being established
across the country. Moreover, steps are being taken to en-

www.insightsonindia.com 49

hance the access of PMJDY account holders to micro-credit
and micro-investment options such as flexi-recurring depos-
its.
Insta Links:
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
35. MINORITY SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME
SCAM
Context:
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has registered a
case against unknown nodal officers and bank officials for
alleged fraud in the implementation of minority scholarship
schemes.
More about the News:
The scam involved 830 “fake” institutions receiving benefits,
causing a loss of more than Rs 144 crore to the Ministry of
Minority Affairs between 2017-18 and 2021-22.
The central government provided three different minority
scholarship schemes to approximately 65 lakh students ev-
ery year between 2017-22. The schemes were:
• Pre-Matric Scholarships
• Post-Matric Scholarships
• Merit-cum-Means for the students of Six Minority
communities
Scholarship Description
Scheme
P r e - M a t r i c Centrally funded scholarship scheme;
S c h o l a r s h i p Open annually; Provides financial aid
Scheme for classes 1 to 10; Encourages minority
students’ education
Eligibility for Pre-Matric Scholarship:
Student in Class 1 to 10; From minority
community; Parent/guardian income ≤
₹1 Lakh/year
P o s t - M a t r i c Centrally Sponsored Scheme; Imple-
S c h o l a r s h i p mented through State Govt. and UT
Scheme administration; Covers classes 11, 12,
undergraduate, and postgraduate
courses; Supports higher education and
career growth
National Means Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS);
C u m - M e r - Launched in 2008; Assists meritorious
it Scholar- minority students with limited financ-
ship Scheme es; Promotes academic excellence and
(NMMSS) equal opportunities
50 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Impact of the Scam:
Implications Description
Financial Impact Loss of over ₹144 crore to the Ministry
of Minority Affairs.
Diversion of funds intended for genu-
ine beneficiaries.
S c h o l a r s h i p Pre-Matric Scholarship Scheme target-
Scheme Under- ed by the scam.
mined Funds meant for deserving minority
students were misused.
Collusion and Ex- Collusion of institutions, applicants,
ploitation nodal officers, and more.
Diversion of scholarship funds through
fraudulent means.
Impact on Bene- Genuine students from minority com-
ficiaries munities are potentially denied rightful
aid.
Misuse of scholarships affects educa-
tional opportunities.
Ethical Impact Betrayal of Trust; Inequity and Injus-
tice; Colluding parties compromise
ethical standards for personal gains;
Erosion of moral values in education
and administration; Exposure of such
scams erodes public confidence in gov-
ernment initiatives
Minority Communities in India:
• Recognized under the National Commission for Minori-
ties Act, 1992: Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Par-
sis; and Jains added in 2014.
• 19.3% of the total population as per the 2011 Census.
• Major groups: Muslims (about 14%), Christians (about
2%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%), Jains (0.4%), Parsis
(0.006%).
• The term “minority” is not defined in the Indian Consti-
tution. However, the Constitution recognizes only reli-
gious and linguistic minorities.
• Constitutional Provisions: Article 29 preserves distinct
language, script, and culture; Article 30 grants education
institution rights.
• Article 350-B: Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities es-
tablished by the Seventh Constitutional Amendment Act
of 1956.
• Parliamentary Provision: The National Commission for
Minorities Act, 1992 defines minorities as notified by the
Central government.
Other schemes for minorities:
• Education Loan Scheme by NMDFC
• Employment and Economic Empowerment Schemes
• Jiyo Parsi
• Qaumi Waqf Board Taraqqiati Scheme (QWBTS)
• Shahari Waqf Sampatti Vikas Yojana (SWSVY)
Current Affairs 30
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK)
Insta Links
Issues related to minorities
Topics: Development processes and the development indus-
try- the role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and associations,
donors, charities, institutional and other stakeholders.
36. SHGS: ‘LAKHPATI DIDI’ SCHEME
Context:
The Indian government is initiating the ‘Lakhpati Didi’
scheme, aiming to provide skill development training to two
crore women to encourage them to establish micro-enter-
prises through Self-Help Groups (SHGs)
About the Scheme:
The ‘Lakhpati Didi’ scheme is an initiative to empower wom-
en in rural areas by encouraging them to start micro-enter-
prises and become economically self-sufficient.
Features:
• Aim: The goal of the scheme is to create two crore
women millionaires (“lakhpati didis”) in villages us-
ing SHGs
o Fostering women-led development and
promoting their active participation in the
workforce and economic growth.
• Providing skill development training to women
through Self Help Groups (SHGs)
• Enabling them to earn at least Rs 1 lakh annually
• Skills covered: plumbing, LED bulb making, and op-
erating and repairing drones, among others.
What are SHGs?
SHGs, or self-help groups, are community-based organiza-
tions formed by a group of individuals, primarily women,
who come together to address their common economic, so-
cial, or developmental needs. Women SHGs play a significant
role in the Indian administrative ecosystem by empowering
women, promoting socio-economic development, and con-
tributing to grassroots governance.
How do Women’s self-help groups (SHG) complement gov-
ernment welfare schemes?
• Partnership with Government Agencies: SHGs col-
laborate with government agencies at different lev-
els, including the local, district, and state adminis-
trations.
• Execution of Government Programs: SHGs serve
as implementing units for various government pro-
grams, such as the National Rural Livelihoods Mis-
sion (NRLM), National Urban Livelihoods Mission
(NULM), and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Em-
ployment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).
• Financial Inclusion and Microfinance: SHGs are
linked to formal banking institutions via NABARD’s
SHG-Bank Linking Program, and they play a crucial
role in promoting financial inclusion by accessing
credit, savings, and insurance services.
o According to the NABARD, SHGs have saved
over Rs. 30,000 crores collectively.
• Last Mile Delivery: SHGs act as intermediaries be-
tween government agencies and the community,
ensuring the last-mile delivery of services and pro-
grams.
o According to a study by the NABARD, SHGs
have played a significant role in poverty re-
duction in India, lifting millions of women
out of poverty.
• Grassroots Participation: SHGs provide a platform
for women to actively participate in decision-making
processes and contribute to local governance.
o An example is the success of the Mission
Shakti program in Odisha, where over 7
lakh women have been organized into SHGs,
leading to their empowerment and active
participation.
• Capacity Building: They provide training, knowledge
sharing, and awareness programs on various sub-
jects such as financial management, entrepreneur-
ship, health, and hygiene.
Case Study: Kudumbashree in Kerala (completed 25 years
this year (2023))
• Partnership with Government: Kudumbashree operates
under the guidance and support of the State Poverty
Eradication Mission, which works closely with various
government departments, including the local self-gov-
ernment institutions.
• Execution of Programs: Kudumbashree operates through
neighbourhood groups (NHGs), which are small SHGs at
the grassroots level. For example, Kudumbashree NHGs
play a significant role in the implementation of the NRLM
in Kerala
• Financial Inclusion and Microfinance: Kudumbashree
NHGs are linked to the banking sector through the for-
mation of Community Development Societies (CDS).
• Social Welfare and Development Initiatives: They are
involved in activities like healthcare awareness cam-
paigns, sanitation drives, educational programs, and skill
training for women.
• Grassroots Participation: Kudumbashree NHGs also col-
laborate with local self-government institutions to im-
plement various development projects in their respec-
tive areas.
Other notable case studies: Mission Shakti in Odisha,
Swa-Shakti Project in Rajasthan, and Baba Jaleswar SHG.
www.insightsonindia.com 51

Conclusion:
As per Economic Survey 2022-23, India boasts of some 12
million SHGs, of which 88 per cent are all-women-member
ones. They are an integral part of the government’s efforts
and its lower-tier governance set up to promote women’s
empowerment, poverty reduction, and inclusive develop-
ment.
Insta Links:
Role of SHGs in development of Rural India
Topics: Issues relating to development and management of
Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human
Resources.
37. WHO REPORT ON THE GLOBAL TO-
BACCO EPIDEMIC, 2023
Current Affairs 30
S e c o n d - h a n d Second-hand smoke exposure is
Smoke Impact linked to over 1 million non-smoker
deaths annually, various health issues
India’s Achieve- India excels in health warning labels
ments and tobacco dependence treatment;
bans sale of e-cigarettes
27% reduction in smoking in public
places in Bengaluru due to enforce-
ment and communication efforts
R e c o m m e n d a - Need for warnings on OTT platforms,
tions stronger enforcement, bans on loose
cigarette sales, and increased fines;
Bans on tobacco advertising can mini-
mize its consumption
Efforts to reduce second-hand smok-
ing through smoke-free public areas
and awareness campaigns

Context:
Impact of tobacco smoking:
The new WHO report on tobacco control highlights global
progress, including the implementation of MPOWER mea- Health Issues Due to Tobacco Smoking
sures. General Popula- Cardiovascular diseases, respiratory
tion issues, cancer
What is the MPOWER measure? Children and Ado- Respiratory infections, sudden infant
MPOWER measures are tobacco control strategies devel- lescents death syndrome (SIDS)
oped by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008. They Pregnant Women Pregnancy complications, low birth
include: weight, developmental issues
• M=Monitor tobacco use
Smokers Lung cancer, COPD, decreased lung
• P=Protect people from tobacco smoke
function
• O=Offer help to quit tobacco
• W=Warn about tobacco dangers S e c o n d - h a n d Respiratory infections, asthma, heart
• E=Enforce bans on tobacco advertising Smokers diseases
• R=Raise taxes on tobacco products Workforce and Increased sick leave, decreased pro-
Productivity ductivity
Key highlights of the Report: Low-Income Indi- The financial burden of tobacco-relat-
Highlights Description viduals ed health issues
Global Smoking Worldwide, with 300 million few- Elderly Popula- Aggravation of age-related health
Decline er smokers today, the prevalence of tion problems
smoking declined from 22.8% (2007) People with Aggravation of existing conditions like
to 17% (2021) Pre-existing asthma and diabetes
Implementation Over 5 billion people (71% of the glob-
Progress al population) are protected by at least
one MPOWER measure
Countries Imple- The number of countries implement-
menting MPOW- ing at least one MPOWER measure in-
ER creased from 44 (2008) to 151 (2022).
Only 4 counties (Brazil, Turkey, Neth-
erlands, and Mauritius) have imple-
mented all measures.
E - c i g a r e t t e s WHO warns against the aggressive
Warning promotion of e-cigarettes as a safer
alternative, especially for youth

52 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Tobacco cultivation in India: It is one of the important cash
crops. Today, India is the second-largest crop producer in
the world after China.

Insta Links:
World No Tobacco Day

38. MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES IN SECURITY

FORCES
Context:
An RPF jawan (on the Jaipur-Mumbai Superfast Express) with
mental health issues shot and killed passengers, prompting
questions about having armed troubled personnel on duty

What is mental health?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental
health is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes
his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses
of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to
make a contribution to his or her community.

Status of issue:
• The suicide rate in the Indian Army is about 8.5 sui-
Key initiatives taken by India: cides per 100000 people
Initiatives Description Reasons for Prevalence of Mental Health Issues in Uni-
Prohibition of Electron- Enacted to combat the use of formed Forces
ic Cigarettes Act, 2019 e-cigarettes, aiming to address Tightly Struc- Command-and-control hierarchy system
their health risks. tured Hierar- Senior officer as reporting authority
National Health Policy Aims to reduce tobacco use by chy
Lack of platform for communicating per-
2017 30% by 2025 through awareness sonal issues
and preventive measures.
Stress is not Signs of stress are often ignored
Warnings covering 85% Mandates large health warnings Addressed Fear of being perceived as weak
area on tobacco prod- on tobacco product packs to in-
uct packs crease awareness. Pressure to conform to “macho” stereo-
type
WHO Framework Con- India is a party to this interna-
vention on Tobacco tional treaty, committed to to- Less Recog- Lack of recognition for constabulary
Control bacco control measures. nition for Frequent persecution for failures
Achievements
Cigarettes and Other prohibition of
Tobacco Products Act • smoking in public places Tendency to- Resorting to alcohol/drug abuse for cop-
2003 (COTPA 2003) wards Alco- ing
• advertisement of cigarettes holism
• sale of tobacco products to
Lack of Aware- Lack of awareness about mental health
anyone below the age of 18
ness and Stig- issues
years
ma The stigma around seeking help for men-
• prohibition of selling areas
like schools, colleges, etc. tal health concerns
National Tobacco Control Programme and Nasha Mukt S e p a r a t i o n Being away from family for extended pe-
Bharat Abhiyaan. from Family riods
and Home Isolation and loneliness due to duty de-
31st May is observed as ‘World No Tobacco Day’ every
year to spread awareness about the deadly effects of to- mands
bacco consumption. J o b - r e l a t e d Exposure to traumatic events
Stress and High-stress nature of duties
Trauma

www.insightsonindia.com 53

Poor Working Meagre salary and inadequate facilities
Conditions
Lack of timely leaves and allowances
Some key measures to address mental health issues among
uniformed forces:
• Awareness and Training: Conduct regular aware-
ness campaigns and training programs to educate
personnel and superiors about mental health, its
signs, and the importance of seeking help.
• De-Stigmatization: Work towards creating a culture
where seeking mental health support is encouraged
and not stigmatized, challenging stereotypes of
strength and vulnerability.
• Access to Counseling: Establish confidential coun-
selling services accessible to all personnel, providing
a safe space for them to discuss their concerns and
receive professional guidance.
• Leadership Involvement: Involve senior officers in
mental health initiatives, encouraging open commu-
nication, understanding, and proactive support for
struggling personnel.
• Early Intervention: Develop a system for early iden-
tification of mental health issues through regular
assessments, screenings, and peer support mecha-
nisms.
• Promote Work-Life Balance: Implement policies
that ensure adequate leaves, balanced work hours,
and opportunities for personnel to connect with
their families and loved ones.
• Wellness Programs: Offer wellness programs that
focus on stress reduction, resilience-building, mind-
fulness, and coping strategies to enhance mental
well-being.
• Crisis Response: Develop protocols for responding
to crisis situations, including access to immediate
psychological support for personnel involved in trau-
matic incidents.
• Peer Support Networks: Establish peer support net-
works where personnel can openly share their ex-
periences, provide mutual assistance, and foster a
sense of camaraderie.
• Family Support: Recognize the role of families in
supporting personnel’s mental health; provide re-
sources and counselling to families to help them un-
derstand and address these issues.
• Inclusive Policies: Tailor policies and interventions to
the diverse needs of personnel, considering factors
like gender, age, cultural backgrounds, and ranks.
The government has taken several steps to improve mental
health:
• Constitutional Provision: Recognized healthcare as
a fundamental right under Article 21.
• Mental HealthCare Act 2017: Ensured access to men-
tal healthcare from government-funded services, re-
duced use of Section 309 IPC (suicide attempt), and
54 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
focused on treatment.
• National Mental Health Program (NMHP): Addressed
mental disorders and the shortage of professionals
since 1982, including modernization of mental hos-
pitals and upgrading psychiatric wings.
• Kiran Helpline: Launched a 24/7 toll-free helpline
to provide support for anxiety, depression, suicidal
thoughts, and more.
• Manodarpan: Launched under Atmanirbhar Bharat
Abhiyan to offer psychosocial support for students,
families, and teachers during the Covid-19 pandem-
ic.
Conclusion:
Addressing mental health issues in uniformed forces is cru-
cial for both the well-being of personnel and the effective-
ness of their roles. In this context, Regular sampark sabhas
need to be conducted where personnel can air their griev-
ances and proper follow-up action must be taken on all pos-
sible issues.
Insta Links:
• Address stigma in mental health
• Mental Health at Work
39. TEACHING IN THE MOTHER TONGUE
Context:
The article underscores the significance of teaching chil-
dren in their mother tongue for better comprehension, en-
hanced learning, and cultural preservation.
Historical Efforts:
• Mahatma Gandhi believed that English as a prima-
ry medium created a divide between elites and the
masses, hindering knowledge dissemination.
• Leaders like C Rajagopalachari, Bal Gangadhar Tilak,
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and Annie Besant stressed
an Indian-controlled education system that values
the country’s ethos.
Government Efforts:
• The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is-
sued a directive, emphasizing the use of the mother
tongue for instruction and displaying its commit-
ment to native language education.
• The National Education Policy supports the promo-
tion of mother tongue instruction.
Constitutional Provi- Description and Impact
sions
Article 30 (1) Grants linguistic minorities the
right to establish and administer
educational institutions of their
choice.
Current Affairs 30
Article 351 Directs the Union to promote Hin-
di as a means of expression across
India, potentially overshadowing
other languages.
Article 350 A Mandates state to provide pri-
mary education in the mother
tongue.
Article 350 B Establishes a ‘Special Officer’
to address matters concerning
linguistic minorities and report
them to the President.
Court Definitions The Supreme Court defined a lin-
guistic minority as a community
with a spoken language, regard-
less of script existence.
It emphasized that linguistic
minority status should be de-
termined within the context of
states, not the entire country.
UNESCO Findings on Mother Tongue Instruction:
• UNESCO has consistently advocated for mother
tongue education since 1953 through Global Educa-
tion Monitoring Reports.
• At least six years of mother tongue instruction is
recommended to bridge learning gaps for minority
language speakers.
Recommended Actions:
• Implement the CBSE’s directive to prioritize mother
tongue instruction.
• Address challenges in teacher recruitment, curric-
ulum development, and teaching materials to ac-
commodate linguistic diversity.
• Government schools like Kendriya Vidyalayas and
Navodaya Vidyalayas should lead in implementing
mother-tongue instruction.
Insta Links:
Importance of Mother Tongue in Education
40. THE KEY TO INDIA’S HUNGER CHAL-
LENGE
Context:
The author Ashok Gulati discusses that the key to addressing
India’s hunger challenge lies in focusing on gender-sensitive
growth.
Status of India on Hunger:
• The Global Hunger Index 2022 ranks India 107 (out
of 121 countries), and the level of hunger and un-
dernutrition in the country is now at “serious” lev-
els.
o India’s rank on this index has been worsen-
ing since 2020 – 94 in 2020 and 101 in 2021.
• With over 19%, India has the highest rate of child
wasting (among under 5 children) in the world.
• Over 16% of Indians are undernourished, and about
one in every three children is stunted.
• According to the NFHS-5, 18% of mothers reported
that their child (between ages 6-23 months) did not
eat any food/“zero-food” in the 24 hours preceding
the survey.
• Close to 40% did not eat any grains (roti, rice, etc)
for an entire day, and six out of 10 children do not
consume milk (“zero-milk”).
What is gender-sensitive growth?
Gender-sensitive growth refers to economic development
and policies that take into account the specific needs, roles,
and contributions of both men and women. This approach
acknowledges and addresses gender-based discrimination
and seeks to empower women while promoting overall eco-
nomic progress and social well-being.
How gender-sensitive growth is key to India’s hunger chal-
lenges?
Aspects Role in India’s Hunger Challenges
Inclusive Eco- Gender-sensitive growth promotes inclu-
nomic Growth sive economic development, ensuring
that both men and women have access
to income-generating opportunities.
This can reduce poverty and increase
household resources for better nutrition.
Women’s Par- By improving women’s participation
ticipation in La- in the labour force, gender-sensitive
bor Force growth can enhance household income,
leading to better affordability of food and
improved nutrition.
Education and Investing in women’s education and skill
Skill Develop- development increases their ability to
ment earn and contribute to family income, re-
ducing vulnerability to hunger and mal-
nutrition.
Women’s Em- Empowered women have more deci-
powerment sion-making power within households,
including control over food choices and
resources. This can lead to improved nu-
tritional outcomes for children and fam-
ilies.
A g r i c u l t u r e Gender-sensitive growth recognizes the
and Food Sys- significant role of women in agriculture
tems and food production. Providing women
with access to resources, technology, and
training can enhance agricultural pro-
ductivity and food security.
www.insightsonindia.com 55

Nutritional Gender-sensitive approaches can ensure
Awareness that women and children receive ade-
and Health- quate care and nutrition.
care
Climate Resil- Empowering women in climate-resilient
ience practices and sustainable agriculture
can help mitigate the impact of climate
change on food production and availabil-
ity.
For the way forward: Click on the FAO report: Hunger
Hotspots – FAO-WFP Early Warnings on acute food insecurity
Insta Links:
Food security in India
41. FIRST UN GUIDANCE ON CHILDREN’S
RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENT
Context:
The United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child
(UNCRC) has issued ground-breaking guidance (first of its
kind), General Comment No. 26, recognizing children’s
rights to a clean and sustainable environment, with a focus
on climate change.
Impact of Climate Change on Children:
• 2020 report by WHO-UNICEF-Lancet warns of
threats to children’s well-being due to environmen-
tal degradation and climate change.
• 2022 saw 12 million children displaced due to ex-
treme weather events
• Climate change is a key driver of extreme poverty,
inequality, and child vulnerability.
• Children are especially vulnerable to climate
change impacts because of their unique develop-
ment needs.
Key Points of UN Guidance on Children’s Rights and the En-
vironment:
Key Points
Recognition of UN recognizes children’s right to a
Rights clean, healthy, and sustainable envi-
ronment.
Special emphasis on addressing cli-
mate change impacts on children.
Legal Framework General Comment No. 26 was adopt-
ed on August 28, 2023.
Provides the legal foundation to
tackle environmental degradation
and climate change’s effects on chil-
dren’s rights.
56 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Obligations of Member states urged to take neces-
Member States sary measures to protect children’s
rights from climate change-related
harm caused by businesses.
Priority on establishing inclusive ear-
ly warning systems to safeguard chil-
dren from extreme weather impacts.
Developed nations are urged to pro-
vide grants instead of loans to pre-
vent negative impacts on children’s
rights.
Climate Finance Highlighted concerns over unequal
Concerns allocation of finance for adaptation
and loss and damage measures.
Calls for Emissions Insufficient progress in achieving in-
Reductions ternational climate commitments en-
dangers children.
Urges rapid and effective emissions
reductions to protect children’s rights
and prevent irreversible environmen-
tal damage.
To know How climate change contributes to violence
against children? Click here
To know How to address violence against children: Click
here
About UNCRC
UNCRC, adopted in 1989, outlines children’s rights, including
life, health, clean drinking water, and survival and develop-
ment. It is ratified by 196 state parties (including India). CRC
is the body of 18 independent experts that monitors the im-
plementation of the UNCRC by its state parties
Insta links:
• Impact of Climate Change on Children
• ILO–UNICEF joint report on social protection for chil-
dren
Topics: Issues relating to poverty and hunger.
42. LANCET STUDY ON NUTRITION AND
TB LINKAGE
Context:
New studies published in The Lancet and The Lancet Global
Health journals provide evidence that improved nutrition
can significantly reduce tuberculosis (TB) incidence and
mortality in India.
• The study is backed by India’s ICMR
More about the study:
The Reducing Activation of Tuberculosis by Improvement of
Current Affairs 30
Nutritional Status (RATIONS) trial conducted in Jharkhand
(the state has a high TB burden) revealed:
• Better nutrition among patients with lung TB can
lead to a 40% reduction in all forms of TB and a
nearly 50% reduction in infectious TB
• Underweight TB patients who experience early
weight gain can have their risk of mortality reduced
by 60%.
• Nearly 30 households would need to be provided
nutritional supplementation to prevent one case of
TB
Significance:
The trials’ findings are particularly significant as undernutri-
tion has emerged as a leading risk factor for TB worldwide.
These results could have policy implications and contribute
to India’s goal of eliminating TB by 2025
What is tuberculosis (TB)?
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bac-
terium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects
the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
Status of TB in India and the world:
• As per the WHO Global TB Report 2022: India’s TB
incidence for the year 2021 is 210 per 100,000 pop-
ulation (a decline of over 18% from 2020)
• India has a large burden of the world’s TB, with an
estimated economic cost of US$100 million lost an-
nually due to this disease.
• As per the WHO Global TB Report 2022, TB cases
are attributable to five risk factors — undernourish-
ment, HIV infection, alcohol use disorders, smoking
and diabetes.
For Need for new TB vaccines: Click Here
For WHO’s Global Framework for New TB Vaccines: Click
Here
For Government initiatives to eliminate TB: Click Here
Insta Links:
Tuberculosis
Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency and
accountability, e-governance applications, models, success-
es, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency
& accountability and institutional and other measures.
43. ANALYSIS OF RECENT REFORMS IN
INDIAN CRIMINAL LAW
Context: We have already discussed the need and provisions
of the bill. Here in this article, we will discuss the pros and
cons of the proposed bill.
Major Provisions of the Bills:
Objective of the Bills: These bills aim to modernize the
criminal justice system by updating laws, incorporating dig-
ital interfaces, expediting legal processes, and introducing
community service as a form of punishment for minor of-
fences.
The positive aspects of the proposed criminal law reforms:
• Modernization of Criminal Justice System: E.g., us-
ing e-FIR, Zero FIR, new cyber offences, and modern-
ize evidence collection.
• Update of Outdated Laws
• Stringent Provisions for Women and Children: The
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) has dedicated a sep-
arate chapter to these matters and introduced new
forms of offence.
• Innovations: Innovations such as trial in absentia
and the introduction of community service as a pen-
alty for minor offences are noteworthy.
• Gender Inclusivity: The proposed reforms have re-
viewed language for gender neutrality and replaced
outdated terms such as ‘insanity’ with ‘mental ill-
ness.’
• Specific Definitions and Offenses: The bills de-
fine and address offences like terrorism, organized
crime, mob lynching, and negligent acts, adding new
dimensions to criminal law.
• Protection for Victims: E.g., protection and rights of
victims, including provisions related to victims’ par-
ticipation, and rights.
• Expedited Justice: E.g., Requirement for judgments
to be given within 30 days after the trial concludes
and limitations on adjournments.
www.insightsonindia.com 57

Issues with the Proposed Bills:
Issues Explanation and Concerns
Gender-Biased The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) bill
Language and reflects gender bias by treating wom-
Assumptions en as needing protection rather than
equals. Marital rape is criminalized
only if the wife is under 18, perpetuat-
ing the idea of spousal ownership and
control.
Regressive Ter- Sections like “outraging modesty” (BNS
minology and Section 73) employ regressive termi-
Assumptions nology, reflecting outdated ideas about
women’s behaviour and morality.
Incomplete Pro- The bills do not provide sufficient rem-
tections for Men edies for men or non-binary individu-
and Non-Binary als who face similar violations.
Individuals
The bills focus on sexual offences
against women and do not adequately
address sexual offences perpetrated
by men against other men or women
against other women
Ambiguities in The inclusion of “deceitful means” for
Certain Clauses marriage (exact provisions not speci-
fied) creates ambiguity in judging guilt
and determining.
Discretionary The bills grant discretionary powers to
Powers and Po- law enforcement agencies, such as the
tential for Mis- “right to handcuff,”.
use
Weakened Pro- The new bills seemingly endorse prac-
tections Against tices like detention without charges
State Abuse and for extended periods (90 days in cer-
Violence tain cases), raising concerns about the
potential erosion of individual liberties
and rights.
Ambiguity in the The definition of offences like “subver-
Definition of Of- sive activities” and “provocation and
fenses intimidation of the government” (ex-
act provisions not specified) is vague
and broad, potentially leading to over-
reach and misuse.
Insta Links:
India’s Criminal Justice System
44. SUSPENSION OF WRESTLING FEDER-
ATION OF INDIA (WFI)
Context:
The United World Wrestling (UWW) has provisionally sus-
pended the Wrestling Federation of India (WFI) due to the
delay in conducting its elections.
58 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
The suspension comes in the wake of allegations of sexu-
al harassment, intimidation, financial irregularities, and
administrative lapses brought forth by prominent wres-
tlers against the former WFI president, Brij Bhushan Sharan
Singh, and others.
• The UWW took this action due to the absence of an
elected president and board, which goes against
UWW regulations and membership conditions. The
suspension is expected to last for at least six months
• The UWW has also considered the protection of
athletes and the need to restore the federation’s
functioning as reasons for the suspension
Why was the delay caused?
The WFI announced elections for May 7. However, protest-
ing Wrestlers demanded Brij Bhushan’s arrest and his fami-
ly’s exclusion from elections. The Ministry of Sports halted
polls and asked the Olympic Association to form an ad-hoc
committee. However, before the election could take place on
the date set by IOA, the High Court of Guwahati and Punjab&
Haryana stayed the elections.
As a result of the suspension:
• Indian wrestlers cannot compete under the nation-
al flag in UWW-sanctioned events.
• No national anthem will be played if an Indian wres-
tler wins a gold medal in these events.
• However, Indian Wrestlers are not barred from
playing
Common issues faced by women in sports:
Issue Examples
Lack of funding The US women’s soccer team paid less
and support despite winning more titles than the
men’s team.
G e n d e r - b a s e d Female athletes are told they are not
discrimination as strong or capable as male athletes.
Indian sports are marred by political
influence and male domination in po-
sitions of power.
Sexual harass- Tennis player Ruchika Girhotra raised
ment and abuse their voice against the tennis federa-
tion president.
E.g., Chinese Tennis star Peng Shuai
accused the Chinese Vice Premier of
sexual assault.
E.g., USA Gymnastics faced a sexual
abuse scandal.
Lack of media Women’s sports events receive less
coverage media coverage, limiting visibility and
sponsorship.
Decreased quali- Inferior facilities, lack of trained coach-
ty training es, and inadequate equipment.
Current Affairs 30

Stereotyping and Female athletes are objectified and Context:

objectification stereotyped based on appearance. India is questioning the criteria for Brics membership and
seeks clear guidelines for new entrants
Social attitudes Discrimination based on gender iden-
and disfigure- tity, negative evaluations, and loss of
About BRICS:
ment position.
Ethical issues Sexual harassment in sports leads to
abuse of power, trust violations, and
unsafe environments.

Steps needed and those taken to address the issues faced

by women in sports:
Step Example
Education and The International Olympic Commit-
Awareness tee’s Athlete365 program provides
educational resources on athlete
safeguarding.
Policy and guide- Sports Authority of India mandates
lines development female coaches to accompany female
athletes during travel.
Reporting and Sexual Harassment Electronic Box
complaint mecha- (SHe-Box) offers a platform for wom-
nisms en to register complaints of harass- To Read about the Importance of BRICS for India: Click Here
ment.
Accountability National Human Rights Commission To Read about the Challenges for BRICS: Click Here
and enforcement (NHRC) issued notices regarding inap-
propriate coach behaviour. To Read about the Way forward for BRICS: Click Here
Support and em- Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
powerment launched the Khelo India Scheme to
encourage girls’ sports participation. The criteria for eligibility in BRICS:
Conclusion: There is no formal application process as such to join BRICS,
To address the issues faced by women in sports. It will re- however, certain eligibility features are considered for new
quire a concerted effort from various stakeholders, including members
governments, sports organizations, and civil society, to cre- • Economic Size: E.g., India had suggested a minimum
ate a safe and equitable environment for women in sports. of $400bn GDP for new members
• Trade Volume: E.g., India had suggested minimum
About United World Wrestling BRICS trade of $50 billion with the new member
It is the international governing body (founded 1912; Head- • Emerging Economy Status: The country should
quarters: Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland) for the sport of demonstrate characteristics of an emerging econ-
amateur wrestling; its duties include overseeing wrestling at omy, including growth potential, industrialization,
the World Championships and Olympics. It presides over in- and development trajectory.
ternational competitions for various forms of wrestling, in- • Political Stability: Membership often requires the
cluding Greco-Roman, Freestyle, Grappling, as well as others candidate country to have a stable political environ-
ment, good diplomatic relations with existing mem-
Insta Links: bers, and a commitment to democracy.
What triggered Indian Wrestlers’ Protests? • Mutual Consensus: Existing BRICS members usually
need to reach a consensus on admitting new mem-
Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree- bers, which is crucial for expansion.
ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
India’s Stance on the Expansion of BRICS:
India has not been very enthusiastic about the expansion of
45. ADMITTING NEW MEMBERS TO BRICS membership so far, as it is basically an exercise initi-
BRICS ated by China to increase its clout in the grouping. “Since al-
most all other members are now open to the expansion pro-
cess, including Brazil, which wants Argentina as a member to

www.insightsonindia.com 59

increase the weight of Latin America, India has accepted to
go on the BRICS expansion plan even with some relaxation in
GDP and Trade criteria.
How is China influencing BRICS?
• Expansion Push: China advocates for the enlarge-
ment of BRICS by encouraging more countries to
join, thereby extending the group’s global presence.
• Diplomatic Strategy: Due to limited regional allies,
China views BRICS as a means to secure broader dip-
lomatic backing, fostering relationships with coun-
tries like North Korea, Cambodia, and Myanmar.
• Countering Western Dominance: China aims to
challenge and diminish Western influence in global
affairs through BRICS, using the platform to counter-
balance Western-dominated structures.
• Engagement with Other Groups: China leverages
BRICS to engage with other influential groups like
the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, which it
largely dominates, further enhancing its sway within
BRICS.
• Data Control Concerns: China’s involvement in the
proposed BRICS data cable raises apprehensions
regarding its potential control over communication
and information flow, leveraging its technological
expertise.
Why is the upcoming BRICS summit important for India?
Aspect Importance for India
Geopolitical Sig- BRICS discussions are perceived to
nificance carry a “counter-western” slant,
which aligns with India’s strategic in-
terests.
Post-Pandemic It provides a platform for BRICS na-
Recovery tions to discuss collaborative efforts
for global economic recovery and
stability.
Military Standoff The summit offers opportunities for
with China bilateral talks on the LAC issue.
Preparation for With India hosting the G20 summit
G20 Summit shortly after BRICS, the summit pro-
vides an occasion for India to secure
full attendance from leaders, includ-
ing those from BRICS member states.
C o o p e r a t i o n India seeks increased cooperation
from China and from China and Russia on various
Russia issues like the Leader’s declaration
content, especially paragraphs on
Ukraine, climate change, debt financ-
ing, etc.
Expansion of India aims to ensure consensus on
BRICS inducting new members, possibly in-
cluding countries like Argentina, Sau-
di Arabia, UAE, and Iran.
60 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Conclusion:
BRICS holds economic importance as China and India rank
within the top five global economies. It also serves as a po-
tential alternative to Western-dominated global systems, of-
fering a distinct voice in international affairs. The inclusion of
new members will give more voice to the BRICS.
46. INDIA-UK RELATIONSHIP
Context:
The article discusses the U.K.-India relationship and the op-
portunities it presents across various aspects.
Various aspects of the India-UK relationship:
Aspect Key Points
Political Rela- India’s political system influenced by
tionship UK. - Shared democratic values. - Col-
laboration on global issues. - Support
for UN Security Council seat and NSG
membership. - Joint declaration for an-
nual Summits and meetings.
Bilateral Institu- Regular Foreign Office Consultations.
tions - Disarmament and Non-Proliferation
Dialogue. - Counter Terrorism Joint
Working Group. - UN Dialogue, Poli-
cy Planning Dialogue, Cyber Dialogue,
etc. - Institutionalized economic mech-
anisms.
Defence Collab- Strategic partnership since 2004. - Joint
oration military exercises. - Cooperation in cy-
ber security and maritime security. -
“Make in India” campaign involvement.
- Carrier Strike Group deployment in
Indian Ocean.
Nuclear Cooper- Civil Nuclear Cooperation Declaration
ation (2010). - Nuclear Collaboration Agree-
ment (2015). - Collaboration on energy
and climate change.
Terrorism and Cooperation against terrorism and ex-
Extremism tremism. - Push for UN Comprehensive
Convention on International Terrorism.
Economic Rela- The Joint Economic and Trade Commit-
tions tee (JETCO) was established in 2005. -
India-UK Free Trade Agreement talks. -
Bilateral trade and investment growth.
Current Affairs 30
Trade and In- Bilateral trade worth £36 billion in
vestment 2022. India is the U.K.’s second-largest
source of investment projects, and the
U.K. has invested $34 billion in India as
foreign direct investment. Rupee-de-
nominated bonds.
The U.K. is launching the ‘Alive with
Opportunity’ marketing campaign to
celebrate and strengthen the bond be-
tween the two countries and attract In-
dian investments in the UK
Education and Science and Technology Agreement
Research (1996). - Science & Innovation Council. -
India Education and Research Initiative
(UKIERI)
Climate and En- Cooperation on climate-related issues.
vironment - Green Growth Equity Fund for renew-
able energy and environment.
Health Collabo- Health sector collaboration, pandemic
ration preparedness, research, Ayurveda, and
Yoga.
Cultural Engage- Memorandum of Understanding on
ment Cultural Cooperation (2010). - Nehru
Centre for Cultural Outreach. - The con-
cept of a ‘living bridge’ is emphasized,
highlighting the dynamic exchange be-
tween the two countries.
People-to-Peo- Indian diaspora’s influence in the UK.
ple Contact - Indian student community in the UK.
- Shared interests in cricket, cuisine,
yoga, and festivals.
UK’s Significance Support for UNSC seat, NSG mem-
for India bership, and development objectives.
- Economic and technological partner-
ship. - Defense and security coopera-
tion.
India’s Signifi- Role in “Global Britain” ambitions. -
cance for UK Seizing opportunities in the Indo-Pa-
cific. - Economic ties, investments, and
rejuvenation of the Commonwealth.
The current major bilateral issues between India and the
UK include:
• Extradition of Indian Economic Offenders: The is-
sue pertains to the extradition of Indian economic
offenders who have sought refuge in Britain and are
utilizing the legal system to their advantage.
o E.g., Vijay Mallya and Nirav Modi
• Umbilical Link with Pakistani Deep State: This link
sometimes leads to British involvement in matters
related to Jammu and Kashmir, utilizing Pakistan’s
support.
• Issues with differing expectations on FTA talks
• Taxation: Britain has raised the matter of existing
tax disputes of Vodafone Group Pic. and Cairn India
Ltd with the Indian government.
• Non-Acceptance of India’s Rise: Some segments of
white Britain, including the media, might not fully
acknowledge India’s emergence as a global power.
Conclusion:
With a historic foundation of culture, history, and language,
there is a unique opportunity to further deepen the India-UK
relationship, leveraging their strengths for mutual prosperi-
ty.
47. INDIA-GREECE BILATERAL RELATION-
SHIP
Context:
During Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to
Greece, the two nations elevated their bilateral relationship
to a “strategic partnership,” focusing on enhancing political,
defence, and security cooperation.
What is a Strategic Partnership?
A strategic partnership is a long-term interaction between
two countries based on political, economic, social and his-
torical factors. E.g., India has strategic partnerships with the
United States, Russia, China, Japan, UK, France and others
Key points of the visit:
• This visit marked the first by an Indian Prime Minis-
ter in 40 years.
• Greece conferred the Grand Cross of the Order of
Honour (Greece’s 2nd highest civilian honour) on
Modi, making him the first foreign head of govern-
ment to receive this honour.
• The two countries also aimed to double bilateral
trade by 2030
• Early finalization of the Mobility and Migration
Partnership Agreement (MMPA) to facilitate skilled
migration between the two countries.
• They reaffirmed their commitment to a free and
rules-based Indo-Pacific region and the Mediterra-
nean Sea, advocating for international peace, stabil-
ity, and security.
Various aspects of India-Greece Relations:
Aspect India-Greece Relations
Ancient In- • Interaction initiated by Alexander’s
teractions campaign in the 4th century BCE
• Diplomatic, trade, and cultural rela-
tions mentioned in Ashoka’s edicts
• The indo-Greek period was marked by
cultural exchange under Greek rulers
Demetrius I and Menander I
www.insightsonindia.com 61

Political Re- • Diplomatic relations established in
lations 1950
• Diplomatic ties, high-level visits, and
cooperation between leaders
• Support for India’s inclusion in NSG and
other groups
Commercial • Trade at 1.32 billion euros
Relations • Main exports: cotton, scrap, marble,
etc.
• Indian participation in Thessaloniki In-
ternational Fair
• India-Greece Framework Agreement
on International Solar Alliance
Defence Bilateral cooperation, MoU on defence,
joint exercises
Geostrategic • Greece’s potential as India’s gateway
Significance to Europe
• India’s ties with Greece unsettle Tur-
key, Azerbaijan, and Pakistan
• Countermeasure against China’s influ-
ence in the Mediterranean region
Geopolitical • Support from Greece on issues like
Significance Kashmir and terrorism
• Shared approach on initiatives like UN
reforms and the Cyprus issue
• Greece’s NATO membership and Arme-
nia’s alliance with Russia
Conclusion:
Enhancing India-Greece relations is crucial for India to be-
come a pivotal player in the evolving global order, uniting
key seas and continents. Strengthening economic ties can
establish new financial networks across Eurasia. Advancing
military cooperation through comprehensive agreements
will enable joint exercises, technology sharing, and intelli-
gence collaboration.
62 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Insta Links:
Indo-Greeks
Topics: Effect of policies and politics of developed and devel-
oping countries on India’s interests, Indian diaspora.
48. SOUTH ASIA’S INTEGRATION
Context:
C. Raja Mohan discusses the evolving economic landscape
of South Asia. He highlights recent visits by leaders like Ne-
pal’s Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal and Sri Lankan
President Ranil Wickremesinghe to Delhi, showcasing a shift
in South Asian regionalism.
India’s vision of regional economic integration in South Asia
is based on enhanced intra-regional trade, investment
flows, and regional transport and communication links in
South Asia. South Asian Association for Regional Coopera-
tion (SAARC) and India’s Neighbourhood First Policy are the
two vehicles in this process.
How India’s growing economy is having a positive effect on
South Asia?
Aspect Description
Economic Growth India’s economy is growing and
poised to become the third-largest
economy.
Trade Volumes Intra-regional trade grew from 2%
in 1990 to 6% now (but compared
to ASEAN countries ( over 27% in-
tegration, it is still low)
Bilateral Trade Po- India’s exports: $16 billion to
tential Bangladesh, $6 billion to Sri Lan-
ka, and over $8 billion to Nepal in
2022.
Cross-Border Con- Major initiatives for cross-border
nectivity connectivity are complementing
trade volumes e.g., trains and bus
services with Bangladesh, Nepal
Economic Reform Economic crises in countries like
Sri Lanka and Pakistan are pushing
for serious economic change.
Openness to Trade Nepal and Sri Lanka are more open
and Investment to trade, investment, and connec-
tivity with India.
Global Power Rivalry US-China rivalry and India- China
Influence conflict have altered the Subcon-
tinent’s geo-economic dynamics.
Support for Region- Western nations are supporting In-
alism dia-centered regionalism and eco-
nomic integration in the region.
Current Affairs 30
Transformational Po- These factors combined could po-
tential tentially transform South Asia’s
economic landscape.
South Asian regional integration can overcome political dis-
putes:
• Economic Interdependence: As trade benefits econ-
omies, it encourages nations to resolve political is-
sues.
• Sub-Regional Initiatives: E.g., BMIC, India-Mynm-
mar trilateral highway, SAFTA.
• People-to-People Contacts: Promoting cultural ex-
changes, educational programs, and tourism can
help build positive relationships among citizens
across borders.
• Shared Challenges: Addressing common challenges
like climate change, terrorism, and natural disasters
requires cooperation.
• Diplomatic Engagement: Confidence-building mea-
sures, trust-building initiatives, and regular dia-
logues can help ease tensions.
• Economic Incentives: Japan’s effort in promoting In-
dia-Bangladesh connectivity
India can lead South Asia’s development by:
• Boosting regional trade, connectivity, and invest-
ment.
• Providing an ecological blueprint for biodiversity
protection and climate response.
• Focusing on regional food security and supply chains.
• Promoting sub-regional initiatives for cooperation.
• Representing South Asian interests in international
forums.
Conclusion:
Together the three trends — the region’s new econom-
ic openness, India’s vigorous neighbourhood policies, and
Western support for an India-centred regionalism in South
Asia — could transform the Indian subcontinent’s geo-eco-
nomic landscape. India’s rising economic tide could help lift
all boats in South Asia.
Insta Links:
• South Asia’s human capital is the resilience it needs
• India and South Asia Regional Co-operation
49. PAKISTAN ARMY ACT
Context:
The Pakistan Senate passed a Bill on July 27, 2023, to amend
the Pakistan Army Act, 1952.
What is the ongoing issue with Pakistan?
The ongoing political crisis in Pakistan has escalated with
the arrest of former Prime Minister Imran Khan. The con-
flict centres around Khan’s confrontation with the military
establishment, marking a power struggle between the pop-
ular politician and the powerful institution. Khan’s arrest
led to widespread protests and violence, causing damage
to military installations. The military responded forcefully,
indicating a strong stance against dissent. The arrest was
deemed unlawful by Pakistan’s Supreme Court, further
highlighting the power struggle.
Khan’s popularity had previously acted as a buffer against
the military’s assertiveness, but the recent events have in-
tensified the conflict. The Present coalition government has
also confronted the judiciary, adding to the chaos. Mean-
while, Pakistan’s economy is in dire straits, with looming de-
fault and high inflation. General elections are due, but the
Military appears to want Khan sidelined.
Against this backdrop, Pakisatan’s army has endorsed the
amendment to The Army Act.
Key Features of Amendments:
Controversies and Concerns
Expands Act to include civilians in army-affiliated entities.
It criminalizes unauthorized disclosure, raising concerns
about freedom of information. It bars political activity for
two years after retirement.
It restricts engagement with conflicting entities, raising
concerns about post-retirement opportunities. It outlines
punishments for undermining the Armed Forces, which
could curb freedom of expression.
Rushed Passage of the Bill: Passed quickly without proper
notice, raising questions about transparency and the leg-
islative process.
Intimidation of Veterans: Seen as targeting retired person-
nel supporting Imran Khan, which could stifle dissent.
Concerns:
The amendments to the Pakistan Army Act signal a pow-
er struggle between Imran Khan and the military establish-
ment, impacting Pakistan’s domestic stability. This situation
has implications for India’s neighbour, with potential reper-
cussions on regional dynamics and security.
Topics: Important International institutions, agencies and
fora, their structure, mandate.
50. MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT
BANKS AND ISSUES WITH GLOBAL FINAN-
CIAL SAFETY INSTITUTIONS
www.insightsonindia.com 63
 Current Affairs 30
Context:
The article discusses that in the absence of significant gov-
ernance reform, global financial safety institutions such as
World Bank and IMF are losing effectiveness.

What are India’s Options?

What are Multilateral development banks (MDB)?
They are international financial institutions for the purpose
of encouraging economic development in poorer nations.
MDBs provide loans and grants to member nations to fund
projects that support social and economic development.
Role of Multilateral development banks in global stability
and development
Role Examples
Funding Development ADB’s support for Delhi-Mumbai
Projects Industrial Corridor; World Bank’s
assistance in National Waterway
1 on the Ganges River
Crisis Management IMF provides financial assistance
during economic crises; World
Bank’s support to India during the
COVID-19 pandemic
Supporting SDG Im- World Bank grants for education
plementation and healthcare programs; Align-
ment of national policies with
SDGs
Policy Advice and Ca- IMF’s macroeconomic policy ad-
pacity Building vice; Technical assistance for gov-
ernance improvement
Despite playing a crucial role in promoting development
and global stability, multilateral development banks
(MDBs) face several challenges that need to be addressed.
India’s options within the evolving global financial safety net
involve:
• Relying on bilateral swap lines with Japan and the
IMF during macroeconomic and external crises.
• Enhancing its financial safety
• India should consider joining the “Chiang Mai Initia-
tive Multilateralisation.”
• India should persist in building substantial foreign
exchange reserves for self-insurance. Caution is ad-
vised in opening the capital account, particularly to
volatile debt inflows into its bond market.
Conclusion:
The future global financial system is uncertain. The ongoing
16th quota review of IMF might not lead to increased quotas
for emerging economies, as major member countries might
not agree. With limited IMF governance reform prospects,
its significance and effectiveness could decline.
To know about IMF Quota System and SDRs: Click Here
51. EXPANSION OF BRICS
Context:
The alliance of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa
invited six more countries (Iran, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Argen-
tina, Egypt, and Ethiopia) to join, starting in January 2024.
• This article is in continuation of the article “Admit-
ting new members to BRICS” posted four days ago
in Daily CA.

64 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
India’s stance on expansion:
• India welcomed the consensus-based expansion of
the BRICS grouping during the 15th BRICS summit in
Johannesburg.
• The move strengthens BRICS as a representative of
developing countries
• India has proposed creating a BRICS space consor-
tium, investing in skill mapping, technology, and ed-
ucation, and emphasising cooperation for conserva-
tion efforts.
• The expansion is aimed at making BRICS future-ready
by enhancing cooperation, digital solutions, and de-
velopment initiatives.

Significance for India:

The addition of new members to BRICS holds significance
for India in terms of expanding partnerships and geopolit-
ical influence, while also raising concerns about potential
pro-China dominance within the alliance.

Concerns:
Concerns exist that the expansion could lead to increased
pro-China influence within BRICS, possibly side-lining other
member voices.

Conclusion:
While it strengthens BRICS’ position as a platform for devel-
oping countries, there’s a need for India to ensure its voice
and interests aren’t overshadowed by the growing influence
of China and other new members.

www.insightsonindia.com 65

GENERAL STUDIES – 3
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mo-
bilization of resources, growth, development and employ-
ment.
1. DRAFT NATIONAL TOURISM POLICY
Context:
The Indian Ministry of Tourism has drafted a National Tour-
ism Policy with key strategic objectives to enhance tourism’s
contribution to the economy.
The key strategic objectives of the Policy are:
• To enhance the contribution of tourism to the Indi-
an economy by increasing visitation, stay and spend
and making India a year-round tourist destination
• To create jobs and entrepreneurial opportunities in
the tourism sector and ensure the supply of skilled
workforce
• To enhance the competitiveness of the tourism sec-
tor and attract private-sector investment
• To preserve and enhance the cultural and natural
resources
• To ensure sustainable, responsible and inclusive de-
velopment of tourism in the country.
Key focus areas of the policy:
• Green tourism
• Digital tourism
• Destination management
• Skilling in the hospitality sector and
• Supporting tourism-related MSMEs
Key Recommendations of the Committee
National Tour- Create NTC similar to the GST council
ism Council Provide recommendations to govern-
(NTC) ments on tourism issues
Tourism, Trav- Spending Capex above Rs. 25 crores to
el, and Hospi- receive subsidies on operating costs
tality Sector Attract investments in the sector
Acknowledge industry status for hospi-
tality projects in eight States
Tourism in Con- Include Tourism in the concurrent list
current List (Currently state subject)
Simplify pandemic-related issues in the
tourism sector
Industry Status Grant industry status to promote invest-
to Sector ments
Formalize infrastructure status for hotels
Status of Tourism in India
66 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
• India is ranked 54th place in the global travel and
tourism development index 2021, down from 46th
in 2019.
• World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that
tourism generated over US$170 billion or 5.8% of In-
dia’s GDP and supported over 3 crore jobs in 2021
• As of 2022, there are 40 World Heritage Sites located
in India. Out of these, 32 are cultural, 7 are natural,
and one, the Khangchendzonga National Park, is of
mixed type.
• India has the sixth largest number of world heritage
sites in the world.
Government Initiatives for Tourism in India:
Initiatives Description
Adopt a Heritage Encourages public-private partner-
ships to develop tourist-friendly ame-
nities at heritage, natural, and tourist
sites under CSR and other funds.
Travel for LiFE Promotes sustainable tourism
through mindful actions by tourists
and tourism businesses in using tour-
ism resources.
100% FDI Allows foreign investment in the
tourism and hospitality industry in In-
dia, subject to applicable regulations
and laws.
Swadesh Darshan Provides Central Financial Assistance
Scheme (CFA) to State Governments/UT Ad-
ministrations for infrastructure devel-
opment of 13 theme-based circuits.
PRASAD Scheme Aims at the holistic development of
identified pilgrimage destinations.
Iconic Tourist Develop Buddhist sites at Bodhgaya,
Sites Ajanta & Ellora as Iconic Tourist Sites
to enhance India’s soft power.
Buddhist Con- Organizes Buddhist Conclave to pro-
clave mote India as a Buddhist Destination
in major global markets.
Dekho Apna Encourages citizens to travel wide-
Desh’s Initiative ly within India, promoting domestic
tourism and enhancing tourist facili-
ties and infrastructure.
Conclusion:
The need of the hour is faster development of all types of
infrastructure (physical, social, and digital) to support tour-
ism. Ensuring the safety of tourists is a top priority, and an
official guide system could be introduced to enhance their
experience. India’s vast size and diverse natural, geographic,
cultural, and artistic offerings present immense opportuni-
ties for the tourism industry to thrive and capitalize on its
potential.
Current Affairs 30
Insta Links: 3. RBI’S STATE OF THE ECONOMY REPORT
• Balancing development and devotion
• Sansad TV: Perspective- Promoting Tourism Context:
The State Of The Economy report suggests that despite a
global slowdown, the Indian economy has likely maintained
2. REVISED DRAFT OF THE NATIONAL POLI- healthy growth in the first quarter of the current financial
year.
CY ON OFFICIAL STATISTICS
Context: Key findings of the Report:
The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation RBI’s State of the Economy Report Outcomes
has released a revised draft of the National Policy on Official GDP Growth The RBI predicts 8% economic growth
Statistics, emphasizing the utilization of big data analytics, for April-June.
artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML) to cre- Global Recovery The global economic recovery is slow-
ate and disseminate economic and social statistics. Status ing down.
Export Situation: Exports decreased by around 16% in
Key features of the draft National Policy on Official Statis-
July.
tics:
Merchandise exports hit a nine-month
Key Features Description low of $32.25 billion.
Aim This policy aims to provide reliable, time- Positive Econom- Private consumption and investment
ly, and credible data to support deci- ic Indicators: activity may counterbalance export
sion-making both within and outside the decline.
government.
E-way bill volumes showed robust
In line with The policy aligns with the UN Fundamen- growth.
U N F P O S tal Principles of Official Statistics (UN-
guidelines FPOS) adopted by India in 2016, which FMCG sales experienced an increase.
advocate for a high level of independence Cargo at major ports and railway
in national statistical systems and layout freight traffic rose in July.
10 guiding principles for official statistics. Steel and cement consumption wit-
Focus on Emphasizes the use of Big Data Analytics, nessed growth.
emerging AI, and ML for creating and releasing eco- Areas of Econom- Automobile sales, except three-wheel-
technologies nomic and social statistics ic Concern: ers, are low.
Integrated Establish a unified data system for consis- More households/individuals are
Data System tent data collection and dissemination seeking MGNREGA work compared to
A d m i n i st ra - Improve the efficiency and accuracy of last year.
tive data administrative data used in official statis- Non-oil imports decreased, indicating
tics weak domestic demand.
Short, Medi- The policy outlines a phased approach to Uncertainty surrounds the extent of
um, and Long- implementation, including short, medi- investment increase.
Term Plans um, and long-term strategies Investment Inten- In 2022-23, plans were made for 982
Coordination Focuses on collaboration with regional tion Study: projects worth over Rs 3 lakh crore.
governments for data collection and dis- 60% of projects funded by banks and
semination institutions are in infrastructure.
Training and Includes plans for training programs and Major areas: power, roads, bridges,
Capacity capacity building to enhance statistical SEZs, biotech, and IT parks.
Building skills
Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Odisha, Ma-
harashtra, and Karnataka account for
To get a view of India’s statistical system: Click Here over half the project cost.
To Know Concerns Related to the Indian Statistical System: Future Invest- Strong bank and corporate balance
Click Here ment Cycle: sheets suggest a positive future for
investment.
Insta Links:
• A short history of data

www.insightsonindia.com 67

Inflation:
Retail inflation in India surged to a 15-month high of 7.44%
in July, driven primarily by increased prices of vegetables,
cereals, pulses, spices, and milk products. The rise in food
prices, especially for vegetables, cereals, and dairy prod-
ucts, has contributed to the overall inflationary trend.
What is inflation?
Inflation is the rate at which prices rise. A 2% inflation im-
plies the general price level in April this year was 2% more
than what it was in April last year.
Why is inflation bad?
• It makes commodities costly.
• It essentially erodes the basis on which one makes
economic decisions– meaning it reduces the value
of money.
About the report:
A State of the Economy report by the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) provides a snapshot of the country’s economic status.
It covers topics such as inflation, economic growth, employ-
ment, and the bank’s monetary strategies. The report guides
RBI’s decisions on interest rates and economic policies while
aiding economists, investors, and the public in understand-
ing the economy and making informed decisions.
Insta Links
• Basics: Managing Inflation
• Inflation’s Long Shadow
4. INDIA IS BECOMING A YOUNG COUNTRY
BUT WITH AN AGEING WORKFORCE
Context:
An analysis of employment data from the Centre for Moni-
toring the Indian Economy (CMIE) reveals that India’s work-
force has undergone a significant ageing trend over the past
seven years.
Meaning of ‘India’s Workforce is Aging’:
An ageing workforce basically means that if one looks at all
the employed people in India, the share of young people is
going down while the share of those closer to 60 years of
age is going up.
Key findings:
Major Findings Details
Workforce Aging India’s workforce has rapidly aged over
Trend the past seven years
68 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Youth Propor- The share of youth (ages 15 to 29) in
tion Decline the workforce has decreased from 25%
(2016) to 17% (2022)
Older Age Group The share of those aged 45 and above
Proportion In- has grown from 37% to 49%.
crease
Overall The overall count of employed individ-
uals has decreased from about 41 crore
to about 40 crore.
E m p l o y m e n t The Employment Rate (ER) for youth
Rate Decline dropped from 29% to 19%, indicating a
decline in job opportunities for this age
group.
Educational At- Youth unemployment tends to rise
tainment Im- with higher educational attainment,
pact: contributing to the overall trend.
C o nt ra d i c t i o n India’s ageing workforce contradicts
with Demo- the perception of having a youthful
graphic Advan- population.
tage
Reason for this trend:
Reasons This phenomenon is partially attributed
to rising youth unemployment and a
low labor force participation rate, par-
ticularly among women. India’s female
labor force participation rate (32.8%) is
notably low globally.
Skills Deficit The ageing workforce suggests a skills
deficit, highlighting the need to en-
hance youth employability for a more
productive workforce.
Implications of these data:
Youth Population Growth ≠ Job Increase
India’s expanding youth population does not automatically
translate into more job opportunities for them. Despite the
demographic advantage, youth struggle to secure employ-
ment and face tough competition from older counterparts.
Youth Unemployment Peaks
Unemployment is most pronounced among the youth, even
considering the potential influence of higher education pur-
suits. This trend warrants attention from policymakers. Even
non-CMIE surveys indicate that youth unemployment re-
mains a prominent concern in India.
Recommendations for Policymaker Considerations
Demography ≠ Deter- India’s demographic advantage
minism requires aligned policies and pro-
grams for tangible benefits; demo-
graphics alone aren’t sufficient.
Current Affairs 30
Skill Development & To avert the negative impact of
Socio-Economic Sup- unskilled youth, prioritize the pro-
port vision of education, skills, training,
and necessary facilities.
Leverage Employabil- Unlock demographic dividend by
ity & Well-being improving the workforce’s em-
ployability, health, and education;
policies should span land, labour,
governance, and vocational train-
ing.
Conclusion:
Addressing youth employability is vital alongside the broad-
er goal of creating more job opportunities.
Definition of Youth: CMIE’s data defines youth as individuals
aged above 15 and below 25. However, for the purpose of
comparison, the workforce is divided into three groups: 15
to 30 years, 30 to 45 years, and 45 years and older.
Data on Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR):
As per the latest available Annual PLFS Reports, the estimat-
ed Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) on usual status for
women of age 15 years and above in the country was 30%,
32.5% and 32.8% during 2019-20, 2020-21 and 2021-22, re-
spectively, which shows an increasing trend.
Insta Links:
Unemployment has decreased, says Labour Survey
5. HIGH YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Context:
Despite being the fastest-growing large economy, India faces
the challenge of high youth unemployment alongside eco-
nomic growth.
What is unemployment?
Unemployment is a situation when a person actively search-
es for a job and is unable to find work. Unemployment indi-
cates the health of the economy.
According to the latest annual Periodic Labour Force Sur-
vey (PLFS), released by the National Statistical Office (NSO),
India’s unemployment rate in July 2021-22 to 4.1%
Reason for High Unemployment in India Despite High Eco-
nomic Growth:
o Lop-Sided Development Policies: India’s growth and
unemployment coexist due to imbalanced policies
that create fewer jobs for new labour force entrants.
o Demographic Composition: Over 50% of India’s
population is below 25, and over 65% is below 35.
Despite high growth, job creation hasn’t kept pace
with this demographic.
o Less Focus on Human Infrastructure: India’s prog-
ress in physical infrastructure hasn’t been matched
in education and skills. The absence of strong human
infrastructure limits job growth.
o Shift to Rural Manufacturing: Urban-centric physical
infrastructure investments conflict with manufactur-
ing’s move to rural areas for cost competitiveness.
o Constrained Growth in Rural Areas: Poor physi-
cal and human infrastructure in rural areas hinders
growth drivers and limits the size of the manufac-
turing sector.
What is Human Infrastructure?
Human infrastructure refers to the development and invest-
ment in the education, skills, and capabilities of a popula-
tion. It encompasses efforts to improve literacy, vocational
training, healthcare, and other factors that enhance the hu-
man capital and productivity of a society.
Importance of Investing in Human Infrastructure:
o High Returns: Education investment yields higher
returns than physical investment. Social returns for
primary education are around 20%, and returns for
higher education are increasing.
o Job Creation Acceleration: Education investments
accelerate job creation. New enterprises, both do-
mestic and foreign, seek skilled workers and strong
physical infrastructure.
o Youth Advantage: India’s sizable youth population
can significantly benefit from education, aligning
with the needs of new enterprises.
Recommendations:
o Address Lop-Sided Development Policies
o Improve Rural Human Infrastructure
o Scale Up Tertiary Education
o Promote Tier II Cities: The focus of economic growth
should shift to Tier II cities, where new job opportu-
nities and GDP growth can be generated.
o Address Urbanization and De-Industrialization Di-
vergence: Policymakers need to consider rural struc-
tural transformation that includes not only agricul-
tural productivity but also the manufacturing sector.
o Integrate Human and Physical Infrastructure: To
overcome the limitations of poor physical and hu-
man infrastructure in rural areas, a comprehensive
approach that aligns both aspects is necessary for
sustainable job growth.
Conclusion:
The challenges posed by the coexistence of high economic
growth and high unemployment can be overcome by scaling
www.insightsonindia.com 69

up investments in both physical and human infrastructure, Cost Savings and ROI: Im-
bridging the gap between urban and rural areas in India. plementing AI technologies
can lead to cost savings and
Insta Links: higher return on investment
Unemployment has decreased, says Labour Survey in the long run.
Current Affairs 30
Ethical Dilemmas: AI ap-
plications raise ethical con-
cerns regarding transparen-
cy, accountability, and the
potential misuse of technol-
ogy.

6. ‘FUTURE OF WORK: STATE OF WORK @ To know about Generative AI

AI’ REPORT
Insta Links
Context: • AI and Robotics
As per LinkedIn’s first ever global ‘Future of Work: State of
Work @ AI’ report, Indian professionals are rapidly acquiring
AI skills in response to the growing prominence of Artificial Topics: Government Budgeting.
Intelligence in the workplace, with the number of AI-skilled
individuals increasing 14 times since 2016 7. RETHINK THE DYNAMICS OF INDIA’S
FISCAL FEDERALISM
Key Findings:
• India is among the top five countries in terms of AI
Context:
talent growth, along with Singapore, Finland, Ire-
The evolving dynamics of India’s fiscal federalism require re-
land, and Canada.
consideration due to various factors, such as the shift to a
• AI Skills Index value highlights the significant in-
market-based economy, changes in the fiscal landscape, and
crease in members with at least 2 AI skills on their
amendments to the Constitution.
profiles compared to January 2016.
• Recognition among 60% of workers and 71% of Gen
Z professionals in India that acquiring AI skills could What is the meaning of India’s fiscal federalism?
enhance their career prospects. India’s fiscal federalism refers to the division of financial
• 2 out of 3 Indians plan to learn at least one digital powers and responsibilities between the central govern-
skill in 2023, with AI and Machine Learning being ment and state governments within the framework of a fed-
among the top skills of interest. eral system. It involves how revenue is generated, shared,
and utilized to fund public services and governance across
Positives and negatives of the impact of AI at the work- different levels of government in the country.
place:
Issues with the India’s fiscal federalism:
Positives of AI at the Work- Negatives of AI at the
• Replacement of Planning Commission with NITI
place Workplace
Aayog.
Efficiency and Productivity Fear of Job Displacement • Authority of GST Council under Goods and Services
Data Analysis and Insights: Privacy Concerns: The use Act.
AI can analyze large data- of AI may involve the collec- • Impact of widespread cess and surcharges on divis-
sets quickly and extract tion and analysis of personal ible pool size.
valuable insights for better data, raising concerns about • Neglect of integrating the third tier of governance.
decision-making. privacy and data security • Lack of consistent financial reporting across all gov-
Improved Customer Experi- Bias and Fairness Issues: AI ernment tiers.
ence: AI-powered chatbots algorithms can inherit bias- • No comprehensive review of off-budget borrowing
and virtual assistants en- es present in the data they practices.
hance customer support by are trained on, leading to • States are subject to restraint through Arti-
providing instant and accu- discriminatory outcomes cle 293(3) under the oversight of the Union and
rate responses. the FRBM Act, but the Union frequently evades such
checks.
Innovation and New Op- Skill Gap and Training:
• The substantial use of the National Small Saving
portunities: AI drives in- There may be a gap in re-
Fund (NSSF) for financing central PSUs through
novation by enabling the quired skills as jobs evolve,
loans is not included in the Union’s fiscal deficits.
development of new prod- necessitating continuous
ucts, services, and business training and upskilling
models.

70 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Issues of Fiscal Federalism w.r.t GST:
Details
1. Financial Autono- GST has made the country’s indi-
my of States rect tax regime more unitary, re-
ducing states’ financial autonomy.
2. GST Compensation States were promised compensa-
tion if revenue growth fell below
14%, but the Centre missed pay-
ments, causing friction.
3. GST Council The central government’s vote
counts for one-third, giving it con-
siderable influence; A Recent Su-
preme Court ruling grants states
flexibility in decision-making.
4. Revenue Shortfall States face a significant GST rev-
enue gap, causing financial chal-
lenges and impacting fiscal feder-
alism.
Why is there a need for re-evaluating Article 246 and the
Seventh Schedule?
• Changing Political Landscape: India’s shift from a
single-party to a multi-party system has led to new
dynamics in governance.
• Altered Dynamics: Changes in politics, society, tech-
nology, demographics, and development approach-
es have significantly transformed the landscape.
• Additional Burden: Central legislations like MGNRE-
GA, RTE Act, and NFS Act have placed extra respon-
sibilities on states.
• Constitution-Making Gap: The original constitu-
tion-making process didn’t adequately address the
division of responsibilities and taxation authority.
• Borrowed Framework: The constitution borrowed
heavily from the Government of India Act 1935,
lacking the subsidiarity principle.
• Missed Opportunity: The 73rd and 74th Constitu-
tional Amendments provided a chance for reconsid-
eration, but no substantial steps were taken.
• Complexity Introduced: Introduction of Schedule XI
and Schedule XII complicated matters without clear
operational significance.
• Need for Specificity: These schedules need to be
broken down into specific activities and sub-activi-
ties, similar to Kerala’s approach, for practical rele-
vance.
What should be done:
• Equity in Intergovernmental Transfers: India’s trans-
fer system should prioritize equity. The 16th Finance
Commission should focus on equity in tax devolu-
tion.
• Revisiting Article 246 and Seventh Schedule
• Subsidiarity Principle for Division of Functions: The
introduction of a new local list detailing the respon-
sibilities of local governments is necessary.
• Empowering the Third Tier: Recognizing local gov-
ernments’ role, the upcoming Union Finance Com-
mission should address this.
• Reviewing Off-Budget Borrowing: Off-budget bor-
rowing practices by both the Union and States need
review. Transparency is crucial, and all income and
expenditure transactions should be accounted for
within the budget.
Insta Links:
The poor state of India’s fiscal federalism
Topics: Major crops cropping patterns in various parts of the
country, different types of irrigation and irrigation systems
storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce
and issues and related constraints; e-technology in the aid
of farmers.
8. USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
Context:
During India’s G20 presidency, member countries are focus-
ing on transforming their agriculture ecosystems into sus-
tainable and resilient systems.
This involves developing an integrated digital agriculture
ecosystem with standards and protocols for data interoper-
ability.
What is Digital Agriculture?
Digital Agriculture refers to the use of Information and Com-
munication Technologies (ICT) and data ecosystems to pro-
vide timely, targeted information and services to enhance
the profitability, sustainability, and efficiency of farming
practices. Examples of digital agriculture include:
• Agricultural Biotechnology: E.g., developing micro-
organisms for specific agricultural purposes.
• Precision Agriculture (PA): It relies on the use of ICT
to optimize resource application.
• Digital and Wireless Technologies: e.g., weather
monitoring systems, robotics, drones, and other
wireless devices
Benefits of Digital Agriculture:
Benefits Explanation
Increases agriculture Digital tools and data-driven in-
productivity sights can lead to better crop man-
agement, optimizing yields and
overall production.
Prevents soil degra- Precision farming techniques can
dation help reduce soil erosion and nutri-
ent loss, preserving soil health.
www.insightsonindia.com 71

Reduces chemical ap-Targeted application of inputs like
plication in crop pro-
fertilizers and pesticides can mini-
duction mize environmental impact.
Efficient use of water
Digital sensors and data can aid in
resources precise irrigation, minimizing wa-
ter wastage and enhancing water
efficiency.
Disseminates mod- Information dissemination
ern farm practices through digital platforms empow-
ers farmers to adopt best practices
and innovations.
Changes in the so- Increased productivity and re-
cio-economic status duced costs can lead to improved
of farmers income and livelihoods for farm-
ers.
Challenges for Digital Agriculture:
High Capital Costs discourage many farmers, especially
those with limited resources, due to substantial initial in-
vestments. Small Land Holdings in India complicate adopt-
ing large-scale digital technologies, as smaller plots are less
conducive to certain solutions. Renting and Sharing equip-
ment, common due to financial constraints, hinder individu-
al technology adoption as not all farmers have timely access.
Illiteracy in Rural Areas is a significant barrier, as many rural
farmers lack computer literacy, impeding their effective use
of digital tools.
Related Government Initiatives:
Initiative Explanation
AgriStack A collection of technology-based
interventions in agriculture to pro-
vide end-to-end services across
the agri-food value chain.
Promotion to Start- Currently, India has over 1,000
ups agri-tech startups that play a cru-
cial role in providing innovative
solutions for challenges across the
agricultural value chain.
Digital Agriculture A government initiative for proj-
Mission ects based on technologies like
AI, blockchain, remote sensing,
drones, and robots to advance ag-
riculture.
Unified Farmer Ser- A platform facilitating seamless in-
vice Platform (UFSP) teroperability of IT systems in the
agriculture ecosystem, enhancing
service delivery to farmers.
National e-Gover- A scheme using ICT for timely ac-
nance Plan in Agri- cess to agriculture-related infor-
culture (NeGPA) mation, including platforms like
Farmers Portal and mkisan for ad-
visories.
72 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Strengthening/Pro- A scheme for strengthening the IT
moting Agricultural infrastructure of the Department
Information System and enhancing information dis-
(AGRISNET) semination through platforms like
mkisan.
Conclusion:
Embracing quantum computing, AI, and big data can revolu-
tionize the agriculture sector, akin to the green revolution’s
impact. Establishing a robust digital infrastructure encom-
passing satellite imaging, soil health data, land records, crop-
ping patterns, and market information is essential.
Insta Links:
e-Technology in the aid of farmers
Topics: Issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies
and minimum support prices; Public Distribution System- ob-
jectives, functioning, limitations, revamping; issues of buffer
stocks and food security; Technology missions; economics of
animal-rearing.
9. COASTAL AQUACULTURE AUTHORITY
(AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023
Context:
The Lok Sabha has passed the Coastal Aquaculture Authority
(Amendment) Bill, 2023, to decriminalize offences related to
coastal aquaculture activities, promoting ease of business.
What is Aquaculture?
Aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic organisms such as
fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants under controlled condi-
tions. It is a controlled environment where aquatic organ-
isms are bred, reared, and harvested for various purposes,
including food production, research, and conservation.
Fisheries refer to the activities related to catching, harvest-
ing, and managing wild fish and other aquatic organisms
from natural water bodies such as oceans, rivers, and lakes.
Unlike aquaculture, fisheries rely on capturing organisms
from their natural habitats rather than cultivating them in
controlled environments.
Need for this bill:
The bill introduces amendments to the Coastal Aquaculture
Authority (CAA) Act of 2005. The old rules said that some
activities related to aquaculture didn’t need special permis-
sion. But a recent decision by a National Green Tribunal (in
2022) ruled that the CAA Act of 2005 no longer exempted
coastal aquaculture from the CRZ Notifications issued in
2011 and 2019. This ruling highlighted the need for changes
to the CAA Act to align with the updated CRZ regulations.
Current Affairs 30
Aim of the Bill: CRZ notification issued by the central government under the
The bill aims to expand the scope of coastal aquaculture Environment Protection Act, 1986 for regulation of activities
while reducing compliance burdens and maintaining envi- in the coastal area. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and
ronmental protection rules. Climate Change is the nodal ministry for CRZ regulations.

Key provisions of the bill: Insta Links:

Provisions Explanation • Aquaculture
• Government Introduces Aquaculture Bill
Decriminalization The bill removes the possibility of jail
of Offences time for certain offences in coast-
al aquaculture and replaces it with
fines. Instead of jail time, the bill im- 10. HOUSE PANEL URGES GOVERNMENT
poses fines of up to ₹1 lakh for cer-
TO ENSURE FERTILIZER AVAILABILITY AND
tain offences.
Expansion of Scope The bill widens the scope of the
LOCAL PRODUCTION
Coastal Aquaculture Authority’s ac-
Context:
tivities and reduces regulatory gaps.
The Standing Committee of Parliament on Chemicals and
The Coastal Aquaculture Authori- Fertilizers, led by Shashi Tharoor, has presented two reports
ty’s procedures will be adjusted to highlighting concerns about fertilizer availability, subsidies,
be more responsive to stakeholders’ and GST rates on fertilizer components.
needs.
Promotion of En- The bill encourages newer forms of Concerns and Recommendations by the Committee:
vironment-friendly eco-friendly aquaculture, like cage
Concerns Details Recommendations
Aquaculture culture and seaweed culture.
Reliance on India heavily depends Increase local fer-
Quality Assurance The bill promotes safe and high-qual-
I m p o r t e d on imported fertilizers tilizers production
and Safe Products ity aquaculture products by prevent-
Fertilizers like urea, DAP, MOP, (especially urea) by
ing harmful substances.
NPK, etc. (30% of urea, facilitating invest-
D i s e a s e - f r e e The bill supports the creation of dis- 100% muriate of pot- ments for public,
Broodstocks and ease-free and improved aquatic life ash, 60% Diammoni- cooperative and
Seeds for coastal aquaculture. um phosphate import- private fertilizers
ed) manufacturers.
Nodal Ministry: F e r t i l i z e r Irregularities in fertiliz- Creating a separate
Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying Availability ers sale such as diver- tariff code for urea
sion, black marketing, used for non-agri-
Government Initiatives Related to Fisheries: hoarding, sub-stan- cultural purposes.
• Matsya Setu dard quality etc. Develop a central
• Fisheries and Aquaculture Infrastructure Develop- monitoring mech-
ment Fund (FIDF). anism to conduct
• Blue Revolution random checks
• Marine Products Export Development Authority Review Current NBS policy Review NBS policy
(MPEDA) N u t r i - excludes urea from to remove disin-
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC) ent-Based subsidies. This creates centives for using
• Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana Subsidy price control for urea, other fertilizers and
(NBS) Pol- unlike other fertilizers. promote balanced
India is the second largest fish-producing country in the icy use.
world accounting for over 7.5 % of global production. India Discrepan- GST rate for fertilizers: Lower GST on
is the 4th largest exporter of fish in the world. cy in GST 5%; GST rate for raw raw materials to
Rates materials (sulphuric support fertilizer
About CRZ: acid, ammonia): 18%; manufacturing and
Coastal regulation zones are areas along the coastline of In- This highlights the in- farmers.
dia, where development, infrastructure, construction, tour- consistency in GST
ism and other activities are regulated by the government of rates between fertiliz-
India. ers and their raw ma-
terials.

www.insightsonindia.com 73
 Current Affairs 30

Interna- Implement pur- ● About 2,000 integrated circuits and chips are de-
tional Price chase policy re- signed in India every year.
Fluctua- forms. Advocated ● Global players operating in R&D in the country in-
tions and for long-term im- clude Intel, Micron and Qualcomm, etc.
Purchase port contracts for ● Over 30 semiconductor design startups have been
Reforms fertilizers and raw established in India following the DLI scheme with
materials. five already having received government support.

What are Fertilisers? Initiatives to promote the semiconductor industry in India:

A fertiliser is a natural or artificial substance containing chem-
ical elements (such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and Po-
tassium (K)) that improve the growth and productiveness of
plants.
There are 3 basic fertilisers in India - Urea, DAP and Muriate
of Potash (MOP)
In India, urea is the most produced, imported, consumed
and physically regulated fertiliser of all. It is subsidised only
for agricultural uses. The MRPs of non-urea fertilisers are
decontrolled or fixed by the companies. All Non-Urea based
fertilisers (such as DAP and MOP) are regulated under the
Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme.
Measures taken to Promote Balanced Fertilisation
• Introduction of the Nutrient-Based Subsidy
(NBS) regime in April 2010
• In 2015, the Indian government mandat-
ed neem-coating of all urea
• Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFF-
CO) launched liquid ‘Nano Urea’ in 2021.
• First Liquid Nano Urea (LNU) plant was inaugurated
at Kalol, Gujarat.
• ‘One Nation One Fertiliser’
Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in
industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
11. INDIA’S CHIP DESIGN ECOSYSTEM
Context:
As part of the 2nd phase of the design-linked incentive (DLI)
scheme for the domestic semiconductor industry, the Indian
government is considering a proposal to pick an equity stake
in domestic chip design-making companies.
What is the domestic chip industry scenario?
● India is an important destination for global semi-
conductor companies.
○ This is primarily because of its highly-skilled
talent pool of semiconductor design en-
gineers, who make up ~20% of the world’s
workforce.
● India Semiconductor Mission (ISM): Launched in
2021, it aims to build a vibrant semiconductor and
display ecosystem to enable India’s emergence as a
global hub for electronics manufacturing and design.
● About SemiconIndia Programme:
○ It was approved with a financial outlay of
INR 76,000 crore for the development of a
sustainable semiconductor and display eco-
system in 2021.
○ At the ‘Semicon India 2023’ conclave, the
Indian PM made a strong pitch to global in-
vestors, saying India will emerge as a global
hub of the semiconductor and chip-making
industry.
● Approval has been granted for the modernisation of
the Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL) in Chan-
digarh to transform it into a brownfield chip manu-
facturing unit.
● The government has also signed agreements with
the US and Japan for cooperation on semiconductor
development, manufacturing, research, design and
talent development.
What is the DLI scheme?
● The DLI scheme (launched by MeitY in 2021) aims
to provide financial and infrastructural support to
companies setting up fabs or semiconductor-making
plants in India.
● It will offer fiscal support of up to 50% (max ₹15
crores per application) of the total cost to eligible
participants who can set up these fabs in the coun-
try, MeitY said in a statement.
● It is expected to facilitate the growth of at least 20
such companies which can achieve a turnover of
more than ₹1500 crore in the coming five years and
indigenise innovations.
How will equity stake help?
● Equity will empower design companies to sell their
chip-designing services more effectively and attract
a broader client base in the market.
● It would prevent companies from selling their ma-
jority stake to large global players to scale up the
business.
● The equity infusion would be particularly encour-

74 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
aging for local, small and medium-sized firms that
potentially face multiple hurdles to be part of the
ecosystem.
Challenges faced by the semiconductor industry in India:
● The sector is capital-intensive. Therefore, any poli-
cy directed towards the semiconductor industry re-
quires a long-term strategy.
● Returns from the investment are not immediate.
According to the NASSCOM, it takes up to 2-3 years
before the first product is out.
● R&D becomes challenging as chipsets become
smaller and functional requirements change fre-
quently.
● Supply chain disruptions, like what happened
during the COVID-related lockdowns in China, could
dampen potential investor confidence in the sector.
● India owns a much smaller portion of the intellec-
tual property (IP) relating to the designs, which are
mostly retained by global companies.
Way ahead:
● The government must consider how it plans to link
its investments to drive more innovation and em-
ployment generation in the sector.
● It is essential that value-added activities (with re-
spect to chip designing) are brought into the coun-
try.
● In other words, moving up in the value chain and
enabling the ecosystem must be one of the impera-
tives of the government.
● The government should put in place a robust
framework for target evaluation and governance to
mitigate the moral hazard posed by politically driven
equity investments.
Conclusion:
The above moves have the potential to create a state-of-the-
art design ecosystem which will serve the national interest
and also be a supplier to the rest of the world.
Insta Links: Semiconductor manufacturing in India
12. INDIA’S PROTECTIONIST INDUSTRIAL
POLICY
Context:
The author discusses India’s protectionist policies in man-
ufacturing and electronics, contrasting them with targeted
approaches in the US and EU.
What meaning of Protectionist measures?
It refers to economic policies and actions taken by a country
to protect its domestic industries, businesses, and workers
from foreign competition.
• These measures can include tariffs, quotas, subsi-
dies, and other barriers that make imported goods
more expensive or difficult to access, thereby pro-
moting domestic production and consumption.
• The goal is to shield domestic industries from foreign
competition and support local economic growth.
Issues with India’s Protectionist Measures:
Issues Description
High Tariffs Import restrictions and high tariffs
on electronic goods like laptops
and tablets, make tariffs the highest
among competing economies.
Broad Protection- Protective measures spanning 14
ism sectors, some lacking a clear stra-
tegic basis (e.g., textiles, food pro-
cessing).
Challenges in the Rapid technological changes in the
Electronics Sector electronics sector make domestic
manufacturing keeping pace with
global advancements a challenge.
Lack of Targeted India’s industrial policy lacks target-
Strategies ed sector-specific strategies, unlike
the US and EU’s approaches.
Missed Opportunity
Failure to fully integrate with global value chains can hin-
der competitiveness and growth in certain sectors.
Trade Barriers for Excessive protectionism can hinder
Innovation exposure to global competition and
restrict innovation and efficiency.
Limited Focus on India’s policy may not prioritize
Technological Ad- technological advancement, putting
vancement it at a disadvantage in rapidly evolv-
ing industries.
How other countries are applying protectionist measures?
• US: The US has introduced the CHIPS and Science
Act to boost domestic research and manufacturing
in semiconductors and electric vehicles. This initia-
tive aims to reduce reliance on countries like China
and Russia and enhance “strategic autonomy.” The
US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) also pro-
motes regional economic integration.
• EU: The EU’s Green Deal Industrial Plan aims for car-
bon neutrality by 2050. The Carbon Border Adjust-
ment Mechanism (CBAM) taxes imports from high
carbon-output sectors, affecting major exporters
like China and Russia. The EU’s approach focuses on
environmental sustainability.
Both the US and EU use selective protectionist measures.
The US emphasizes technological advancement and reduc-
www.insightsonindia.com 75

ing geopolitical risks, while the EU targets environmental
sustainability. Their strategies have specific goals, unlike In-
dia’s broader approach.
What should India do?
• Embrace Open Trade in Electronics: Rapid techno-
logical changes in the electronics sector make im-
port substitution difficult. Given global value chains
and the success of top exporters as importers, In-
dia should adopt open trade policies for smoother
cross-border transactions.
• Learn from Asian Economies: China and Vietnam’s
success in the electronics sector stems from open
trade policies. China’s dual trade regime, allowing
duty-free entry for components, boosted exports.
India could benefit by adopting similar strategies.
• Combine Incentives with Trade Liberalization: Fol-
lowing countries like South Korea, India should
merge financial incentives with trade liberalization.
Shifting from import substitution to export expan-
sion can enhance competition, efficiency, and inno-
vation.
The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal
Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce & Industry, is working
on a new industrial policy. This will be the third industrial
policy (after 1956 and 1991), which is likely to replace the
1991 policy, which was prepared against the backdrop of the
balance of payment crisis.
For Broad Objectives of New Industrial Policy: Click Here
Insta Links:
Why an industrial policy is crucial
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Rail-
ways etc.
13. MINES AND MINERALS (DEVELOP-
MENT AND REGULATION) AMENDMENT
BILL, 2023
Context:
Parliament passed the Mines and Minerals (Development
and Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023, (MMDR Amend-
ment) in a bid to attract private sector investment in the ex-
ploration of critical and deep-seated minerals in the country.
What are critical and deep-seated minerals?
• Critical Minerals: Critical minerals are natural re-
sources that are essential for various industries, in-
cluding technology, manufacturing, and clean ener-
gy. E.g., Lithium, nickel, cobalt etc.
76 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
• Deep-Seated Minerals: Deep-seated minerals refer
to minerals that are found deep within the Earth’s
crust and are typically more challenging and costly
to explore and mine compared to minerals closer to
the surface. E.g., Gold, Copper, Diamonds etc.
Top of Form
India’s import dependency for critical and deep-seated
minerals:
India is highly dependent on imports for critical and
deep-seated minerals like
• 100% dependency: lithium, cobalt, nickel, niobium,
beryllium, tantalum,
• Very high dependency: copper, zinc, lead, gold, sil-
ver, platinum group elements (PGEs), and diamonds.
India’s current status:
• India is the world’s 4th largest producer of iron ore
and the 2nd largest producer of coal as of 2021.
• India is the second-largest producer of Aluminium
globally
• India’s mineral demand is projected to rise by 3%
in 2023, fuelled by expanded electrification efforts
and overall economic growth
The issue with the import dependency:
This import dependency poses challenges due to vulnera-
bilities in global supply chains and the potential for supply
disruptions and increased prices. Moreover, the cost of im-
porting these minerals is rising for India.
Private sector participation is crucial for the exploration of
critical and deep-seated minerals in India due to:
• Geological Potential: India has substantial geologi-
cal potential for hosting valuable mineral resources,
similar to mining-rich regions globally.
• Limited Exploration: India has explored only a small
fraction of its geological potential, with less than 2%
of known resources being mined.
• Government Dominance: Exploration efforts have
been largely led by government agencies like the
Geological Survey of India and Mineral Exploration
Corporation Limited, with limited private sector in-
volvement.
• Complex Exploration Techniques: Mineral explora-
tion demands specialized techniques like aerial sur-
veys, geological mapping, and geochemical analyses.
o These operations are resource-intensive,
time-consuming, and carry financial risks.
Background
• The MMDR Act, 1957 has undergone several
amendments to address various issues in the min-
eral sector.
Current Affairs 30
• Amendments in 2015 introduced auction-based Mines and Minerals Bill 2023 endeavours to stimulate pri-
mineral allocation, established DMF for community vate sector involvement through:
welfare, and NMET for exploration promotion. • Expanding Mining Opportunities: The Bill excludes
• Amendments in 2016, 2020, and 2021 focused on six atomic minerals that were previously reserved
emerging challenges and reforms, including remov- exclusively for government entities
ing the captive vs. merchant mine distinction. • Enabling Exploration Activities: The Bill overturns
the Act’s prohibition on certain exploration activities
Need for further Amendment: like pitting, trenching, drilling, and sub-surface exca-
The mineral sector requires more reforms, particularly in vation.
exploring and mining Critical Minerals crucial for econom- • Introduction of Exploration License (EL): The Bill in-
ic growth and national security. Limited availability and ex- troduces a new exploration license (EL) aimed at pro-
traction concentration of these minerals poses supply chain moting reconnaissance-level and prospective-stage
vulnerabilities and disruptions. Critical minerals have gained exploration by private players.
importance due to India’s energy transition commitment • Defining Exploration Area: The Bill specifies the
and goal of achieving Net-Zero emissions by 2070. maximum exploration area, allowing activities with-
in 1,000 square kilometres under a single explora-
Key provisions of Mines and Minerals (Development and tion license.
Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2023 • Central Government Auctions: The Bill empowers
the central government to conduct auctions for
Key Provisions MMDR Act 1957 MMDR Amendment
composite licenses and mining leases specifically
Bill
for critical and strategic minerals.
Private Sector Limited to State Allows the private
to Mine Atomic agencies for ex- sector to mine 6
Case study:
Minerals ploration. atomic minerals- lith-
ium, beryllium, nio-
bium, titanium, tan- In countries like Australia, private junior explorers take risks
talum and zirconium. to discover potential mines and subsequently sell them to
larger mining companies, fostering greater participation and
The central govern-
multiplying exploration efforts.
ment can auction
mining leases and
composite licences Some potential issues and concerns raised by industry ex-
for critical minerals. perts:
• Delayed Revenue Generation: Private companies’
Auction for No provision for The state govern-
revenue from exploration depends on premium
Exploration Li- an exploration li- ment grants licences
shares after mine auctions, subject to government
cence cence auction. through competitive
clearance timelines and potential delays due to de-
bidding, while the
posit complexity and geography. This could impact
Central government
exploration project viability.
prescribes auction
• Uncertainty in Revenue: Explorers might not know
details.
their revenue until mine auction success, dissuading
Maximum Area Prospecting li- Bill allows activities potential private participation due to unclear invest-
in which Activi- cence: Up to 25 under a single explo- ment returns during exploration.
ties are sq. km. ration licence in an • Auctioning Challenges: Auctioning exploration li-
area of up to 1,000 censes is complex as the value of undiscovered re-
square kilometres. sources is uncertain. This may reduce private sector
Incentive for The state conducts interest due to unpredictability in the auction pro-
Exploration Li- auctions for mining cess.
cence leases if resources • Government Control over Discoveries: The pol-
are proven after ex- icy limits private explorers to sharing premiums
ploration. Licensee post-discovery, instead of selling discoveries direct-
receives a share in ly. This contrasts with global practices where private
the auction value of explorers can sell findings to mining companies.
the mining lease for • Investment Assurance: Companies may hesitate to
prospected minerals. invest significantly in exploration due to uncertainty
about utilizing discoveries, affecting capital invest-
ment incentives.

www.insightsonindia.com 77
 Current Affairs 30
Also, the Ministry of Mines, in June this year, came out with Commercial and Enhance commercial and financial au-
a list of 30 minerals critical to the country’s economic devel- Financial Auton- tonomy of Zonal Railways
opment and national security. omy
Decentralization Delegate more decision-making pow-
Insta Links:
of Powers ers to lower levels of management
• Amendment to Mines and Minerals (Development
and Regulation) Act Resource Mobi- Increase non-fare revenue through ad-
• Offshore Areas Mineral (Development and Regula- lization and PPP vertising, commercial use of stations,
tion) Amendment Bill, 2023 and land monetization. Explore PPP for
projects
Technology In- Integrate technology for better custom-
tegration and er service, efficiency, and safety
14. CAG REPORT ON RAILWAY FINANCE Modernization
Governance and Implement an outcome-oriented per-
Context: P e r f o r m a n c e formance management system
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) reported that in Management
the fiscal year 2021-22, the financial health of Indian Rail-
ways entered a “concern zone.”

Key findings of the CAG:

Key Findings Details
Operating Ra- The railway operator spent ₹107 to earn
tio (OR) ₹100 due to increased pension funding
Net Surplus Indian Railways couldn’t generate a net
surplus in 2021-22
Total Expendi- Ministry of Railways’ total expenditure
ture increased over 35% more than the pre-
vious year.
High revenue Over 75% of total working expenses are
Expenses spent on staff costs, pension payments,
and rolling stock lease charges
Dependence Inadequate internal resource generation
on Budgetary led to greater dependence on Gross Bud-
Support and getary Support (GBS) and Extra Budgetary
Resources Resources (EBR)
Cross-Subsidi- Passenger fares subsidized by profits from Insta Links:
zation of Pas- freight operations Growth in Indian railways
senger Fares

For Challenges hindering the development of Railways in

India: Click Here 15. COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATION ON
STALLED HOUSING PROJECTS
Key recommendations from Vivek Debroy’s committee for
Indian Railways: Context:
A committee (chaired by former NITI Aayog CEO Amitabh
Recommenda- Details
Kant) formed by the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Minis-
tions
try has suggested reviving stalled real estate projects by re-
Re st r u c t u r i n g Separate Railways’ functions into dis- quiring all stakeholders, including developers, financiers, and
and Unbundling tinct verticals like operations, regula- land authorities, to accept “haircuts” (reduced amounts) to
tion, and infrastructure make the projects financially viable.
Create an independent regulatory body
Form Rail Development Authority Status of Housing projects:
(RDA) • The Indian Banks’ Association (IBA) has estimated
that over 4 lakh stressed dwelling units involving

78 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
over Rs 4 lakh crore are impacted in these stalled
real estate projects
• The committee reported that 44% of stalled proj-
ects are in the National Capital Region and 21% in
the Mumbai Metropolitan Region.
What are Haircuts?
A haircut refers to the lower-than-market value placed on
an asset being used as collateral for a loan. In the context of
the article, it refers to the acceptance of reduced amounts
or losses by stakeholders, such as developers and financiers,
to make financially troubled projects viable.
Other Recommendations of the Committee:
Recommenda- Description
tion
Rehabilitation State governments should create re-
Package habilitation packages, and developers
should commit to a three-year com-
pletion timeline.
“Zero Period” A “Zero Period” from April 1, 2020, to
March 31, 2022, should be established
where interest and penalties would be
suspended due to Covid-19 and court
orders.
Co-Developers “Co-developers” should be allowed to
assist developers in completing proj-
ects.
Partial Surrender Developers should be allowed to sur-
Policy render unused land against their out-
standing dues.
Extension of Plan Plan approvals should be extended by
Approvals three years without payment to the
Authority.
No Penalty or Ex- Homebuyers of projects under the
tra Interest state government’s package should not
be charged penalties or extra interest.
Use of Insolven- The use of the Insolvency and Bank-
cy and Bankrupt- ruptcy Code should be a last resort.
cy Code
Enforcement of The Real Estate (Regulation and De-
RERA velopment) Act, 2016, provisions for
registering projects with RERA must be
enforced.
Resolution for RERAs should identify mostly complete
Incomplete Proj- projects facing administrative hurdles
ects and provide a resolution within 30
days.
Conclusion:
The committee’s recommendations aim to revive stalled
real estate projects and ensure timely completion of proj-
ects, provide relief to homebuyers, and make the real estate
sector more resilient and functional.
Insta Links:
• Real Estate Regulatory Authority (RERA) Act of 2016
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of In-
dians in science & technology; indigenization of technology
and developing new technology.
16. DRAFT NATIONAL DEEP TECH START-
UP POLICY (NDTSP)
Context:
The National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP) draft has
been released for public consultation by the National Con-
sortium.
Aim of the policy:
To strengthen the Indian deep tech startup ecosystem and
address its unique challenges.
What are Deep Techs?
Deep Tech refers to advanced and cutting-edge technolo-
gies that are based on significant scientific and engineering
innovations.
Example: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
(ML) are examples of Deep Tech. They involve the develop-
ment of sophisticated algorithms and models that enable
machines to learn from data and make intelligent decisions.
Status:
India currently boasts the third largest startup ecosystem in
the world with more than 326 incubators and accelerators.
About 14% of them are in the area of Deep Tech.
Draft NDTSP is based on the following themes:
• Nurturing Research, Development & Innovation
• Strengthening the Intellectual Property Regime
• Facilitating Access to Funding
• Enabling Shared Infrastructure and Resource Sharing
• Creating Conducive Regulations, Standards, and Cer-
tifications
• Attracting Human Resources & Initiating Capacity
Building
• Promoting Procurement & Adoption
• Ensuring Policy & Program Interlinkages
• Sustaining Deep Tech Startups
Significance:
This policy complements and adds value to the exist-
ing Startup India policies, programmes and initiatives, by
fostering a conducive ecosystem for deep tech startups to
thrive and address their unique and complex challenges.
www.insightsonindia.com 79
 Current Affairs 30
About National Consortium: Severe Health Lead poisoning can lead to learning dis-
The National Consortium is an apex-level body set up on the Impact abilities, neurological impairments,
recommendation of the Prime Minister’s Science, Technol- stunted growth, and organ damage. Chil-
ogy, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) to pro- dren are especially vulnerable.
pose a comprehensive policy framework for the Indian deep
Economic and The effects of lead poisoning account for
tech startup ecosystem.
Social Impact a significant learning gap between rich
• Chaired by the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Gov-
and poor countries. Affected children
ernment of India, it represents a diverse group of stake-
might achieve less in education and work,
holders, including high-level representatives from var-
impacting the nation’s productivity.
ious government departments, industry associations,
research institutions, and innovation centres. Impacted re- Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
gions Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra
Pradesh account for 40% of the popula-
About PM-STIAC:
tion with high blood lead levels.
It is an overarching body which assesses the status of spe-
cific S&T domains, comprehends challenges, formulates
immediate, mid and long-term interventions and presents a
roadmap to the Prime Minister. It has identified nine nation-
al science missions which aim to address major scientific
challenges to ensure India’s sustainable development.

Insta Links:
Indian Deep Tech and a case for a strategic fund

17. LEAD POISONING IN INDIA

Context:
Lead poisoning poses a hidden threat in India, with over half
of children having blood lead levels above 5 micrograms per
deciliter (µg/dL) (WHO safe level), according to studies.

What is lead?
Lead is a heavy metal element that is toxic to humans
and can cause serious health problems when ingested or
inhaled, especially in high amounts. Major sources of lead
exposure include lead-based paints, lead batteries, contam-
inated soil and water, and occupational exposure in indus-
tries such as mining, smelting, and battery recycling.

What is Lead poisoning?

It is a condition that occurs when a person’s body accumu-
lates high levels of lead, a toxic metal. It can lead to various
health issues, especially in children, including learning dis-
abilities, neurological problems, stunted growth, and organ
damage.
Factors contributing to lead poisoning:
Concerns of Lead Poisoning in India: • Informal and substandard recycling of lead-acid
batteries.
• Increase in vehicle ownership, combined with the
High Exposure A 2021 study found that about 20 crore lack of vehicle battery recycling regulation and in-
in Children children in India have blood lead levels frastructure.
exceeding the safe limit set by WHO. • Workers in dangerous and often illegal recycling
operations break open battery cases, and spill acid
and lead dust into the soil.

80 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Government steps to control lead poisoning:
• National Programme for Prevention and Control of
Fluorosis, Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis and Arsenico-
sis: Launched in 2010 to prevent lead poisoning.
• Import Ban on Non-Compliant Lead Acid Batteries:
In 2013, the Ministry of Environment and Forests
banned non-compliant lead acid battery imports.
• National Health Mission (NHM): Provides healthcare
services, including lead poisoning screening and
treatment.
• Lead Battery Waste Management Rules, 2016: Reg-
ulates lead-acid battery disposal and promotes safe
recycling.
• National Programme for the Health Care of the El-
derly (NPHCE): Offers healthcare to the elderly, who
are vulnerable to lead poisoning.
• Center for Advanced Research on Environmental
Health (CAREH): Conducts research on environmen-
tal health, including lead poisoning.
Global efforts to address lead poisoning have taken various
approaches:
• U.S. Gasoline Initiative: The U.S. successfully re-
duced blood lead concentrations by more than 90%
from 1976 to 1995 by eliminating lead from gaso-
line.
• Paint and Water-Pipe Regulations: Many countries
have implemented stringent standards to ensure
paints and water pipes are lead-free, minimizing po-
tential sources of lead exposure.
• Bangladesh’s Turmeric Solution: In Bangladesh,
lead contamination through turmeric adulteration
was tackled by enforcing strict regulations and rais-
ing consumer awareness between 2017 and 2021,
resulting in a decrease of lead-tainted turmeric from
47% in 2019 to 0% in 2021
Way forward for India to control lead poisoning:
Approach Description
Clear Legislation A strong legislative framework is
needed to establish health and
safety standards for lead-contain-
ing products.
Enforce Standards Strict enforcement of regulations
on lead-free paints and water
pipes.
Monitoring System Establish blood lead level testing,
including in household surveys to
identify affected populations.
Identify Contaminat- Nationwide efforts to locate
ed Sites lead-contaminated areas, with
priority on clean-ups near schools
and residential zones.
Promote Sustainable Implement waste management
Practices and e-waste recycling programs to
reduce lead contamination.
Inter-departmental Enhance collaboration between
Coordination government agencies, NGOs, and
international partners for cohe-
sive action.
Public Awareness Raise awareness among parents,
workers, schools, and healthcare
professionals about lead’s dan-
gers.
Insta Facts:
• Lead in the body is distributed to the brain, liv-
er, kidney and bones. It is stored in the teeth and
bones, where it accumulates over time.
• Lead in bone is released into the blood during preg-
nancy and becomes a source of exposure to the
developing foetus.
• WHO has identified lead as 1 of 10 chemicals of ma-
jor public health concern.
• WHO has joined with the United Nations Environ-
ment Programme to form the Global Alliance to
Eliminate Lead Paint.
Insta Links:
Lead poisoning
Topics: Awareness in space.
18. ISRO AND CHANDRAYAAN-3 MISSION
Context:
The Chandrayaan-3 mission’s successful soft landing on the
Moon marks India’s significant achievement, becoming the
fourth nation in history to reach the lunar surface.
Historical overview of ISRO’s major programs – satellites,
launch vehicles, and planetary exploration.
Program Key Achievements
Satellite Programs
A r y a b h a t a Marked India’s entry into space era;
(1975) conducted experiments in X-ray astron-
omy, aeronomics, and solar physics.
Bhaskar-1 & Experimental remote-sensing satellites
Bhaskar-2 laying the groundwork for Indian Re-
mote Sensing (IRS) Satellite system.
IRS-1A (1988) Launched Earth Observation spacecraft
aiding land-based applications like agri-
culture, forestry, etc.
www.insightsonindia.com 81

INSAT Series Initiated communication revolution,
providing nationwide connectivity,
broadcasting, meteorological info, etc.
IRNSS (NavIC) Started for terrestrial, aerial, marine
(2013) navigation, location-based services, etc.
Launch Vehicle Programs
1963 Nike Initial rocket launch; ‘sounding rocket’
Apache experiment.
SLV-3 (1980) India’s first launch vehicle; entry into
space-faring nations.
PSLV Reliable and versatile workhorse; en-
abled critical space missions.
GSLV Addressed PSLV’s limitations; intro-
duced cryogenic engines.
GSLV Mk-III Heaviest launch vehicle; used for Chan-
drayaan-2 and Chandrayaan-3 missions.
Planetary Exploration
Chandrayaan-1 Detected water on the Moon; the fifth
(2008) country to reach the lunar surface.
M a n g a l y a a n First interplanetary mission; reached
(2013) Mars orbit, showcasing interplanetary
technology.
Chandrayaan-2 Aimed for lunar exploration but faced a
(2019) setback with the lander’s soft landing.
Chandrayaan-3 Achieved a successful soft landing on
(2023) the Moon, contributing to India’s lunar
capabilities.
Challenges of landing on the Moon’s South Pole:
Challenges are primarily due to the difficult terrain, extreme
temperatures, and areas of permanent shadow. Unlike previ-
ous spacecraft that landed near the lunar equator, the South
82 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Pole presents greater difficulties with its rugged landscape,
extreme cold, and regions that never receive sunlight.
However, despite these challenges, ISRO is interested in
exploring the Moon’s South Pole for several important rea-
sons:
• Water Resources: The South Pole region is believed
to contain significant amounts of water molecules,
potentially trapped as ice in shadowed craters.
o Confirming the presence of water is crucial
for planning future human missions and
utilizing lunar resources.
• Scientific Discoveries: The harsh environment and
the existence of permanently shadowed areas offer
a unique window into the Moon’s history and the
early Solar System.
o Studying this region can provide valuable
insights into the origins and evolution of
celestial bodies.
• Clues to Earth’s History: The Moon is thought to
have formed from the debris of a massive impact
between a Mars-sized object and early Earth.
o Exploring the lunar South Pole can shed light
on the materials and conditions that existed
during this critical event.
• Global Collaborations: Successful collaborations
between ISRO and NASA have previously confirmed
the presence of water on the Moon.
o Partnerships like the Indo-Japan LUPEX mis-
sion aim to explore the South Pole further,
with plans to send a lander and rover by
2024.
• Technological Advancements: Undertaking missions
to the lunar South Pole allows ISRO to develop and
showcase innovative technologies. This includes ad-
vancements in soft landing techniques, navigation
systems, resource utilization, and long-duration op-
erations that can have broad applications in future
space missions.
Instruments and Experiments on Chandrayaan 3:
Lander Experiments:
• Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound Hypersensitive Ion-
osphere and Atmosphere (RAMBHA): This experi-
ment studies the electrons and ions near the moon’s
surface, investigating their behaviour and changes
over time.
• Chandra’s Surface Thermo Physical Experiment
(ChaSTE): ChaSTE focuses on the thermal properties
of the lunar surface near the polar region, contribut-
ing to our understanding of temperature variations.
• Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA): ILSA
measures lunar quakes near the landing site, analyz-
ing the composition of the Moon’s crust and mantle
through seismic activity.
• LASER Retroreflector Array (LRA): This passive ex-
Current Affairs 30
periment, provided by NASA, acts as a target for
lasers, enabling precise measurements for future
missions.
Rover Experiments:
• LASER-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS):
LIBS determines the chemical and mineral compo-
sition of the lunar surface, offering insights into its
geological makeup.
• Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): APXS
identifies elements like magnesium, aluminium, sili-
con, and more in the lunar soil and rocks, contribut-
ing to our understanding of lunar materials.
Study objectives of the mission:
Objective Details
Discovery The southern polar region of the Moon, char-
of Water acterized by deep craters in permanent dark-
ness, is believed to contain water ice. Previ-
ously, Chandrayaan-1 instruments discovered
water and hydroxyl (OH) molecules in the
Moon’s thin atmosphere and on the lunar
surface.
B u r - Chandrayaan-1’s terrain mapping camera
ied Lava and hyperspectral imager found evidence of
Tubes underground lava tubes. These structures
offer a potentially safe habitat for humans in
the future, shielding against radiation, mete-
oric impacts, extreme temperatures, and dust
storms on the lunar surface.
M a g m a The Moon’s formation from an impact that led
O c e a n to surface melting, called the magma ocean
Thesis hypothesis, was studied by Chandrayaan-1’s
M3 payload. This will be further studied by
this mission.
D y n a m i c Contrary to the belief of lunar dormancy,
Moon Chandrayaan-1 revealed the Moon’s dynam-
ic nature interacting with the exosphere.
Terrain mapping camera identified volcanic
vents, lava ponds, and channels as recent as
100 million years old, indicating recent volca-
nic activity.
S o l a r Chandrayaan-2’s Solar X-Ray Monitor ob-
Flares served solar microflares beyond the active
region, analyzing elemental abundance from
the solar corona.
M a p p i n g CLASS X-ray Fluorescence experiment
of Miner- mapped approximately 95% of the lunar sur-
als face using X-rays, a significant improvement
compared to past missions. The new mission
will further explore abundant oxygen in min-
eral oxides on the Moon, potentially exploit-
able as fuel for future space missions.
In the future of ISRO, several potentials and challenges
emerge:
Potentials:
• Global Market Share: ISRO aims to secure a signif-
icant 9% share of the global space market by 2030,
indicating its ambition for international prominence.
• Economic Growth: Forecasts suggest that India’s
space economy could expand to an impressive $100
billion by 2040, exceeding the initially projected $40
billion figure
• International Collaborations: The success of en-
deavours like Chandrayaan-3 opens doors for en-
hanced international cooperation and partnerships
with various countries.
Challenges:
• Budget Constraints: Recent trends underscore finan-
cial limitations, with budget allocations declining. In
the fiscal year 2023-2024, ISRO received ₹12,544
crore, an 8% decrease from the preceding year.
• Manpower Issues: ISRO’s workforce has remained
largely static for years, and there’s a concerning de-
cline in students pursuing advanced space studies,
potentially leading to a shortage of skilled person-
nel.
• Global Ranking: Despite impressive accomplish-
ments, India’s global space ranking is relatively mod-
est, being among the top 15 nations with satellites
in orbit and commanding just 2% of the overall
global space economy.
About Luna 25: Russia’s Lunar Mission:
Luna 25 was a Russian lunar mission launched by Roscosmos
on August 11, 2023. The mission aimed to soft-land a lander
near the moon’s south pole to study moondust, moon soil,
and the atmosphere. However, the mission encountered a
glitch and crashed on the moon’s surface on August 20, end-
ing in failure.
About LVM3:
Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3) (previously known as GSLV-
MK III) is a three-stage launch vehicle consisting of two
solid propellants S200 strap-ons on its sides and a core
stage comprising L110 liquid stage and C25 cryogenic
stage. The vehicle is also dubbed as one of the heaviest for
its ability to carry satellites up to 8,000 kg.
Insta Links:
Chandrayaan-3
www.insightsonindia.com 83
 Current Affairs 30

19. SIGNIFICANCE OF CHANDRAYAAN-3 Objectives Explore lunar polar regions, investigate

MISSION AND ISRO’S FUTURE MISSION water abundance, study lunar surface
conditions, and potential for establishing
Context: long-term stations
The article is in continuation of yesterday’s post on the Chan- Power Source Onboard battery for landing in perma-
drayaan-3 Mission. nently shaded areas
Components Launch vehicle and rover (contributed by
Significance of Chandrayaan-3 for India: JAXA)
Aspects Significance of Chandrayaan-3 Lander (provided by ISRO)
Planetary Explora- Establishes India’s credentials as a se- Importance Aims to study regions of the Moon not
tion rious player in planetary exploration well-illuminated by the Sun
Space policies Grants India the ability to contribute Focuses on understanding water distribu-
to and influence future space policies tion and potential for future exploration
Diplomatic Out- Enhances India’s diplomatic rela- Investigate conditions for potential lunar
reach tions and support in the international habitats
community
Contributes to India’s lunar exploration
Technological Ad- Demonstrates India’s advanced capabilities
vancement space technology capabilities
National Influence Elevates India’s position in global
space discussions and collaborations
Future Collabora- Paves the way for partnerships with 20. ADITYA-L1 SOLAR MISSION
tions other space agencies and nations
Context:
Confidence and Boosts India’s confidence to under-
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch
Capability take complex space missions
the Aditya-L1 solar mission on September 2, 2023.
Transition Reflects India’s progress from a de-
veloping country to a developed one
More about the news:
• The spacecraft will be launched from the Sriharikota
Other upcoming Planetary missions of ISRO:
spaceport on the PSLV rocket.
• Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX): Aims to
• Aim: Aditya-L1 aims to study the Sun from a halo
explore the Moon’s polar regions and shaded areas;
orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1) of the
Investigate water distribution and study lunar sur-
Sun-Earth systems, about 1.5 million km away from
face conditions.
Earth.
• XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite): India’s first po-
larimetry mission; Studies dynamics of astronomical
We already discussed Aditya-L1 a few days back in our FFP.
X-ray sources.
Here we will analyse its significance.
• Aditya-L1: India’s first space-based solar observa-
tory; Studies the Sun, including solar corona, emis- Aspect Explanation
sions, winds, and flares. Mission Ob- To study the Sun, its upper atmospher-
• NISAR (NASA ISRO SAR Mission): Joint mission by jective ic dynamics (chromosphere and co-
NASA and ISRO; Utilizes synthetic aperture radar rona), and understand the physics of
(SAR) to map the entire globe in 12 days. the solar corona and its heating mech-
anism for the five-year time period.
About LUPEX Mission:
Aspect Details
Mission LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) is a collab-
orative mission between ISRO and JAXA
(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
scheduled for 2024-25.
Target Area Polar regions of the Moon, including per-
manently shaded regions
Launch Vehi- Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
cle

84 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Orbit L1 orbit (First Lagrange point of the Sun-
Earth system)
Primary Pay- Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC)
load
Other Pay- Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT),
loads Solar Low Energy X-ray Spectrometer
(SoLEXS), High Energy L1 Orbiting X-ray
Spectrometer (HEL1OS), Aditya Solar wind
Particle EXperiment (ASPEX), Plasma Anal-
yser Package for Aditya (PAPA)
Significance VELC is a solar coronagraph capable of si-
of VELC multaneous imaging, spectroscopy, and
spectro-polarimetry. It can image the so-
lar corona down to 1.05 times the solar
radius.
Purpose of To gain a deeper understanding of the
Studying the Sun’s radiation, heat, flow of particles,
Sun and magnetic fields; provide clues about
the high temperature of the solar corona;
understand space weather dynamics; and
offer early warnings for solar events.
I m p o r ta n c e L1 point provides an unobstructed view
of L1 Point of the Sun, even during phenomena like
an eclipse; allows payloads to directly ob-
serve the Sun; makes the mission fuel-ef-
ficient.
Significance Lagrange points are equilibrium positions
of Lagrange in space where the gravitational forces of
Points two large bodies, like the Earth and the
Sun, produce enhanced regions of attrac-
tion and repulsion.
Benefits of Provides more detailed information due
Studying the to the absence of Earth’s atmosphere;
Sun from helps understand solar phenomena; en-
Space ables monitoring of solar events and their
potential impacts on Earth.
Other Solar Missions by Different Countries:
U n i te d • Parker Solar Probe (August 2018):
States Touched the Sun’s upper atmosphere,
sampled particles and magnetic fields in
December 2021
• Solar Orbiter (February 2020): Explores
the Sun’s changing space environment
Japan • Hinotori (ASTRO-A, 1981): Studied solar
flares using hard X-rays
• Yohkoh (SOLAR-A, 1991): Studied solar
activity
• Hinode (SOLAR-B, 2006): Studied the
Sun’s impact on Earth.
Europe • Ulysses (October 1990): Studied space
environment above and below the Sun’s
poles
• Proba-2 (October 2001): Part of solar
exploratory missions.
• Upcoming: Proba-3 (2024), Smile (2025)
China Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory
(ASO-S, October 2022): Launched to ob-
serve the Sun.
The Aditya-L1 mission by ISRO holds significant importance
for India due to its focus on studying the Sun and the solar
corona. This mission aims to achieve the following:
• Scientific Understanding: The mission’s primary ob-
jective is to deepen our understanding of the Sun, its
radiation, magnetic fields, and the flow of particles.
• Space Weather Forecasting: By studying the Sun’s
behaviour, the mission can contribute to predicting
space weather events, such as solar flares, that can
disrupt satellite communications and other technol-
ogies on Earth.
• Technological Advancement: Developing a space-
based observatory to study the Sun demonstrates
India’s technological prowess in space exploration
and adds to its reputation in the global space com-
munity.
• International Collaboration: Participating in solar
research aligns with international efforts to under-
stand the Sun and its effects.
• Education and Inspiration: The mission inspires fu-
ture scientists, engineers, and researchers by show-
casing India’s achievements in space science and en-
couraging the pursuit of space-related careers.
• Data for Innovation: The collected data can lead to
innovations in technology, materials science, and
various other fields that can benefit India’s techno-
logical landscape.
Insta Links:
Aditya-L1
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution
and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
21. NITI AAYOG: TOWARDS DECAR-
BONISING TRANSPORT 2023
Context:
NITI Aayog released the “Towards Decarbonising Transport
2023” report to support global discussions on sustainable
transport during India’s G20 presidency.
www.insightsonindia.com 85
 Current Affairs 30
What is Decarbonising Transport? 3. Eliminate Phase out subsi- Ending subsidies
Decarbonising Transport refers to the process of reducing or F o s s i l - F u e l dies that favour on gasoline prices
eliminating carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas Subsidies carbon-intensive and reallocating
emissions from the transportation sector. transport modes, the saved funds
redirecting resourc- to improve public
Examples: es towards sustain- transportation in-
Promoting electric vehicles, using alternative fuels, improv- able alternatives. frastructure and
ing energy efficiency, and investing in public transport and support EV adop-
active mobility. tion.
4. “Avoid, It focuses on three Many companies
Status of emission from the transport sector: Shift, Im- main actions: are adopting re-
• As of 2021, the transport sector in India contributes prove” strat- avoiding unneces- mote work options
to around 14-15% of the country’s total greenhouse egy sary trips, shifting for their employees
gas emissions. to more sustainable
• Within the transport sector, road transport contrib- modes of transport,
utes to more than 90% of the total CO2 emissions. and improving the
• India has the target to achieve net-zero emissions by energy efficiency of
2070. vehicles and trans-
portation systems.
Key Highlights of the Report:
• India has still no overall emissions or energy targets Initiatives taken by India:
for the transport sector • Bharat Stage VI Emission Standards
• India’s transport-sector emissions could increase • Forum for Decarbonizing Transport in India by NITI
65% by 2030 and 197% by 2050 (from 2020 levels) Aayog and WRI India
• Contributors: Road > Rail transport • FAME India (part of the National Electric Mobility
Mission Plan)
Recommendations of the Report: • National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
The success of “Decarbonising Transport” rests on both a • Incentives under the Production Linked Incentive
“mobility transition” and an “energy transition in trans- scheme
port”. • Decarbonising Transport initiative of the
Recommen- Explanation Example ITF: Promotes carbon-neutral mobility to help stop
dation climate change.
1. Increase The transition to- Installing more
Reliance on wards using renew- charging stations Conclusion:
Zero-Carbon able energy sources for electric vehicles India needs to have a comprehensive policy to decarbonize
Electricity for powering trans- and promoting the the transport sector to meet its nationally determined con-
port. use of renewable tributions (NDCs) i.e., reduce emissions intensity of its GDP
energy in public by 45% by 2030
transportation sys-
tems. Insta Links:
Decarbonizing Transport Project
2. Market Develop and invest G20 countries col-
Ramp-Up of in the production laborating to fund
Power-to-X of carbon-neutral research and de- 22. PLASTIC OVERSHOOT DAYS
Fuels alternatives for en- velopment of pow-
ergy-dense fuels er-to-X fuel pro-
used in long-haul duction techniques Context:
aviation and mari- and facilities. In 2023, India experienced 157 days of plastic overshoot,
time shipping. which means that the country generated and accumulated a
significant amount of plastic waste that exceeded its waste
management capacity.

Also, in another news, a recent report highlights that India

is one of the 12 countries accountable for 52% of the global
mismanaged plastic waste, alongside nations like China, Bra-
zil, Indonesia, and the United States.

86 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
What is Plastic Overshoot Day? Global Initiatives (for microplastics):
Plastic Overshoot Day marks the point in a year when the • Global Partnership on Marine Litter (GPML)
amount of plastic waste generated exceeds the capacity to • GloLitter Partnerships Project
properly manage and dispose of it. It signifies a tipping point • London Convention, 1972
where the world accumulates more plastic waste than can
be effectively handled by waste management systems.

World’s first Plastic Overshoot Day on July 28, 2023, was

marked recently.

Status of Plastic (as per the Report):

• India has Mismanaged Waste Index (MWI) (ratio of
the mismanaged waste and the total waste) of over
98%
• India categorized as ‘The Waste Sponges’: It con-
tributed a staggering over 73 lakh ton of misman-
aged plastic waste in 2023
• India has a relatively low annual per capita plastic
consumption of 5.3 kg (USA has 221 kg)
• 1.33 % of its total plastic waste was imported, while
the country exported 0.8 % of its total waste
• India will contribute an average of 16.7 days of plas-
tic overshoot to the environment in 2023.

Measures Needed:
Measure Example
Reduce Single-Use Plas- Ban on plastic straws and cut- Conclusion:
tics lery Further efforts should include enhancing India’s plastic
Promote Recycling and Implementing bottle deposit re- waste tracking system, enforcing transparency in plastic us-
Circular Economy turn systems age by brands, involving the informal sector in the formal
Improve Waste Collec- Increasing the number of recy- plastic management process, and creating product packag-
tion and Management cling bins ing that considers the final disposal stage.
Raise Public Awareness Conducting anti-plastic cam-
paigns Insta Links:
Enforce Extended Pro- Manufacturers responsible for • Beating plastic pollution
ducer Responsibility plastic waste • Effects of plastics on the environment
Innovate Packaging Creating biodegradable packag-
Solutions ing materials
Policies Increasing investment in waste 23. WMO: 2022 STATE OF THE CLIMATE
management policies like Ex- IN ASIA REPORT
tended Producer Responsibility
Global Treaty There is a need for a global trea- Context:
ty on plastic pollution The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has come up
with its 2022 State of the Climate in Asia report, indicating
that in 2022, Asia experienced extreme climate events, in-
Initiatives by India:
cluding high temperatures, droughts, floods, and cyclones,
• 1000 Cities to become 3-Star Garbage Free by Oc-
leading to significant socioeconomic impacts.
tober 2024
• Mission LiFe
• Plastic Waste Management Rule Key points of the Report are:
• Ban on single use of plastics Points Examples and Impacts
• ‘Beat Plastic Pollution’ campaign to maintain
the cleanliness and environmental integrity of the
state’s beaches (by Kerala Government)

www.insightsonindia.com 87
 Current Affairs 30

Global Cli- • The annual mean near-surface tempera- What is “Negative mass balance” for glaciers?
mate ture in 2022 was 1.15 °C above pre-indus- It refers to a situation in which the amount of ice or snow
trial average lost from a glacier or ice sheet through melting, sublima-
• Ocean heat content reached a new high tion, or other processes exceeds the amount of new ice or
• Global mean sea level reached a new snow accumulation. In other words, the glacier is losing
high due to ocean warming and ice sheet more mass than it is gaining, resulting in a decrease in its
loss. overall size and volume over time.
Tempera- • 2022 had the second or third-highest
ture mean surface temperature on record About World Meteorological Organization:
• Northern Siberia, Central Asia, and The World Meteorological Organization (founded 1950; HQ:
Western China experienced above-aver- Geneva; Parent organization: United Nations Economic and
age temperatures Social Council) is a specialized agency of the United Nations
Precipita- • Regions in Iraq, Ganges-Brahmaputra responsible for promoting international cooperation on at-
tion Rivers, Korean Peninsula faced precipita- mospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.
tion deficits
• South Pakistan, Southeast Asia, and
northeast China experienced excessive Insta Links:
rainfall • State of the Global Climate 2022
• Central India and the Himalayas record- • Synthesis Report of IPCC AR6
ed high precipitation
• Floods in Pakistan and India displaced
millions and damaged agriculture. 24. TOURISM’S ECOLOGICAL TOLL
Glaciers • 23 glaciers in High Mountain Asia showed
a continued mass reduction Context:
• Urumqi Glacier No 1 in Tien Shan had Major tourist destinations in Himachal Pradesh and Uttara-
the second most negative mass balance khand, Hawaii (USA), Spain, and Greece are facing intermit-
in 2021-22 (see explanation down) tent distress and closure due to the impact of disasters relat-
Extreme • 25 tropical cyclones formed in the west- ed to anthropogenic development activities.
Events: Cy- ern North Pacific Ocean and the South
clones China Sea Tourism’s Ecological Toll:
• The Nanmadol typhoon affected Japan,
causing evacuation, deaths, and econom- Aspect Explanation Examples
ic damage. E c o l o g i c a l Uncontrolled tourism Frequent land-
Floods • Severe floods in Pakistan displaced 14% Impact infrastructure devel- slides in Himachal
of the population, causing deaths and opment, such as wid- Pradesh often on
displacements. ened highways and the Char Dham Ya-
• Heavy monsoon affected Northeast India landslides, harms the tra route
and Bangladesh, causing deaths and de- environment.
struction Conflict of Disagreement be-
Development
• Floods were India’s worst natural disas- Discourses tween economic
plans vs. conserva-
ter in 2022 growth and conser-
tionists’ concerns
Droughts • The Yangtze River basin in China experi- vation perspectives,
over protecting
enced the worst drought in six decades, fragile ecosystems
leading to a develop-
impacting crops, energy, and economy esp. in the Hima-
ment vs. nature clash.
• Iran faced its third consecutive year of layas and Western
drought, leading to decreasing water Ghats
bodies and economic loss. Hospitality Negligence of hotels Hotels fail to
Economic • Floods in Pakistan, China, and India Industry Ne- and resorts towards adopt eco-friendly
Impact caused economic losses exceeding the glect forest disappearance practices, leading
average observed over 20 years and improper waste to environmental
• Droughts in China and Iran resulted in disposal. degradation.
significant economic damages Rivers as Improper waste disposal in rivers exacer-
• Cyclones and storms led to milder eco- Drainage bates flooding and disrupts river habitats.
nomic losses compared to previous years.

88 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Policy Per- Overemphasis on tourism’s economic ben- Impact of geopolitics in a move to clean energy:
ception efits in policy decisions, neglecting ecologi- Geopolitical Complications for
cal consequences. Factor Clean Energy
Tourists’ Im- Unaware tourists unintentionally contrib- R e s o u r c e Reliance on spe-
pact ute to environmental harm through travel Dependence cific countries for
styles, overconsumption and preferences. critical minerals
like lithium, cobalt,
Steps taken to address the Issues: and rare earth ele-
• National Strategy for Sustainable Tourism and Re- ments.
sponsible Traveller Campaign: Launched in 2022 by Trade Dis- Trade conflicts
the Union Ministry of Tourism putes affecting supply
• Kerala Tourism’s Green Carpet initiative promotes chains for renew-
eco-friendly practices in tourism. able energy com-
• Uttarakhand’s ban on construction in the 100-meter ponents.
radius of rivers to protect river ecosystems. Investment Dependence on
• Sunderbans National Park’s management plan is to Sources foreign investment
ensure wildlife conservation alongside tourism. for clean energy in-
• Ladakh’s promotion of electric vehicles and so- frastructure.
lar-powered accommodations for sustainable tour-
ism.
Technology Reliance on for-
• Sikkim’s development of sustainable homestays
Transfer eign technology for
and eco-lodges blend with the natural environment.
clean energy pro-
• Amsterdam: Its mayor has decided to ban cruise
duction.
ships from docking at the city centre
• Hawaii: Residents are protesting against the high
footfall of tourism, often interfering with their social
and cultural life. Political Sta- Instability in pro-
bility ducing countries
Conclusion: affecting energy
While tourism offers economic benefits and cultural ex- security.
changes, its ecological impact cannot be overlooked. Gov-
ernments, stakeholders, and travellers alike must collabo- S a n c t i o n s Sanctions limiting
rate to strike a balance between tourism and environmental and Embar- access to clean en-
preservation. goes ergy technologies
and resources.
Insta links
Tourism in the Himalayas is not uniform; its impacts though National In- National interests
are detrimental terests conflict with global
clean energy goals.
25. IMPACT OF GEOPOLITICS ON CLEAN
Climate Pol- Differing climate
ENERGY TARGETS icy Agendas policies affecting
international coop-
Context: eration.
The move to clean energy is complicated by geopolitical fac-
tors, particularly in the case of Indonesia’s nickel reserves,
which are crucial for battery manufacturing. Access to Fi- Limited access to
nance international fund-
ing for renewable
What is geopolitics?
projects.
Geopolitics refers to the interplay between geography, po-
litical power, and international relations, shaping how na-
tions interact, cooperate, and compete on the global stage.
Measures that need to be taken:
• Diversification of Supply Chains: Develop partner-
ships with multiple countries to ensure a stable and
www.insightsonindia.com 89
Examples
China’s dominance in
rare earth production
impacts clean energy
industries relying on
these minerals.
US-China trade ten-
sions disrupt solar
panel and wind tur-
bine supply chains,
increasing costs.
Indonesia’s reliance
on Chinese invest-
ment for nickel pro-
cessing affects its
clean energy plans.
Restrictions on tech-
nology transfer im-
pact the development
of advanced renew-
able energy technolo-
gies.
Political turmoil in
oil-producing coun-
tries can disrupt glob-
al energy markets, im-
pacting renewables.
US sanctions on Iran
restrict its ability to
access international
clean energy technol-
ogies.
Countries prioritize
fossil fuel industries
for economic reasons,
hampering renewable
energy efforts.
Countries with diver-
gent climate policies
may resist cooperat-
ing on global clean en-
ergy initiatives.
Developing countries
face challenges in se-
curing financing for
large-scale clean ener-
gy projects.

diversified supply of key materials.
• International Collaboration, strategic alliances and
technology transfer
• Promote Fair Trade Practices: Advocate for fair
trade practices and open markets to prevent trade
disputes that disrupt clean energy supply chains.
• Investment in Domestic Production: Provide incen-
tives and subsidies for local manufacturing of re-
newable energy equipment.
• Innovation and Research
• Capacity Building: Support training and knowledge
sharing to enhance local expertise in renewable en-
ergy technologies.
• Climate Agreements: Encourage countries to set
ambitious renewable energy targets and contribute
to reducing carbon emissions.
• Financial Mechanisms: Facilitate access to green
bonds and other sustainable financing options for
clean energy initiatives.
• Sustainable Sourcing Guidelines: Develop and pro-
mote guidelines for sustainable sourcing of materi-
als used in renewable energy technologies.
Conclusion:
In the pursuit of a cleaner and sustainable energy future,
the intricate interplay of geopolitics presents both challeng-
es and opportunities. By fostering collaborative partner-
ships, diversifying supply chains, and investing in research,
countries can mitigate geopolitical barriers and pave the way
for a greener tomorrow.
Insta Links:
Global Financial Pact on Climate Change: Key Takeaways
26. DEBT-FOSSIL FUEL TRAP REPORT
Context:
Poor countries burdened with heavy debts are compelled
to rely on fossil fuels to generate revenue for repaying
loans from richer nations, highlights the Debt-Fossil Fuel
Trap report.
• The Debt-Fossil Fuel Trap report has been released
by the anti-debt campaigner’s Debt Justice and
partners in affected countries.
Findings of the Report “The Debt-Fossil Fuel Trap”:
• Fossil fuel extraction is seen as a means to gener-
ate revenue and alleviate debt for countries in the
global south
o Example of Suriname: Resource-Based
Loans: Creditors are entitled to 30% of oil
revenue until 2050, incentivizing contin-
ued oil exploitation.
o Argentina supports fracking in Vaca Muerta
(Northern Patagonia) to ease the debt cri-
90 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
sis.
• Revenues from fossil fuel projects often fall short
of expectations, leading to further debt.
• External debt payments for global south coun-
tries have risen by 150% between 2011 and 2023,
reaching a 25-year high
• 54 countries in a debt crisis, cutting public spend-
ing during the pandemic to repay loans
• Extreme weather events force countries to borrow
more money for adaptation and mitigation efforts.
o For instance, Dominica’s debt as a percent-
age of GDP rose from 68% to 78% after Hur-
ricane Maria hit the island in 2017.
The report recommends the following actions to address
the issues highlighted:
Recommenda- Description
tions
Ambitious Debt Implement comprehensive debt cancel-
Cancellation lation for countries in need, across all
creditors, without imposing economic
conditions.
Transition to Encourage the adoption of clean and re-
Clean Energy newable energy sources to reduce de-
pendency on fossil fuels.
Wealthy Gov- Wealthy governments and institutions
ernment Sup- should play a role in supporting coun-
port tries to exit the debt-fossil fuel trap.
Sustainable De- Promote sustainable development
velopment strategies that prioritize environmental
protection and economic stability.
Ethical Invest- Ensure that financing and investments
ment align with environmental and social sus-
tainability, rather than contributing to
fossil fuel dependence.
Equitable Fi- Offer fair and just financing terms that
nancing do not exacerbate debt burdens or per-
petuate reliance on fossil fuels.
Insta Links:
How can methane released in livestock belches be reduced?
27. AIR POLLUTION SHORTENS INDIAN
LIFE
Context:
The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) report by the University of
Chicago reveals that fine particulate air pollution (Particulate
Matter 2.5) reduces the average Indian’s life expectancy by
5.3 years.
• This figure is based on the World Health Organiza-
tion’s (WHO) guideline of 5 micrograms per cubic
meter (µg/m3)
Current Affairs 30
Key Findings:
• Particulate pollution is the primary threat to Indian
health, reducing life expectancy by 5.3 years on av-
erage.
• Cardiovascular diseases diminish life expectancy by
about 4.5 years, while malnutrition reduces it by 1.8
years.
• All 1.3 billion Indians live in areas exceeding the
WHO guideline for annual average particulate pol-
lution.
• Approximately 67% of the population lives in re-
gions surpassing India’s own air quality standard of
40 µg/m3
• India contributed over 59% of the world’s increase
in pollution from 2013 to 2021.
• The Northern Plains are the most polluted region
in India and about 39% of residents may lose eight
years of life expectancy compared to WHO guide-
lines.
Reasons Behind Spike in Air Pollution in South Asia
The surge in air pollution in South Asia stems from rapid in-
dustrialization, economic growth, and population expansion.
These factors have led to increased energy demand and fos-
sil fuel usage in the region. In India and Pakistan, the vehicle
count on roads has quadrupled since the early 2000s, while
in Bangladesh, it tripled from 2010 to 2020. Electricity gen-
eration from fossil fuels also tripled between 1998 and 2017
in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan combined. While
this elevated energy consumption improved living standards
and economies, the resulting rise in particulate pollution has
had severe consequences.
WHO’s New Air Quality Guidelines
The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced up-
dated air quality guidelines in 2021 to safeguard popula-
tion health by reducing levels of key air pollutants
These guidelines offer recommended air quality levels for
six pollutants: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone
(O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and car-
bon monoxide (CO)
Suggestions to Improve Air Quality and Health
1. Adopt or revise national air quality standards based on
the latest WHO guidelines.
2. Monitor air quality and identify pollution sources.
3. Promote clean household energy for cooking, heating,
and lighting.
4. Develop safe public transport and pedestrian-friendly
networks.
5. Enforce stricter vehicle emissions and efficiency stan-
dards.
6. Invest in energy-efficient housing and power generation.
7. Enhance industry and municipal waste management
practices.
8. Reduce agricultural waste incineration and forest fires.
9. Incorporate air pollution in health professional curricula.
10. Provide tools for the health sector to address air pol-
lution.
About the AQLI report:
Air Quality Life Index (AQLI) Annual Update 2023 translates
particulate pollution into life expectancy impact and was de-
veloped by the University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Insti-
tute.
Insta Links:
Issues with the Air Pollution Control Measures in India
Topics: Disaster and management.
28. DROUGHT DECLARATION NORMS
Context:
Amid an extended dry period of monsoon rain, Karnataka
has written to the Central government, urging a reevalua-
tion of drought declaration norms.
What are Droughts?
Drought is defined as a deficiency in rainfall/precipitation
over an extended period, causing adverse impacts on veg-
etation, animals, and people. There is no single, legally ac-
cepted definition of drought in India, with states having
their own criteria.
• 74% of India’s districts are vulnerable to extreme
drought situations
Process of Drought Declaration in India:
Steps Process Description
State Governments have the authority to declare
drought-affected regions.
www.insightsonindia.com 91
 Current Affairs 30

1 The first step involves examining two mandatory Suggestions:

indicators:
• Rainfall deviation
• Dry spell
2 The second step involves evaluating four impact
indicators: agriculture, vegetation indices (remote
sensing), soil moisture, and hydrology. States may
choose any three of the four impact indicators
(one from each) to assess drought intensity and
categorize it as severe or moderate.
3 If all three chosen impact indicators are in the ‘se-
vere’ category, it indicates severe drought. If two
of the three chosen impact indicators are in the
‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ category, it indicates mod-
erate drought.
4 After the previous triggers are set off, States con-
duct a sample survey on the ground to determine
the final intensity of drought. Field verification
findings determine if the drought is ‘severe’ or
‘moderate’.
5 Once the intensity of the drought is determined,
the state government issues a notification spec-
ifying the geographical extent of the drought-af-
fected area. The notification is valid for six months
unless de-notified earlier.
Issues with the Drought Declaration process in India:
Issue Description
One-Size-Fits-All The existing norms for drought dec-
Approach laration follow a uniform approach
without considering the diverse chal-
lenges faced in different agro-climat-
ic regions of the state.
Lack of Local Eco- The current criteria do not account
logical Factors for local ecological factors, water
availability, and agricultural practices,
which vary across regions and impact
drought severity.
Inadequate Cap- The Manual for Drought Manage-
turing of Distress ment integrates meteorological, agri-
cultural, and hydrological aspects but
fails to adequately address agricultur-
al distress in rural areas.
Rainfall Deficit Re- The manual’s focus on rainfall defi-
covery cit recovery overlooks the impact of
scanty rainfall during the initial sow-
ing season, causing agricultural dam-
age and triggering drought.
Rigid Definition of The existing three to four-week dry
Dry Spells spell definition does not consider
variations in soil type, crop variety,
temperatures, and vegetative state
that influence crop damage.
• Karnataka has proposed region-specific criteria
that take into account local ecological factors, water
availability, and agricultural practices for declaring
drought.
• Redefining dry spells from the current three to four
weeks to less than two weeks of consecutive dry
spells.
• Factors such as soil type, crop variety, tempera-
tures, and vegetative state must be considered, as
even a two-week dry spell can lead to irreversible
crop damage.
Conclusion:
There must be a balance between the need for accurate
assessments and resource allocation, and the need for a
flexible approach to address unique challenges and require-
ments in different regions within the state.
Insta Links:
• Drought in Numbers, 2022 report
• More flash droughts in India by the end of the cen-
tury
Topics: Challenges to internal security through communica-
tion networks, role of media and social networking sites in
internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; mon-
ey-laundering and its prevention
29. INDIA AND THE NUCLEAR WEAPON
Context:
The article discusses the timeline of India’s nuclear journey
as well as its advantages.
Timeline of India’s Nuclear Journey:
Year Event
1947 India gains independence.
1948 Atomic Energy Act was passed, establishing
AEC.
1950 Nehru’s dual intent strategy on nuclear power.
1964 China conducts its first nuclear test.
1974 India conducts its first nuclear test (Smiling
Buddha).
1985 US President R Reagan tells Rajiv Gandhi about
Pakistan’s bomb.
1989 Rajiv Gandhi approves the development of nu-
clear weapons.
1998 India conducts nuclear tests (Operation Shak-
ti).
1999 Kargil conflict between India and Pakistan.
2005 Indo-US nuclear deal negotiations begin.

92 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
2008 Indo-US nuclear deal ratified by Nuclear Sup-
pliers Group.
Present India maintains a policy of credible minimum
deterrence and global nuclear disarmament.
India’s nuclear doctrine (presented in 1999) since Pokhran-II:
• It highlighted a credible minimum deterrence
(CMD) and a no-first-use (NFU) policy, while
concurrently supporting non-proliferation and
universal disarmament.
• The sole purpose of India’s nuclear deterrence
is to deter adversaries’ use or threat of use of
nuclear weapons.
• The policy changed India’s image and the US
(once an adversary of India’s nuclear programme)
signed a civil nuclear deal with India in 2008,
acknowledging India as a responsible nuclear
player .
India’s Three stages nuclear program
Performance of India’s three-stage nuclear power plan: In-
dia’s three-stage nuclear power programme was formulated
by Homi Bhabha in the 1950s to secure the country’s long-
term energy independence, through the use of uranium and
thorium reserves found in the monazite sands of coastal re-
gions of South India.
• Three-stage nuclear Plan: The first two stages, nat-
ural uranium-fueled heavy water reactors and plu-
tonium-fueled fast breeder reactors, are intended
to generate sufficient fissile material from India’s
limited uranium resources so that all its vast thori-
um reserves can be fully utilized in the third stage of
thermal breeder reactors.
Performance:
• First-stage PHWRs, cover around half the entire ex-
isting base of Indian nuclear power (4780 MW).
• As of now, India produces about 6.7 GW of power
from nuclear fuel from its 22 nuclear power plants,
effectively contributing 1.8 per cent to the total en-
ergy mix.
• While India has successfully completed the first
stage of its nuclear fuel program, the second stage
is still in the works and has taken much longer than
expected.
• The first 500 MW Pressurized Fast Breeder Reactor
(PFBR) BHAVINI, being set up in Kalpakkam, Tamil
Nadu, is still in the process of being commissioned
and has suffered from significant time and cost over-
runs.
• According to a report by the government large-scale
thorium deployment is only to be expected 3 – 4
decades after the commercial operation of fast
breeder reactors. [2040-2070]
o As there is a long delay before direct thorium
utilisation in the three-stage programme,
the country is now looking at reactor de-
signs that allow more direct use of thorium
in parallel with the sequential three-stage
programme.
Nuclear power has empowered India:
Aspect Empowerment through Nuclear Power
Strategic Au- Enables independent decision-making
tonomy in national security matters.
Deterrence Ca- Provides a credible deterrence against
pability potential adversaries.
Global Recogni- Elevates India’s status as a responsible
tion nuclear power on the global stage.
Negotiating Enhances India’s leverage in internation-
Power al diplomatic negotiations.
Technology Ad- Drives advancements in nuclear tech-
vancement nology, research, and development.
Energy Genera- Contributes to clean energy generation
tion and reduces dependence on fossil fuels.
International Facilitates collaboration with other na-
Cooperation tions in nuclear research and trade.
Space Explora- Supports advancements in space tech-
tion nology through nuclear propulsion.
Scientific Excel- Boosts India’s scientific capabilities and
lence human resources development
Conclusion
Nuclear power provides about 10% of the world’s electricity,
and 18% of electricity in OECD countries. Almost all reports
on future energy supply from major organizations suggest
an increasing role for nuclear power as an environmentally
benign way of producing reliable electricity on a large scale.
www.insightsonindia.com 93
 Current Affairs 30
Insta Links: The implications of the prevalence of unethical practices:
• 25th anniversary of Pokhran-II Implications Ethical Issues Examples
• Evolution of India’s nuclear policy
Untrust- Manipulated data un- Falsification of
worthy Re- dermines research clinical trial re-
search credibility. sults
Topics: Various Security forces and agencies and their man-
Global Per- Perceived dishonesty Plagiarism in pub-
date.
ception affects India’s academ- lished research
ic reputation. papers.
GENERAL STUDIES – 4 Student Op- Dishonest image limits Degree certificate
portunities students’ global com- forgery by stu-
1. A CRISIS OF ACADEMIC ETHICS IN INDIA petitiveness. dents.
Leadership Ethical issues impact Corruption in re-
Context: Quality decision-making and search grant allo-
The article discusses India’s potential in academic and sci- organizational integri- cation.
entific research while shedding light on prevalent unethical ty.
practices like data manipulation and plagiarism. Suppressing Consequences for ex- Faculty repri-
Voices pressing opinions curb
manded for criti-
Ethical concerns regarding Indian educational institutions open discussions. cizing policies.
• Prevalent data manipulation and plagiarism Emigration of An unethical environ-Researchers mov-
• Lack of clear ethical codes Talent ment drives research-ing to other coun-
• Misuse of authority by those in power ers to seek opportuni-
tries due to a lack
• Fear of expressing opinions ties abroad. of ethical practic-
• A cultural perspective that sometimes sees cheating es.
as “helping.”
C o m p r o - Lack of emphasis on Unethical con-
• Increasing politicization of college campus
mised Future ethics hinders progress duct leads to loss
and innovation. of research fund-
These issues harm India’s academic reputation and hinder ing.
its potential as a global research leader.
Way forward and Conclusion
Reasons for Prevalence of Unethical Practices:
• Institutions should implement clear ethical codes to
Reasons Explanation provide guidance on handling misconduct.
Absence of Ethi- Many institutions lack clear guidelines • Ethical training modules for students and faculty
cal Code to handle misconduct, leading to un- can foster a culture of integrity.
checked unethical behaviour. • Transparent investigations are essential to address
Easy Data Manip- Software tools make data manipula- misconduct allegations impartially.
ulation tion and plagiarism simpler, making it • Encouraging reporting mechanisms can ensure that
tempting for some researchers. students and faculty can report unethical behaviour
without fear of reprisal.
Authoritarian Be- Misuse of authority by those in power
• Changing leadership perception by promoting lead-
havior discourages genuine complaints and
ers as responsible guides rather than power sources
fosters an environment of fear.
can foster a culture of open dialogue.
Defensive Aca- Instead of investigating, some aca- • Institutions must prioritize ethics by communicat-
demics demics defend accused colleagues, ing expected ethical standards clearly.
hindering proper scrutiny of miscon- • Safeguarding faculty’s rights to express opinions
duct. without retaliation is crucial to promote indepen-
Cultural Perspec- Some students may perceive cheating dent thinking and free expression of ideas.
tive as “helping” rather than recognizing it
as dishonest behaviour.
Fear of Losing Leaders view their roles as power
Control sources and fear being exposed for Insta Links:
their own misconduct. Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude
M i s h a n d l i n g Leaders may punish faculty for ex-
Opinions pressing opinions, limiting indepen-
dent thinking and open discussions.

94 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
2. EXAMPLE OF ETHICS: CHEF PILLAI
AI’s Potential for Ethical and Moral Behavior:
Context:
Award-winning Famous Chef Suresh Pillai recently shared
a heartwarming story that highlights the ethical aspect of
compassion and assistance.
In a viral post, the Chef recounted how his team helped re-
locate the family members of one of their employees from
conflict-ridden Manipur to Kerala. The employee, Susmitha,
was visibly distressed due to her family’s situation back in
Manipur.
Chef Pillai and his team took action, bringing Susmitha’s
mother and sister to Kochi, providing them with accommo-
dation, and even assisting them in finding jobs at the restau-
rant.
Despite the language barrier, the family members quickly
adapted to their roles, showcasing their dedication and re-
silience.
This story demonstrates the importance of empathy and
support for employees’ personal challenges, reflecting Chef
Pillai’s caring nature and ethical responsibility towards his
team. Netizens praised his compassionate actions, hailing
him as a “wonderful soul.”
3. CAN AI BE ETHICAL AND MORAL?
Context:
As AI plays a growing role in decision-making, concerns arise
about its ethical implications in governance.
Ethics vs. Morality:
Ethics is a broader and more systematic study of principles
that guide behavior in a given context, while morality is the
individual’s internalized sense of right and wrong shaped by
personal and cultural factors.
The integration of AI into decision-making raises questions
about whether AI can exhibit ethical behaviour and moral-
ity.
Aspect AI’s Potential for Ethical and Moral
Behavior
Views
Understanding For e.g., AI systems can be trained to
Ethics and Morality identify hate speech and offensive
content to maintain a respectful on-
line environment.
Bias Mitigation AI can be programmed to mitigate
biases and avoid unfair discrimina-
tion.
Decision-Making AI can make ethical decisions based
on predefined rules and data. (but
lacks true moral understanding)
Counterview
Learning from Data AI learns from data, which might in-
clude biased or unethical informa-
tion, leading to unintended conse-
quences.
Ethics in AI: Kan- Applying Kantian ethics to AI deci-
tian Perspective sion-making within governance rais-
es concerns. Delegating decisions to
algorithms could undermine human
moral reasoning and responsibility.
Isaac Asimov’s ‘Three Laws of Robot-
ics’ also highlights the challenges in
translating ethics into AI rules.
Programming Eth- Programming ethical AI is more
ics into AI: A Com- challenging than programming AI for
plex Task tasks like chess due to the intricate
nature of ethical considerations.
Autonomy and In- AI lacks consciousness and intent,
tent making its actions neither inherent-
ly moral nor immoral. E.g., A robot
that assists the elderly with daily
tasks completes them efficiently but
without genuine care or compassion.
Accountability and As AI assumes decision-making
Liability roles, accountability questions arise.
If AI-based decisions turn out to be
unethical, who bears responsibility?
Punishing AI is problematic as it lacks
emotions. Deciding who is account-
able—AI developer, AI user, or AI it-
self—poses a significant challenge
Unintended Conse- E.g., Social media algorithms, while
quences aiming to show relevant content,
might inadvertently create echo
chambers and reinforce biases.
Continuous Learn- AI’s ability to learn and adapt can
ing lead to ethical shifts over time, re-
quiring ongoing evaluation.
www.insightsonindia.com 95

Human Oversight The ethical behaviour of AI often
requires human oversight and inter-
vention. E.g., Content moderation
platforms use AI to flag potentially
inappropriate content, but human
moderators make final decisions.
Conclusion:
Ethics integration into AI is intricate, and its implications
must be approached with care. While AI can contribute to
decision-making, ensuring its ethical behaviour requires ad-
dressing complex challenges and considering liability scenar-
ios.
For Generative AI: What are the potential applications and
ethical concerns? Click Here
Insta Links:
A new global standard for AI ethics
CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT
GS-1
1. SDCS TO PROMOTE TRIBAL CULTURE
The Odisha government has implemented the Special Devel-
opment Councils (SDCs) initiative to preserve and promote
tribal culture while ensuring economic development.
The SDCs focus on:
• Identifying and promoting important cultural
markers of tribal identity, such as language, sacred
groves, and tribal artisans
• Over 21 tribal proficiency centres have been estab-
lished to educate about tribal culture and dialect
• More than 4,500 sacred groves are being conserved.
• Artisan ID cards have been issued to over 40,000
tribal artisans to preserve culture and create em-
ployment opportunities
• Ensuring cultural context is considered in the devel-
opment projects.
Usage:
The example can be used in an Indian Society/ Anthropology
paper.
96 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
2. UNESCO HERITAGE DANGER LIST
Context:
Experts from UNESCO have recommended adding the Ital-
ian city of Venice to the list of world heritage sites in danger
due to long-standing problems such as over-tourism and
the effects of climate change.
• The city has been grappling with these issues for
years, leading to deterioration and damage to its
cultural and environmental attributes. Kyiv and Lviv
in Ukraine are also recommended to be put on the
danger list this year.
List of World Heritage in Danger:
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or-
ganization (UNESCO) compiles the list of World Heritage in
Danger.
The List contains world heritage sites that are threatened
by various conditions such as natural disasters, armed con-
flicts, wars, pollution, unchecked urbanisation, poaching,
and uninhibited tourist development.
3. EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN TO THE INTER-
NET
China’s Cyberspace Administration has introduced regula-
tions aimed at reducing the time children spend on smart-
phones. The proposed guidelines:
• Limit minors’ access to most internet services on
mobile devices from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.
• Restrict internet use to two hours a day for those
aged 16-18, one hour a day for ages 8-15, and 40
minutes for children under 8.
Internet addiction among youth can lead to detrimental
effects such as reduced academic performance, impaired
social interactions, sleep disturbances, mental health issues
like anxiety and depression, and decreased physical activity.
The restrictions are part of China’s efforts to combat internet
addiction among youth.
Also, read:
UNESCO endorses banning smartphones from schools
Usage: The example can be used in Indian society/ ethics pa-
per.
Current Affairs 30
4. JANJATIYA GAURAV CORRIDOR INITIA-
TIVE
To boost rail infrastructure and enhance rail connectivity in
tribal-dominated regions, the “Janjatiya Gaurav Corridor”
initiative has been launched.
The “Janjatiya Gaurav Corridor” with an allocated budget of
₹70,000 Crore for the fiscal year 2023-24 aims to establish
an umbrella framework for new rail lines.
Significance: The initiative is significant as it aims to enhance
rail connectivity in tribal-dominated regions, promoting in-
frastructure development and socio-economic growth. This
effort addresses connectivity gaps, supports tribal communi-
ties, and contributes to overall regional development.
Usage: The example can be used as a government initiative
for tribal upliftment in Indian Society/Social Justice/ Anthro-
pology papers.
5. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IS KILLING LAN-
GUAGES
Climate change-induced forced migration is causing lan-
guage extinction, particularly in regions rich in languages.
Environmental disasters like floods and storms are displacing
people, leading to language loss.
Migration for economic benefits also drives language shift,
as seen with Indigenous languages in the US and Australia.
Environmental-driven migration in vulnerable regions like
South Asia endangers languages in Papua New Guinea, Van-
uatu, Indonesia, India, and the Philippines. Small communi-
ties dispersing due to migration hinder traditional preserva-
tion methods, accelerating language loss.
Usage: The case study can be used in an Indian Society/ An-
thropology / Sociology question paper.
6. KALKA-SHIMLA RAILWAY (KSR)
The over 120-year-old Kalka-Shimla Railway (KSR), a UNESCO
World Heritage Site, has been severely damaged by heavy
rainfall and landslides in Himachal Pradesh.
About KSR:
The Kalka-Shimla railway line (about 96km line; built be-
tween 1898-1903 under the direction of Herbert Septimus
Harington and dedicated by Lord Curzon), designated a UN-
ESCO world heritage site in 2008 under “Mountain Railways
of India,” has been a popular tourist attraction. This railway
network includes two other scenic routes:
• Darjeeling Himalayan Railway in West Bengal
• Nilgiri Mountain Railways in Tamil Nadu.
The Indian Railways introduced a luxurious seven-coach Vis-
tadome train named Him Darshan Express in 2019 on the
historic Kalka-Shimla route.
7. KANNIYAKUMARI’S MATTI BANANA
Context:
The Matti banana variety, native to the Kanniyakumari dis-
trict was granted the Geographical Indication (GI) tag, and is
known for its unique characteristics that thrive only in the
specific climate and soil conditions of its native region.
• The Matti banana flourishes due to the area’s spe-
cial conditions, producing a slightly larger-than-hu-
man finger-sized fruit with a sweet fragrance and
honey-like taste that can’t be replicated elsewhere.
• There are six known types of Matti bananas, each
with unique attributes like colour, aroma, and taste.
• A hybrid, Semmati, is a mix of Matti and Red ba-
nana, possessing qualities beneficial for child
growth and even suitable for diabetics.
The uniqueness of the Matti banana is attributed to a com-
bination of factors including humidity, water, temperature,
soil composition, and nutrient balance.
Experts highlight the significance of the Genotype-Environ-
ment-Microbiome interaction (G×ExM) for gene expression,
underscoring the importance of the environment in shaping
genetic traits. The distinctiveness of the Matti banana arises
from a complex interplay of factors, making it difficult to
reproduce its qualities in other areas with a single factor.
www.insightsonindia.com 97

8. SOLUTION TO MINIMIZE HEATWAVES IN
URBAN INDIA
The study conducted by the Centre for Science and Environ-
ment (CSE) explores the impact of different urban forms on
heat resilience.
Key findings and recommendations include:
• Morphology Influence: Areas with open highrise,
open midrise, and compact midrise urban mor-
phologies show lower land surface temperatures
(LST), indicating better heat resilience.
o Low-rise areas with sparse vegetation tend
to have higher LST.
• Blue/Green Infrastructure: Greenery, like trees,
shrubs, and grass, enhances microclimates. Effective
vegetation cover (EVC) reduces LST; trees with thick
foliage are more effective.
• Floor Space Index (FSI): Higher FSI correlates with
lower LST. Increased FSI results in decreased tem-
peratures.
• Street Orientation: North-south-oriented streets
have higher LST due to sun exposure, offering guide-
lines for urban planning.
• Cooling Solutions: Different urban forms can have
distinct zoning regulations for heat resilience, such
as shaded walkways, cool roofs, and high EVC.
• Adapting Urban Plans: Cities should amend building
by-laws and master plans based on factors influenc-
ing heat gain.
• Impact on Energy Consumption: A 1°C temperature
decrease can lead to a 2% reduction in the city’s
power consumption.
GS-2
1. ODISHA MILLETS MISSION (OMM)
Context:
The state of Odisha in India has taken a progressive step
in promoting millets by involving Women Self-Help Groups
(SHGs) in the millet value chain through its Odisha Millets
Mission (OMM).
Odisha Millets Mission (OMM):
• Under the OMM, Millet Shakti Cafés and Outlets
have been established in various districts, showcas-
ing a diverse range of millet-based food items.
• OMM has facilitated training in recipe formulation,
packaging, quality control, marketing, and other
skills, empowering women to participate effectively
in the millet industry.
98 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Usage: The example can be used in Governance, Women
and health-related questions.
2. SKILLING IN EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
The Directorate General of Training (DGT) is partnering with
Amazon Web Services (AWS) India to offer skilling programs
on emerging technologies.
Aim: The collaboration aims to upskill students of Industri-
al Training Institutes (ITIs) and National Skill Training Insti-
tutes (NSTIs) in areas like cloud computing, data annotation,
artificial intelligence (AI), and machine learning (ML).
Under this initiative, AWS India will provide self-paced on-
line learning programs at no cost to students through DGT’s
Bharat Skills platform. The platform serves as a central re-
pository of updated curricula, course content, question
banks, and learning videos for various courses.
Usage: The example can be used as a way forward in ques-
tions related to Skilling using a public-private model of learn-
ing in future technologies.
3. G20 EMPOWER TECH EQUITY DIGITAL
INCLUSION PLATFORM
Union Minister for Women and Child Development, Smriti
Irani, will launch the G20 EMPOWER Tech Equity Digital In-
clusion Platform at the G-20 EMPOWER summit in Gandhi-
nagar.
Launched by: The platform is launched by G20 Alliance for
the Empowerment and Progression of Women’s Economic
Representation (G20 EMPOWER) with the Ministry’s sup-
port.
Aim: The platform aims to bridge the gender digital divide
by providing women and girls with digital skills to thrive in
the technology-driven global landscape.
The platform is available in over 120 languages and offers
digital skilling courses for women across G20 nations.
Usage: The example can be used to highlight government
initiatives for bridging the gender digital divide across G20
countries.
Current Affairs 30
4. G20 PRINCIPLES FOR FINANCING CITIES
OF TOMORROW
The G20 member countries have endorsed the “G20 Princi-
ples for Financing Cities of Tomorrow: Inclusive, Resilient
and Sustainable.” These voluntary principles aim to enhance
the efficient use of financial resources for inclusive and sus-
tainable urban development.
Suggested measures for cities:
Measures Examples
Revenue Augmenta- Introducing a local sales tax for
tion Through Own goods and services.
Source Revenue- Implementing a business license
sOSR fee for enterprises.
Collecting parking fees in commer-
cial areas.
Market-based Solu- Partnering with a private company
tions (e.g., PPPs) to build a new city hospital.
Contracting a private firm for waste
management services.
Leverage Land as a Developing a commercial complex
Financing Solution near a new metro station.
Selling development rights to raise
funds for public infrastructure.
Enhancing City Cred- Implementing efficient budget allo-
itworthiness cation and financial reporting.
Establishing a stable and transpar-
ent revenue collection system.
Maintaining a strong credit history
for past infrastructure projects.
Technology Inter- Implementing a Geographic Infor-
ventions mation System (GIS) for property
tax assessment.
Utilizing a SCADA system for re-
al-time monitoring of water supply
networks.
City-to-City Exchang- Sharing urban planning strategies
es and International with a sister city to improve infra-
Cooperation structure.
Adopt Nature-based Planting trees and creating green
Solutions (NbS) spaces in urban areas.
Establishing urban gardens to pro-
mote biodiversity.
Implementing rainwater harvest-
ing systems to manage water re-
sources.
Integrated Approach Designing infrastructure with
for earthquake-resistant features.
Risk Reduction Constructing flood barriers and im-
and Disaster Resil- proving drainage systems.
ience Developing emergency response
plans for natural disasters.
Enabling Spatial Eq- Building universally accessible
uity parks and playgrounds.
Initiating affordable housing proj-
ects for low-income families.
Improving public transportation
options in underserved neighbour-
hoods.
- Establishing community centres
that offer healthcare and education
services.
Usage: Few points can be taken and used for answering
questions related to urban development and financing
5. CHENNAI CITY PARTNERSHIP
Context:
The World Bank is set to provide funding for projects aimed
at creating safe and efficient streets in Chennai as part of
the second phase of the Chennai City Partnership.
Its objectives include:
• Enhancing the city’s digital infrastructure for e-mo-
bility and smart parking solutions
• Improving bus services, suburban rail services, and
climate-resilient public infrastructure
• Establishing parking facilities, and transport hubs
across various parts of the city.
• Creating walkable neighbourhoods with well-con-
nected primary streets along transit routes, integrat-
ing them with schools and parks.
• Special projects tailored to each neighbourhood,
involving stakeholders, will be identified and imple-
mented.
The first phase of the Chennai Mega Streets Programme
has already identified 110 km of arterial and sub-arterial
roads for development.
6. SUPREME COURT VERDICT ON RAHUL
GANDHI’S CONVICTION CASE
Context:
Recently Supreme Court put a stay order on Rahul Gandhi’s
conviction in a defamation case.
www.insightsonindia.com 99

Background of the Case: Rahul Gandhi was convicted of
criminal defamation for comments made during an election
rally. He accused individuals with the surname “Modi” of
being involved in financial fraud. A Gujarat BJP leader filed
a complaint, leading to his conviction and disqualification
from Parliament.
What was the SC verdict?
• The Supreme Court’s order has stayed Rahul Gand-
hi’s conviction, effectively nullifying his two-year
sentence in a defamation case.
• Disqualification Nullified: His disqualification from
Parliament was a result of the conviction. With the
stay granted, there are no grounds for his disquali-
fication anymore.
Once the Lok Sabha secretariat formally revokes the disqual-
ification, Rahul can return to Parliament as an MP with his
perks.
About Defamation:
7. ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AF-
RICAN STATES (ECOWAS)
Context:
In the ongoing crisis in Niger, where a military coup
ousted the president, ECOWAS has been active.
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
is a regional bloc established in 1975 with the goal of pro-
moting economic integration among its 15 member coun-
tries in West Africa.
Members: These countries include Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape
Verde, Cote d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea
Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal,
and Togo.
100 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Aim: ECOWAS aims to achieve a single common currency
and create a large trading bloc in various sectors like indus-
try, transport, telecommunications, energy, finance, and cul-
ture.
• The organization is committed to democratic princi-
ples, the rule of law, and good governance.
Actions taken:
• ECOWAS has a history of intervening in conflicts
within the region, having deployed peacekeep-
ing forces and playing roles in resolving conflicts in
countries like Liberia and Sierra Leone.
• It suspended members like Mali, Guinea, and Burki-
na Faso following coups in those countries, refusing
to recognize their new governments.
8. VISA ISSUANCE SUSPENSIONS BETWEEN
FRANCE AND MALI
Context:
France and Mali have suspended the issuance of visas to
each other’s citizens, escalating a dispute between the two
countries.
Background: The conflict between France and Mali stems
from Mali’s 2020 military junta takeover, ousting the elect-
ed president over security and political failures. France’s
concerns about regional tensions increased Russian involve-
ment, and security issues led to a phased withdrawal of its
anti-jihadist force.
Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mali is the
eighth-largest country in Africa. The country is bordered on
the north by Algeria, on the east by Niger, on the south by
Burkina Faso and Côte d’Ivoire, and on the west by Guinea
and Senegal.
Current Affairs 30
In the late 19th century, during the Scramble for Africa,
France seized control of Mali, making it a part of French Su-
dan. French Sudan (then known as the Sudanese Republic)
joined Senegal in 1959, achieving independence in 1960 as
the Mali Federation.
9. SUSWAGATAM PORTAL
Context:
The Supreme Court has introduced the ‘SuSwagatam’ por-
tal, an online platform that facilitates the issuance of e-pass-
es for entering the apex court.
About the portal:
‘SuSwagatam’ is a user-friendly web application that en-
ables advocates, visitors, and interns to register online and
request e-passes for various purposes, including attending
court hearings and meeting with advocates.
10. ATHIDHI PORTAL
Context:
The Kerala government is set to launch the ‘Athidhi Portal’,
which aims to expedite the registration process for migrant
workers in the state.
Need of the portal:
• In light of recent incidents involving sexual crimes
against children allegedly carried out by migrant
workers, the government is taking measures to en-
hance the registration of “guest workers.”
• The exploitation of unregistered migrants by con-
tractors and the lack of social security
About the portal:
The portal will introduce a unique identification system and
facilitate the registration of workers by contractors, em-
ployers, and individual workers themselves. The goal is to
ensure comprehensive registration and provide social secu-
rity for all migrant workers.
11. INDIAN WEB BROWSER DEVELOP-
MENT CHALLENGE (IWBDC)
Context:
The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (Me-
itY) introduced the Indian Web Browser Development Chal-
lenge (IWBDC) at the India Habitat Centre in New Delhi.
Aim of the Challenge: The challenge aims to encourage
technology enthusiasts and developers across India to cre-
ate an indigenous web browser with advanced features and
heightened security.
Collaborations: The initiative is a collaborative effort of Me-
itY, the Controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA), and C-DAC
Bangalore.
Key points of the IWBDC launch:
Aspect Details
Challenge Ob- The IWBDC inspires developers to create
jective a homegrown web browser equipped
with its trust store containing a Con-
troller of Certifying Authorities (CCA)
India root certificate. Browser features
should encompass cutting-edge func-
tionalities, robust security, data privacy,
accessibility, and user-friendliness.
Digital Signa- The proposed browser envisions incor-
tures porating the ability to digitally sign doc-
uments using a crypto token, thereby
enhancing secure transactions and dig-
ital interactions.
C o m p e t i t i o n The IWBDC comprises three rounds: ide-
Structure ation, shortlisting, and the final round.
Participation The launch event drew over 200 partic-
ipants from various sectors, including
government departments, industry, aca-
demia, and startups. The challenge wel-
comes individuals and groups to submit
innovative browser ideas.
www.insightsonindia.com 101

Internet Resil- Developing an Indian Web Browser
ience with an inbuilt India Root Certificate
enhances the nation’s internet resil-
ience by reducing dependence on for-
eign entities for SSL certificates.
Significance:
• The IWBDC launch signifies a significant step toward
fostering local innovation, ensuring data security,
and achieving digital self-sufficiency for India.
• The challenge aligns with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat
(self-reliant India) initiative, aiming to achieve
self-sufficiency and bolster India’s digital sovereign-
ty.
• Championing Digital India: Recognizing web brows-
ers’ critical role in shaping online experiences, the
challenge contributes to the ongoing Digital India
transformation by fostering indigenous innovation.
What is an India root certificate?
The India Root Certificate is a digital certificate issued by a
trusted authority in India. It serves as a foundational ele-
ment for establishing secure digital communications and
transactions within the country’s online ecosystem. This cer-
tificate verifies the authenticity of websites, software, and
digital signatures, contributing to enhanced security and
trust in online interactions.
Top browsers like Chrome and Firefox do not include CCA in
their root stores. Due to this, for digital certificates or Secu-
rity Sockets Layer (SSL) certificates, India has depended on
SSL certificates issued by Roots of Foreign Entities.
About CCA:
The controller of Certifying Authorities (CCA) was appoint-
ed under the Information Technology (IT) Act 2000 of MeitY,
to issue certificates only to Certifying Authorities (CAs). CAs
issue Digital Signature Certificates to end entities.
Digital Signatures are valid under IT Act 2000. For identifying
and verifying CAs, CCA established the Root Certifying Au-
thority of India (RCAI) under IT Act.
12. MAJOR QUOTES AND SPEECHES OF
PM MODI FROM 2014 ONWARDS
Year Themes and Major Quotes
2014 Sangachhadhwam: We walk together, we move to-
gether, we think together, we resolve together and
together we take this country forward
Make in India
Banking for All
102 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
2015 “I want to tell Team India comprising 1.25 billion
people, that this country can become corrup-
tion-free.”
2016 “The people of Balochistan, the people of Gilgit,
the people of Pakistan Occupied Kashmir... ac-
knowledge the Prime Minister of India, they hon-
our him.”
2017 Against Religious Hatred: “Violence in the name
of Aastha is not something to be happy about, it
will not be accepted in India. Bharat Jodo.”
2018 “India 100% open defecation free, electrification,
providing LPG gas connection to every woman,
implementation of GST. The constitutional status
given to the OBC Commission.”
2019 “Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A has been car-
ried out in both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha by a
two-thirds majority.”
2020 Atmanirbhar Bharat: “Today self-reliance is etched
in the mind of every Indian. Self-reliant India is not
just an expression, it has become the mantra for
130 crore countrymen.”
2021 “Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas, Sabka Vishwas, and
now Sabka Prayas are very important for the
achievement of our goals.”
2022 Panch Pran” (Five Resolutions) for the coming 25
years:
• “The first Pran is for the country to move
ahead with the major resolve of a devel-
oped India.
• The second Pran was to liberate ourselves
from the mindset of slavery.
• The third Pran was about feeling proud of
the country’s heritage and legacy.
• The fourth Pran was “unity and solidarity”.
• The fifth Pran was the duty of citizens.
Major Quotes
India’s Greatest It highlights the government’s
Strength is Trust emphasis on Trust-based gover-
nance.
Nation First Emphasizes Patriotism and Na-
tional interest
Reform, Perform and Highlights performance-driven
Transform governance
Sarvjan Hitay, Sarva- Welfare for All
jan Sukhaya
Amrit Kaal is Kartavya Emphasizes duty and responsibil-
Kaal- an era of Duty ity in Governance
Current Affairs 30
13. “KARNATAKA’S ‘KOOSINA MANE’
CRECHES: REDEFINING CHILDCARE
Context:
Karnataka government has introduced the ‘Koosina Mane’
initiative, which aims to provide childcare support for wom-
en enrolled under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Em-
ployment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) and other working
mothers.
The scheme involves setting up child homes or creches
across 4,000-gram panchayats, offering healthcare, nutri-
tion, and safety for children.
Significance of the scheme:
• Boosting Women’s Labor Force Participation
• Acknowledging Working Mothers
• Redistribution of Childcare Burden from women, en-
hancing their ability to engage in better paying and
more sustainable work.
• Addressing Child Safety by providing a well-managed
childcare infrastructure with trained caregivers.
• Enabling Maternity Protection.
• Fostering Women’s Employment
Other schemes: Shakti scheme (free state bus travel for
women); Gruha Jyothi scheme (Raising the living conditions
of residents by subsidizing electricity up to 200 units per
month)
GS-3
1. JALDOST AIRBOAT
JALDOST is an airboat developed by the National Aerospace
Laboratories (NAL) designed to clean water bodies by re-
moving excess aquatic weeds and floating waste. It features
an unsinkable airtight pontoon-type hull and a hybrid pro-
pulsion system. JALDOST Mark-2, designed based on BBMP
specifications, aims to clean lakes in Bengaluru and collect
waste using a steel mesh conveyor system.
Usage: The example can be used in Environment conserva-
tion questions related to water pollution.
2. INDIA’S FIRST CAPTIVE BREEDING SUC-
CESS STORY IN ASSAM ZOO
In 2011-2012, Himalayan vultures were saved from poison-
ing incidents in Assam. Despite doubts from veterinarians
about surviving the hot and humid weather, most survived
and contributed to India’s first successful captive breeding of
Himalayan vultures at Assam State Zoo.
Usage: The example can be used in environment conserva-
tion questions.
About Himalayan vultures
The Himalayan Griffon vulture, also known as the Himalayan
Vulture, is found in the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau. It
ranges from western China to central China and Mongolia,
with the ability to fly at altitudes of up to 5,500 meters. It’s
classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN.
3. FEDIVERSE
What is Fediverse?
The fediverse is a collection of federated social network-
ing services that operate on decentralized networks using
open-source standards.
In this system, a network of servers, managed by third par-
ties, facilitates communication between users of various
social media platforms, enabling seamless cross-platform
interaction. Meta, the parent company of Facebook, Insta-
gram, and WhatsApp, is planning to include its new Threads
app in the fediverse.
This approach allows users to communicate across different
social media platforms without creating separate accounts
www.insightsonindia.com 103

for each one (similar to the benefits of UPI in payment
space). Platforms like Pixelfed, PeerTube, Lemmy, Diaspora,
and others already utilize the fediverse.
4. DEVIKA: NORTH INDIA’S FIRST RIVER
REJUVENATION PROJECT
North India’s first River Rejuvenation Project, named Devi-
ka, is almost finished and was inaugurated by Prime Minis-
ter Narendra Modi. This project modeled after the ‘Namami
Ganga’ initiative, is aimed at restoring the health of the De-
vika River (in Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir).
The Liquid Waste Management Project involves creating a
network of pipes and manholes connecting households un-
der the Devika Rejuvenation Project. Additionally, a Solid
Waste Management Project is planned to further enhance
the river’s restoration.
5. DEEPOR BEEL
Deepor Beel, a vital wetland in Guwahati, Assam, faces an-
thropogenic threats despite its protected status. Indigenous
names like “beel” signify cultural and ecological connec-
tions, with local livelihoods intertwined with the wetland’s
resources.
Efforts to sustainably coexist with the wetland include ini-
tiatives by local women who convert water hyacinths into
products, offering employment and improving the ecosys-
tem’s health. Similarly, “Kumbhi Kagaz” produces biode-
gradable paper from water hyacinths, enhancing the wet-
land’s condition and supporting alternative livelihoods.
Usage: The example can be used to highlight how local
knowledge and communities can be incorporated into sus-
tainable conservation efforts.
About the Deepor Beel:
Situated in the southwest of Guwahati, Assam, Deepor Beel
is not only one of the largest freshwater lakes in the region
but also holds the distinction of being the state’s sole Ram-
sar site. It’s recognized as an Important Bird Area by Birdlife
International and was once a water channel of the Brahma-
putra River.
104 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
6. AIR POLLUTION LINKED TO RISE IN AN-
TIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Context:
A global study suggests that air pollution is contributing to
a rise in antibiotic resistance, posing a significant threat to
human health worldwide.
• The analysis shows a consistent link between in-
creased air pollution and rising antibiotic resistance
in every country and continent.
• Particulate matter PM2.5 in the air can contain an-
tibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes, which might
be inhaled by humans, potentially contributing to
resistance.
Key findings:
• The study, the first comprehensive global analysis of
this connection, suggests that reducing air pollution
could help mitigate antibiotic resistance.
• The study acknowledges that while air pollution is
recognized as a pathway for disseminating anti-
biotic resistance, there is limited data on specific
routes that antibiotic-resistant genes travel via air
pollution.
• The research found that antibiotic resistance in-
creases with PM2.5 air pollution, with a 10% rise
in pollution associated with a 1.1% increase in re-
sistance.
• A modelling scenario suggests that without chang-
es to current air pollution policies, antibiotic resis-
tance could rise by 17% by 2050, resulting in around
840,000 annual premature deaths attributed to re-
sistance.
Current Affairs 30
7. PLANT-EATING DINOSAUR SPECIES
Context:
Scientists from IIT-Roorkee and the Geological Survey of In-
dia (GSI) have discovered the fossil remains of a new dino-
saur species in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan, naming it ‘Tharosaurus
indicus’.
• This long-necked, plant-eating dinosaur belongs to
the dicraeosaurid group. The name “Tharosaurus
indicus” is derived from the Thar desert, where the
fossils were unearthed, and “indicus” denotes its
origin in India.
Significance:
• First in India: The dicraeosaurid dinosaur had previ-
ously been found in the North and South Americas,
Africa, and China. This is the first instance of such
fossils being discovered in India.
• Oldest Diplodocoid Dinosaur: The fossils were
found in rocks estimated to be around 167 million
years old. This makes the Tharosaurus indicus not
only the oldest known dicraeosaurid dinosaur but
also the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur globally.
8. HAVANA SYNDROME
Context:
The Indian Central government has informed the Karnataka
High Court that it will investigate the matter of the ‘Havana
Syndrome’ in India, in response to a petition from a Benga-
luru resident.
• The petitioner had requested a writ of mandamus
for an inquiry into the syndrome and the prevention
of high-frequency microwave transmission in India.
About Havana Syndrome:
• Havana Syndrome refers to a set of mental health
symptoms experienced by US intelligence and em-
bassy officials in various countries. These symptoms
include hearing unusual sounds, nausea, vertigo,
headaches, memory loss, and balance issues. The
syndrome originated in Cuba in 2016, affecting US
officials there, and has since been reported in mul-
tiple countries.
While the exact cause of Havana Syndrome is not certain, it
was initially suspected to be related to a “sonic attack” due
to the sudden onset of symptoms. Later research suggested
that high-powered microwaves might be involved, damag-
ing or interfering with the nervous system.
9. OS MAYA
Context:
Amidst rising cyber and malware attacks on defence and
critical infrastructure, India’s Defense Ministry plans to re-
place the Microsoft Operating System (OS) with a new
open-source OS called Maya, developed locally based on
Ubuntu.
• Maya offers a similar interface and functionality as
Windows, easing the transition for users.
• A cybersecurity system called Chakravyuh is being
deployed for endpoint detection and protection.
Developed by government agencies within six months,
Maya is expected to mitigate the increasing malware and
cyberattacks that have targeted critical infrastructure and
defence systems. This initiative aligns with past efforts to
replace Windows OS with an indigenous alternative in the
Defense Ministry.
www.insightsonindia.com 105
 Current Affairs 30

10. CHINA’S ‘SPONGE CITIES’ AND THEIR What is Rashba splitting?

FLOOD CHALLENGES
Context:
China’s recent devastating floods have raised questions about
the effectiveness of its “sponge city” initiative launched in
2015 to reduce urban flood risks.
What is a “sponge city”?
A “sponge city” is an urban initiative that employs na-
ture-based solutions like permeable surfaces, canals, ponds,
and wetland restoration to enhance water absorption, drain-
age, and flood resilience. The goal is to mitigate waterlog-
ging and urban flooding caused by rapid urbanization and
impermeable surfaces.
Rashba splitting is a quantum phenomenon in materials
where spin-up and spin-down electrons separate due to in-
teractions with an electric field.
For instance, in a 2-D carbide material, Rashba splitting
causes momentum-dependent separation of electron spin
bands, enabling novel spintronic device applications.
Quantum materials possess unique physical properties that
stem from quantum effects like coherence and entangle-
ment. These properties have the potential to revolutionize
quantum technology applications, including quantum com-
puting, communication, sensors, and memory devices.

Issues with the “Sponge City”?

Rapid urbanization and concrete development have com-
promised natural water absorption, leading to waterlogging
and floods. Despite the initiative, many cities remain vulner-
able to flooding. Limitations include the inability of sponge
city infrastructure to handle extreme rainfall events and
the need to catch up with the impacts of climate change in
less-developed regions.

Usage: The example can be used in Governance, Disaster

Management Questions to show the impact of extreme cli-
mate.

11. SCIENTISTS DESIGN 2D COMPOSITE

QUANTUM MATERIAL
Context:
A team of scientists has used computational techniques to
design a novel 2D composite quantum material that exhib-
its an exotic quantum property called Rashba splitting.
What is composite quantum material?
A composite quantum material combines two different
quantum properties in one substance.
For instance, a 2-D carbide structure named Mo2COX dis-
plays both the Rashba effect and nonlinear anomalous Hall
effect, offering the potential for advanced spintronic devices.
What is Spintronics?
Spintronics is a technology (used on next-generation nano-
electronic devices) that exploits the intrinsic spin of electrons
alongside their charge for innovative electronic devices.
An example is a spin transistor, where electron spin is used
for information storage and processing, potentially leading
to more energy-efficient and faster electronic devices.
12. ZAYED TALWAR
Context:
The Indian Navy’s ships INS Visakhapatnam and INS Trikand
have arrived in Dubai to conduct the bilateral exercise ‘Zayed
Talwar’ with the UAE Navy.
Aim: The exercise aims to enhance interoperability and co-
operation between the two naval forces. The visit seeks to
strengthen the maritime partnership, share best practices,
and foster a common understanding of security challenges
in the region.
Other exercises between India and UAE:
• Exercise Desert Flag (Air Force)
• In-UAE BILAT (bilateral naval exercise)
• Desert Eagle (bilateral air force exercise)

106 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
13. NIVESHAK SARATHI
The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authori-
ty (IEPFA) and Common Service Centre (CSC) have jointly
launched “Niveshak Sarathi” (translates to “Investor Guide”
or “Investor Mentor”) Vans in Delhi-NCR as part of the Azadi
ka Amrit Mahotsav celebrations.
Aim: The initiative aims to enhance financial literacy and
awareness about fraudulent schemes in the region. The
vans are equipped with a TV screen showcasing investor
awareness movies, a public address system, and informa-
tive brochures.
Process: The initiative included sessions conducted by Vil-
lage Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs) from IEPFA at key locations.
Common Service Centre served as the knowledge partner
for this campaign.
Usage: The example can be used in an Economy/ Ethics case
study to show steps that can be used for improving financial
literacy.
About IEPFA:
The Investor Education and Protection Fund Authority
(IEPFA) was established by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs
to manage the Investor Education and Protection Fund. It
focuses on refunding shares, unclaimed dividends, matured
deposits, and debentures to investors, among other respon-
sibilities.
About CSC:
The Common Service Centre (CSC) 2.0 Project, initiated un-
der Digital India, aims to set up service centres in Gram Pan-
chayats across India to deliver citizen-centric services.
14. TELANGANA ON TRACK TO BECOME
A LEADER IN AI
A report highlights Telangana’s organized approach to devel-
oping and spreading Artificial Intelligence (AI) across various
sectors. The report suggests that due to the rapid adoption
of AI, Telangana is on track to become a global leader in the
AI field, not just within the country but on an international
level.
• Telangana AI Mission (T-AIM): Collaborative effort
with Nasscom to develop an AI ecosystem.
• Transformative Projects: AI-driven solutions in agri-
culture, pension authentication, pothole detection,
and more.
• Generative AI Advancements: Novel content cre-
ation across domains.
• Innovation Ecosystem: Robust research and devel-
opment fostering AI growth.
Usage: The example can be used for an S&T question.
15. GRAPHENE-AURORA PROGRAM
The “Graphene-Aurora Program” was launched by MeitY
Maker Village in Kochi, Kerala. This initiative, led by Digital
University Kerala, aims to bridge the gap between graphene
research and commercialization. The establishment of the
India Graphene Engineering and Innovation Centre (I-GEIC)
will play a pivotal role in this effort.
What is Graphene?
Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a
hexagonal lattice, forming a two-dimensional structure. It is
known for its remarkable properties, including exceptional
strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
Uses of Graphene:
Graphene’s unique characteristics make it a versatile ma-
terial with various potential applications across different
industries. It is used in electronics for creating faster and
more efficient devices, in materials science for reinforcing
composites, in energy storage for enhancing battery perfor-
mance, and in medical fields for drug delivery and biosen-
sors, among other uses.
Usage: The example can be used in the S&T question to
show the government programme in the field of Nano Tech/
Graphene development.
16. TRADITIONAL RICE VARIETY: RED
RICE
Varsha Sharma, a farmer from Himachal Pradesh, India, has
faced challenges due to erratic rainfall and water diversion
for industries, impacting her rice farming. She shifted to hy-
brid rice varieties and apple cultivation, but the hybrid rice
required excessive additives that damaged the soil.
In 2018, she turned to red rice, a traditional variety that
thrives without chemicals and fertilizers (completely Or-
ganic), offering better nutrition and organic qualities. Red
rice also commands a good price in the market, making it a
favourable choice for many farmers.
Himachal Pradesh’s government aims to expand red rice
cultivation to 4,000 hectares. The resurgence of traditional
www.insightsonindia.com 107

rice varieties like red rice is transforming farming practices
in India, with indigenous seeds proving resilient and sustain-
able.
NGO helping Farmers: India’s Centre for Sustainable Agri-
culture (CSA), is an organisation that works with farmers to
make farming more sustainable.
Usage: The story can be used in an Essay question based on
Agriculture
17. REDWOODS RISING
A conservation initiative known as Redwoods Rising aims to
restore California’s damaged redwood forests by mimicking
the traits of healthy young forests, using methods like thin-
ning and prescribed fires.
The project, carried out by Redwood National and State
Parks and the Save the Redwoods League, seeks to combat
the impacts of unchecked logging and address the challeng-
es posed by climate change.
Redwoods, known for their ability to store carbon, face in-
creasing threats from rising temperatures and wildfires.
Sequoioideae, commonly referred to as redwoods, is a sub-
family of coniferous trees. It includes the largest and tall-
est trees in the world. These trees can live for thousands of
years.
18. PIBOT
A team from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science &
Technology (KAIST) is developing a humanoid robot called
‘Pibot’ that can fly aircraft without cockpit modifications.
Pibot is the world’s first humanoid pilot, using AI and robot-
ics to manipulate cockpit controls, even during turbulence.
It incorporates cameras for monitoring, the memory of flight
charts for navigation, and the ability to communicate with
air traffic controllers and humans through voice synthesis
(using ChatGPT’s language synthesis model). Pibot’s innova-
tion lies in its capability to pilot aircraft like a human, revo-
lutionizing aviation technology.
Usage: The example can be used as an application of AI in
S&T paper.
108 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
19. BENGALURU: INDIA’S FIRST
3D-PRINTED POST OFFICE
It has been inaugurated in Bengaluru’s Cambridge Layout.
The post office was constructed in just 43 days, ahead of
schedule, with technological support from IIT Madras and
guidance from Professor Manu Santhanam.
3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, involves
creating three-dimensional objects layer by layer using a
computer-created design. This process is used in various in-
dustries, and its popularity has grown due to advancements
that have reduced errors and increased efficiency.
The technology has been used in sectors like automotive,
aerospace, and healthcare, enabling the creation of objects
ranging from simple items to complex moving parts.
Usage: The example can be used in the S&T question on Ad-
ditive Manufacturing
20. JAL SANSADS
Context:
Sheela Asopa, an educator in Rajasthan, has established
student-led “jal sansads” (water parliaments) in over 150
schools in the Jodhpur district.
Under her guidance, these water parliaments have trans-
formed water practices in schools, focusing on water con-
servation. Students actively engage in activities such as con-
ducting water audits, spreading awareness through rallies
and campaigns, maintaining digital calendars and e-maga-
zines, and implementing rainwater harvesting systems.
Asopa’s inspiration stems from her childhood experiences of
observing her mother’s efforts to fetch water.
Over the years, she introduced various water conservation
programs in schools, teaching students about plumbing, fix-
ing leaks, and understanding water usage.
In recognition of her efforts, the Union Ministry of Jal Shakti
awarded Asopa the National Water Award in June 2023
Usage: Her example can be used in Essay/Ethics/ Geogra-
phy/ Environment paper.
Current Affairs 30
21. INDIA AS A PREMIER WEDDING DES-
TINATION
Context:
The Ministry of Tourism has launched a comprehensive
campaign to position India as a premier global wedding
destination.
• The campaign aims to tap into the potential of In-
dia’s substantial wedding industry while aligning
with Prime Minister’s mission to boost tourism. The
initiative intends to showcase India as an ideal loca-
tion for weddings and promote the growth of wed-
ding-related tourism.
• The campaign’s approach is holistic, aiming to create
a memorable experience for couples from around
the world who wish to celebrate their special day in
India. It seeks to seamlessly integrate India’s rich
cultural heritage and modern elegance.
Usage: This can be used as an example in GS3 paper – Qns
related to tourism – Way Forward or Government initiatives
in developing Tourism Sector.
22. ECO-ANXIETY
What is Eco-anxiety?
Eco-anxiety refers to a chronic fear or worry about environ-
mental issues and the potential negative impacts of climate
change.
It is characterized by a sense of distress and anxiety relat-
ed to the state of the planet’s environment, including con-
cerns about the future well-being of ecosystems, wildlife,
and human populations due to factors like pollution, climate
change, and natural disasters. This emotional response can
lead to feelings of helplessness, sadness, and fear about the
Earth’s future.
Usage: The term can be used in ethics/Essay/Environment/
Society Questions to show the behavioural implications of
Climate change.
23. SEAMLESSM4T
Meta has introduced an advanced AI model called Seam-
lessM4T that can translate and transcribe nearly 100 lan-
guages across text and speech. This model aims to break
language barriers and facilitate communication across di-
verse languages.
It has the ability to recognize when a speaker is code-switch-
ing or when someone moves between two or more languages
in one sentence. It also recognizes gender bias in languages.
Unlike separate models, SeamlessM4T’s integrated ap-
proach reduces errors and delays, enhancing translation
efficiency and quality. The model covers various translation
scenarios, including speech-to-text, speech-to-speech, and
text translation.
Usage: The example can be used to showcase how S&T can
be used to preserve and communicate traditional language
and break language barriers.
24. CLEANTECH SOLUTIONS
Context:
The article discusses the potential of cleantech solutions to
drive an inclusive green future in India. It highlights that for
effective climate action, it’s crucial to align environmental
initiatives with economic development goals.
The green economy approach is emphasized as a way to
achieve this alignment, by integrating solutions that simulta-
neously address environmental challenges and developmen-
tal needs.
Examples of this approach are:
• Solar dryers converting throwaway tomatoes into
sun-dried ones in Andhra Pradesh
• Biomass-powered cold storages helping farmers
in Maharashtra selling lemons make a gain that is
three to five times that of the original price
• Solar silk reeling machines reduce drudgery for
thigh-reelers and double their income in Odisha
Research at the Council on Energy, Environment and Water
(CEEW) shows that just 12 such cleantech solutions (varying
from solar pumps to cold storages to charkhas and looms)
have the potential to impact at least 37 million livelihoods
or about 16% of our rural population.
Usage: The examples can be used in environmental ques-
tions.
25. FIRE PREVENTION ZONE (CANADA)
In Canada, a well-constructed fire prevention zone estab-
lished by a local Indigenous logging company proved crucial
in safeguarding a community from a threatening wildfire.
Fire prevention zones are designated areas meticulously
managed to mitigate the risk of wildfire spread and associ-
ated damage.
www.insightsonindia.com 109
 Current Affairs 30
The Indigenous logging company, Ntityix Development, em- 28. NEAR VS. FAR SIDE OF MOON
ployed traditional Indigenous forestry practices to craft the
fire prevention zone. These practices encompassed activities Context:
such as forest thinning, clearing debris from the ground, The Chandrayaan-3 mission, part of India’s lunar exploration
and controlled burning of debris and ground cover. This ap- efforts, successfully landed the Vikram lander on the near
proach aimed to curtail the availability of fuel for wildfires. side of the Moon, making it one of the closest approaches
to the Moon’s South Pole.
Usage: The example can be used in disaster management
Questions. It underscores the significance of proactive ini- Difference between the Near and Far side of the Moon:
tiatives such as fire prevention zones, especially as climate Aspect Near Side of the Far Side of the
change intensifies wildfire seasons. Moon Moon
Visibility Visible to Earth ob- Not visible from
26. INDIA’S FIRST SOLAR ROOF CYCLING from Earth servers (about 60% Earth
TRACK (HYDERABAD) of the moon’s sur-
face area)
Hyderabad is embracing a sustainable shift towards cycling, Sunlight Ex- Receives sunlight, Receives sunlight
with the introduction of an innovative solar roof cycling posure not perpetually during the new
track (23 KM long) near the city’s Outer Ring Road (ORR). dark moon
Terrain Relatively smooth- Rougher terrain with
The track encompasses three lanes and consists of two seg- er, more volcanic large impact craters
ments. Distinguished by its 16MW solar panels fixed on the plains
roof, this project sets an impressive sustainability precedent. Crust Thick- Thinner crust, ex- Thicker crust, fewer
ness tensive volcanic volcanic features
Usage: The example can be used in governance/disaster lava flow
management/ environment Questions. Space Mis- Conducive to space More challenging
sions missions due to due to rough terrain
flatter terrain and craters
27. SOLUTION FOR MITIGATING HU-
Water-Ice Limited in perma- Possible in perma-
MAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT Possibility nently shadowed nently shadowed
regions regions
In Assam’s Udalguri district, efforts are underway to secure
a significant elephant habitat and reduce human-elephant Lunar Explo- Many lunar mis- Fewer lunar mis-
conflicts. This initiative involves planting 25,000 saplings of ration sions have landed sions due to chal-
native tree species, including Amla and bel, both crucial for here lenges (only China’s
elephants’ diets. The project spans a 100-hectare habitat mission was sent to
within the Rowta Reserve Forest, situated in proximity to the far side)
Bhutan’s border. Communica- Direct line-of-sight Limited communi-
tion c o m m u n i c a t i o n cation requires the
with Earth relay
The chosen tree species, such as gamhari, jamun, bhumura,
arjun, elephant apple, and khair, are studied to be essential
components of elephants’ diets.

Furthermore, to promote human-elephant coexistence,

alternative livelihood opportunities have been provided to
communities impacted by conflicts with elephants. Training
in poultry farming has been extended to villagers, particu-
larly women, across the Garo Hills region.

Usage: This holistic approach underscores the importance

of restoring natural habitats, ensuring biodiversity, and fos-
tering harmonious relationships between humans and wild-
life. The example can be used in Environment conservation
Questions.

110 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
29. BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE (BCI)
Researchers have created a breakthrough Brain-Computer
Interface (BCI) that enables a severely paralyzed woman to
communicate using a digital avatar. This marks the first in-
stance of synthesizing speech and facial expressions direct-
ly from brain signals.
How do BCIs work?
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) establish a direct commu-
nication pathway between the human brain and external
devices. They interpret brain signals using advanced tech-
nology, allowing individuals to control devices or computers
through their thoughts, bypassing traditional physical inputs
or movements.
Importance of the technology:
They hold potential in assistive technology, neurorehabil-
itation, research, and enhanced control applications like
gaming.
Concerns: Concerns include cyberattacks on brain data, un-
equal access due to costs, and the need for accurate trans-
lation of brain signals to speech to avoid unintended conse-
quences.
Usage: The example can be used in S&T/ Social justice ques-
tions to show the use of technology to assist disabled indi-
viduals.
GS-4
1. ACES ON WHEELS
Shiv Khanna, an 11th-grade student from Delhi, stands out
in the world of tennis not for his own aspirations to excel
in the sport, but for his dedication to promoting wheelchair
tennis in India.
He was inspired after witnessing wheelchair tennis at Wim-
bledon, leading him to successfully host a wheelchair tour-
nament in Delhi. Alongside his father Vidur Khanna, they
have established the “Aces on Wheels” foundation to bol-
ster wheelchair tennis.
Usage: The example can be used to show values of dedica-
tion to social impact, inclusivity, empowerment, compas-
sion, support for underrepresented groups, equality, deter-
mination, and resource mobilization.
2. MILASHA JOSEPH
Milasha Joseph, a young woman from Mararikulam in Alap-
puzha, is on a mission to conquer the Seven Volcanic Sum-
mits, the highest volcanoes on seven continents. Over the
past 21 months, she has successfully scaled three moun-
tains: Kilimanjaro, Damavand, and Elbrus.
Her drive to overcome challenges, including her chronic
asthma, motivated her to venture into mountaineering as a
way to break societal constraints and empower women.
She has four more volcanic mountains to climb — Ojos del
Salado on Argentina–Chile border, Pico de Orizaba in Mexi-
co, Mount Giluwe in Papua New Guinea and Mount Sidley in
Antarctica
Usage: The example can be used for illustrating the values of
determination, perseverance, empowerment, courage, and
pushing beyond limitations.
3. KRUSHNACHANDRA ATAKA
Krushnachandra Ataka (from the Kondh tribe), a 33-year-old
tribal agricultural labourer from Odisha’s Rayagada district,
has achieved an inspiring feat.
After working for 13 years as an agriculture daily wage la-
bourer and 2 years as a migrant labourer, he cracked the
National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) for medical col-
leges. Despite facing financial challenges and a gap in his ed-
ucation, he persevered and secured admission to the Saheed
Rendo Majhi Medical College and Hospital.
His determination to become a doctor is fueled by the hope
of serving his region, which lacks access to proper medical
care. Ataka’s journey exemplifies how determination and the
pursuit of education can transform lives and contribute to
society.
Usage: His example can be used to show the values of De-
termination, resilience, perseverance, commitment to edu-
cation despite challenges, and willingness to serve the com-
munity.
4. JOHN WARNOCK
Context:
John Warnock, co-founder of Adobe Systems and a tech in-
dustry trailblazer, has passed away at 82.
www.insightsonindia.com 111
 Current Affairs 30
He is renowned for his pivotal role in creating the Portable Document Format (PDF), revolutionizing document sharing.

Initially an average student, Warnock’s passion for math was ignited by a high school teacher. He earned degrees in math
and electrical engineering from the University of Utah, solving a long-standing algebra problem during his studies.

In the realm of computer science, Warnock contributed significantly to image rendering and cutting-edge internet projects.
Teaming up with Charles Geschke, he founded Adobe in 1982. Their creation, PostScript, enabled practical small-scale print-
ing and paved the way for revolutionary PDF technology.

Usage: His example can be used to show values of Innovation, leadership, Perseverance etc.

5. PUNEETH RAJKUMAR’S EYE DONATION

Context:
Kannada actor Puneeth Rajkumar’s eye donation inspired a significant increase in eye pledges and donations in Karnataka.

Following Puneeth Rajkumar’s donation, the Dr. Rajkumar Eye Bank at Narayana Nethralaya received over 1,27,924 eye
pledges and collected 3,989 eyes in the past two years, marking a substantial growth compared to the previous 30 years
of its existence.

Corneal blindness, affecting millions in India, can be treated through eye transplants.

Usage: The example can be used to show ethical values of Compassion and Philanthropy, Social Responsibility, Altruism and
Public Health, and Positive Role Models

FACTS FOR PRELIMS

GS-1

1. GI TAGS IN NEWS
Context:
The Geographical Indications Registry granted the GI tag to three famous products from Tamil Nadu.

Product Description Place/Origin

Jaderi namakatti Clay sticks with white colour, finger-like shape, and smooth Village of Jaderi, Tamil
texture. Made by Jaderi Tiruman (Namakatti) Producers Nadu
Society in Jaderi, Tiruvannamalai district.

112 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Kanniyakumari Matti banana
Traditional table banana with medicinal
grant, sweet with a sub-acid flavour, and powdery nature. Tamil Nadu
Chedibutta saree Handloom saree made from art silk and cotton mix fabric, Veeravanallur
featuring the iconic “plant and flower” motif on the border Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu
and pallu. Woven by skilled Sowrashtra weavers.
In addition to these, seven other products from different re-
gions of India also received GI tags, including
• Agra leather footwear
• Rajasthan’s Nathdwara Pichhwai Painting
• Kashmir’s Mushqbudji rice
• Bihar’s Marcha Rice
• Jammu Kashmir’s Rajouri Chikri Wood Craft
• Agsechi Vayingim (Agassaim Brinjal) of Goa
• Sat Shiro Bheno (Sat Shirancho Bhendo) also known
as Okra, is a vegetable crop of Goa.
2. PAHARIS AND PADDARIS
Context:
The government has introduced the Constitution (Jammu
and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Bill,
2023 in Lok Sabha to include four communities in the list of
Scheduled Tribes (STs) in Jammu and Kashmir.
• The four communities proposed for ST status are
“Gadda Brahmin,” “Koli,” “Paddari Tribe,” and “Pa-
hari Ethnic Group.”
Currently, the dominant ST communities in J&K are the
Gujjars and Bakerwals, who were given ST status in 1991
along with the smaller groups of Gaddis and Sippis. The
proposed expansion of the ST list has caused unrest among
the Gujjar-Bakerwal community, who fear a reduction in
their share of the quota benefits.
• The Pahari Ethnic Group includes Hindus, Muslims,
and Sikhs,
value,with fra-Kashmiri-origin
some
highly Kanniyakumarisettlers in Ra-
district,
jouri and Poonch districts.
• The Paddari Tribe, residing in the remote Paddar
area of Kishtwar district, is also proposed for ST sta-
tus.
The Bill seeks to include these four communities in the ST
list, potentially granting them reservation benefits in gov-
ernment jobs and educational institutions, despite existing
apprehensions and disputes among different communities.
town,
3. LITHIUM EXTRACTION
Context:
India has successfully extracted lithium from the mineral
concentrate on a laboratory scale.
• The country has demonstrated its capability to de-
velop technologies for the beneficiation of lithium
ore to lithium mineral concentrate.
• The processing and refining methods for lithium
ore can vary depending on the type of lithium de-
posit, the characteristics of the ore, and the intend-
ed end-use of the lithium compounds.
India has recently identified a comprehensive list of 30 crit-
ical minerals, including lithium, as part of its mineral secu-
rity strategy.
About Lithium:
• Lithium (Li), sometimes also referred to as ‘White
gold’ due to its high demand for rechargeable bat-
teries, is a soft and silvery-white metal.
Major Global Lithium Reserves:
• Chile > Australia > and Argentina are the top coun-
tries with Li reserves.
• Lithium Triangle: Chile, Argentina, Bolivia.
4. PALAEO PROXIES
Context:
The article highlights the limitations of temperature esti-
mates from before the invention of thermometers, based
on “palaeo proxies.” It calls the claims that a specific day
was the warmest in over 100,000 years as scientifically un-
founded.
What are Palaeo proxies?
Palaeo proxies, short for paleoclimate proxies, are indirect
pieces of evidence that scientists use to infer past climate
conditions. Since instrumental climate records (such as
thermometer measurements) are only available for a rela-
tively short period, usually a few hundred years, scientists
rely on various natural sources to reconstruct climate condi-
www.insightsonindia.com 113
 Current Affairs 30
tions over longer timescales.

To estimate past temperatures, scientists also use isotopes

that undergo steady radioactive decay.

Limitations of these techniques?

Palaeo proxy technique has limitations. It can only provide
temperature anomalies on long timescales, such as centu-
ries or thousands of years. Even the best proxies only offer
estimates on weekly or seasonal timescales. Additionally, all
temperature proxies are local or regional, making global
temperature estimates uncertain.

Significance:
• The proxies can help in understanding the response
of modern humans to climate change. However,
such proxies are not suitable for estimating daily
temperatures.
• Climate change is best understood over longer
timescales, and making alarmist claims about dai-
ly records can jeopardize the credibility of climate
action efforts.

5. PURI (ODISHA)

The Jagannath Temple Management Committee has recom- 6. TAMIL PALM MANUSCRIPTS: GNANA-
mended allowing the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) MUYARCHI
to inspect the Ratna Bhandar (treasury) of the 12th century
Jagannath Temple in Puri during the 2024 rath yatra. Context:
Palm manuscripts from the 18th Century titled “Gnanamu-
This decision holds significance due to pressure on the Odis- yarchi” have been discovered in an Armenian monastery in
ha government to open the treasury, believed to hold valu- Northern Italy.
able jewellery and stones.
What is a manuscript?
The Jagannath Temple in Puri is located on the eastern coast A manuscript is a handwritten or typewritten document,
of Odisha. It is a significant Hindu temple devoted to Jagan- usually historical or literary in nature, before the age of print-
nath, a manifestation of Vishnu. The temple’s construction ing. For example, ancient religious Sanskrit texts written on
was initiated by King Indradyumna of Avanti in the Kalinga palm or birch leaf.
Architecture style and completed in 1161 CE.
More about the News:

• The documents may contain a copy of the first

translation of Ignatius’ Spiritual Exercise in Tamil,
possibly by Michele Bertoldi (Gnanaprakasasamy).
• Initially categorized as ‘Indian Papyrus Lamulic Lan-
guage–XIII Century’, the manuscripts were not rec-
ognized as Tamil texts.
• It’s suggested that Armenians from Chennai might
have brought the manuscripts to Italy.

114 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
7. ADICHANALLUR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
(TAMIL NADU)
Context:
Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman laid the founda-
tion stone for the ‘Iconic Site Museum’ at the Adichanallur
archaeological site in Tamil Nadu.
• The museum will be built as a tribute to the history
of Iron Age culture in southern India, in the context
of Adichanallur.
• It is one of the five sites selected as ‘Iconic sites’ in
the budget 2020-21 for development.
• Other sites are Rakhigarhi (Haryana), Hastinapur
(UP), Dholavira (Gujarat), and Shivsagar (Assam).
About Adichanallur
It is an ancient Iron-age burial site located in the Thoothu-
kudi District of Tamil Nadu, situated along the banks of the
Tamirabarani River. It holds significance in showcasing the
megalithic culture. Additionally, the nearby ancient seaport
of Korkai, mentioned in Sangam literature, is nearby.
Other significant initiatives are:
• Development of ‘Panchtheerth’ sites based on Ba-
basaheb Ambedkar’s life
• Construction of the National War Memorial and
National Police Memorial in Delhi
• Establishment of ten new Tribal Freedom Fighter
Museums
• Heritage sites like Somnath and Kashi Vishwanath
Temple have been revitalized
• Tourism circuits under the Swadesh Darshan
Scheme, such as the Buddhist, Ramayana, Coastal,
Desert, and Himalayan Circuits, are being estab-
lished
• Over 3 lakh manuscripts containing over 3 crore
pages have been digitized for knowledge preserva-
tion.
• Plans for a new National Museum in Delhi with 950
rooms spread across the North and South Blocks
have been announced
• ‘Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya’ has been established
to honour every Prime Minister of India since Inde-
pendence
8. ARUNACHAL RANG MAHOTSAV
Context:
The Prime Minister has expressed delight at Arunachal Rang
Mahotsav being celebrated in different parts of India.
• ‘Arunachal Rang Mahotsav,’ is a four-day theatre
festival held across various cities in India to bring
the lesser-known history of Arunachal Pradesh to
a wider audience.
• The festival celebrates Arunachal Pradesh’s diverse
cultural heritage and is in line with the principles of
national unity.
The festival featured four plays in each participating city, in-
cluding Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Guwahati. These plays
aimed to shed light on the often-overlooked heroes who
contributed significantly to India’s freedom struggle against
British colonial rule.
9. MATANGINI HAZRA AND KANAKLATA
BARUA
Context:
President Droupadi Murmu, during her address on the eve
of Independence Day, paid tribute to women freedom fight-
ers. She mentioned two notable figures:
Matangini Hazra:
Born in 1869 in a village near Tamluk, West Bengal, she was
married at a young age and became widowed by 18. After
her husband’s death, she dedicated herself to social causes
and became deeply involved in the Nationalist movement,
supporting Mahatma Gandhi’s ideals. Hazra participated in
various protests, including the Civil Disobedience Move-
ment and the Salt March.
• During the Quit India Movement in 1942, at the age
of 73, she led a large procession of around 6,000
protesters, advocating for the takeover of the Tam-
luk police station. In the ensuing clash with British
authorities, she was shot and killed, becoming a
martyr for the cause of Indian independence.
Kanaklata Barua:
Kanaklata Barua was a young martyr of the Quit India Move-
ment and a symbol of courage and determination. At just 17
years old, she led the Mrityu Bahini, a group of freedom
fighters, in an attempt to hoist the Tricolour at the Gohpur
police station in Assam on September 20, 1942. Despite her
age, she was determined to lead the procession, and her
brave efforts left a lasting impact.
• During the confrontation with the police, she was
shot and killed while holding onto the flag. Her sac-
rifice inspired many during a time when women’s in-
volvement in the freedom struggle was gaining mo-
mentum. In 2020, a Coast Guard vessel was named
after her as a tribute to her bravery.
These women, Matangini Hazra and Kanaklata Barua exem-
plified the spirit of India’s struggle for independence and
their contributions continue to be honoured and remem-
bered.
www.insightsonindia.com 115
 Current Affairs 30

10. KIRTI CHAKRAS AND SHAURYA

CHAKRAS
Context:
President Droupadi Murmu has sanctioned 76 gallantry
awards for armed forces and Central Armed Police Forces
personnel on the eve of India’s 77th Independence Day.
• Among these, the Kirti Chakra, the second-highest
peacetime gallantry award, will be presented to
four Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) members
who lost their lives during an anti-Naxal operation
in Chhattisgarh in April 2021.
• Additionally, eleven individuals will receive the
Shaurya Chakra, the third-highest peacetime gal-
lantry award, including personnel from the Army,
Jammu and Kashmir Police, and CRPF.
• Five of these awardees will be posthumously hon-
oured.
12. MADAN LAL DHINGRA
The approved awards consist of 54 Sena Medals (Gallant-
Context:
ry), three Nao Sena Medals (Gallantry), and four Vayu Sena
Medals (Gallantry). The President has also granted 30 Men- Madan Lal Dhingra was an Indian revolutionary executed at
tion-in-Despatches to the Army and one to an Air Force the age of 24, for assassinating British official Curzon Wyllie.
personnel, acknowledging their significant contributions in On his 114th death anniversary, a massive memorial is be-
various military operations. ing inaugurated in Amritsar, where he hailed from.
• Despite being born into a family with pro-British
views, Dhingra’s exposure to nationalist sentiments
in Lahore and London ignited his patriotism. He
11. KARNAIL SINGH ISRU protested against British policies, was expelled from
college, and engaged in revolutionary activities.
Context: • In London, he joined Vinayak Savarkar’s Abhinav
On India’s Independence Day, Punjab Chief Minister paid Bharat Mandal and participated in discussions at
homage to activist Karnail Singh Isru, who died on the same India House, a hub for Indian nationalists.
day in 1955 while participating in the Goa Liberation Move- • On July 1, 1909, Dhingra shot and killed Wyllie
ment. during an event. During his trial, Dhingra defended
• Karnail Singh Isru was born in 1930 in what is now his actions as justifiable in the context of fighting
Pakistan and was inspired by the freedom move- against British oppression.
ment against colonial rule. He joined the Commu-
nist Party of India (CPI) and became part of the Goa He was found guilty and executed on August 17, 1909, in
Liberation Movement, which aimed to hoist the In- London. Dhingra’s remains returned to India in 1976, and
dian flag in Goa. a memorial was erected in Amritsar’s Golbagh area to hon-
• Isru left his home to join the movement without our his sacrifice.
informing his family and was part of a group of Sa-
tyagarhis led by Sahodrabai Rai.
• However, upon entering Patradevi village in Goa,
Portuguese forces opened fire, and Isru was fatally 13. THIRD-LONGEST MONSOONAL
shot in the chest at the age of 25. BREAK IN THIS CENTURY HAS ENDED
Goa was eventually annexed by India in 1961 through Op- Context:
eration Vijay. This year marked the third-longest monsoon break of the
21st century, following breaks in 2002 and 2009.
In Goa, a bronze bust of Isru was installed in a primary • The recent break had a significant impact, causing
school in Patradevi village. The legacy of Karnail Singh Isru the all-India cumulative monsoon rainfall anomaly
serves as a reminder of the sacrifice made for India’s free- to drop from seven per cent above normal to six
dom struggle and the Goa Liberation Movement. per cent below normal within a short period.

116 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
About Monsoonal Break:
• A monsoonal break occurs when the monsoon
trough shifts northward, leading to increased rain-
fall along the Himalayan foothills and parts of east-
ern India while suppressing rainfall in other regions.
• While meteorologically defined, climatologically, a
monsoonal break is declared when the normalized
rainfall anomaly index drops below -1 and persists
for at least three consecutive days.
The current monsoon break was influenced by the develop-
ing El Niño and the absence of sub-seasonal weather pat-
terns that support rainfall.
This prolonged monsoon break is concerning, especially as it
coincides with a ban on rice exports, a crucial Kharif crop.
14. NORTH SEA TRANSITION AUTHORITY
(NTSA)
Context:
The U.K. plans to conduct more fossil fuel drilling in the
North Sea, sparking concerns about its alignment with cli-
mate goals. The North Sea Transition Authority (NTSA) is
conducting offshore oil and gas licensing, with over 100 li-
censes expected to be awarded. This move aims to enhance
energy independence.
What is the North Sea?
Geographically, the North Sea lies between England and
Scotland on its west, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France
on its south, and Norway, Denmark, and Germany on its East.
Why is the North Sea important?
Almost the entire seabed of the North Sea is a continental
shelf (depth of only about 200 meters). The geological for-
mations beneath the North Sea, such as porous rocks and
structural traps, provide suitable environments for the col-
lection of oil and gas reserves.
Why is offshore drilling problematic?
Offshore drilling is problematic due to its environmental
risks, including threats to marine life, biodiversity, climate
change, and ocean ecosystems.
The 1958 Geneva Convention (which came into force in
1964) on the Continental Shelf was the first international
legislation to establish the rights of countries over the con-
tinental shelves adjacent to their coastlines and paved the
way for exploration in the North Sea.
15. VAST MEGALITHIC SITE IN KERALA
Context:
A recent archaeological excavation conducted by the State
Archaeology Department in Kerala, uncovered a significant
number of megalithic “hat stones,” also known as Thoppik-
kallu in Malayalam.
• Hat stones are hemispherical laterite stones that
were used as lids on burial urns during the mega-
lithic period.
• This discovery is notable as it could potentially be
the largest collection of hat stones found at an un-
protected site in the state.
Key Findings:
• The team found numerous megalithic burial sites
and relics, including a unique rock-cut laterite buri-
al chamber, during the pipeline work that prompted
the excavation.
• This site yielded a large number of earthen urns and
distinctive iron implements, shedding light on the
culture and life of people who inhabited the area
over 2,000 years ago.
• Ashes were discovered within the urns and beneath
the hat stones, which is different from the more
common occurrence of cremated bones. This sug-
gests unique mortuary practices at this site.
16. ANCIENT MAILARA CULT IN COASTAL
KARNATAKA
Context:
Recent discoveries of two sculptures near Kundapura, Udupi
district, have confirmed the presence of the ancient Mailara
cult in the coastal region.
• One sculpture was found in a well at Basrur and de-
picts a royal hero on a horse holding a sword and a
bowl in his hands. This unique piece lacks the usu-
al Mylaladevi figure on the horse’s back. The sitting
posture of the horse is unusual and dates it to the
15th century A.D.
www.insightsonindia.com 117

• The second discovery is a small stone tablet depict-
ing Mailara and Mylaladevi both mounted on an
ornate horse while holding swords in their right
hands. This relief, found in a tank during dredging,
is in side profile and appears to be from the 17th
century.
Basrur was a significant trading city during the Medieval pe-
riod, with trading guilds like Uhayadesi and Nanadesi play-
ing active roles. This environment fostered various cults, in-
cluding the popular Mylara cult that was widespread in the
Deccan region.
About Mailara Cult:
The Mailara cult is a religious tradition centred around the
worship of a folk deity named Mailara, who is believed to
be a manifestation of Lord Shiva.
This cult is prevalent in parts of southern India, particular-
ly in the Deccan region, including Karnataka, Maharash-
tra, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. The cult has its own
unique rituals, practices, and beliefs that have developed
over time.
Mailara is often associated with other regional deities like
Mallanna in Andhra Pradesh and Khandoba in Maharash-
tra. The cult has a diverse following that includes people
from various castes and occupations, ranging from agricul-
tural and pastoral communities to martial groups.
17. INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE TURNS POSI-
TIVE
Context:
A report by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology said that
the IOD index has risen beyond the positive threshold.
• The IOD refers to temperature shifts in the Indian
Ocean basin, impacting monsoons in India. A pos-
itive IOD event, characterized by warmer tempera-
tures in the western basin, can enhance India’s
South-West monsoon.
• However, the IOD index must remain above the
threshold for a sustained period to officially declare
a positive event.
• The positive IOD event tends to benefit the South-
west monsoon.
For Australia, a positive IOD event often leads to low rain-
fall between October and December, delayed monsoon on-
set, and reduced tropical cyclone activity.
118 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
About IOD:
IOD stands for the Indian Ocean Dipole. It refers to a climate
phenomenon characterized by the difference in sea surface
temperatures between the western and eastern parts of
the Indian Ocean.
There are two phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole:
Positive IOD: In this phase, the western Indian Ocean be-
comes warmer than the eastern part. This leads to increased
convection and rainfall in the western Indian Ocean region,
including parts of East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula,
while causing drier conditions in the eastern Indian Ocean,
including Australia and Indonesia.
Negative IOD: In this phase, the eastern Indian Ocean be-
comes warmer than the western part. This leads to higher
rainfall and cooler conditions in the eastern Indian Ocean
region, including Australia and Indonesia, while causing drier
conditions in the western Indian Ocean region.
18. THE FUJIWHARA EFFECT
Context:
The western coast of the United States recently experi-
enced Hurricane Hilary, which transformed into a sub-tropi-
cal storm upon reaching the US.
• This event led to the National Hurricane Centre
(NHC) issuing its inaugural tropical storm watch for
certain areas of Southern California.
• California had an exceptionally wet winter with mul-
tiple ‘atmospheric river’ storms, and the area also
witnessed the intriguing phenomenon of the ‘Fuji-
whara effect’ during one of these storms, where
two low-pressure areas interacted in an unexpect-
ed manner.
About The Fujiwhara effect:
• The “Fujiwhara effect,” where two cyclones (or hur-
ricanes) spinning in the same direction interact in a
Current Affairs 30
dance-like manner around a common centre. If one
cyclone is stronger, it can absorb the weaker one.
• When of similar strength, they might merge or ro-
tate around each other. In some rare instances, the
two cyclones could merge into a mega-cyclone with
significant destructive potential.
• The Fujiwhara effect was first described by Japa-
nese meteorologist Sakuhei Fujiwhara in 1921.

20. INCREASING CYCLONE FREQUENCY

Context:
A recent study suggests that a combination of global warm-
ing and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), could lead to
19. SEETHAKALI FOLK ART (KERALA) an increase in the frequency of tropical cyclones originating
near the Equator.
Context: • The PDO is a 20–30-year cycle that occurs in the
The Perinad Seethakali Sangham, a group of artists from Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N. The PDO is a pattern
diverse backgrounds, revived the fading Seethakali folk art of ocean-atmosphere climate variability. During
form in 2017. a “warm”, or “positive”, phase, the west Pacif-
ic becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean
Key Features of Seethakali: warms. During a “cool”, or “negative”, phase, the
opposite pattern occurs.
Key Features
Seethakali is a traditional folk-dance drama from Desing- Global warming has led to an increase in sea surface tem-
anad, Kerala, primarily during the Onam festivities. peratures, particularly in the Indian Ocean. Warmer sea sur-
Artists Presented by Dalit artists from the Veda face temperatures have contributed to the formation and
and Pulaya communities intensification of tropical cyclones in the region.
Story Seethakali portrays the journey from “va-
nayatra” (exile to the forest) to “andard- About Pacific Decadal Oscillation:
hanam” (descend into the earth) of Sita,
featuring a blend of songs, storytelling,
The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a natural climate pat-
and fast movements.
tern that affects the temperature of the Pacific Ocean and
Blend of Ele- Combines songs, storytelling, and energet- the weather patterns around it. The PDO shifts between
ments ic movements warm and cool phases, with each phase lasting around 20-
Instruments Ganjira, manikatta, chiratta, and kaimani 30 years
instruments
Narrative Story conveyed through folk-style songs The PDO is often quantified by the use of an index, referred
influenced by Vallappaattu Kuthirappaat- to as the PDO Index. The PDO Index is calculated by spatially
tu, and Rakshasappattu averaging the monthly sea surface temperature (SST) of the
Oral Tradition The tradition of passing down songs orally Pacific Ocean north of 20°N
led to a hiatus
Character En- Includes key characters like Sita, Ram, The PDO has been linked to slower global warming because
semble Lakshman, Ravan, Hanuman cold phases of the PDO increase the mixing of colder, deep

www.insightsonindia.com 119

ocean waters with warmer surface waters. This temporari-
ly reduces the rate of global warming caused by increasing
greenhouse gas emissions.
The PDO also has impacts on the weather. A warm phase
tends to cause heavy rains in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and
droughts in Asia and Australia. A cold phase tends to cause
droughts in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and floods in Asia and
Australia.
GS-2
1. ULLAS: NAV BHARAT SAKSHARTA
KARYAKRAM
Context:
On the 3rd anniversary of NEP 2020, Shri Dharmendra Prad-
han, the Union Minister of Education and Minister of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurship, launched the mobile
application of ULLAS: Nav Bharat Saksharta Karyakram (or
ULLAS app).
Current Affairs 30
Significance:
The logo and slogan of “ULLAS: Nav Bharat Saksharta
Karyakram” symbolize the campaign’s enthusiasm and the
light of knowledge spreading across the nation.
2. GOBARDHAN INITIATIVE
Context:
The GOBARdhan initiative in India, aimed at converting waste
to wealth through biogas and compressed biogas (CBG), has
shown promising results and attracted significant invest-
ments.
More about the News:
• The Unified Registration Portal for GOBARdhan
has received requests for over 1200 biogas plants,
including 320 CBG plants in just 60 days since its
launch.
• Aim: The initiative aims to manage organic waste
scientifically while benefiting rural households and
involves collaboration between the government,
private players, and other stakeholders.

Aim: Note: Union Minister for Jal Shakti has launched the Unified
• It aims to provide widespread access to basic liter- Registration Portal for GOBARdhan.
acy and critical life skills by leveraging technology.
• It serves as a digital gateway for learners to access About the Scheme:
diverse learning resources through the DIKSHA por- GOBARdhan Initiative
tal of NCERT.
Launched in 2018
Focus areas: Full Form Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources
The initiative focuses on promoting functional literacy, vo- Dhan (GOBARdhan)
cational skills, financial literacy, legal literacy, digital literacy, Aim To convert waste to wealth with the aim
and empowerment of citizens for nation-building. of promoting a circular economy.
Nodal Ministry Department of Drinking Water and Sani-
Implementation: tation, Ministry of Jal Shakti
• The initiative operates through volunteerism. It en- Part of Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin) Phase II
courages volunteers to participate in DUTY or Kar- under Solid Waste Management.
tavya Bodh towards nation-building.
• Student volunteers will be incentivised with cred- Objectives • Safely manage cattle and agricultural
its in school/university and appreciation through waste in villages and make the villag-
certificates, letters of appreciation, and felicitation, es clean.
among other means. • Convert organic waste to biogas and
• ULLAS targets citizens aged 15 and above who organic manure for rural use
missed the opportunity to attend school, bridging • Promote environmental sanitation
the gaps in education. and curb vector-borne diseases in
• The initiative has the potential to bring these stu- rural areas
dents back to learning by providing them with an • Create rural employment and in-
open-source learning platform. come generation opportunities by
involving entrepreneurs, SHGs, and
youth groups in setting up GOBARd-
According to government data, more than 12 lakh students
han units.
are out of school in the year 2022-23 with the number of
boys greater than girls.

120 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Financialin- The government provides technical as-
centive sistance and up to 50 lakhs of financial
support per district for the safe disposal
of cattle and organic waste.
Budget 2023- Establishment of 500 new ‘waste to
24 Announce- wealth’ plants, including 200 com-
ment pressed biogas (CBG) plants, with pri-
vate sector and stakeholder Ministries/
Departments’ support. These will in-
clude 75 plants in urban areas and 300
community or cluster-based plants.
3. THE INDIAN INSTITUTES OF MANAGE-
MENT (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2023
Context:
The Indian Institutes of Management (Amendment) Bill,
2023, introduced in Lok Sabha, aims to change the law gov-
erning the administration of Indian Institutes of Manage-
ment (IIMs).
• The Bill proposes giving the government an expand-
ed role in the appointment and removal of IIM Di-
rectors and initiating inquiries.
Current law:
• The 2017 Act granted the IIMs greater autonomy
by declaring them “institutions of national impor-
tance.”
• The current IIM Act allows the institutes to be run
by their board of governors, which has the power
to make policy decisions related to administration
and functioning.
Changes proposed in the new bill:
• The new Bill seeks to appoint the President of In-
dia as the “Visitor” to the IIMs, giving the President
powers to conduct audits, order inquiries, and ap-
point or remove chairpersons and directors of the
IIMs.
4. THE DOCTRINE OF ‘REASONABLENESS’
Context:
Israeli courts have invoked the reasonableness doctrine to
scrutinize political appointments and executive decisions.
What is The doctrine of ‘reasonableness’?
The ‘reasonableness doctrine is a legal principle used to
evaluate the validity of administrative decisions. It assess-
es whether a decision is extremely unreasonable, based on
factors like the consideration of relevant information, proper
balancing of factors, and absence of irrelevant influences.
If a decision lacks these qualities, it can be invalidated.
For instance, if a government decision allocates resourc-
es without adequately considering the impact on citizens’
well-being, or if a political appointment is made without
proper evaluation of the candidate’s qualifications, the ‘rea-
sonableness’ doctrine can be used to challenge and overturn
such decisions.
Indian context:
India has a ‘Doctrine of Non-Arbitrariness and Reasonable
Classification’ originating from Article 14 (fundamental right
to equality to every citizen in the country)
5. JUSTICE G. ROHINI COMMISSION
Context:
The Justice G. Rohini Commission, tasked with sub-cate-
gorising Other Backward Classes (OBC) caste groups, has
submitted its report to the Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment after nearly six years.
• Formed in 2017 and led by former Delhi High Court
Chief Justice G. Rohini, the commission aimed to
examine the concentration of reservation and ben-
efits among dominant OBC caste groups.
• Based on its findings, the commission was to sug-
gest a breakdown of the over 2,600 caste groups
on the Central OBC list to ensure a more equitable
redistribution of benefits.
Although the report is not out, the commission’s recom-
mendations may involve categorizing the caste groups into
broad categories, with the dominant castes receiving the
smallest share of the 27% reservation, and historically mar-
ginalized groups getting a larger share.
www.insightsonindia.com 121
 Current Affairs 30

6. MEDIATION BILL, 2021 8. NEW AYUSH VISA CATEGORY FOR FOR-

EIGN NATIONALS
Context:
The Rajya Sabha passed the Mediation Bill 2021, which Context:
mandates individuals to attempt the settlement of civil or The Indian government has introduced a new Ayush visa
commercial disputes through mediation before approach- category for foreign nationals seeking treatment under In-
ing any court or tribunal. dian systems of medicine, including Ayurveda, wellness, and
• Parties can withdraw from mediation after two ses- Yoga.
sions, and the mediation process must be complet- • The introduction of the AYUSH Visa is part of In-
ed within 180 days, extendable by another 180 days dia’s roadmap for Heal in India initiative, which is in-
by mutual consent. tended at promoting India as a medical value travel
• The Bill also establishes the Mediation Council of (MVT) destination.
India, responsible for registering mediators and rec- • The Ministry of Ayush and the Ministry of Health &
ognizing mediation service providers and institutes. Family Welfare are collaborating to establish a Heal
in India portal for promoting medical tourism.
About Mediation:
• Mediation is an alternative dispute resolution (ADR)
Aim: This visa category aims to promote medical value trav-
method in which a neutral third party, known as a
el in India and strengthen the global recognition of Indian
mediator, helps parties in a dispute reach a mutual-
traditional medicine.
ly agreeable resolution.
• Mediation is considered a more cost-effective, ef-
Significance:
ficient, and less adversarial method compared to
• Promotion to Indian traditional medicine.
traditional court litigation.
• A vital step in India’s efforts to become a prominent
medical tourism destination.
Significance:
• This initiative is part of India’s strategy to develop
• The bill aims to reduce the backlog of cases in courts,
the Ayush healthcare and wellness economy, pro-
as there are currently five crore pending cases.
jected to reach $70 billion by 2025.
• The bill provides a legal framework for mediation
and reflects the government’s whole-of-govern-
What is Ayush?
ment approach to promoting alternative dispute
Ayush is a term used in India to refer to traditional systems
resolution.
of medicine and holistic wellness practices. It stands for
“Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Ho-
Issues:
meopathy,” representing various ancient healthcare systems
• No provisions for enforcing certain internationally
and alternative medicine practices in the country.
mediated settlements.
• Lack of clarity on the qualification of mediators.
What is Medical Tourism?
Medical tourism refers to the practice of travelling to an-
7. MASI PORTAL other country to receive medical treatment or healthcare
services, often due to cost savings, higher quality care, or
Context:
availability of specialized treatments.
The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCP-
• India has also been ranked 10th in the Medical Tour-
CR) has developed an application called ‘MASI’ (Monitoring
ism Index (MTI) for 2020-21 out of 46 destinations in
App for Seamless Inspection) for real-time monitoring of
the world by the Medical Tourism Association.
Child Care Institutions (CCIs) across the country.
• The app aims to ensure effective and efficient in-
Other steps to encourage medical tourism:
spection of CCIs as provided under the Juvenile Jus-
• National Medical and Wellness Tourism Board
tice Act, 2015 (amended in 2021).
• Champion service sector scheme for Medical tour-
• It allows unified inspections by various authorities,
ism
including Child Welfare Committees (CWCs), State
• National strategy and roadmap for Medical and
Inspection Committees, Juvenile Justice Boards
Wellness Tourism
(JJBs), and State Commissions for Protection of
Child Rights (SCPCRs).
• The Mission Vatsalya Scheme supports the infra- 9. BAL RAKSHA BHARAT LOSES FCRA PER-
structure and financial needs of setting up CWCs in MIT
each district to ensure their effective functioning. Context:
The Indian offshoot of the U.K.-based NGO Save The Chil-

122 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
dren, known as Bal Raksha Bharat, has had its permit under
the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) withdrawn
by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
Why was the Permit withdrawn?
The action was taken following the organization’s involve-
ment in a fundraising campaign on malnutrition in 2022.
The Ministry of Women and Child Development objected to
the campaign, asserting that the issue was already being ad-
dressed through government schemes.
Impact:
The FCRA registration is essential for receiving foreign
funds, and the government has cancelled the registrations
of numerous NGOs in recent years.
The Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA) is a law
enacted in 1976 to regulate foreign donations to individ-
uals and organizations in India. It aims to ensure that for-
eign funds are utilized in alignment with the values of a
sovereign democratic republic.
Amendments 2010 (consolidation, prohibition of det-
rimental activities)
2020 (increased government control
and scrutiny)
Criteria for seek- Registration under the FCR Act
ing permission Bank account in State Bank of India,
from the Minis- Delhi
try of Home
Funds usage aligned with Act stipula-
tions
Definite cultural, economic, education-
al, religious, and social programmes
Prohibitions un- Applicants seeking FCRA permits
der the Act should have no prosecution for conver-
sion, communal tension, disharmony
No engagement in the propagation of
sedition
Restrictions on election candidates,
media, government servants, political
parties
Validity 5 years; renewal within 6 months of
expiry
Cancellation of Violation of Act
permit No reasonable activity in the chosen
field for 2 years
Becoming defunct
No re-registration for 3 years after can-
cellation
FCRA 2022 Rules Increased compoundable offences
(from 7 to 12)
Exemption for contributions < Rs 10
lakh from abroad
The extended time limit for intimation
of bank accounts
Note:
Compoundable offences are legal violations for which the
parties involved can reach a settlement, usually involving
the payment of a fine or compensation, rather than facing
criminal prosecution or trial.
About The Save the Children
It is an international, non-government-operated organi-
zation. It was founded in the UK in 1919, with the goal of
helping improve the lives of children worldwide. The NGO
focuses on child rights, health, education, and vulnerable
children. The organization has general consultative status in
the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
10. THE PHARMACY (AMENDMENT) BILL,
2023
Context:
The Pharmacy (Amendment) Bill, 2023 has been introduced
in Lok Sabha to insert a new section 32 C into the Jammu
and Kashmir Pharmacy Act, 2011, which pertains to persons
registered or qualified under this Act.
• The bill will extend the Pharmacy Act, 1948 to the
UT of J&K.
About Pharmacy Act 1948
• The Pharmacy Act of 1948 outlines regulations for
the pharmacy profession.
• It requires the formation of the Pharmacy Council
of India and State Pharmacy Councils. Practising
pharmacy in India necessitates registration under
this act
• Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, also demand the
presence of a registered pharmacist with a license
for overseeing drug dispensing.
• Breaching these regulations leads to penalties and
imprisonment
However, the recent Jan Vishwas Bill 2023 proposes the de-
criminalisation of sections related to penalties and impris-
onment of the Pharmacy Act, 1948, and Drugs & Cosmetics
Act, 1940.
11. VIVAD SE VISHWAS 2.0
Context:
The “Vivad se Vishwas 2.0” scheme has been launched by
the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, with
the aim of resolving contractual disputes involving the gov-
www.insightsonindia.com 123

ernment and government undertakings.
What are contractual disputes?
Contractual disputes are disagreements or conflicts that
arise between parties involved in a contractual agreement.
These disputes occur when one or more parties believe that
the terms, conditions, or obligations outlined in the contract
have been violated, misunderstood, or not properly ful-
filled.
How will the scheme help resolve disputes?
The scheme offers a standardized voluntary (one-time set-
tlement) approach with graded terms based on the level of
dispute pendency.
Applicability:
• For all those disputes in which the Court award
(passed up to 30th April 2023), contractors will be
offered settlement amounts up to 85% of the net
amount awarded or upheld by the court.will be
• For arbitral orders (passed up to 31st Jan 2023), the
settlement amount offered will be up to 65% of the
net amount awarded.
Implementation:
By utilizing the government e-marketplace (GeM) platform
for processing claims.
Significance:
The scheme streamlines the resolution process and aims to
expedite the settlement of contractual disputes.
Previously, the Vivad se Vishwas scheme was announced in
Union Budget 2020-21 for reducing litigations in the direct
taxes payments. Vivad se Vishwas I was launched to provide
relief to MSMEs during the COVID-19 period
12. DIGITAL HEALTH INCENTIVES
SCHEME (DHIS)
Context:
The National Health Authority (NHA) has extended its Dig-
ital Health Incentives Scheme (DHIS) under the Ayushman
Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) until December 31, 2023.
What is Digital Health Incentives Scheme (DHIS)?
The Digital Health Incentives Scheme (DHIS) offers financial
incentives to hospitals, diagnostic labs, and digital health
solution providers for adopting and enabling digital health
technologies and practices.
Amount:
They can earn financial incentives of up to Rs 4 crores based
on the number of digital health records created and linked
124 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
to ABHA (Ayushman Bharat Health Account) numbers of pa-
tients.
Aim: The scheme aims to promote the creation and linkage
of digital health records to Ayushman Bharat Health Ac-
count (ABHA) numbers of patients.
Significance: These incentives are intended to encourage
the adoption of transformative digitization in healthcare
delivery and contribute to building a digitally empowered
healthcare ecosystem.
About NHA
The National Health Authority (founded in 2018) is an at-
tached office of the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
It is responsible for implementing India’s flagship pub-
lic health insurance/assurance scheme Ayushman Bharat
Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana.
13. AMRIT BHARAT STATION SCHEME
Context:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for
the redevelopment of 508 railway stations across India, sig-
nifying increased private participation.
Proposed features of Amrit stations:
Feature Description
Green BuildingAll Amrit stations will adhere to green
Standards building standards, contributing to en-
vironmental sustainability. This will be
in line with the government’s aims to
make India’s railway network operate
on net zero emissions by 2030.
Modern and Each station will embody both mod-
Heritage Blend ern aspirations and ancient heritage,
showcasing the country’s rich cultural
history.
Theme-Inspired Stations will be designed based on
Design specific themes, integrating local land-
marks and cultural elements.
E.g., Jaipur station’s design will include
elements resembling the iconic Hawa
Mahal and Amer Fort of Rajasthan.
E.g., Jammu Tawi station’s design will
draw inspiration from the renowned
Raghunath Mandir in Jammu and
Kashmir.
About the Scheme:
The Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (ABSS) was launched by
the Ministry of Railways in February 2023 with the aim of
modernizing and enhancing railway stations across India.
Current Affairs 30
Objectives: Improve facilities beyond minimum essentials;
Construct Roof Plazas and City Centers within stations; Intro-
duce new amenities and upgrade existing ones;
The scheme envisions a comprehensive transformation of
railway stations, creating modern and passenger-friendly
spaces while also supporting local businesses and promoting
India’s heritage and culture.
14. KERALAM
Context:
The Kerala Assembly has passed a resolution to rename the
state as “Keralam” in both the Constitution and official re-
cords.
While the state has been referred to as “Kerala” in English,
the name in Malayalam is “Keralam.” The resolution aims to
align the English and Malayalam names.
The term ‘Kerala’ has its origins in ancient texts, and ‘Ker-
alam’ is considered a closer reflection of the original Malay-
alam pronunciation.
Historical Connections:
• Asoka’s Rock Edict: The earliest historical reference
to the region is in Emperor Ashoka’s Rock Edict II
of 257 BC, where the local ruler is mentioned as
“Keralaputra,” meaning “son of Kerala” or “son of
Chera,” referring to the Chera dynasty.
• Unity of Malayalam-Speaking People: The demand
for a united territory for all Malayalam-speaking
communities gained momentum during the Aik-
ya Kerala movement in the 1920s. This movement
aimed to integrate the regions of Malabar, Kochi,
and Travancore into a single territory.
Linguistic Connections:
• Origin from ‘Cheram’: Scholars believe that the
term ‘Keralam’ might have originated from the word
‘Cheram’.
o Dr Herman Gundert, a German scholar who
created the first Malayalam-English dic-
tionary, noted that ‘keram’ is the Kannada
form of ‘cheram.’ He described ‘Keralam’ as
‘Cheram,’ referring to the region between
Gokarnam and Kanyakumari.
o ‘Cheralam’ signifies a region where ‘cher’
means to join, highlighting the unification of
diverse areas.
• Keralam vs. Kerala Pronunciation: ‘Keralam’ is con-
sidered to be a closer phonetic representation of
the original Malayalam pronunciation. While the
English version ‘Kerala’ was adopted for ease of pro-
nunciation and writing, ‘Keralam’ maintains linguis-
tic authenticity in Malayalam.
Significance: The move to rename the state as ‘Keralam’
aligns more closely with the native pronunciation, historical
roots, and cultural identity of the region’s people.
To rename a state in India, the following process is followed:
• State Government Proposal: The state government
drafts a resolution expressing the desire to change
the name of the state.
• Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) Approval: Since
changing the name of a state involves altering the
Constitution, approval from the MHA is required.
• No Objection Certificates (NOCs): The MHA seeks
No Objection Certificates (NOCs) from various cen-
tral government agencies such as the Ministry of
Railways, Intelligence Bureau, Department of Posts,
etc.
• Constitutional Amendment: If the MHA finds the
proposal acceptable and all the necessary NOCs are
obtained, a Constitutional amendment is initiated.
• Bill in Parliament: The Bill goes through the usu-
al legislative process in both the Lok Sabha (Lower
House) and the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). The Bill
requires a simple majority to be passed.
• President’s Assent: Once the President gives his as-
sent, the Bill becomes law.
• Implementation: With the President’s assent, the
name change becomes official and is implemented.
15. MISSION INDRADHANUSH
Context:
The Health Management Information System 2022-23
(HMIS) 2022-23 report reveals that 6 States/Union Territo-
ries (UTs) have attained full immunization coverage (FIC) of
100%, while 17 States have achieved FIC of over 90%.
• The Mission Indradhanush (MI) initiative, operating
under the Universal Immunization Program (UIP),
focuses on low-immunization areas to vaccinate
children and pregnant women who missed Routine
Immunization.
In 2022, the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 4.0 was
executed in 416 high-priority districts across India.
16. VASUDHAIVA KUTUMBAKAM
Context:
The Ministry of External Affairs has defended the inclusion
of the Sanskrit term “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (The world
is one family) in the G-20 logo.
• Moreover, India will use the English version of the
phrase - “One Earth, One Family, One Future” - in
summary documents and outcome statements.
www.insightsonindia.com 125

Meaning of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam?
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam is the phrase that finds its origin
in the Maha Upanishad, essentially meaning “the world is
family”. It emphasizes the interconnectedness and unity of
all people and nations, promoting a sense of global harmo-
ny, cooperation, and shared responsibility for the well-being
of the planet and its inhabitants.
Why has China objected to its use?
China objected to non-UN languages like Sanskrit in G-20
texts. The G-20’s working language is English. Official lan-
guages of the UN: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian,
and Spanish
Importance of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” in Indian For-
eign Policy:
Importance Examples
Broad Conveyance Conveys India’s ideals and liberal
of Global Norms global norms.
Represents themes of globalization
and global commons.
Non-Aligned Move- India’s commitment to global peace
ment (NAM) by not aligning with blocs.
Ensures sovereignty and autonomy
in foreign relations.
Intellectual Property Advocates for open knowledge
Rights (IPR) sharing instead of monopolization.
Fosters equitable access to innova-
tions for societal benefit.
Vaccine Diplomacy Donated vaccines globally, empha-
sizing global well-being.
Demonstrates humanitarian and
cooperative approach.
International Aid in Provided relief packages promptly
Calamities Exhibits solidarity and support
during crises.
India Peace Keeping Deploys forces for UN-sanctioned
Forces peacekeeping missions.
Contributes to global peace and
stability.
17. PRADHAN MANTRI UCHCHATAR
SHIKSHA ABHIYAN (PM-USHA) SCHEME
Context:
Fourteen States and Union Territories, including Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal, have not yet signed a crucial
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Union Ed-
ucation Ministry to implement the National Education Pol-
icy (NEP) as part of the Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha
Abhiyan (PM-USHA) scheme.
126 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Why have states not joined PM-USHA?
PM-USHA scheme mandates that States implement the Na-
tional Education Policy in order to avail funds worth almost
₹13,000 crore for the next three years. Also, 40% of the fund
has to be arranged by States themselves. States argue they
don’t have funds for bringing in NEP-related changes.
About PM-USHA
RUSA (Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan) Scheme has
been renamed as “Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha
Abhiyan (PM-USHA)” (a Centrally Sponsored Scheme ) in
June 2023 in light of National Education Policy
Objective Enhance quality in higher education insti-
tutions, ensure compliance with norms and
accreditation standards, foster governance
and academic reforms, and encourage re-
search and innovation.
Focus PM-USHA aims to transform higher educa-
tion, ensure quality and equity, and foster
innovation, research, and employability in
alignment with the National Education Pol-
icy.
Key Features • MERU (Multidisciplinary Educa-
tion and Research University) Transfor-
mation: Rs 100 crore support to each
of 35 state universities for multi-disci-
plinary education and research.
• Model Degree Colleges establishment
• Grants for Strengthening Universities
• Targeting remote, LWE-affected, aspi-
rational, and low Gross Enrollment Ra-
tion regions
• Aid to state government for gender in-
clusion, equity, and ICT-based employ-
ability skills.
What was RUSA, as a Centrally Sponsored
RUSA? Scheme launched in October 2013, aimed
at providing strategic funding to high-
er education institutions throughout the
country.
18. REMITTANCES TO INDIA
Context:
Remittances to India surged by 26% to reach approximately
$112 billion in FY23, marking a significant increase from the
approx $89 billion recorded in FY22.
This growth in remittances reflects the heightened demand
for Indian professionals globally following the pandemic.
Current Affairs 30
What are Remittances?
Remittances are funds sent by migrants to their families and
friends in their home countries. They serve as vital income
and foreign exchange for numerous developing nations, par-
ticularly in South Asia.
• Private remittances significantly contribute to In-
dia’s current account, helping offset the trade defi-
cit that often arises from merchandise trade.
• Remittances are typically classified as part of the
current account in a country’s balance of payments.
India’s Status:
• India has consistently remained the leading global
recipient of remittances for several years.
o This is in contrast with FDI inflows, which
were lower at about $71 billion in FY23,
down from about $85 billion in FY22
• The top five recipient countries for remittances in
2022 were India, Mexico, China, the Philippines,
and Pakistan
• The top sources for inward remittances to India in
2020-21 were the
o USA (over 23%)
o UAE (18%)
o UK (about 7%)
o Singapore (about 6%)
o Saudi Arabia (about 5%)
In January 2023, The National Payments Corporation of In-
dia (NPCI) allowed NRIs living in 10 countries to use UPI us-
ing their international mobile numbers, for real-time fund
transfers, allowing remittances to be sent and received in-
stantly.
19. VISHWAKARMA YOJANA
Context:
On India’s 77th Independence Day, Prime Minister an-
nounced the upcoming launch of the ‘Vishwakarma Yojana’
which is set to be introduced on Vishwakarma Diwas (Sep-
tember 17).
• This scheme aims to benefit individuals skilled in
traditional craftsmanship, especially from the Oth-
er Backward Classes (OBC) community.
• Skilled artisans like weavers, goldsmiths, black-
smiths, laundry workers, and barbers, among oth-
ers, will be empowered through this scheme.
• The scheme will encompass various elements such
as financial aid, modern and green technology
training, brand promotion, market connectivity,
digital payments, and social security.
The initiative is in line with other successful government
schemes like Jan Dhan Yojana, PM SvaNidhi, and Ujjwala,
and seeks to empower artisans and strengthen the agri-
tech sector, including women self-help groups, by providing
them with 15,000 drones and necessary training.
20. ‘SAMUDRA’ MOBILE APP
Context:
The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
(INCOIS), a division of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, has
introduced a new mobile application called ‘SAMUDRA’ -
Smart Access to Marine Users for Ocean Data Resources
and Advisories.
Features:
• This app offers comprehensive ocean-related infor-
mation, benefiting seafarers and the fishing com-
munity.
• It provides real-time updates and critical alerts on
oceanic disasters like tsunamis, storm surges, high
waves, and swell surge alerts.
• It features interactive maps, charts, and animations
to explain complex oceanic phenomena.
Benefits:
• The app is particularly valuable for fishermen as it
offers Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) advisories, guid-
ing them to potential fish aggregation locations.
• The app also serves various public and private enti-
ties like the Indian Coast Guard, the Navy, and ship-
ping industries.
• The app aligns with INCOIS’s mission to serve the
nation with ocean data and advisory services, con-
tributing to sustainable ocean activities and the
Blue Economy.
21. PM E-BUS SEWA SCHEME
Context:
The Union Cabinet has approved the PM e-bus Sewa scheme,
aiming to introduce 10,000 electric buses in city bus services
across India.
Features:
• Objective: The scheme aims to introduce 10,000
electric buses (e-buses) in city bus services across
India and enhance urban infrastructure for green
mobility.
• Financial Allocation: Central government will pro-
vide ₹20,000 crore in subsidies
• Duration: The scheme will support bus operations
for a duration of 10 years.
• Implementation Segments: The scheme will be im-
plemented in two segments:
o In 169 cities (selected through challenge
mode for cities with a population of 3-40
lakhs), 10,000 e-buses will be deployed
through a public-private partnership (PPP)
model.
o For cities with less than 5 lakh population:
www.insightsonindia.com 127

50 e-buses
o For cities with 20-40 lakh population: 150
e-buses
o In 181 cities, infrastructure will be upgraded
to support green urban mobility initiatives.
o Behind-the-meter power infrastructure like
substations will be created.
• Operation Responsibility: States or cities will be re-
sponsible for running the e-bus services and making
payments to the bus operators.
• Employment Generation: The scheme aims to gen-
erate 45,000 to 55,000 jobs and reduce noise, air
pollution, and carbon emissions.
Other Schemes of Government for Green Mobility:
• NTPC’s hydrogen-based FCEV project
• FAME India and FAME II schemes for EV incentives
• Promotion of green hydrogen and FCEVs like Toyota
Mirai
• Participation in the global EV30@30 campaign
• Roadmap for 20% ethanol blending by 2025
• Amendments to the National Policy on Biofuels,
2018
22. GLOBAL INITIATIVE ON DIGITAL
HEALTH
Context: India and the World Health Organization (WHO)
are set to launch the Global Initiative on Digital Health
during the ongoing G-20 summit in Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
• This innovative initiative aims to promote data con-
vergence, enhance the interface of health plat-
forms, and encourage investments in the digital
health sector on a global scale.
• The summit also focuses on establishing an interim
Medical Countermeasure (MCM) network to re-
spond effectively to health emergencies.
• The initiative is designed to improve healthcare ser-
vices worldwide through digital solutions, aligning
with the goal of universal health coverage.
The summit additionally seeks to launch a Climate and
Health Initiative in collaboration
with the Asian Development Bank, along with a patient and
healthcare workforce mobility portal.
23. UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION
RELEASES DRAFT FOR FOREIGN EDUCA-
TIONAL INSTITUTES
Context:
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced
new criteria for assessing and accrediting degrees obtained
from international universities.
128 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
• These criteria include restrictions on degrees ac-
quired through distance learning, online learning,
and franchise agreements.
• The guidelines come as foreign universities estab-
lish campuses in India and Indian universities col-
laborate with international institutions for dual or
joint degree programs.
The UGC’s draft “Recognition and Grant of Equivalence to
Qualifications obtained from Foreign Educational Institu-
tions) Regulations, 2023” covers various aspects such as in-
ternationally relevant curricula, academic collaboration with
foreign universities, and credit recognition under twinning
arrangements.
The conditions for recognizing the equivalence of qualifica-
tions obtained from foreign institutions include:
• The foreign institution should be duly recognized in
its home country.
• The program must have been pursued through reg-
ular, in-person instruction (not online or distance
learning).
• Entry-level requirements for admission should be
similar to corresponding programs in India.
• The similarity of entry criteria will be evaluated
based on factors like program duration, credit re-
quirements, and evaluation processes.
• Equivalence of credit definition (contact hours, self-
study hours, etc.) will be established first.
Qualifications obtained from offshore campuses under dual
or joint degree programs will be recognized if they meet ac-
creditation requirements in both the host country and the
country of origin.
Qualifications obtained through franchise arrangements
will not be considered for recognition or equivalence.
School-level qualifications obtained from schools affiliated
with foreign boards will be recognized if pursued through
regular mode and meet specific criteria.
24. NINTH COMMONWEALTH PARLIA-
MENTARY ASSOCIATION
Context:
The Ninth Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA)
India Region Conference took place in Udaipur, India, and
was inaugurated by Lok Sabha Speaker.
• In his address during the valedictory session, Lok
Sabha Speaker emphasized the importance of up-
dating outdated laws to suit the current times and
needs of the country.
• He highlighted the role of legislatures in enabling
thorough debates and discussions to address pres-
ent and future challenges.
Current Affairs 30
• He expressed concern over the decline in dignity
and decorum in legislatures and stressed the signif-
icance of legislators’ behaviour in improving peo-
ple’s lives.
Apart from Mizoram, states like Andhra Pradesh, Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh
have also made progress in implementing ABDM Micro-
sites.

The conference brought together Presiding Officers from 26. GRAND CROSS OF THE ORDER OF
23 states and union territories, as well as Members of
Parliament and Members of the Legislative Assembly of
HONOUR
Rajasthan. The discussions focused on various aspects of
Context:
parliamentary democracy and the need for the effective
The Greek President has awarded the Indian Prime Minister
functioning of legislatures in addressing societal challenges
with The Grand Cross of the Order of Honour.
and fostering democratic values.
• The Order of Honour, established in 1975, fea-
tures the head of goddess Athena on its front side,
About Commonwealth Parliamentary Association: along with the inscription “ONLY THE RIGHTEOUS
The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA) serves SHOULD BE HONOURED.”
Parliamentarians from Commonwealth countries by facili- • The citation recognizes PM’s efforts in promoting
tating regular consultation and the exchange of ideas and global awareness of India, advancing economic
information among members of the Commonwealth Par- growth and reforms, and prioritizing environmen-
liament. tal protection and climate change.

Founded in 1911 as the Empire Parliamentary Association His contribution to strengthening Greek-Indian friendship in
(EPA) with administration by the UK Branch, the CPA adopt- mutually beneficial domains is also acknowledged.
ed its current name in 1948 to reflect its evolving ties with
the Commonwealth.

25. FIRST ABDM MICROSITE

Context:
The National Health Authority (NHA) introduced the ABDM
Microsite project to accelerate the adoption of digital health
services across India.
• Mizoram is the first state to operationalize an
ABDM Microsite, ensuring that healthcare facilities,
including private clinics, small hospitals, and labs,
become ABDM-enabled and offer digital health
services to patients.
• The CEO of NHA highlighted the importance of the
project, emphasizing its role in digitizing healthcare
services across the country.

Mizoram’s efforts have made Aizawl the first ABDM Micro-

site in India, setting an example for other states.
About ABDM Microsites:
• ABDM Microsites are specific geographical areas
where efforts are concentrated to onboard small
and medium-sized private healthcare providers.
These Microsites are primarily managed by State
Mission Directors of ABDM, with NHA providing fi-
nancial resources and guidance.
• Patients can link their health records generat-
ed at these facilities with their Ayushman Bharat
Health Accounts and access and share these records
through ABDM-enabled Personal Health Record ap-
plications.
27. THE LAND SCHEME IS RESERVED
ONLY FOR DOMICILES: J&K ADMINISTRA-
TION
Context:
The Jammu and Kashmir Lieutenant Governor’s administra-
tion has announced that the land reserved for the landless
scheme under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin)
will be exclusively available to domiciles of the Union Ter-
ritory.
• A person will be considered landless if they are
a resident of J&K and lack land in their name or
their family’s name, not eligible to inherit a specific
amount of land.
• The state land will be leased to landless beneficia-

www.insightsonindia.com 129

ries under PMAY (G)/Awas plus of the Rural Devel-
opment Department. Lease payment includes a to-
ken amount and nominal rent.
• The lease will be for 40 years, extendable for an-
other 40, but failure to build a house within two
years leads to lease cancellation.
28. NIKAH HALALA
Context:
The Law Commission has asked the All India Muslim Person-
al Law Board (AIMPLB) to clarify its stance on nikah halala
and muta, contentious forms of marriage, as well as the Is-
lamic law’s stance on the minimum age for marriage.
• This inquiry arises due to Supreme Court petitions
filed by Muslim women seeking to ban these forms
of marriage.
Nikah halala involves a woman marrying and divorcing an-
other man before remarrying her original husband, while
muta refers to short-term consensual marriages.
AIMPLB expressed opposition to the prevalent practice of
nikah halala and deemed muta an inconsequential issue.
The delegation also defended the minimum marriage age,
stating that Islam allows marriage when individuals are of
age and can fulfil marital responsibilities.
AIMPLB firmly opposed the proposed Uniform Civil Code
(UCC) and stressed that any change in Shariah law’s funda-
mental principles is non-negotiable.
29. INDIA SMART CITIES AWARD CON-
TEST, 2022
Context:
Indore has been named the best Smart City and Madhya
Pradesh as the top State for their outstanding performance
in the Smart Cities Mission.
• The second and third positions among cities were
secured by Surat and Agra, while Tamil Nadu, Rajas-
than, and Uttar Pradesh were ranked second, third,
and fourth respectively in the State category of the
India Smart Cities Award Contest (ISAC) 2022.
• Chandigarh won the award for the best Union Ter-
ritory. The awards, are organized by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs under the Smart Cities
Mission.
The awards celebrate cities, projects, and ideas that pro-
mote sustainable development in the 100 smart cities,
aiming to create inclusive, safe, healthy, and collaborative
urban spaces.
The selection process involved two stages: a qualifying as-
sessment and a proposal submission, with a total of 845
nominations from 80 smart cities leading to 66 winners in
130 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
various categories.
The Smart Cities Mission, initiated in 2015, seeks to enhance
citizens’ quality of life by implementing smart solutions
across sectors like infrastructure, environment, and gover-
nance.
30. RIGHT TO REPAIR
Apple’s surprising reversal on the “right to repair” move-
ment holds immense significance, considering it was previ-
ously among the tech giants opposing the concept.
Apple now supports legislation granting consumers and
third-party firms the right to fix damaged electronic prod-
ucts. This shift aligns with a broader trend of tech compa-
nies adapting to consumer demands for greater control over
their devices.
What is the Right to Repair?
The Right to Repair refers to government legislation that is
intended to allow consumers the ability to repair and mod-
ify their own consumer electronic devices, where otherwise
the manufacturer of such devices requires the consumer to
use only their offered services.
The logic behind ‘Right to Repair’?
When customers buy a product, it is inherent that they
must own it completely, for which the consumers should be
able to repair and modify the product with ease and at a
reasonable cost, without being captive to the whims of man-
ufacturers for repairs.
Origin of the Idea: The idea originally originated from the
USA where the Motor Vehicle Owners’ Right to Repair Act
2012, required the manufacturers to provide the necessary
documents and information to allow anyone to repair their
vehicles.
Previously, MeitY launched a pilot project on Electronics
Repair Services Outsourcing (ERSO) to make India a Global
Repair Capital.
Through the ERSO scheme, India hopes to capture 20% of
the global repair service market – currently valued at $100
billion – in five years. At present, India’s revenue from repair
services is about $350 million.
31. PROJECT ‘AMBER’
Context:
The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
(MSDE), in partnership with Generation India Foundation
Current Affairs 30
(GIF) and Amazon Web Services India Private Limited (AWS the dominance of the Northern hemisphere over the South-
India), is implementing project AMBER to provide cloud ern hemisphere.
skills training to 1,500 learners.
What is the Meaning of “Global South” with example?
About Project Amber: The term “Global South” refers to countries and regions that
PROJECT AMBER (Accelerated Mission for Better Employ- are economically and socially less developed in comparison
ment and Retention) is a joint initiative of the National Skill to the more affluent and developed “Global North.”
Development Corporation (NSDC) and Generation India
Foundation (GIF) under the aegis of the Ministry of Skill De- Examples of Global South countries include India, Brazil, Ni-
velopment and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). geria, and Indonesia, which often face economic challenges
and are considered to be part of the developing world.
This project is co-funded by MSDE (under the SANKALP pro-
gramme) and private philanthropy and aims to train 30,000 Issues with this terminology:
youth, 50% of whom will be women trainees. • Geographically, the division between Global North
and Global South based on the 30-degree north
latitude line is arbitrary and excludes countries like
The training will be conducted in post-COVID resilient job
Australia, New Zealand, and developed countries
roles, over a period of two years. Generation’s holistic 7-step
within the Global South.
skilling methodology will be utilised to drive higher quality
• Economically, the term is inconsistent as nations like
skilling, improved employment, and retention outcomes.
China, with high per capita income, are categorized
as part of the Global South.
32. SVAMITVA SCHEME • Issues arise due to key allies of the Global North sit-
uated in the Southern Hemisphere, which contra-
Context: dicts the categorization.
The SVAMITVA Scheme, initiated by the Ministry of Pan-
chayati Raj, has been awarded the prestigious National
Award for e-Governance 2023 (Gold) for its innovative use
of emerging technologies to provide citizen-centric services.
• The award was presented at the 26th National Con-
ference on e-Governance (NCeG). The scheme em-
ploys advanced technologies such as drones and
GIS (Geographic Information System) to conduct
surveys and mapping of inhabited areas in villages.
• This allows property owners in rural regions to re-
ceive official ownership documents, known as
Property Cards.

Benefits:
• These cards have multiple benefits, including en-
Evolving meaning of “Global South”:
abling property owners to access bank loans and
• New Terminology: It’s a term some leaders use as an
other financial opportunities using their rural resi-
alternative to “developing world”
dential assets as collateral.
• Beyond Economics: While the traditional labels
• The technology aids in resolving land-related dis-
focus on economic indicators, “Global South”
putes through the creation of highly accurate maps
emphasizes cultural and other differences
with 5cm precision.
o For example, the “Global South” prioritizes
sustainable living, ecological balance, and
The collaborative effort involves the Ministry of Panchayati universal healthcare.
Raj, Survey of India, State Revenue and Panchayati Raj De- • Cultural Distinction: The difference between the
partments, and NIC-GIS. Global South and the Global North is more about
cultural aspects than just economic or developmen-
33. MEANING OF “GLOBAL SOUTH” tal ones.

Context:
The term “Global South” originated in 1969 during the Viet-
nam War to critique the unequal global order created by

www.insightsonindia.com 131

34. ‘SELF-RESPECT’ MARRIAGES
Context:
The Supreme Court of India recently ruled that “self-re-
spect” marriages are valid under the Hindu Marriage Act
• The court overruled a 2014 Madras High Court rul-
ing that stated that marriages performed by advo-
cates are invalid.
• The court ruled that advocates can solemnize
“self-respect” marriages in their personal capac-
ity as friends or relatives of the couple. However,
advocates should not solemnize these marriages in
their professional capacity. The court also ruled that
“self-respect” marriages do not need to be publicly
declared or solemnized.
The Self-Respect Marriage Law, or Suyamariyathai, was le-
galized in 1968 by the state of Tamil Nadu. The law allows
two Hindus to marry in the presence of friends or relatives
without the need for a Brahmin priest or elaborate ritu-
als. The law requires the consent of both parties, who must
meet the minimum age requirement for marriage.
The Self-Respect Marriage Law is considered an alternative
to conventional marriages. It disregards Brahminical rituals,
caste endogamy, religious restrictions, and gender norms.
The Self-Respect Movement was a social movement that
began in 1925 in Tamil Nadu, India. The movement’s goal
was to create a new society without caste, religion, or
god. The movement’s founder, E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker,
also known as Periyar, wanted to reject the Brahmanical re-
ligion and culture.
The Self-Respect Movement was also called the Dravidian
Movement. The movement demanded equal rights for the
backward castes, with a focus on women’s rights.
35. KAMPALA DECLARATION
Context:
A total of 48 African countries have agreed to adopt the
Kampala Ministerial Declaration on Migration, Environ-
ment, and Climate Change (KDMECC) in order to tackle the
connection between human movement and climate change
on the continent.
• This initiative aims to provide African states with
a unified position for the upcoming Africa Climate
Summit and the Conference of Parties (COP 28).
• Originally signed by 15 African nations in July 2022,
the KDMECC has evolved into KDMECC-AFRICA and
is anticipated to be formally adopted during the Af-
132 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
rica Climate Summit.
Africa is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts, which
directly influence migration due to more frequent and se-
vere extreme weather events.
According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre,
over 7.5 million people faced internal displacement due to
disasters in the past year alone.
GS-3
1. INDIAN COMPANIES CAN SOON LIST ON
FOREIGN EXCHANGES
Context:
Indian companies will soon be allowed to directly list their
securities on overseas exchanges in specified jurisdictions.
What is Listing on Stock Exchange?
Listing on a stock exchange is the process by which a com-
pany’s shares or securities are made available for public
trading on the exchange. It allows investors to buy and sell
the company’s stock, providing the company with access to
capital and visibility in the financial markets.
Present Status:
Presently, Indian companies cannot directly list their secu-
rities abroad without getting themselves listed in domestic
stock exchanges
• In 2020, the Centre amended the Companies Act,
allowing the direct listing of Indian companies on
foreign stock exchanges, but a framework has not
been put in place so far.
• Currently, Indian companies can raise money
abroad through American Depository Receipts
(ADR) and Global Depository Receipts (GDR) ( ADRs
are traded on US stock exchanges while GDRs are
traded mostly on European Exchanges and used to
raise funds)
How will Indian Companies get listed on foreign exchanges?
The process will involve an initial listing on the International
Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Gandhinagar, followed by
permission to list in seven or eight specified overseas juris-
dictions.
Significance:
It will help expand capital-access opportunities for business-
es in India and attract more overseas investors, ultimately
leading to better valuations for Indian companies.
Current Affairs 30
About IFSC:
The International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) is a spe-
cial economic zone in Gandhinagar and caters to customers
outside the jurisdiction of the domestic economy. It allows
Indian and foreign companies to conduct various financial
activities, including offshore banking, insurance, and securi-
ties trading, in foreign currencies.
Related news:
The Corporate Debt Market Development Fund (CDMDF)
was launched by SEBI to provide stability to the corporate
bond market during times of stress.
• The CDMDF will be supported with 30,000 crore in
the form of a guarantee from the National Credit
Guarantee Trust Company and over Rs 3,000 crore
from the mutual fund industry.
2. WORLDCOIN
Context:
Worldcoin is an initiative to create a digital network where
individuals can claim a stake and join the digital economy.
The project involves scanning individuals’ irises through a
device called “Orb” to collect biometric data and issue them
a World ID.
• In exchange, participants receive a cryptocurrency
called Worldcoin [WLD]. The goal is to build the
“world’s largest identity and financial public net-
work” accessible globally.
• To be a part of the Worldcoin network, individuals
can become “Orb operators” and scan the irises of
others, or they can get their own irises scanned to
receive a World ID and WLD cryptocurrency.
Features:
• Worldcoin uses biometric data to ensure unique
participation and avoid duplications. The compa-
ny claims to use zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to
maintain users’ privacy and comply with Europe’s
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
• WLD’s price fluctuates, and it was criticized, espe-
cially by NSA whistle-blower Edward Snowden, for
using biometrics for verification.
• Worldcoin has been introduced in India, with Orb
operators scanning people’s eyes at various loca-
tions in cities like Delhi, Noida, and Bangalore.
3. 46,000-YEAR-OLD WORMS BROUGHT
BACK TO LIFE FROM SIBERIAN PERMA-
FROST
Context:
Scientists made a fascinating discovery in Siberia five years
ago when they found and reanimated two kinds of frozen
microscopic nematodes, or roundworms.
• A recent study reveals that these worms are 46,000
years old, frozen since the late Pleistocene era. Fur-
thermore, one of them belongs to an entirely new
species called Panagrolaimus kolymaensis.
• Animals like nematodes and tardigrades can survive
extreme conditions through a dormant state known
as “cryptobiosis.” The researchers tested the hardi-
ness of the ancient worms and found that they can
survive the absence of water and oxygen, extreme
temperatures, and even drying.
What is cryptobiosis?
Cryptobiosis is a state in which an organism exhibits no vis-
ible signs of life and its metabolic activity becomes nearly
undetectable or temporarily stops. During this state, organ-
isms can survive without water, oxygen, or under extreme
conditions. As metabolism is a key feature of life, cryptobi-
osis can be seen as a temporary “death” of the organism.
Significance:
• This discovery increases the longest documented
cryptobiosis period in nematodes by tens of thou-
sands of years.
• Understanding how these worms adapted to ex-
treme conditions can provide insights into habitat
change caused by climate change and how species
can survive despite changing weather patterns.
• Additionally, the study raises questions about evo-
lution and the notion of extinction, as these worms
have stretched their lifespan by thousands of years.
• The research could have practical implications in
helping species alive today and humans adapt to
extreme conditions.
4. NEW BLOOD TESTING TECHNOLOGY
CALLED GEMINI
Context:
Researchers have developed a new blood testing technolo-
gy called GEMINI (Genome-wide Mutational Incidence for
Non-Invasive Detection of Cancer) that uses genome-wide
sequencing of single molecules of DNA combined with ma-
chine learning.
• This technology has the potential to enable earlier
detection of lung and other cancers.
How it works?
The GEMINI test starts by collecting a blood sample from
individuals at risk of cancer. From this sample, cell-free DNA
(cfDNA) shed by tumours is sequenced using cost-efficient
whole genome sequencing. Single molecules of DNA are an-
alyzed for sequence alterations, providing mutation profiles
across the genome.
A machine learning model then identifies changes in cancer
and non-cancer mutation frequencies, generating a score in-
www.insightsonindia.com 133

dicating the likelihood of having cancer.
In laboratory tests, the GEMINI test, when combined with
computerized tomography imaging, detected over 90% of
lung cancers, including early-stage diseases. The test also
identified altered mutation profiles in cfDNA from patients
with other cancers, such as liver cancer, melanoma, and
lymphoma, suggesting broader applications.
cfDNA stands for “cell-free DNA.” It refers to small frag-
ments of DNA that are released into the bloodstream or
other bodily fluids when cells in the body die and break
down. These fragments of DNA are not enclosed within cells,
hence the term “cell-free.”
1. ROOM-TEMPERATURE SUPERCON-
DUCTOR
Context:
Korean researchers claim to have developed a superconduc-
tor named LK-99 that operates at room temperature and
ambient pressure, a significant breakthrough in the field of
physics.
• Superconductors are materials that transmit elec-
tricity with nearly 100% efficiency and have various
practical applications, such as in MRI machines and
magnetic levitation trains.
• Room-temperature superconductors would have
numerous benefits, including reducing the cost of
electricity grids, computer chips, maglev train mag-
nets, energy storage devices, and fusion reactors by
saving on coolant expenses.
Significance: If validated, this discovery could revolutionize
various industries, including computing.
Superconductors are essential for quantum computing,
where quantum bits (qubits) process information simul-
taneously, providing immense computational power. Cur-
rently, physical qubits require super-cooling to avoid errors,
but room-temperature superconductors could eliminate
the need for elaborate cooling systems, making quantum
computing more practical and accessible.
5. GROSS FIXED CAPITAL FORMATION
(GFCF)
Context:
The Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) in the Indian econ-
omy has increased from over Rs 32 lakh crore (constant
2011-12 prices) in 2014-15 to about Rs 54 lakh crore in
2022-23 (Provisional Estimates)
What is GFCF?
Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) refers to the total
134 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
amount of investment made in the production of physical
assets, such as buildings, machinery, equipment, and infra-
structure, within a country during a specific period. It indi-
cates the increase in the nation’s capital stock and produc-
tive capacity.
Generally, the higher the capital formation of an economy,
the faster an economy can grow its aggregate income.
Importance of GFCF:
• Economic Growth: Increasing investments lead to
the expansion of productive capacity, which can
result in higher output and overall economic devel-
opment.
• Employment Generation: For instance, construct-
ing a new factory or infrastructure project employs
workers in various stages of development.
• Technological Advancement: This helps improve
productivity and competitiveness by enabling busi-
nesses to adopt more efficient methods and pro-
cesses.
• Infrastructure Development: Investment in infra-
structure like roads, ports, and utilities enhances a
country’s connectivity and supports economic activ-
ities.
6. FINGER MINUTIAE RECORD – FINGER
IMAGE RECORD (FMR-FIR) MODALITY
Context:
UIDAI (Unique Identification Authority of India) is employing
artificial intelligence-based technology to address fraud in
the Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS). The technol-
ogy is called Finger Minutiae Record–Finger Image Record
(FMR-FIR) modality.
What is FMR-FIR?
The Finger Minutiae Record–Finger Image Record (FMR-FIR)
modality is an Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning tech-
nology used by UIDAI to prevent fraud in Aadhaar-enabled
Payment System (AePS).
How does it work?
It verifies the authenticity of fingerprints during authen-
tication by combining finger minutiae (distinct ridge char-
acteristics) and finger images. This technology helps detect
cloned fingerprints, ensuring that only real fingerprints are
used for verification, thus enhancing security and preventing
fraud.
Need?
In FY2023, the total number of fraud cases in the banking
system was 13,530. Of this, almost 49 per cent or 6,659 cas-
es were in the digital payment – card/internet – category.
Current Affairs 30
Significance:
As payment-related frauds rise, this AI-based solution aims
to enhance security and curb financial crimes associated
with the AePS system.
7. AKIRA RANSOMWARE
Context:
The Akira ransomware is a type of ransomware that targets
both Windows and Linux devices.
• It encrypts data on the affected devices, appends
filenames with the “.akira” extension, and deletes
Windows Shadow Volume copies to prevent data
recovery.
• The ransomware also terminates Windows services
to ensure uninterrupted encryption. After stealing
and encrypting sensitive data, the attackers de-
mand a ransom, threatening to release the data on
the dark web if their demands are not met.
How it works?
• The ransomware is spread through spear phishing
emails with malicious attachments, drive-by down-
loads, specially crafted web links in emails, and inse-
cure Remote Desktop connections.
• It has targeted various domains, including educa-
tion, finance, real estate, manufacturing, and con-
sulting, and once inside a corporate network, it
spreads laterally to other devices using stolen Win-
dows domain admin credentials.
To protect against Akira ransomware and other similar
threats, users are advised to:
• Maintain up-to-date offline backups
• Keep operating systems and networks updated
• Implement strong password policies and multi-fac-
tor authentication
• Enforce data encryption
• Block attachment file types that are commonly as-
sociated with malicious code
• Regular security audits of critical systems
Example:
“Polycap,” which is a polypill containing multiple medica-
tions, including simvastatin (for cholesterol control), rami-
pril (for blood pressure control), atenolol (for heart health),
hydrochlorothiazide (for blood pressure control), and ace-
tylsalicylic acid (aspirin for clot prevention).
Significance: Polypills are designed to simplify treatment
regimens, enhance medication adherence, and provide an
effective approach to managing complex health conditions
by combining multiple medications into a single dosage form.
WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines: The WHO Model
Lists of Essential Medicines are updated every two years
by the Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential
Medicines.
9. WESTERN TRAGOPAN
Context: The Western Tragopan, Himachal Pradesh’s state
bird, has been facing habitat loss, but efforts at a conserva-
tion breeding centre, have resulted in a gradual increase in
the bird’s population.
About Western Tragopan:
• IUCN Status: Vulnerable; CITES- Appendix I.
• The bird’s distribution ranges from North Pakistan
to India, including Himachal Pradesh and parts of
Uttarakhand.
• The Western Tragopan faces threats from habi-
tat loss, anthropogenic disturbances, and hunting
pressure.

8. POLYPILLS
Context:
The WHO has recognized the effectiveness of polypills in
combating cardiovascular diseases by including them in the 10. MASSIVE EXTINCT WHALE ‘MAY BE
Model Lists of Essential Medicines.
THE HEAVIEST ANIMAL THAT EVER LIVED’
Context: Scientists have described a new contender for the
What are Polypills?
heaviest animal ever to live, named Perucetus colossus or
A polypill is a single pill that contains a combination of mul-
“the colossal whale from Peru.”
tiple medications, typically used for the prevention or treat-
• Fossils of this ancient giant were discovered in the
ment of various health conditions. It simplifies medication
Ica desert in Peru, and researchers estimate that it
regimens by packaging several drugs together in a single
lived around 39 million years ago.
dosage form.
• This prehistoric whale weighed between 94 and 375

www.insightsonindia.com 135

tons (85 and 340 metric tons), making it potentially
heavier than the largest blue whales, which typical-
ly weigh around 200 tons (180 metric tons).
• One reason for its higher weight is its dense and
heavy bones compared to those of modern blue
whales. This density suggests that the ancient whale
may have lived in shallow coastal waters, similar to
other coastal dwellers like manatees.
Whales are a widely distributed and diverse group of fully
aquatic placental marine mammals. The sperm whale is the
largest-toothed predator on Earth. The Blue Whale, Balae-
noptera musculus, is listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red
List of Threatened SpeciesTM.
11. TIME-OF-DAY (TOD) TARIFF
Context:
The article discusses India’s new electricity pricing system,
Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff, which adjusts prices based on de-
mand, aiming to reduce consumption during peak hours
What is Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff?
Time-of-Day (ToD) tariff is an electricity pricing system that
adjusts prices based on demand, with higher rates during
peak hours and lower rates during off-peak hours. The goal
is to encourage consumers to use electricity when demand is
lower, helping to manage energy consumption and grid load.
Status: This system is being introduced in India in 2024 for
commercial and industrial users and in 2025 for other users.
ToD tariffs are already used in many countries, including the
US, UK, and Japan. For this system to work, smart meters are
needed to track electricity use every 15 minutes.
Limitations of the system:
• Increased Complexity: Billing becomes more intri-
cate as users must monitor usage across different
times.
• Behavioural Changes Needed: Consumers must
adapt routines, like altering vehicle charging or ap-
pliance use.
• Higher Costs at Peaks: Inflexible users face elevated
costs during high-demand hours.
• Dependence on Smart Meters: Success relies on
ample smart meter deployment; India aims for
250M by 2026.
• Possible Resistance: Some users might not adjust
their consumption habits.
• Storage Challenges: Renewable energy’s storage
limitations can hinder constant supply, despite ToD
incentives.
136 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
12. GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES
(GMP) STANDARDS
Context:
The government has set a deadline for pharmaceutical com-
panies to implement the revised Good Manufacturing Prac-
tices (GMP) standards, aligned with World Health Organisa-
tion (WHO) standards.
What are Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) standards?
Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) standards are guide-
lines and regulations that ensure the quality, safety, and
consistency of pharmaceutical products.
Status of GMP in India:
• GMP system was first incorporated in India in 1988
in Schedule M of Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945.
It was revised in 2018, bringing them on par with
WHO standards.
• Presently, only 2,000 of 10,500 manufacturing units
in the country were found to be compliant with
WHO-GMP standards.
New regulations:
• Companies with over Rs 250 crore turnover must
adopt the revised GMP within six months, while
smaller enterprises having a turnover of less than
250 crore have a year.
• Non-compliance could lead to license suspension
or penalties.
Aim: The move aims to enhance drug quality and safety, ad-
dressing deficiencies found in inspections The changes will
include a pharmaceutical quality system, quality risk man-
agement, and product quality review.
Significance of GMP certification:
• GMP certification holds great importance as it re-
duces the likelihood of product contamination, la-
belling errors, and inconsistent ingredient levels.
• For India, a major medicine exporter to low- and
middle-income countries, WHO-GMP certification
is crucial.
• It’s also necessary for the procurement of products
under the Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Janaushadhi
Pariyojana (PMBJP) from suppliers with this certifi-
cation.
13. SAHAKAR 22
Context:
During the fiscal year 2017-18, the National Cooperative
Development Corporation (NCDC) initiated Sahakar-22, a
program aimed at achieving rural and agricultural prosperity
through cooperative efforts by the year 2022.
Current Affairs 30
This initiative encompassed several components, including:
• FOCUS 222: NCDC’s dedicated support for coopera-
tives in 222 districts, which also includes 117 Aspira-
tional Districts.
• PACS HUB: The transformation of Primary Agricul-
tural Cooperative Societies (PACS) and other cooper-
atives into Apna Kisan Resource Centers.
• AENEC: Facilitating cooperatives in the Act East and
North East regions of the country.
• CEMtC: Establishing Centres of Excellence to en-
hance market access through cooperative networks.
• SAHAKAR PRAGYA: Enhancing capacity develop-
ment through the Laxmanrao Inamdar National
Academy for Cooperative Research and Develop-
ment (LINAC).
NCDC (founded 1963; HQ: New Delhi) operates as a statuto-
ry body under the administrative jurisdiction of the Ministry
of Cooperation. It is implementing Agency under the Central
Sector Scheme titled “Formation and Promotion of 10,000
Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)”.
• NCDC is also supporting and handholding the FPOs,
for registration and legal compliance processes,
through Cluster Based Business Organizations (CB-
BOs)
14. SMART CORN GMO
Context:
A new genetically modified (GMO) corn called ‘smart corn’
has been developed by Bayer to withstand climate change
pressures.
What is ‘Smart Corn’ GMO?
Smart Corn GMO is a genetically modified corn varietal de-
veloped by Bayer. It grows shorter and sturdier than con-
ventional corn to withstand high-wind storms caused by
climate change. This adaptation aims to reduce damage to
crops and address the challenges posed by climate-related
events.
Benefits:
• Increased Resilience: Shorter, sturdier stalks make
the corn more resistant to high-wind storms, reduc-
ing crop damage.
• Addressing Climate Pressures: Smart corn is de-
signed to adapt to climate change-induced challeng-
es, like extreme weather events.
• Innovative Solution: This shows the potential of
genetic engineering to create crops that can better
withstand climate impacts.
Limitations:
• Partial Solution: While smart corn can mitigate
some effects of climate change, it doesn’t address
the root causes of the crisis.
• Technical Constraints: Heavy rainfall and other cli-
mate-related factors can still impact crop health, re-
gardless of stalk height.
• Narrow Focus: Focusing solely on crop adaptations
might divert attention from broader efforts like de-
carbonization and ecosystem preservation.
Other notable recent climate-adapted crops include:
• HB4 wheat: FDA-approved drought-tolerant wheat
with a sunflower gene, developed by Bioceres.
• ZeaKal soybean: GMO soybean with enhanced pho-
tosynthesis (to capture more CO2) by ZeaKal Inc.,
distributed by Nutrien.
What is GMO?
GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. It refers to
an organism, typically a plant or animal, whose genetic ma-
terial has been altered through genetic engineering tech-
niques. This involves the insertion of genes from one species
into the DNA of another to introduce specific traits or char-
acteristics.
15. SAVING VULTURES: BAN ON ACE-
CLOFENAC AND KETOPROFEN
Context:
Experts working on vulture conservation have praised the
Indian government’s decision to ban the manufacture, sale,
and distribution of aceclofenac and ketoprofen, which are
harmful to vultures
What are Aceclofenac and ketoprofen?
They are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation in humans and
animals. However, these drugs are harmful to vultures and
other raptor species when they feed on carcasses treated
with these drugs.
Actions to protect vultures:
• India has banned the use of Aceclofenac and keto-
profen to protect vulture populations (under the
Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940)
• The ban on diclofenac for veterinary use was im-
posed in 2006.
India’s vulture population faced a drastic decline in the 1990s
due to diclofenac use in cattle. Despite the ban, it will take
many years before the population is revived. Vultures are
slow breeders, and mortality rates could lead to extinction
if not controlled.
About Vultures in India:
• Vultures are medium- to large-sized birds of
prey. They are known for eating carrion (the bodies
of dead animals).
www.insightsonindia.com 137

• India hosts nine vulture species, including six res- 1. Shall have 1. Miniratna
idents (white-rumped vulture, Indian vulture, slen- Navratna sta- Category - I or
der-billed vulture, red-headed vulture, bearded vul- tus Schedule ‘A’
ture, Egyptian vulture) and three migratory species
CPSEs
(cinereous vulture, griffon vulture, Himalayan vul-
2. Listed on 2. ‘Excellent’
ture).
the Indian or ‘Very Good’
stock ex- rating in 3 of
Conservation Initiatives:
change with last 5 years
• National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) has ap-
prescribed
proved an Action Plan for Vulture Conservation
public share-
2020-2025. Key highlights of the plan include,
holding
• Vulture Conservation Centre
• Vulture Safe zone 3. Average 3. Composite
• Rescue Centres: Establishment of four rescue annual turn- score of 60 or
centres, in Pinjore (Haryana), Bhopal (Madhya over > Rs. above in the
Pradesh), Guwahati (Assam) and Hyderabad 25,000 crore following 6
(Telangana). There are currently no dedicated (last 3 years) performance
rescue centres for treating vultures. 4. Average indicators in-
• Toxic Drugs: A system to automatically remove a annual net cluding Net
drug from veterinary use if it is found to be tox- worth > Rs. Profit to Net
ic to vultures with the help of the Drugs Controller 15,000 crores Worth, Cost of
General of India. (last 3 years) Services, Earn-
• Vultures Census ing per share,
• Database on Threats to Vultures etc.
16. MAHARATNA AND NAVRATNA CATE-
GORY
Context:
The Government of India has elevated Oil India Limited to
the ‘Maharatna’ category, granting the company enhanced
decision-making powers in financial matters.
Current Affairs 30
Miniratna Category-I sta-
tus:
• Made profit in the
last 3 years continu-
ously
• Pre-tax profit is Rs.30
crores or more in at
least 1 of the 3 years
• Having Positive net
worth status
Miniratna Category-II
status:
• Made profit for the
last 3 years continu-
ously
• Having positive net
worth status.
• Not defaulted in the
repayment of loans/
interest payment on
any loans due to the
Government.
• Not dependent upon
budgetary support or
Government guaran-
tees.

Oil India has become the 13th Maharatna Central Public Sec- 17. RESTRICTIONS ON THE IMPORT OF
tor Enterprise (CPSE) in India. Having achieved Navaratna
status in 2010, Oil India’s recent acquisition of Numaligarh
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Refinery Ltd. further solidified its position as an integrated
Context:
energy company.
The Indian government has introduced immediate restric-
tions on the imports of personal computers, laptops, and
Also, the government elevated ONGC Videsh Ltd (OVL) to other electronic devices to promote domestic manufactur-
Navratna CPSE. OVL will be the 14th Navratna amongst the ing.
CPSEs.
Why restriction?
Criteria for qualification: India is obligated to its commitment to zero-duty imports
Criteria for Criteria for Criteria for Miniratna under WTO’s Information Technology Agreement (ITA 1).
Maharatna Navratna Status Due to this, the government was unable to check the import
Status Status of electronic goods, thus impacting its domestic manufactur-
ing. Hence it imposed import restriction

What do the new rules say?

• Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) (Min-
istry of Commerce) issued a notification saying that
any import of laptops, tablets, etc., under Harmo-
nized System of Nomenclature (HSN) 8471 shall be

138 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
‘restricted’ and would be allowed against a valid li-
cense from DGFT from ‘trusted’ sources.
• Exemption for imports under Baggage Rules, R&D,
testing, benchmarking, repair, etc.
Aim: It will likely aim at boosting local production and re-
ducing dependence on imports from China, which account-
ed for over 75% of India’s laptop and personal computer
imports in the previous fiscal year.
Significance:
• The decision aligns with the production-linked in-
centive (PLI) scheme for IT hardware and seeks to
encourage companies to manufacture within India.
• Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure and
its security concerns.
• Achievement of the Make-in-India vision
Impact: The restrictions are expected to impact companies
like Apple, Samsung, and Acer, potentially leading to in-
creased local manufacturing and potentially affecting con-
sumer prices based on how licensing norms are enforced.
About ITA 1 and HSN:
The Technology Agreement, known as ITA 1, was estab-
lished in 1996 with 29 members, including India in 1997.
This agreement mandates the removal of customs duties on
specific IT products.
These products, like laptops and computers, are identified
by codes called HSN codes, which are part of a global clas-
sification system for taxation. HSN stands for Harmonized
System of Nomenclature, and it’s managed by the World
Customs Organization (WCO).
18. RAJMARGYATRA
Context:
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has intro-
duced the ‘Rajmargyatra’ app, a user-friendly mobile appli-
cation aimed at providing comprehensive information about
Indian National Highways and facilitating a smoother jour-
ney.
Benefits:
• The app serves as a unified platform for travellers
and offers real-time weather updates, broadcast
notifications, toll plaza details, and other vital ser-
vices for a safe and enjoyable highway experience.
• It includes a hassle-free complaint resolution sys-
tem, allowing users to report issues with attached
media for clarity and track the progress of their com-
plaints.
• The app integrates with bank portals for convenient
FASTag services, including recharges and monthly
passes.
• It offers features such as over-speeding notifica-
tions and voice assistance to encourage responsible
driving behaviour.
About NHAI:
The NHAI (National Highways Authority of India) (statutory;
est. 1995; under Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
(MoRTH)) is an independent organization with primary re-
sponsibility to oversee the management of more than 50,000
km of the total 132,499 km National Highways in India
19. NIDHI PROGRAM
Context:
The NIDHI Program, initiated by the Department of Science
& Technology (DST) in 2016, aims to foster innovation and
startup culture in India.
About NIDHI Programme:
Aspect Details
National Initiative For Developing And Harnessing Inno-
vations (NIDHI) is an end-to-end plan for startups to dou-
ble the number of incubators and startups in the duration
of five years.
Nodal De- Department of Science & Technology (DST)
partment
Launched 2016
in
O b j e c - 1) Promote S&T-based entrepreneurship
tives and startup ecosystem across the country
2) Nurture start-ups through scouting, sup-
porting, and scaling innovations
Key Com- • NIDHI-Entrepreneur in Residence (EIR):
ponents Inspires graduating students to pursue en-
of NIDHI trepreneurship through fellowships
• NIDHI-Promotion and Acceleration of
Young and Aspiring Technology Entrepre-
neurs (PRAYAS): Supports innovators and
startups from Idea to Prototype stage
• NIDHI-Inclusive-Technology Business In-
cubator (iTBI): Expands incubation pro-
grams to various geographies and genders
• NIDHI-Technology Business Incubator
(TBI): Supports and nurtures knowl-
edge-driven innovative start-ups
• NIDHI-Seed Support Program (SSP): Pro-
vides early-stage funding to promising
start-ups
• NIDHI-Center of Excellence (CoE): Creates
a world-class facility to help startups go
global
• NIDHI-Accelerator: Accelerates startups
through focused interventions
www.insightsonindia.com 139

20. RED SANDERS
Context:
Recent amendments by DGFT have established that Tamil
Nadu (TN) can export up to 900 MT of artificially propagat-
ed red sanders annually, while wild specimens of red sand-
ers have a zero export quota.
• DGFT has issued orders under Foreign Trade (Devel-
opment & Regulation) Act, 1992 and the Foreign
Trade Policy 2023.
Foreign trade policy prohibits the import of red sanders, but
it places restrictions on its export. In 2019, DGFT had pre-
viously revised its export policy to allow the export of red
sanders in log form and roots, but only if it originates exclu-
sively from privately cultivated land, including patta land.
About DGFT:
This Directorate (HQ: New Delhi; Ministry of Commerce)
is responsible for formulating and implementing the For-
eign Trade Policy with the main objective of promoting
India’s exports. The DGFT also issues scrips/authorization
to exporters and monitors their corresponding obligations
through a network of 24 regional offices.
About Red Sanders
Red sanders, classified as endangered by the IUCN, are
native to a specific region within the Eastern Ghats and
are known for their unique flora. These trees have a slow
growth rate, taking 25 to 40 years to mature, and they dis-
play remarkable resistance to droughts.
21. WATER NEUTRALITY IN INDIAN IN-
DUSTRIES
Context:
The NITI Aayog, a government think-tank, has introduced a
standard definition and approach for water neutrality in In-
dian industries.
What is Water neutrality?
Water neutrality is described as achieving a balance be-
tween total freshwater consumption, including both direct
and indirect usage, and quantifiable water savings resulting
from efficiency strategies.
Explanation using an example:
For instance, if a beverage company saves as much water
through efficient production as it uses for making beverag-
es and producing materials, it achieves water neutrality. If
it saves more, it becomes water-positive; if it uses more, it’s
not water-neutral.
140 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Steps to achieve water neutrality:
• Reduce water use by increasing water efficiency.
• Install water reuse systems such as rainwater har-
vesting or greywater recycling.
• Offset remaining water demand in the local region.
Significance:
• This concept aims to save water, enhance its effi-
cient utilization, and enable the validation of water
neutrality claims by industries.
• The NITI Aayog’s report estimates that following
water neutrality standards could save 38.23 billion
cubic meters of water over the next decade.
• National Water Mission’s Goal 4 (Increasing water
use efficiency by 20%) includes the promotion of
water-neutral and water-positive technologies.
• The Aayog emphasizes that water neutrality/posi-
tive impact assessments should consider both re-
source availability and quality, ensuring any remain-
ing impacts are offset through sustainable water
practices.
22. BHU-VISION
Context:
The revolutionary IoT-based soil testing and agronomy ad-
visory platform, Bhu-Vision (also known as KRISHI-RASTAA
Soil Testing System), has been officially launched at the
ICAR-IIRR.
• The system can perform 12 key soil parameter tests
in just 30 minutes, delivering accurate results via
mobile soil health cards to farmers and stakehold-
ers.
Significance:
• Indicating its potential impact on completing the
nation’s soil health map and enhancing agricultural
understanding.
• It signifies a promising future for agricultural tech-
nology in India, contributing to a more comprehen-
sive understanding of the nation’s soil health and
agricultural landscape.
23. EINSTEIN CROSS
Context:
Astronomers have discovered a rare example of an “Einstein
cross,” a phenomenon predicted by Albert Einstein in 1915.
• In this case, a foreground elliptical galaxy, located
around 6 billion light-years from Earth, has distort-
ed and split a beam of light from a background gal-
axy about 11 billion light-years away.
• The result is a pattern of four blue smudges around
the orange glow of the foreground galaxy.
• The background light likely originates from a qua-
sar, a young galaxy with a supermassive black hole
at its core emitting intense radiation.
Current Affairs 30
Einstein’s theory of general relativity explains how massive
objects warp space-time, and the strong gravity of the fore-
ground galaxy curved the light from the quasar, creating
the Einstein cross pattern.
24. 5% OF BIRDS IN INDIA ARE ENDEMIC
Context: A recent publication by the Zoological Survey of In-
dia (ZSI) reveals that 5% of India’s bird species are endem-
ic, meaning they are unique to the country and not found
elsewhere.
• Titled “75 Endemic Birds of India,” the publication
was released on the 108th foundation day of the
ZSI. Out of India’s total of 1,353 bird species, 78
(5%) are endemic to the country.
Key Findings:
• Three of these species have not been spotted in
decades: the Manipur Bush Quail, the Himalayan
Quail, and Jerdon’s Courser.
• The Western Ghats have the highest number of en-
demic species, with 28 recorded.
• The Andaman and Nicobar Islands also have signif-
icant endemism, hosting 25 bird species unique to
the region.
• The publication sheds light on the conservation sta-
tus of these endemic species, with 25 classifieds as
‘Threatened’ by the IUCN, and a few listed as ‘Crit-
ically Endangered,’ ‘Endangered,’ ‘Vulnerable,’ or
‘Near Threatened.’
25. ISRAELI SPIKE NON-LINE OF SIGHT
(NLOS) ANTI-TANK GUIDED MISSILES
Context:
The Indian Air Force (IAF) has acquired Israeli Spike Non-
Line of Sight (NLOS) anti-tank guided missiles, capable of
hitting targets up to 30 km away.
• It is developed and designed by Israeli company Ra-
fael Advanced Defense Systems
Features:
• Lightweight, fire-and-forget tactical precision-guid-
ed missiles using electro-optical and fibre-optic
technologies.
• The missiles will be integrated with Russian-origin
Mi-17V5 helicopters, enhancing the IAF’s ability to
engage hidden targets behind mountains or hills.
Significance:
• The delivery of these missiles follows the IAF’s inter-
est in them due to concerns over border tensions,
particularly near the Line of Actual Control (LAC)
with China.
• The IAF aims to bolster its arsenal through indige-
nous production and foreign acquisitions to address
security threats, as demonstrated by this acquisition
of long-range anti-tank missiles.
26. NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Context:
India has expressed its support for South Africa’s Integrated
Early Warning systems and Russia’s BRICS Collaboration in
Nuclear Medicine
What is Nuclear Medicine?
Nuclear Medicine is a medical speciality that uses radioac-
tive substances to diagnose and treat diseases.
• It involves the use of small amounts of radioactive
materials, known as radiopharmaceuticals, which
are introduced into the body.
• These substances emit gamma rays that can be de-
tected by specialized cameras to create images of
organs and tissues.
• This imaging technique helps in diagnosing various
conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, and bone
disorders, by providing detailed information about
the functioning and structure of internal organs.
• Nuclear medicine treatments involve using radioac-
tive substances to target and destroy specific cells
or tissues, such as cancer cells.
www.insightsonindia.com 141

2. IMS-1 SATELLITE BUS TECHNOLOGY
Context:
ISRO has transferred its IMS-1 Satellite Bus Technology to
Alpha Design Technologies Pvt Ltd., promoting private in-
dustry participation in India’s space sector.
• NewSpace India Limited (NSIL), ISRO’s commercial
arm, facilitated the technology transfer.
What is IMS-1 Satellite Bus Technology?
IMS-1 Satellite Bus is a platform developed by ISRO for
cost-effective space access. It serves as a versatile vehicle
for payloads, enabling tasks like Earth imaging, space sci-
ence, and remote sensing. Weighing around 100 kg and car-
rying up to 30 kg payload, it features solar arrays generating
330 watts of power and provides accurate pointing capabil-
ities.
Significance:
• The transfer marks the first instance of ISRO’s sat-
ellite bus technologies being shared with private
companies.
• This move aims to boost India’s industrial growth,
promote technological self-reliance, and encourage
private sector participation in space research and
exploration.
27. NEERAKSHI
Context:
India has introduced an innovative Autonomous Underwa-
ter Vehicle (AUV) named ‘Neerakshi’ designed for mine de-
tection (currently in the prototype stage)
Developed by: Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers
(GRSE) Ltd and AEPL, an MSME entity.
Features: 2.1-meter-long cylindrical AUV, weighing around
45 kg, can perform various tasks such as mine detection, dis-
posal, and underwater surveys.
It has an endurance of four hours and a depth of up to 300
meters, making it a versatile tool for ensuring coastal safety
and protection.
142 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
28. TIDAL ENERGY POTENTIAL
Context:
The Standing Committee on Energy, through a newly pre-
sented report in the Indian Parliament, has requested the
Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) to
update them on initiatives and outcomes regarding the as-
sessment of tidal, wave, and thermal energy potential in
India.
• The committee discussed and adopted the 20th re-
port titled “Tidal Power Development in India”.
The potential for tidal and wave power in India is estimat-
ed to be 12,455 Megawatts (MW) and 41,300 MW, respec-
tively. However, this potential is largely theoretical and not
necessarily practically exploitable. Ocean thermal energy
potential has not been estimated yet.
About Tidal Energy:
• Tidal Energy is a form of power produced by the
natural rise and fall of tides caused by the gravita-
tional interaction between the Earth, the sun, and
the moon.
• There are currently three different ways to get tid-
al energy: Tidal barrages (dam-like structures),
Tidal lagoons (partly enclosed barrier), and a Tid-
al stream (fast-flowing body of water created by
tides)
29. US SCIENTISTS ACHIEVE NET ENERGY
GAIN FOR THE SECOND TIME IN NUCLEAR
FUSION REACTION
Context:
US scientists have achieved net energy gain in a nuclear fu-
sion reaction for the second time since their initial break-
through last year.
• Researchers at the Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory in California replicated their achieve-
ment in an experiment at the National Ignition Fa-
cility (NIF), surpassing the energy yield achieved in
the previous breakthrough.
About Nuclear fusion:
• Nuclear fusion involves fusing light elements like
hydrogen to create heavier elements, resulting in
a release of significant energy. This process, which
mirrors the energy production of stars like the sun,
offers immense potential as a low-carbon energy
solution.
• Fusion energy holds promise for abundant, environ-
mentally friendly energy production, as it doesn’t
emit greenhouse gases or radioactive waste.
• A small amount of fusion fuel, composed of heavy
Current Affairs 30
hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium, can pro-
vide as much energy as a large quantity of fossil
fuels.
cerns about deforestation and degradation in the
Amazon region.
• It also underlines the need to protect land rights
to prevent deforestation and preserve biodiversity
within Indigenous territories.

31. VAQUITA PORPOISE

Context:
The International Whaling Commission (IWC) has issued
its first-ever extinction alert for the critically endangered
vaquita porpoise, the world’s smallest porpoise native to
Mexico’s Gulf of California.
• The vaquita’s population has dwindled to just nine
or ten individuals due to illegal gill net fishing,
which aims to catch the totoaba fish for its valuable
bladder in the Asian market.

The IWC’s scientific committee highlighted an alarming 83%

decline in the Vaquita population between 2015 and 2018.
This alert is driven by the need for a new mechanism to voice
extinction concerns for various cetacean species and popu-
lations.

About Vaquita porpoise:

30. BELEM DECLARATION • The vaquita (Phocoena sinus) is the world’s smallest
cetacean.
Context: • They are only distant relatives of dolphins.
Leaders from eight Amazonian countries, including Boliv-
ia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Protection Status:
Venezuela, were unable to reach an agreement on the pro- • IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered.
tection of the Amazon rainforest during the Amazon Summit • CITES: Appendix I
organized by the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
(ACTO).
• The goal proposed by Colombia to protect 80% of
the Amazon from deforestation and degradation by
2025 did not garner unanimous support.

The leaders focused on initiating a dialogue about the sus-

tainability of mining and fossil fuel-related activities but
failed to commit to stopping oil drilling in the region.

This lack of consensus has implications for global biodiversity

goals, including those set under the Convention on Biologi-
cal Diversity’s Global Biodiversity Framework in 2022, where
countries agreed to protect 30% of land and sea by 2030.

About Belem Declaration:

The Belem Declaration is a statement released during the
Amazon Summit, involving leaders from Amazon countries.
• It emphasizes the importance of Indigenous knowl-
edge for biodiversity conservation and calls for In-
digenous Peoples’ participation in decision-making.
• The declaration promotes sustainable forest use
and diverse economic solutions, addressing con-

www.insightsonindia.com 143

32. RBI LAUNCHES NEW FEATURES FOR
UPI
Context:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced several mea-
sures to further advance digital payments through the uni-
fied payments interface (UPI):
Features are:
• Conversational Payments with AI: The RBI is launch-
ing “conversational payments” (audio interaction
with AI bots) on UPI, enabling users to interact with
an AI-powered system to initiate and complete
transactions safely.
o This innovative mode aims to enhance ease
of use and expand UPI’s reach.
• Offline Transactions with NFC: The RBI proposes en-
abling offline transactions using Near Field Commu-
nication (NFC) technology.
o This approach supports digital payments in
scenarios with weak or no internet connec-
tivity, enhancing speed and accessibility.
• Transaction Limit Increase for Small-Value Pay-
ments: The transaction limit for small-value offline
digital payments will be increased to ₹500.
o The overall limit of ₹2,000 will remain to mit-
igate risks. This adjustment facilitates faster,
more reliable, and contactless payments for
everyday small-value transactions.
• Expansion of UPI-Lite: The UPI-Lite wallet introduced
by RBI, aimed at optimizing processing resources for
banks, now processes over 10 million transactions a
month, enhancing transaction reliability.
• Digital Public Tech Platform: The Reserve Bank Inno-
vation Hub is developing a digital platform for fric-
tionless credit delivery with open architecture and
APIs, allowing seamless connectivity for all financial
sector players.
About UPI:
A unified payment system (UPI) powers multiple bank ac-
counts into a single mobile application (of any participating
bank), merging several banking features like Instant transfer
of funds, bill-sharing facility, etc. It has been developed by:
National Payments Corporation of India.
About UPI-Lite:
UPI-Lite is an on-device wallet service that enables low-val-
ue transactions without utilizing a Remitter bank’s core
banking systems in real-time.
3. DEFLATION
Context:
China has entered a state of deflation due to challenges in
its post-pandemic recovery efforts, as evidenced by recent
144 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
data.
What is Deflation?
Deflation is an economic phenomenon characterized by a
sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and
services within an economy. It is the opposite of inflation,
where prices tend to rise over time. Deflation occurs when
the supply of goods and services exceeds demand, leading
to a decrease in consumer spending.
Effects of Deflation: While lower prices might seem advan-
tageous, they can hinder economic growth by causing busi-
nesses to cut jobs, freeze hiring, and offer discounts to main-
tain sales.
Reasons for deflation in China:
• Government intervention in IT, Real state industries
• Crackdown on polluting industries
• Rising wages in China
• Geopolitical tensions leading to the trade war with
the USA
• Challenges to Recovery: China’s post-COVID-recov-
ery momentum has faltered as domestic demand
weakens.
• Consumer Price Index (CPI) Dropped in China
• Product Price Index (PPI) Decline: The product price
index, a measure of wholesale prices, continued its
downward trajectory
4. THE GANGA AFFORESTATION PROJ-
ECT FALLS SHORT OF TARGET
Context:
An afforestation initiative aimed at protecting the Ganga
River has concluded its first phase without achieving its
goals, according to a Right to Information (RTI)-based inves-
tigation.
• The project, which aimed to plant trees along the
banks of the Ganga River, managed to cover only
a little over 22% of the target area during its initial
phase (2016-2021).
The project, overseen by the National Mission for Clean Gan-
ga (NMCG), aimed to enhance water retention, reduce ero-
sion, and improve the overall hydrological cycle.
About NMCG:
This mission was established under the Societies Registra-
tion Act,1860 as a registered society.
Objectives:
• The mission incorporates rehabilitating and boost-
ing the existing STPs (Sewage Treatment Plants)
and instant short-term steps to curb pollution at
exit points on the riverfront in order to check the
Current Affairs 30
inflow of sewage.
• To regenerate and maintain the natural vegetation
of the area.
• To conserve and regenerate the aquatic biodiversity
as well as the riparian biodiversity of the river Ganga
basin.
• To allow the participation of the public in the pro-
cess of protection, rejuvenation and management
of the river.
5. RISING PEST THREATS
Context:
Tea planters in southern India are facing an urgent issue as
the tea mosquito bug, a serious pest of fruits and tea plan-
tations, is spreading to high-elevation areas where it was
previously uncommon.
• The bug is causing significant damage to tea pro-
duction in both low and high-elevation plantations
across northern and southern states.
• This expansion of the bug’s territory is attributed
to climate change, as warming temperatures and
shifts in rainfall patterns create more suitable con-
ditions for pests.
In addition to the tea mosquito bug, other pests are also
adapting to the changing climate. Aphids, soft-bodied in-
sects that feed on plant sap, are particularly affected. Ris-
ing temperatures allow them to reproduce more frequently,
and their populations can increase significantly with even
small temperature rises.
Changes in rainfall patterns and soil conditions are also
impacting pest behaviour, leading to new challenges for
farmers. The increase in carbon dioxide levels in the atmo-
sphere, a result of greenhouse gas emissions, is exacerbat-
ing the abundance and behaviour of herbivorous insects,
further threatening crops.
6. MANGROVES
Mangroves make up only about 0.15% of India’s land area
but provide numerous benefits to coastal communities over
its vast coastline (spanning 7516km)
Benefits of Mangroves for India:
Benefits Examples
Coastal Pro- Mangroves act as natural barriers against
tection erosion, storms, and cyclones. They reduce
wave impact, protecting coastal areas
from damage.
Flood Miti- Mangroves stabilize sedimentation and
gation help mitigate coastal flooding. In the Sund-
arbans region, mangroves help prevent in-
land flooding during monsoon seasons.
Biodiversity Mangroves provide critical habitats for var-
Habitat ious plant and animal species, including
endangered ones like the Bengal tiger and
the Ganges river dolphin.
E.g., Sundarbans, the world’s largest man-
grove forest, hosts a diverse range of spe-
cies, supporting biodiversity.
L i v e l i h o o d Mangroves contribute to the livelihoods of
Support fisher communities. Programs in the Sund-
arbans demonstrate how involving local
communities can lead to sustainable live-
lihoods for fisherfolk.
Water Qual- Mangroves act as natural filters, trapping
ity Improve- sediments, pollutants, and excess nutri-
ment ents. They improve water quality and ben-
efit marine ecosystems.
C l i m a t e Mangroves absorb and store carbon diox-
Change Miti- ide (CO2) from the atmosphere, aiding in
gation climate change mitigation.
R e s i l i e n c e Mangroves show adaptability to sea-level
to Climate rise and increased storm intensity. They
Change recover relatively quickly from climate-re-
lated impacts.
Government initiatives:
Amrit Dharohar:
• Objective: Revive and conserve wetlands, enhance
biodiversity, eco-tourism, and livelihoods of local
communities.
• Approach: Optimal utilization of wetlands, public
participation, and Ramsar site designation.
Key Features:
• Encourages sustainable ecosystem use.
• Combats wetland degradation.
• Ensures water availability for migratory birds.
• Foster’s intelligent wetland use.
• Public participation for wise wetland management.
MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats & Tan-
gible Incomes):
• Objective: Plant mangroves along coastlines and salt
pan lands, promote intensive afforestation, and en-
sure sustainable livelihoods.
• Approach: Convergence of MGNREGS, CAMPA Fund,
and other sources for mangrove plantation.
Key Features:
• Intensive coastal mangrove afforestation.
• Comprehensive coverage across states and territo-
www.insightsonindia.com 145

ries.
• Sharing best practices through Public Private Part-
nership.
• Promotes eco-tourism, agroforestry, and alternative
livelihoods.
33. INTERPOL GLOBAL ACADEMY NET-
WORK
Context:
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Academy has re-
cently joined the Interpol Global Academy Network as its
10th member.
What is Interpol Global Academy Network?
It is an initiative launched by Interpol in 2019 to enhance
global law enforcement training. It fosters collaboration
among law enforcement training institutions through joint
programs, research, and knowledge exchange while promot-
ing excellence and innovation in training.
About CBI Academy
The CBI Academy is the training institution of India’s pre-
mier investigative agency, the Central Bureau of Investiga-
tion (CBI). Established in 1996, the academy is in Ghaziabad,
Uttar Pradesh, aiming for professionalism, impartiality, and
dedication. It offers diverse training on topics like cyber-
crime, and anti-corruption, and collaborates with foreign
agencies and international organizations.
About CBI:
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was founded in
1963 to combat corruption and breaches of central laws.
Operating under the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act,
it investigates bribery, corruption, organized crime, and in-
ternational cases.
34. AROMATIC RICE ‘MUSHKBUDJI’
146 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Context:
An aromatic rice named “Mushkbudji” from Kashmir re-
ceived a Geographical Indication (GI) Tag recently.
• Mushkbudji rice, which was granted the GI tag along
with eight other products from Jammu and Kashmir,
is known for its short, bold grains and rich aroma.
In the past, the consumption of this aromatic rice was re-
stricted to special events due to its limited availability and
high cost.
The government’s efforts to revive this rice variety in 2007
after its decline in the 1970s due to blast disease have also
contributed to its resurgence. More farmers are now drawn
to cultivate this unique and fragrant rice variety due to its
promising qualities and potential for higher income.
35. IMF QUOTA REVIEW
Context:
Reserve Bank Governor Shaktikanta Das has called for the
timely completion of the 16th general review of quotas at
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), highlighting its po-
tential to enable the IMF to better support distressed na-
tions.
Issues highlighted by RBI:
• IMF’s funding conditions often lead countries in
urgent need of funds to seek assistance elsewhere
due to conditions and stigmas associated with IMF
support.
o Riders like fiscal austerity, and high interest
rates associated with lending can be coun-
terproductive for target economies
• There is a need for a larger, stronger and more inclu-
sive IMF capable of managing country risks
• IMF and World Bank play a crucial role in addressing
global debt vulnerabilities and need to do more for
countries in debt distress.
Suggestions:
• RBI suggested that fewer conditionalities could be
applied to programs for countries with reasonably
resilient macro-fundamentals.
• A multilateral debt relief program providing tar-
geted assistance to low-income countries with high
debt levels such as Sri Lanka and Pakistan
• Debt Sustainability Analysis (DSA) for countries
should be realistic regarding growth and fiscal pro-
jections
• Need to expeditiously complete quota review to en-
hance the IMF’s legitimacy and policy influence in
the international monetary system.
Current Affairs 30
IMF Quota System and SDRs:
Quota Subscription Each member contributes a sum
known as a quota subscription
upon joining the IMF. The quota is
determined using a formula.
Quota Formula The calculation involves a weight-
ed average of GDP (50%), open-
ness (30%), economic variability
(15%), and international reserves
(5%).
GDP Measurement GDP is measured using market ex-
change rates (60%) and purchas-
ing power parity (PPP) exchange
rates (40%).
Special Drawing SDRs are IMF’s unit of account,
Rights (SDRs) not a currency. Its value is deter-
mined by a basket of major cur-
rencies: U.S. dollar, Euro, Japanese
yen, pound sterling, and Chinese
renminbi.
Currency Valuation SDR value is calculated daily based
on market exchange rates. The
valuation basket is reviewed and
adjusted every five years.
Quotas in SDRs Quotas expressed in SDRs, repre-
senting member countries’ contri-
butions to the IMF.
Claim to Currency SDRs represent claims to currency
held by IMF members, exchange-
able among member countries.
Voting Power Voting power is linked to quotas;
larger quotas mean greater influ-
ence in decision-making.
7. NEW SOIL HEALTH CARD SCHEME
Context:
The Soil Health Cards (SHCs) Scheme, initiated in 2014-15,
involves soil sampling, testing, and issuance of soil health
cards to assist all farmers in the country.
• These cards provide insights into soil nutrient status
and recommend appropriate nutrient dosages for
enhancing soil fertility and health.
New Developments:
• The Government of India has introduced technolog-
ical enhancements to the scheme. The Soil Health
Card portal has been upgraded and integrated with
a Geographic Information System (GIS), allowing
test results to be visualized on a map.
• The mobile application for the scheme has been im-
proved, enabling smooth implementation and easy
access to soil health cards.
• Notable features include restricted sample collec-
tion regions, automated latitude and longitude se-
lection, and QR code generation for linking samples
with test results directly on the portal.
• The Soil Health Card scheme has been merged into
the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) cafeteria
scheme as a component named ‘Soil Health & Fer-
tility’ from 2022-23.
• Guidelines for Village Level Soil Testing Labs (VL-
STLs) were issued recently and these labs can be es-
tablished by individual entrepreneurs, rural youth,
community-based groups like Self Help Groups
(SHGs), schools, and agricultural universities.
• VLSTLs educate farmers about soil sampling, test-
ing, generating soil health cards, and provide fertil-
izer and crop recommendations.
Overall, these initiatives aim to enhance agricultural pro-
ductivity by providing farmers with critical soil information
and recommendations, thereby improving soil health, fertil-
ity, and crop yields.
36. INCLUSIVE CONSERVATION INITIA-
TIVE (ICI)
Context:
A recent report focusing on the first phase of the Inclusive
Conservation Initiative (ICI) highlights that although there
has been an increase in funding commitments for Indige-
nous Peoples and local communities (IP and LC) to enhance
conservation efforts, the overall funding landscape for them
remains largely unchanged.
• The report, on the International Day of the World’s
Indigenous Peoples, notes that despite growing ev-
idence of the positive impact of IP and LC involve-
ment in conservation, donors have allocated less
than 1% of climate change mitigation and adapta-
tion funding to them.
The report highlights that in Latin America, while national
and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) imple-
ment 26% of disbursements, Indigenous Peoples’ organiza-
tions are attributed with 41% of the funding, emphasizing
the central role of local efforts in conservation financing.
About Inclusive Conservation Initiative (ICI):
• Endorsed by GEF in 2022
• To support Indigenous Peoples and local communi-
ties- ILPC to secure and enhance their stewardship
over landscapes, seascapes and territories with high
biodiversity and irreplaceable ecosystems.
www.insightsonindia.com 147

37. ASIAN ELEPHANT
Context:
Union Minister Shri Bhupender Yadav, addressing World El-
ephant Day, highlighted India’s vital role in conserving wild
Asian elephants due to its largest population.
Status of Elephants in India:
• India has about 30,000 Asian Elephants, which
is the world’s largest population of the species
(More than 60% of the world’s Asian elephant pop-
ulation is in India)
• As per Elephant Census (2017), Karnataka has
the highest number of elephants (6,049),
followed by Assam (5,719) and Kerala (3,054)
August 12 is celebrated as World Elephant Day every year.
The theme for World Elephant Day 2023 is “Ending the Ille-
gal Wildlife Trade”
Steps taken by the government for elephant conservation:
Initiative Description
National Heritage An- India declared elephants as the
imal National Heritage Animals, af-
fording them protection under
Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife
(Protection) Act, 1972
Project Elephant Initiated in 1991-92, a centrally
funded program aimed to con-
serve elephants, their habitats,
and corridors.
Protecting Corridors Efforts to mitigate the impact of
roads and railways on elephant
movement, including collab-
oration with states to identi-
fy critical sites along railways,
constructing underpasses,
overpasses, and ramps, and es-
tablishing speed limits and level
crossings.
Minimizing Hu- Management Effectiveness
man-Animal Conflict Evaluation (MEE) applied to ele-
phant reserves to enhance habi-
tats, water sources, and bamboo
growth. Designation of 33 Ele-
phant Reserves across 14 states.
Genetic Database for Developed a comprehensive
Captive Elephants genetic database using the Gaj
Soochna App for over 326 cap-
tive elephants, aiming to pre-
vent illegal transfers.
Gaj Yatra a nationwide awareness cam-
paign to protect elephants
148 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
MIKE program (2003) Monitoring the Illegal Kill-
ing of Elephants (MIKE) pro-
gram (2003) to monitor the ef-
fectiveness of field conservation
efforts
Asian Elephant Alli- an umbrella initiative by five
ance NGOs, had, last year, come to-
gether to secure 96 out of the
101 existing corridors used by
elephants across 12 States in In-
dia.
Frontline Staff Field Introduced a field manual in
Manual multiple languages to aid front-
line staff in managing human-el-
ephant conflicts.
Land Use Land Cover Conducting analysis of Elephant
Analysis Reserves’ land use and land
cover to better understand and
manage their habitats.
38. NCCF AND NAFED
Context:
Starting from August 15, the National Cooperative Consum-
ers’ Federation (NCCF) and the National Agricultural Coop-
erative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED) will be selling
tomatoes at a retail price of Rs. 50 per kg.
Why the step?
NCCF and NAFED had taken steps to procure tomatoes from
mandis (wholesale markets) in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
and Maharashtra, as directed by the Department of Con-
sumer Affairs, in order to counter rising retail prices in ma-
jor consumption centres over the past month.
What is NCCF?
Aspect Details
The National Cooperative Consumers Federation of India
(NCCF) was established on October 16, 1965, (HQ: New
Delhi) as the apex body of consumer cooperatives.
Purpose To function as the apex body of consumer
cooperatives, promoting the consumer co-
operative movement
Legal Status Registered under the Multi-State Co-oper-
ative Societies Act, 2002
Ministry Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution, Government of India
Function Facilitates the voluntary formation and
democratic functioning of consumer co-
operatives
Structure Management: Board of Directors
Ultimate Authority: General Body
Current Affairs 30
Board of Di- Exercises most powers of NCCF (excluding
rectors those reserved for the General Body)
Current Sanctioned Strength: 21
About NAFED:
National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of
India Ltd (est. 1958; HQ: New Delhi) is an apex organization
of marketing cooperatives for agricultural produce in India.
It is registered under the Multi-State Co-operative Societies
Act, 2002, and has become a major agricultural procure-
ment and marketing agency in India. Its objectives include
organizing and promoting the marketing, processing, and
storage of agricultural products. NAFED also distributes ag-
ricultural machinery and inputs, engages in inter-state and
international trade, and provides technical advice for agri-
cultural production and cooperative marketing.
39. METAGENOME SEQUENCING
Context:
The pandemic led to the development of rapid and unbi-
ased genome sequencing techniques for pathogen sur-
veillance. The metagenomic approach, used to directly se-
quence patient samples without prior knowledge of the
infectious agent, quickly identified SARS-CoV-2 as the cause
of COVID-19.
• This genomic approach, termed metagenomics,
has revolutionized pathogen identification and
surveillance. The widespread adoption of genome
sequencing techniques birthed numerous technolo-
gies, including the CovidSeq assay, which facilitated
national and international genome surveillance ef-
forts.
Genome sequencing has also been employed to track avian
influenza, a prime candidate for genomic surveillance due
to its potential for rapid spread and impact on both animals
and humans.
What is Metagenome sequencing?
Metagenome sequencing is a technique that directly an-
alyzes genetic material from samples without prior knowl-
edge of the organisms present. It’s used to identify and
study the entire genetic diversity of microbial communities,
enabling the detection of known and unknown pathogens in
a high-throughput manner.
40. DEEMED FORESTS
Context:
The Odisha government has issued a letter to district offi-
cials stating that requests from industries to convert for-
est land for non-forestry purposes must now adhere to the
amended Forest Act, and the category of ‘deemed forests’
will no longer exist.
• ‘Deemed forest’ refers to forest land that meets the
dictionary definition of a forest but hasn’t been of-
ficially designated as such.
• However, this change in interpretation by the Odis-
ha government is raising concerns about accelerat-
ed deforestation.
• Nearly half of Odisha’s forest land was categorized
as ‘deemed forest’. The amended Forest Act focuses
on the official notification of forest areas in govern-
ment and revenue records after 1980, leaving out
the concept of ‘deemed forest’.
• Protection under the Act prevents land diversion
without the consent of the central government and
local gram panchayats, while also requiring the
planting of trees on twice the cleared area and im-
posing penalties to deter deforestation.
• The Ministry of Environment brought these amend-
ments to the Forest Act to clarify its application,
and it claimed that the changes align with the 1996
Supreme Court judgment on the matter.
However, concerns are being raised that this could lead to
unchecked forest diversion and negatively impact forest
rights and conservation efforts.
Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980:
• It was enacted to consolidate the law related to for-
est, the transit of forest produce and the duty levi-
able on timber and other forest produce.
• Approval for diversion of the land: Under the act,
prior approval of the Central Government is re-
quired for diversion of forestlands for non-forest
purposes.
www.insightsonindia.com 149

• Four categories of forests: The Act deals with the
forests, namely reserved forests, village forests,
protected forests and private forests.
Reserved forest A state may declare forestlands or
wastelands as reserved forests and
may sell the produce from these for-
ests.
Any unauthorized felling of trees
quarrying, grazing and hunting in re-
served forests is punishable with a
fine or imprisonment, or both
Village forests Reserved forests assigned to a village
community are called village forests.
Protected forests The state governments are empow-
ered to designate protected forests
and may prohibit the felling of trees,
quarrying and the removal of forest
produce from these forests.
The preservation of protected forests
is enforced through rules, licenses
and criminal prosecutions
41. INDIA’S FIRST DRONE COMMON
TESTING CENTRE
Context:
Tamil Nadu is establishing the country’s first Common Test-
ing Centre for Unmanned Aerial Systems (drones).
• The initiative is led by the Tamil Nadu Industrial De-
velopment Corporation (TIDCO) as part of the TN
Defence Industrial Corridor, aimed at nurturing the
aerospace and defence industry ecosystem.
• The lack of a Common Testing Centre has been a
barrier for organizations in this sector. TIDCO has
initiated the setup of such testing centres under the
Centre’s Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme.
This initiative aligns with Tamil Nadu’s commitment to fos-
tering a robust defence and aerospace manufacturing eco-
system, attracting investors and contributing to the self-re-
liance of the country in the aerospace and defence sector.
42. FIRST-EVER GLOBAL SUMMIT ON
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
Context:
The World Health Organization (WHO), in collaboration with
the Ministry of Ayush, is organizing a unique global summit
on Traditional Medicine.
• This unprecedented event will bring together ex-
perts, practitioners, and dignitaries to explore the
latest scientific advancements and evidence-based
knowledge in the field of traditional medicine.
150 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
• This summit highlights the strides India has made
in blending traditional practices with contempo-
rary approaches, ultimately showing a path toward
achieving universal health coverage through tradi-
tional medicine systems.
• The summit will also feature an exhibition showcas-
ing traditional medicine systems from around the
world, including the Ministry of Ayush’s contribu-
tions.
• This exhibition will spotlight the relationship be-
tween Traditional Medicine and the natural envi-
ronment and demonstrate scientific and techno-
logical advancements led by various WHO regional
centres and the Ministry of Ayush.
The summit signifies a significant step in the realm of tra-
ditional medicine, especially following the establishment
of the WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine in 2022
with the support of the Indian Government. This collabora-
tive initiative will play a pivotal role in shaping global health
policies related to traditional medicine research, practices,
and public health.
43. STEREO (SOLAR TERRESTRIAL RELA-
TIONS OBSERVATORY) MISSION
Context:
The STEREO (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) mis-
sion launched twin spacecraft, STEREO-A and STEREO-B, in
2006, to study the Sun.
• This mission achieved several milestones, including
capturing the Sun as a complete sphere for the first
time by reaching a 180-degree separation in their
orbits.
• STEREO-A’s recent approach to Earth offers a unique
opportunity for scientific observations. By combin-
ing its views with other spacecraft, including the
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and
Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), STEREO-A will
provide 3D views of the Sun.
• This stereoscopic vision allows scientists to gain
depth perception and explore features like active
regions and coronal loops in unprecedented detail.
• STEREO-A’s passage through Earth’s vicinity also
allows for an in-depth study of solar eruptions,
known as coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which can
impact Earth’s technology.
This approach provides multipoint measurements to under-
stand the evolution of CMEs’ magnetic fields. Additionally,
as solar activity increases towards the predicted solar maxi-
mum in 2025, STEREO-A’s observations will shed light on the
changes in the Sun’s behaviour during different phases of
its cycle.
Current Affairs 30

44. SCIENTISTS DETECT ‘MICROPLAS-

TICS’ IN THE HUMAN HEART FOR THE FIRST
TIME: REPORT
Context: Recent research from China’s Beijing Anzhen Hos-
pital, published by the American Chemical Society, has dis-
covered microplastics in the human heart for the first time.
• The study involved analysing heart tissue from 15
patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery.
The researchers found numerous individual micro-
plastic pieces in most tissue samples, and plastic
particles were also present in all blood samples.
• The detection of microplastics within the human Payloads:
heart is concerning, prompting the need for further Aditya-L1 has seven payloads in total, of which the primary
investigation into how these particles enter cardiac payload is the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph(VELC).
tissues and their potential long-term effects after • VELC is a solar coronagraph capable of simulta-
heart surgery. neous imaging, spectroscopy and spectro-pola-
• The study also identified specific types of plastics, rimetry
such as polyethylene terephthalate (used in cloth- • Significance: No other solar coronagraph in
ing and food containers) and polyvinyl chloride space has the ability to image the solar corona
(common in window frames and pipes), in the sam- as close to the solar disk as VELC can. It can im-
ples. age it as close to 1.05 times the solar radius.

About Microplastics:
Microplastics, which are less than 5 millimetres in size, can
enter the human body through various openings and have
been linked to health issues like obesity, diabetes, and
chronic liver disease due to their impact on the gastroin-
testinal tract.

45. ADITYA-L1
Context:
India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1, intended for launch by
the end of August or early September, has arrived at the Sri-
harikota spaceport.

The Aditya-L1 mission will be launched to the L1 orbit (which

is the first Lagrangian point of the Sun-Earth system)
• Aditya-L1 is the first Indian space mission to ob-
serve the Sun and the solar corona
• L1 orbit allows Aditya-L1 to look at the Sun
continuously
• It will be launched aboard a PSLV-XL launch ve-
hicle
The objective of the mission:
To study solar upper atmospheric (chromosphere and co-
rona) dynamics and understand the physics of the solar
corona and its heating mechanism.
About Lagrange points:
The Lagrange points are points of equilibrium for small-
mass objects under the influence of two massive orbiting
bodies. At Lagrange points, the gravitational pull of two
large masses precisely equals the centripetal force required
for a small object to move with them. These points in space
can be used by spacecraft to reduce fuel consumption
needed to remain in position.

www.insightsonindia.com 151
 Current Affairs 30
Initiatives to curb Methane Emission:
Initiative Description
Indian Initiatives
‘Harit Dhara’ Anti-methanogenic feed supplement
(HD) developed by ICAR to reduce cattle
methane emissions by 17-20% and in-
crease milk production
India Green- Led by WRI India, CII, and TERI, a vol-
house Gas Pro- untary framework to measure and
gram manage greenhouse gas emissions in
industries.
National Action Launched in 2008, it raises awareness
Plan on Climate about climate change and outlines
Change (NAPCC) steps to address it among government,
industries, communities, and more.
46. ‘TERMINATION-LEVEL TRANSITION’ Bharat Stage-VI The transition from BS-IV to BS-VI emis-
Norms sion norms in India aims to reduce ve-
The rapid increase of methane in Earth’s atmosphere since hicle emissions.
2006, driven by biological emissions rather than fossil fuel Global Initiatives
burning, raises concerns about a potential major transition Methane Alert Integrates satellite data to detect
in Earth’s climate. and Response methane emission events worldwide
System (MARS) and notifies stakeholders to take action.
What is ‘Termination-level Transition’? Global Methane Voluntary pledges from nearly 100
A ‘termination-level transition’ refers to a significant and Pledge countries, including the commitment
rapid shift in Earth’s climate from one state to another, of- to cut methane emissions by at least
ten marking the end of a glacial period and the onset of a 30% by 2030 compared to 2020 levels.
warmer interglacial period. Global Methane An international partnership focused
Initiative (GMI) on removing barriers to using methane
For example, during past terminations, like Termination as a clean energy source.
II around 131,000 years ago, Earth’s climate shifted from
glaciers in certain regions to warmer conditions, leading to
changes in ecosystems and weather patterns.

What are biological emissions?

Biological emissions refer to the release of gases, such as
methane and carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere as a re-
sult of natural biological processes.

For example, in the context of methane, biological emissions

can occur during processes like microbial digestion in the
stomachs of ruminant animals (like cows) or the decomposi-
tion of organic matter in wetlands.

About Methane
It is a flammable hydrocarbon used as a global fuel source.
However, it also serves as a potent greenhouse gas, with
over 80 times the warming impact of carbon dioxide within
the first two decades of its presence in the atmosphere. It
has a shorter atmospheric lifespan than carbon dioxide. Its
main sources include oil and natural gas operations, agricul-
tural practices, coal mining, and waste management.

152 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
47. SANCHAR SAATHI PORTAL
Context:
Previously in May this year, DoT introduced the Sanchar
Saathi portal and fraud detection mechanisms to identify in-
dividuals with more than nine mobile connections.
Indian Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has taken
steps to combat cyber fraud involving SIM cards
• The DoT now requires registration and strong ver-
ification of SIM card dealers to reduce fraudulent
mobile connections.
• Around 67,000 SIM dealers have been blacklisted
due to their involvement in cyber fraud schemes.
• Those found complicit in such activities could face
fines of ₹10 lakh
• Bulk SIM card provision to companies is being dis-
continued, replaced by a business system requiring
KYC procedures.
Read about the Sanchar Saathi portal here
48. ‘FLOODWATCH’ APP
Context:
The Central Water Commission of India has introduced the
‘FloodWatch’ app, designed to forecast floods one day in
advance and provide a seven-day advisory for flood risk at
various measurement stations across the country.
The app features a map of India with colour-coded circles
representing flood risk levels:
• Green for normal
• Yellow for above normal
• Orange for severe
• Red for extreme
The app also provides State-wise/basin-wide flood forecasts
for up to 24 hours or flood advisories, up to seven days, that
can be accessed by selecting specific stations.
Clicking on a circle provides information about the current
water level, the historical highest level, the danger level,
and warnings in both written and audio formats. The app
utilizes satellite data analysis, mathematical modelling, and
real-time monitoring to deliver accurate and timely flood
forecasts.
49. SIXTH ANNIVERSARY OF MINAMATA
CONVENTION
Context:
The Minamata Convention on Mercury, which marks its
sixth anniversary, is a significant global agreement aimed at
safeguarding people and the environment from the harmful
impacts of mercury exposure.
About Mercury:
• Mercury is a naturally occurring element that is
found in air, water and soil.
• It may have toxic effects on the nervous system, thy-
roid, kidneys, lungs, immune system, eyes, gums
and skin.
About the Minamata Convention:
• The Minamata Convention on Mercury is a global
treaty to protect human health and the environ-
ment from the adverse effects of mercury and its
compounds.
• It was agreed at the fifth session of the Intergovern-
mental Negotiating Committee in Geneva, Switzer-
land 2013. It entered into force in 2017.
• Controlling the anthropogenic releases of mercury
throughout its lifecycle is one of the key obligations
under the Convention.
• The Convention also addresses interim storage of
mercury and its disposal once it becomes waste,
sites contaminated by mercury as well as health
issues.
• India has ratified the Convention.
50. NEW SALAMANDER SPECIES IN THE
MOUNTAIN LAKES OF MANIPUR
Context:
Indian and Russian scientists have identified a new species
of salamander called Tylototriton zaimeng in Manipur’s
mountain lakes.
• Previously mistaken for similar species, the new dis-
covery was made by merging molecular and mor-
phological evidence.
This salamander’s characteristics were revealed to be dis-
tinct from its close relatives, featuring a wide head, well-de-
veloped sagittal ridge, and unique colouration.
DNA tests confirmed its uniqueness and revealed its genetic
relationship. The species is confined to Manipur’s Khongth-
eng mountain range and due to its limited distribution,
scientists recommend its inclusion as a vulnerable species
on the IUCN Red List, highlighting the need for conservation
efforts.
What is a salamander?
Salamanders are small amphibians that belong to the or-
der Caudata. They have long bodies, short legs, and smooth,
moist skin. Salamanders are known for their ability to regen-
erate lost limbs, which is a unique trait among vertebrates.
www.insightsonindia.com 153

51. NEW SNAKE SPECIES
Context:
A newly discovered snake species has been named Tachy-
menoides harrisonfordi in honour of the actor Harrison
Ford.
• This recognition is due to Ford’s environmental ad-
vocacy.
• The snake, measuring 16 inches in length, is yellow-
ish-brown with black blotches, a black belly, and a
vertical streak over its copper-coloured eye.
Harrison Ford, famous for his role as Indiana Jones, humor-
ously remarked that scientists often name critters after him,
jokingly noting that they always seem to pick creatures that
terrify children.
He expressed his humility and thanked the researchers, em-
phasizing the importance of understanding and preserving
our planet’s biodiversity.
What are Snakes?
A snake is a long, legless reptile belonging to the suborder
Serpentes. Snakes are characterized by their elongated, cy-
lindrical bodies covered in scales and their lack of limbs.
Most snakes are carnivorous, feeding on a diet of small ani-
mals such as rodents, birds, insects, and other reptiles.
154 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
52. INS ‘VINDHYAGIRI’
Context:
The President of India, Smt Droupadi Murmu, attended the
launch ceremony of the Vindhyagiri, the sixth ship of Proj-
ect 17A of the Indian Navy at Garden Reach Shipbuilders En-
gineers Limited in Kolkata.
• The President highlighted that this launch signifies
progress in boosting India’s maritime capabilities
and contributes to the goal of Atmanirbhar Bharat
(self-reliant India) through domestic shipbuilding.
• Project 17A showcases India’s commitment to
self-sufficiency and technological advancement,
showcasing indigenous innovation in cutting-edge
technology.
In terms of security, the President highlighted the multifac-
eted nature of security challenges in the Indian Ocean Re-
gion and the wider Indo-Pacific. She stressed the need for
the Navy to proactively address these security threats to
maintain stability and safety in these regions.
53. INDIA HAS STARTED MANUFACTUR-
ING 38 APIS
Context:
India’s Union Health Minister, has stated that the country
has initiated the domestic production of 38 active pharma-
ceutical ingredients (APIs) in the past 1.5 years
• This achievement has been facilitated through the
production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme for the
pharmaceutical sector.
India’s dependence on a single country for the import of
95% of these APIs was reevaluated after the 2017 border
standoff with China at Doklam. The move towards self-reli-
ance in producing active pharmaceutical components is seen
as a strategic shift to reduce dependency on a single source
for critical medical supplies.
54. PIG KIDNEY IN A HUMAN BODY
Context:
Surgeons at NYU Langone Health have successfully trans-
planted a pig’s kidney into a brain-dead man, and the kid-
Current Affairs 30
ney has functioned normally for over a month.
• This achievement represents the longest duration a
pig kidney has survived and worked inside a human
recipient, even though the patient was deceased.
• In contrast to past challenges where human im-
mune systems rejected animal organs, genetically
modified pigs are now being used to address this
issue.
In 2022, surgeons at the University of Maryland transplanted
a gene-edited pig heart into a terminally ill man, which last-
ed for two months before failing.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering per-
mitting controlled studies of pig heart and kidney trans-
plants in volunteers, rather than relying solely on high-risk
attempts.
55. WILDFIRES IN CANADA AND SPAIN
Context:
Massive wildfires have wreaked havoc in Canada’s North-
west Territories (town of Yellowknife) and Spain’s Tenerife.
In Spain, over 3,000 people were evacuated due to a wildfire
that flared up in Tenerife National Park, charring a substan-
tial area of the island.
Overall, wildfires have ravaged various parts of the world,
including Northern Africa, Hawaii, Canada, and Europe.
Why Canada and other countries in mid to higher latitudes
are prone to wildfire?
Countries like Canada and those at mid to higher latitudes
are prone to wildfires due to factors such as dry conditions,
warmer temperatures, and a buildup of flammable vege-
tation. These regions experience seasonal variations, in-
cluding hot and dry summers, which create the ideal condi-
tions for wildfires to ignite and spread. Additionally, climate
change can exacerbate these conditions, making wildfires
more frequent and intense.
56. OFFSHORE WIND POWER PROJECTS
Context:
The Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
has invited bids for surveying sites earmarked for offshore
wind power projects in Tamil Nadu, India.
What are offshore wind power projects?
Offshore wind power projects involve generating electrici-
ty from wind turbines installed in bodies of water, typically
oceans or seas. Offshore wind power offers the advantage
of stronger and more consistent wind speeds compared to
onshore locations, potentially leading to higher energy gen-
eration.
What is the Government Plan?
The government’s plan involves auctioning projects with a
capacity of 4 GW (this year) and an additional 3 GW capaci-
ty in the subsequent financial year. The projects will be exe-
cuted using two different models:
• one with government-backed viability gap funding
• other involving competitive bidding for site leas-
ing and subsequent development without financial
support
Status of Wind Power in India
57. INFRASTRUCTURE DEBT FUND-NBFCS
(IDF-NBFCS)
Context:
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued revised guidelines
for Infrastructure Debt Fund-NBFCs (IDF-NBFCs) with the aim
of enhancing their role in financing the infrastructure sector.
www.insightsonindia.com 155

About the New norm:
• According to the new norms, IDF-NBFCs must have
a minimum net owned fund (NOF) of Rs 300 crore
and a capital-to-risk weighted assets ratio (CRAR) of
at least 15%, with a minimum Tier 1 capital of 10%.
• They will be allowed to raise funds through rupee or
dollar-denominated bonds with at least a five-year
maturity
• The requirement for a sponsor for IDF-NBFCs has
been removed, and shareholders will now undergo
scrutiny similar to other NBFCs.
Aim: These changes are intended to facilitate a greater flow
of long-term debt into infrastructure projects and harmo-
nize financing regulations in the infrastructure sector.
What are IDF-NBFCs?
Infrastructure Debt Fund-Non-Banking Financial Compa-
nies (IDF-NBFCs) are specialized financial entities registered
as NBFCs with the purpose of facilitating the flow of long-
term debt into infrastructure projects.
• They raise funds by issuing bonds, typically with a min-
imum maturity of five years, to support infrastructure
development.
• These entities play a crucial role in financing large-scale
infrastructure projects in sectors like transportation, en-
ergy, and telecommunications.
Current Affairs 30
noted, making it advisable for those with bile duct
disease to avoid it.
Safety Standards:
• The European Food Safety Authority suggests an ac-
ceptable daily intake of 180 mg of curcumin for a
60 kg adult, while the WHO/Food and Agricultural
Organisation recommends 3 mg/kg of body weight.
About Turmeric:
• Turmeric is a flowering plant, Curcuma longa of
the ginger family, it is used as a condiment, dye,
drug and cosmetic in addition to its use in religious
ceremonies.
• India is a leading producer and exporter of turmeric
in the world. India produces 80% of turmeric in the
world.
• Turmeric has been studied for its potential health
benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antiox-
idant properties, as well as its role in traditional
medicine and cuisine.

NBFC permitted to:

• Refinance infrastructure projects that have completed
at least one year of commercial operations
• Finance Toll-Operate-Transfer (TOT) projects as a direct
lender. 59. BHARAT NEW CAR ASSESSMENT
PROGRAMME (BHARAT NCAP)
58. THE ISSUE WITH TURMERIC SUPPLE-
Context:
MENTS The Union Minister of Road Transport and Highways, will
be launching the Bharat New Car Assessment Programme
Context:
(Bharat NCAP).
Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) issued
• This initiative is a significant move towards enhanc-
a medical advisory regarding the potential risk of liver in-
ing road safety by elevating the safety standards of
jury associated with the use of medicines and herbal sup-
motor vehicles weighing up to 3.5 tonnes in India.
plements containing turmeric or its active ingredient, cur-
• The program aims to provide consumers with a tool
cumin.
for comparing the crash safety of different motor
• The advisory was prompted by 18 reports of liver
vehicles available in the market.
problems received by TGA, linked to products con-
• Manufacturers can voluntarily submit their cars for
taining curcuma longa (turmeric) or curcumin.
testing according to Automotive Industry Standard
• The TGA concluded that there is a “rare risk” of liv-
(AIS) 197.
er injury from taking curcuma longa or curcumin in
• Based on the test results, vehicles will be assigned
medicinal forms, particularly for individuals with
star ratings for both Adult Occupants (AOP) and
existing or previous liver issues.
Child Occupants (COP) safety.
Research from other countries:
• France’s ANSES reported cases of hepatitis linked The program is expected to drive the demand for safer cars,
to turmeric-containing food supplements. Turmer- pushing manufacturers to cater to customer safety prefer-
ic’s ability to stimulate bile secretion for digestion is ences.

156 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
60. GENE-EDITED MUSTARD
Context:
Researchers in India have made significant advancements
in the breeding of mustard plants to create varieties with
lower levels of glucosinolates, compounds that contribute
to the pungency of mustard oil and meal.
• The low-glucosinolate mustard lines were devel-
oped using gene editing technology known as CRIS-
PR/Cas9.
• By editing specific genes responsible for transporting
glucosinolates to seeds, researchers were able to
produce mustard seeds with glucosinolate content
below the 30 ppm threshold, making them more ac-
ceptable for consumption and livestock feed.
These genetically edited mustard lines are non-genetically
modified (non-GM), in contrast to transgenic genetically
modified crops. This research holds the potential to enhance
domestic oilseed production in India, thereby reducing the
country’s dependence on imported vegetable oils.
61. DEFINITION OF GREEN HYDROGEN
Context:
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in In-
dia has introduced the Green Hydrogen Standard for the
country as part of the National Green Hydrogen Mission.
The Ministry has defined Green Hydrogen as hydrogen with
a well-to-gate emission (including various production pro-
cesses) of no more than 2 kg CO2 equivalent per kg of hy-
drogen.
• This standard specifies the emission limits that hy-
drogen production must adhere to in order to be
classified as ‘Green’, indicating it comes from re-
newable sources.
• The standard covers both electrolysis-based and
biomass-based methods of producing hydrogen.
• The standard also outlines that the Ministry will
provide a detailed methodology for the measure-
ment, reporting, monitoring, verification, and cer-
tification of green hydrogen and its derivatives.
• The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), under the
Ministry of Power, will be responsible for accred-
iting agencies to monitor, verify, and certify Green
Hydrogen production projects.
62. COP28: GABON WRAPS UP $500 MIL-
LION DEBT-FOR-NATURE SWAP
Context:
Gabon has announced a ground-breaking $500 million
debt-for-nature swap, making it the largest such deal in Af-
rica and the second-largest in the world.
• Debt-for-nature swaps involve indebted developing
nations seeking assistance from developed world
financial institutions to pay off their debt in ex-
change for conservation efforts.
Gabon’s debt has been restructured under a Blue Bond, and
it has partnered with the Bank of America, the US Interna-
tional Development Finance Corporation (USDFC), and The
Nature Conservancy (TNC) for this swap.
• The swap will refinance $500 million of Gabon’s na-
tional debt to fund marine conservation projects.
• The Blue Bond initiative will generate an expected
$163 million in financing, with Gabon committing to
spending $5 million annually for the next 15 years
on marine conservation.
• This funding will contribute to advancing conserva-
tion goals, protecting endangered species, and sup-
porting Gabon’s sustainable ‘blue economy’.
• Gabon aims to protect 30% of its lands, freshwater
systems, and oceans by 2030.
The initiative builds on Gabon’s previous efforts, such as its
‘Gabon Bleu’ project, which expanded marine protected
areas and made Gabon the first central African nation to
establish a marine protected area network.
The country has already created 20 protected areas cover-
ing 26% of its ocean territory, and the new funds will further
this expansion. The deal aligns with global efforts, such as
the high-seas treaty, to protect 30% of the world’s oceans
and lands by 2030.
Gabon is a country situated on the west coast of Central Af-
rica. It shares borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon,
the Republic of the Congo, and the Gulf of Guinea. Covering
around 270,000 square kilometres, it features coastal plains,
mountains like the Cristal Mountains and the Chaillu Massif,
and an eastern savanna.
63. ACOUSTIC SIDE CHANNEL ATTACKS
Context:
A research paper titled “A Practical Deep Learning-Based
Acoustic Side Channel Attack on Keyboards” published with
the support of Durham University’s ethics committee re-
veals that Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be utilized to deci-
pher passwords by analysing the sound produced by key-
strokes.
• This method, known as Acoustic Side Channel At-
tacks (ASCA), exploits the acoustic signals of key-
board clicks to interpret typed information.
• Despite being around for decades, the advance-
ment of AI and deep learning has heightened the
risks associated with ASCAs.
• The accuracy of ASCAs has been demonstrated
www.insightsonindia.com 157

through experiments, achieving up to 95% accuracy
in recognizing keystrokes from various sources like
nearby phones and laptop keyboards.
The paper emphasizes that users can adopt defence strate-
gies, such as altering typing techniques, using touch-based
typing, employing stronger passwords with varied cases
and avoiding easily predictable phrases, to mitigate the
threat of ASCAs.
About Acoustic Side-Channel Attacks:
An Acoustic Side Channel Attack (ASCA) is a type of cyberse-
curity attack that exploits sound or acoustic signals to gath-
er sensitive information.
In the context of computer security, a side channel attack
refers to a method where an attacker targets unintended
information leakage or signals emitted by a system, rather
than directly attacking the cryptographic algorithms them-
selves.
64. DEMON PARTICLE
Context:
Researchers at the University of Illinois have discovered a
massless particle, often referred to as a “demon particle,”
which could pave the way for the development of supercon-
ductors capable of functioning at room temperature.
• Superconductors, which can conduct electricity
without resistance, currently require extremely low
temperatures, often below 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
• This new discovery could potentially lead to the cre-
ation of superconductors that work at room tem-
perature, revolutionizing various fields, including
computing and medical imaging.
The team identified the potential existence of the demon
particle while investigating the properties of the metal
strontium ruthenate, which is similar to high-temperature
superconductors.
About Demon Particle:
The prediction of the demon particle was first made by the-
oretical physicist David Pines in 1956. Pines theorized that
electrons passing through a solid would exhibit unique be-
haviours. This particular particle is intriguing because it
lacks mass, making it possible for it to exist and form plas-
mons (collective units of electrons) at room temperature,
where larger particles wouldn’t typically form plasmons.
Why it is named a ‘Demon’ particle?
This name was chosen because the particle’s properties, in-
cluding being massless, chargeless, and not interacting with
light, seemed to defy conventional understanding, much
like a mythical or supernatural entity. The term “demon” was
used metaphorically to convey the unusual and counterintu-
itive nature of this theoretical particle.
158 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
65. NAMOH 108
Context:
The Lucknow-based CSIR-NBRI (National Botanical Re-
search Institute) has reportedly developed a new variety of
lotus flowers called ‘Namoh 108,’ characterized by having
108 petals.
• The name “Namoh 108” is a combination of the reli-
gious significance of the ‘lotus flower’ and the digit
‘108,’ which holds importance in Hinduism.
Features of Namoh 108:
• The lotus variety flowers from March to December
and is rich in nutrients.
• It’s the first lotus variety in India to have its genome
completely sequenced for its characteristics.
The release also included products derived from the lotus,
such as apparel made from lotus fibre and a perfume called
‘Frotus’ extracted from lotus flowers.
66. PACIFIC ISLANDS FACE THE RISK OF
DROWNING
Context:
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has issued
a warning that sea levels around the Pacific Islands are ris-
ing at a rate of approximately 4 mm per year, slightly faster
than the global average.
• This accelerated rise poses a serious threat to
low-lying islands like Tuvalu and the Solomon Is-
lands. The warning comes from the WMO’s State of
the Climate in the South-West Pacific 2022 report.
• The report also highlighted the occurrence of ma-
rine heatwaves in a substantial region northeast of
Australia and south of Papua New Guinea, span-
ning more than six months.
• The report revealed that the region experienced
35 natural hazards in the previous year, leading
to over 700 deaths. These events directly affected
Current Affairs 30
more than 8 million individuals.
The findings of the WMO report highlight the urgent need
for comprehensive climate action to mitigate these impacts
and safeguard the future of these vulnerable island nations.
67. DRDO’S UAV TAPAS
Context:
The Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) announced that there were no casualties or collater-
al damage resulting from the crash of the Tapas unmanned
aerial vehicle (UAV) during an experimental flight trial in
Karnataka, India.
• The UAV was undergoing a trial flight from ATR
Challakere when it encountered a technical snag
and crashed in nearby farmland. DRDO assured that
investigations into the technical issue are ongoing.
About TAPAS UAV:
• The Tapas UAV, previously known as Rustom-2,
is a Tactical Airborne Platform for Aerial Surveil-
lance-Beyond Horizon-201. It’s a long-endurance
drone developed by the Aeronautical Development
Establishment in India.
• With a wingspan of 20.6 meters and a top speed of
225 kmph, the drone can cover a range of over 250
km using the C Band frequency data link developed
by DRDO.
• The UAV has the capability to fly autonomously or
via remote control, making it suitable for pre-pro-
grammed missions. It boasts a compact and light-
weight design, allowing for
• easy transport and deployment in various environ-
ments.
The drone’s real-time data collection and transmission capa-
bilities provide valuable intelligence for decision-making. It
has an impressive flight endurance of several hours and can
operate in both daylight and darkness.
8. ADVISORY BOARD ON BANK FRAUDS
Context: The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) has recon-
stituted the advisory board on Banking and Financial Frauds
(ABBFF), responsible for conducting initial examinations of
bank frauds before recommending further investigation by
agencies like the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
• The ABBFF’s authority encompasses examining the
roles of officials and whole-time directors in public
sector banks, insurance companies, and financial
institutions when frauds amounting to ₹3 crores
and above occur.
The CVC now requires all these entities to refer matters in-
volving such fraud amounts to the ABBFF for advice before
initiating criminal investigations. The ABBFF is also autho-
rized to conduct periodic fraud analysis within the financial
system, providing inputs for fraud-related policy formula-
tion to the RBI and CVC.
The ABBFF, headquartered in New Delhi, is mandated to pro-
vide advice within a month of receiving initial references
from the Ministry, Department, CVC, or investigative agen-
cies. Notably, the suggestion from the Indian Banks Associa-
tion (IBA) for introducing a “sunset clause” to limit actions
against bankers for credit decisions after a specific period
hasn’t been accepted by the CVC.
68. MARKET COUPLING
Context:
The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has
released a staff paper on implementing market coupling in
India’s power sector.
What is Market coupling?
Market coupling is a process in the energy sector where bids
from various power exchanges are matched to determine a
uniform market clearing price for electricity trading.
o It aims to optimize transmission infrastructure use,
maximize economic surplus, and create simultane-
ous benefits for both buyers and sellers.
o This process helps in efficient price discovery and
integration of different electricity markets or geog-
raphies, promoting transparency and competition in
the energy trading sector.
The CERC (Central Electricity Regulatory Commission) has
introduced provisions for market coupling among power ex-
changes in the country under its CERC Power Market Regu-
lations (PRC) 2021. However, these provisions are yet to be
officially implemented.
The benefits of market coupling include:
o Optimal utilization of transmission infrastructure.
o Maximization of economic surplus by considering all
bid types leads to the creation of simultaneous ben-
efits for both buyers and sellers.
India has three power exchanges:
o Indian Energy Exchange (IEX): 90% market share
o Power Exchange of India (PXIL)
o Hindustan Power Exchange (HPX)
69. MEITY-NSF RESEARCH COLLABORA-
TION
Context:
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
(MeitY) has introduced its inaugural Joint Call for propos-
www.insightsonindia.com 159

als in collaboration with the National Science Foundation
(NSF) (USA) as part of its research partnership.
• The initiative is based on areas of shared interest
highlighted in a Joint Statement made by the gov-
ernments of India and the United States.
• The first Joint Call solicits proposals in the fields of
semiconductor research, next-generation commu-
nication technologies/networks/systems, cyberse-
curity, sustainability and green technologies, and
Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Current Affairs 30
• The project’s impact aims to decrease the risk of
pathogens crossing from animals (both domesticat-
ed and wildlife) to humans, thereby safeguarding
the health, nutrition, and livelihoods of vulnerable
populations.
The project will be executed in partnership with the Asian
Development Bank (ADB) as the lead implementing entity,
alongside The World Bank and the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization (FAO).

This collaborative effort aims to advance technology through

various stages such as prototype development, pilot-scale
demonstrations, field deployment, and technology transfer
acceleration.
About
The National Science Foundation is an independent agen-
cy of the United States federal government that supports
fundamental research and education in all the non-medical
fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is
the National Institutes of Health.
70. PANDEMIC FUND FOR STRENGTHEN-
ING ANIMAL HEALTH SYSTEM OF INDIA
Context:
The G20 Pandemic Fund has approved a $25 million pro-
posal from India’s Department of Animal Husbandry &
Dairying, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairy-
ing (DAHD).
71. GONDIA, GADCHIROLI TO HOST MA-
HARASHTRA’S 1ST ELEPHANT RESERVE
Context:
A preliminary proposal for the feasibility of establishing
an elephant reserve in the Gondia-Gadchiroli region of east
Maharashtra has been submitted in response to the fre-
quent movement of elephants in the area.
• Given the frequent movement of elephants along
the borders of Gondia, Gadchiroli, and Chhattis-
garh, the establishment of an elephant reserve
would aid the forest department in managing de-
velopment more effectively.
• Maharashtra has a relatively small elephant pop-
ulation, making the establishment of an elephant
reserve crucial for their protection.
This initiative follows the Maharashtra government’s 2020
decision to designate nearly 3,000 hectares of forest land as
an elephant reserve in the Sindhudurg district, marking the
first instance of such a reserve being established in the state.

The proposal focuses on “Animal Health Security Strength-

ening in India for Pandemic Preparedness and Response.”
• The G20 Pandemic Fund, established during Indo-
nesia’s G20 Presidency, finances crucial investments
to enhance pandemic prevention, preparedness,
and response capacities at national, regional, and
global levels, with a specific emphasis on low- and
middle-income countries.
• The key components of the approved proposal in-
clude strengthening disease surveillance and ear-
ly warning systems, expanding the laboratory
network, improving interoperable data systems,
enhancing capacity for data analytics and risk
communication, fortifying health security for trans-
boundary animal diseases, and facilitating regional
cooperation through cross-border collaboration.

Significance:
• Beyond providing dedicated resources for pandemic
prevention, preparedness, and response, the Pan- 72. BACTERIA THAT ‘EAT’ METHANE
demic Fund will encourage increased investments,
improved collaboration among partners, and serve Context:
as an advocacy platform. A study conducted by researchers at the University of Wash-

160 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
ington suggests that utilizing bacteria known as methano-
trophs, which consume methane, could potentially slow
down the rate of global heating.
• Methane is a potent greenhouse gas emitted from
various sources including energy production, indus-
try, agriculture, and waste management.
• The researchers have identified a specific strain
of bacteria, methylotuvimicrobium buryatense
5GB1C, that efficiently removes methane, even
when present in lower concentrations.
• Unlike many other proposed methane reduction
strategies, this method doesn’t produce nitrous
oxide emissions, which have a significant global
warming potential.
73. PFIZER’S RSV VACCINE
Context:
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted ap-
proval to Pfizer’s vaccine, Abrysvo, aimed at safeguarding
new-borns from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by vacci-
nating pregnant individuals during the latter stages of preg-
nancy.
• Abrysvo has been authorized for use in adults aged
60 and above to protect them from RSV. The vaccine
generates passive immunity by producing antibod-
ies against RSV in pregnant individuals, which are
then passed on to their foetuses in the uterus.
Abrysvo’s approval is based on its demonstrated effective-
ness in reducing the risk of severe lower respiratory tract
disease caused by RSV in new-borns. However, concerns
have been raised about potential preterm births in response
to the vaccine, similar to issues seen with another compet-
itor vaccine.
About Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection:
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a common respi-
ratory illness that primarily affects infants, young children,
and older adults. RSV belongs to the family of viruses called
Paramyxoviridae and is a leading cause of lower respiratory
tract infections, such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, espe-
cially in children under the age of two.
The virus spreads through respiratory droplets when an in-
fected person coughs or sneezes, and it can also be trans-
mitted through direct contact with contaminated surfaces.
74. ULTRA-PROCESSED FOOD
Context:
A report jointly released by the World Health Organisation
(WHO) and the Indian Council for Research on Internation-
al Economic Relations (ICRIER) highlights a significant and
concerning increase in the sales of ultra-processed foods in
India over the past decade.
• The study shows that sales of items like chocolate
and sugar confectioneries dropped from 10% in
2019 to 1% in 2020 due to the pandemic, but then
quickly recovered to 9% in 2021. Similarly, retail
sales of salty snacks and beverages reduced from
14% each in 2019 to 9% and 1% in 2021, respec-
tively.
• The report suggests that by 2032, despite a decline in
market share, ultra-processed foods such as choco-
late, sugar confectioneries, salty snacks, and ready-
made food will continue to dominate the market.
About Ultra-processed foods:
Ultra-processed foods are a category of food products that
have undergone multiple stages of processing, often involv-
ing the addition of various artificial ingredients, such as pre-
servatives, colours, flavours, and additives.
These foods typically contain minimal whole or natural in-
gredients and are characterized by their convenience, long
shelf life, and often addictive taste profiles.
75. DHOLPUR-KARAULI TIGER RESERVE
IN RAJASTHAN
Context:
India has established its 54th tiger reserve in the Karauli
and Dholpur districts of Rajasthan, following approval from
the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
• This new reserve marks Rajasthan’s fifth, joining
the existing reserves of Ranthambore, Sariska,
Mukundra Hills, and Ramgarh Vishdhari.
• The Dholpur-Karauli Tiger Reserve’s approval is seen
as a significant step forward for wildlife conserva-
tion in the state.
Stats on Tiger Population:
• Over recent years, India has seen an increase in ti-
ger population, rising from 2,967 in 2018 to 3,682 in
2022, signifying an annual growth rate of 6%.
• Notably, Madhya Pradesh has the highest number
of tigers (785), followed by Karnataka (563), Uttara-
khand (560), and Maharashtra (444).
Rajasthan has also experienced growth in its tiger popula-
tion, which has risen from 32 in 2006 to 88 in 2022.
www.insightsonindia.com 161

76. 1ST HYDROGEN BUS IN LEH
Context:
India’s largest power producer, NTPC Ltd, has begun a trial
run of its first hydrogen bus in Leh as part of the Green Hy-
drogen Mobility Project.
The programme:
This initiative aims to achieve carbon-neutral status for La-
dakh. NTPC plans to establish a hydrogen fuelling station,
and a solar plant, and deploy five fuel cell buses for intracity
routes in Leh.
Notably, these buses are designed to operate in sub-zero
temperatures and high-altitude conditions.
NTPC Limited (founded 1975; HQ: New Delhi; Maharatna
Company) is a major Indian Central Public Sector Undertak-
ing owned by the Ministry of Power and the Indian Govern-
ment.
77. C.R. RAO
Context:
Renowned statistician Calyampudi Radhakrishnan Rao,
known as C.R. Rao, has passed away at the age of 102. He
was among the world’s most eminent statisticians and spent
a significant part of his career in India.
Rao was instrumental in pioneering fundamental statistical
concepts like the Cramer–Rao inequality and Rao–Black-
wellization, which are widely taught in statistics and econo-
metrics.
He played a key role in developing statistical education and
research in India, serving on various government commit-
tees and contributing to the field’s growth. He received nu-
merous awards, including India’s Padma Bhushan and Pad-
ma Vibhushan.
He served as chairman of the Committee on Statistics and
Demographic and Communication for Population Control.
His famous book is “Statistics and Truth: Putting Chance to
Work”
Ethical values: C.R. Rao’s life embodied ethical values such
as dedication to education, professionalism, pioneering
statistical concepts, and contributing to society through his
work in statistics
162 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
78. RAIL-SEA-RAIL (RSR) INITIATIVE
Context:
The Ministry of Coal is driving a transformative initiative
known as Rail-Sea-Rail (RSR) to revolutionize coal transpor-
tation in India.
• This strategy integrates rail and sea transportation
to create an efficient movement of domestic coal,
connecting mining sites, ports, and end-users.
• The goal is to enhance logistical efficiency, reduce
transportation costs, and reshape the coal trans-
portation landscape.
Stats regarding Coal:
• Major coal-producing states like Odisha, Chhattis-
garh, Jharkhand, and parts of Madhya Pradesh con-
tributed around 75% of domestic raw coal dispatch
in FY’23.
• The Ministry envisions doubling India’s coal produc-
tion by FY’30, with a projected Compound Annual
Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 7.7%.
• Currently, railways handle about 55% of coal evacu-
ation, with a target of increasing it to 75% by FY’30.
The committee is promoting RSR coal evacuation
with the aim of reaching 112 million tons by 2030,
a significant increase from the current 40 million
tons. This approach aims to reduce congestion, ex-
plore export opportunities, and minimize the car-
bon footprint.
Benefits of RSR Initiative:
• The Rail-Sea-Rail initiative aims to transform logis-
tics through an eco-friendly coastal shipping mode.
• Opting for RSR could result in substantial cost sav-
ings for end-users in Southern India, potentially
cutting logistics costs.
• Over the past four years, Rail-Sea-Rail coal transpor-
tation has seen impressive growth of around 125%.
The Ministry of Coal is committed to refining its Rail-Sea-
Rail Coal Evacuation strategy to meet the nation’s growing
energy needs and establish a robust energy supply system.
79. WHY RURAL INDIA SHIFTED TO SUG-
ARS AND PROCESSED FOODS
Context:
A research study conducted by the International Crops Re-
search Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has re-
vealed that rural families in India are increasingly relying on
carbohydrates and sugary processed foods instead of pro-
tein and micronutrient-rich options.
Key Findings:
• The shift from traditional diets is attributed to fac-
Current Affairs 30
tors like limited access to such nutrient-rich foods
and the ease of sourcing cheaper alternatives.
• This transition is exacerbated by the decreasing
availability of wild foods from forests, which used
to be part of their diet.
• The research also points out that rural-to-urban mi-
gration leads to changes in dietary habits as people
are exposed to packaged foods heavily promoted
in cities.
• Sugary processed foods become popular due to
their convenience and longer shelf life compared
to fresh fruits and vegetables.
Solutions:
• The study calls for policy interventions to strength-
en nutrition-sensitive food supply chains.
• ICRISAT suggests solutions that include raising
awareness about nutrition and educating people
about healthy eating habits and the significance of
locally grown foods.
• The study underscores the importance of tradition-
al farming practices and local markets in ensuring
access to nutritious food in rural areas.
80. HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE CAPTURES
‘GHOSTLY’ GLOW OF DISTANT GALAXY
Context:
The Hubble Space Telescope has captured an image of a dis-
tant galaxy named ESO 300-16, situated approximately 28.7
million light-years away in the Eridanus constellation.
• ESO 300-16 is categorized as an irregular galaxy due
to its vague shape and absence of features like spi-
ral arms or a nuclear bulge.
• It resembles a cloud formation, formed by clusters
of small stars. The galaxy’s core is surrounded by
soft, diffuse light, and a bubble of bright blue gas is
visible at its centre.
About Hubble Space Telescope:
• NASA launched Hubble in 1990.
• Expanding the frontiers of the visible Universe, the
Hubble Space Telescope looks deep into space with
cameras that can see across the entire optical spec-
trum from infrared to ultraviolet.
• The Hubble Space Telescope makes one orbit
around Earth every 95 minutes.
81. DEFICIENCY IN MICRONUTRIENTS IN
SOIL LINKED TO THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN
AND WOMEN
Context:
A new study titled “Soil micronutrients linked to human
health in India,” has revealed a significant connection be-
tween soil micronutrients and the nutritional well-being of
individuals, particularly children and adult women.
Key Findings:
• The study found that districts with a higher pro-
portion of soil zinc samples showed notably lower
rates of child stunting and underweight.
• Soil zinc availability was linked to increased height
in women.
• The research also highlighted a strong correlation
between soil iron availability and health outcomes,
including anaemia among women and haemoglo-
bin levels among both children and women.
Relevance to India:
• Around 35% of the country’s soil is estimated to be
deficient in zinc, and about 11% is estimated to lack
iron.
• India accounts for about one-third of the global
population affected by micronutrient deficiencies,
as indicated by the Global Nutrition Report 2018.
The study suggests that leveraging soil mineral availability
could potentially help mitigate the prevalence of anaemia
across a large portion of the population.
82. INDIGENOUS ASTRA BEYOND VISUAL
RANGE AIR-TO-AIR MISSILE
Context:
The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) LSP-7, known as “Tejas,”
successfully launched the indigenous Beyond Visual Range
(BVR) air-to-air missile called ASTRA.
• The missile was fired from the aircraft at an altitude
of approximately 20,000 feet and achieved all test
objectives flawlessly.
The test was closely supervised by the Aeronautical Devel-
opment Agency (ADA), Defence Research and Develop-
ment Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
(HAL), Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification
(CEMILAC), and Directorate General of Aeronautical Quali-
ty Assurance (DG-AQA).
About ASTRA:
• ASTRA is an advanced BVR air-to-air missile devel-
oped by various DRDO laboratories, including the
Defence Research and Development Laboratory
(DRDL) and Research Centre Imarat (RCI).
• It’s designed to engage and destroy agile supersonic
aerial targets.
To read about LCA Tejas: Click here
www.insightsonindia.com 163

83. FIDE CHESS WORLD CUP
In the FIDE World Cup finals, Magnus Carlsen secured his
first-ever title, defeating Indian chess prodigy R. Pragg-
nanandhaa in Baku, Azerbaijan. Praggnanandhaa has be-
come the second Indian after Viswanathan Anand to reach
a World Cup final.
Praggnanandhaa’s spirited performance earned him a spot
in the prestigious Candidates Tournament, despite his loss.
About FIDE World Cup:
The FIDE World Cup, established in 2000 by the Internation-
al Chess Federation (FIDE), encompasses various iterations.
Since 2005, it’s been a 128-player single-elimination chess
tournament, a vital part of the World Chess Championship
qualification. The format includes 7 rounds of “mini-match-
es” with 2 games each, followed by rapid and blitz tiebreaks
if needed. The final consists of 4 games before tiebreaks.
About the Candidates Tournament:
It has been organized by FIDE since 1950 and determines the
challenger for the World Chess Championship. The winner
faces the reigning World Champion. Historically held trienni-
ally until 1992, since 2013, it follows a 2-year cycle.
About the World Chess Championship
It determines the world champion in chess. Ding Liren (Chi-
na) won the 2023 championship, defeating Ian Nepomni-
achtchi, while Magnus Carlsen opted not to defend his title.
84. FIFA WOMEN’S WORLD CUP 2023
The ninth FIFA Women’s World Cup was co-hosted by Aus-
tralia and New Zealand, marking the first time it was held
in the Southern Hemisphere. Spain won the event by de-
feating England in the final. The USA has won the Women’s
World Cup title four times.
About the FIFA Women’s World Cup
It is a professional football tournament for senior women’s
national teams, organized by FIFA. It occurs every four years,
following the men’s World Cup, and began in 1991. The 2023
edition, co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand, featured
32 teams in a month-long event
85. KHELO INDIA INITIATIVE
This initiative was introduced by the Indian government in
2017 and serves as a dynamic platform to nurture sports tal-
ent and revive the sporting culture of India. It encompasses
the:
• Khelo India Youth Games (KIYG) (commenced
2018): Annual national competition for youngsters
164 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
representing states
• Khelo India University Games (KIUG) (commenced
2020): Showcases university students’ talent in
sports
• Khelo India Winter Games (Commenced 2020): Pro-
motes winter sports in India
Part of the Khelo India State Centres of Excellence (KISCE)
scheme: It aims to enhance sports infrastructure by support-
ing existing training facilities. It provides financial aid, staff,
equipment, and resources at the grassroots level.
86. FACTS ABOUT CINNAMON
Context:
A study conducted by the ICMR-National Institute of Nutri-
tion (NIN) has revealed that cinnamon and its active com-
ponents, cinnamaldehyde and procyanidin B2, when ad-
ministered orally to rats, exhibited an inhibitory effect on
early-stage prostate cancer.
• The research aimed to evaluate the chemo-preven-
tive potential of cinnamon and its bioactive com-
pounds in male rats.
The study also suggested that these substances could mit-
igate oxidative stress, reduce the spread of cancer cells in
the prostate gland, and offer benefits to bone health. How-
ever, further studies are required before dietary recommen-
dations can be made based on these findings.
87. BEES CAN MONITOR POLLUTION
Context:
Two recent studies have employed honey bees as effective
biomonitoring tools to assess contamination in urban envi-
ronments.
• Honey bees were found to effectively map pollution
patterns and reveal the most sensitive markers of
contamination tracing toxic metals and antimicro-
bial resistance genes.
Process:
Bees’ foraging behaviour allows them to pick up contami-
nants, offering insights into pollution patterns. They can re-
veal the presence of toxic metals near pollution sources and
help understand factors contributing to contamination. Bees
also aid in assessing the spread of antimicrobial resistance
genes, which can be ingested from water bodies. This ap-
proach provides a valuable tool for monitoring pollution and
addressing environmental health concerns.
These studies highlight the importance of comprehensive
monitoring to address environmental health challenges.
Current Affairs 30
88. GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK
FUND (GBFF) RATIFIED
Context:
The Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) has been
ratified and launched during the 7th Assembly of the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) in Vancouver, Canada.
What is the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund?
GBFF (1st approved in July this year under the Global Environ-
ment Facility (GEF)) aims to support the Kunming-Montreal
Global Biodiversity Framework’s goals by 2030. Contribu-
tions from countries, non-profits, and the private sector are
welcome.
Fund Allocations:
• 20% will be allocated to Indigenous Peoples and lo-
cal communities (IPLCs)
• 25% to GEF agencies
• 36% to SIDS (Small Island Developing States)
• 3% to LDCs (Least Developed Countries)
The allocation for IPLCs will be reviewed for two years and
the allocations for SIDS and LDCs will be reviewed for three
years.
What is the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Frame-
work?
Adopted at COP15 (2022), it includes 4 goals and 23 targets
for achievement by 2030. It aims to restore ecosystems,
conserve areas, prevent species extinction, reduce pollution
risks, tackle climate change, and more.
• Signatories committed to channelling USD 200 billion
per year for conservation.
• Companies to report biodiversity impacts.
• Focus on reducing harmful subsidies and enhancing
monitoring
89. SOMATIC GENETIC VARIANTS
Context:
Scientists have known of somatic variants for many years,
but recently there has been an explosion in the amount of
data.
• While DNA replication during cell division is gener-
ally accurate, errors occur at an estimated rate of
0.64-0.78 mutations per billion base pairs per di-
vision.
• These mutations are more common during develop-
ment and are referred to as somatic genetic muta-
tions.
• These errors, often arising from the repeated copy-
ing of the genome, increase with age and tissue
turnover. Some of these mutations can confer ad-
vantages to cells, leading to the development of
tumours known as driver mutations.
About Somatic Genetic Variants:
• Somatic genetic variants, also known as somatic mu-
tations or somatic changes, refer to alterations in the
DNA sequence that occur in the cells of an individual’s
body after conception.
• Somatic mutations can occur for various reasons, such
as errors during DNA replication, exposure to environ-
mental factors (like radiation or chemicals), or simply
as a natural consequence of cellular processes.
• Somatic mutations can have different effects depending
on where they occur in the genome and which genes
are affected.
• Some somatic mutations are harmless and have no dis-
cernible impact on the cell or individual. However, oth-
ers can lead to the development of diseases, including
cancer.
90. “STATE OF INDIA’S BIRDS, 2023” RE-
PORT
Context:
The “State of India’s Birds, 2023” report reveals a wide-
spread decline in most bird species across the country, with
some currently declining and others projected to decline in
the future.
Key Findings:
• Raptors, migratory shorebirds, and ducks have ex-
perienced the most significant declines.
• However, several species like the Indian Peafowl,
Rock Pigeon, Asian Koel, and House Crow are thriv-
ing and increasing in both abundance and distribu-
tion.
• The assessments, based on data from around 30,000
birdwatchers, indicate that 60% of the 338 species
with identifiable long-term trends have declined,
www.insightsonindia.com 165

while 36 species have increased.
• Specialist bird species, which inhabit specific habi-
tats like wetlands and rainforests, are facing rapid
declines, while generalist species capable of adapt-
ing to various habitats are faring better.
• Long-distance migratory birds, such as those from
Eurasia and the Arctic, have suffered significant de-
clines, while resident species remain more stable.
• Birds with diets focused on vertebrates and carri-
on have seen notable declines, potentially due to
harmful pollutants present in these food resources.
• The report emphasizes the decline of species en-
demic to the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiver-
sity hotspots.
Current Affairs 30
Governance GBFF Council Representation:
• 16 members from developing
countries
• 14 members from developed
countries
• 2 members from countries of
central and eastern Europe and
the former Soviet Union
Decision-making: Consensus-based de-
cisions, following the GEF Instrument
model.

The main threats to birdlife in India highlighted in the re-

Financial Mo- • 20% will be allocated to Indige-
port include:
bilization nous Peoples and local commu-
• Climate Change
Goals nities (IPLCs)
• Urbanization
o The allocation for IPLCs
• Monocultures
will be reviewed for two
• Energy Infrastructure
years and the allocations
for SIDS and LDCs will
91. GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY FRAMEWORK be reviewed for three
FUND (GBFF) RATIFIED years.
• 25% to GEF agencies
Context: • 36% to SIDS (Small Island Devel-
We already covered the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund oping States)
(GBFF) yesterday. This is additional information for GBEF. • 3% to LDCs (Least Developed
Countries)
Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) is presented in Targets Raise international financial flows to
a tabular format: developing countries (at least $20B by
2025, $30B by 2030)
Aspect Details
Priority Sup- Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and
GBFF (1 approved in July this year under the Global Envi-
st
port: Least Developed Countries (LDCs) will re-
ronment Facility (GEF)) aims to support the Kunming-Mon-
ceive over a third of the fund’s resourc-
treal Global Biodiversity Framework’s goals by 2030. Con-
es, prioritizing their biodiversity conser-
tributions from countries, non-profits, and the private
vation efforts.
sector are welcome.
Financial Man- • Trustee: The World Bank will
Purpose To mobilize investment and accelerate
agement: serve as the Trustee of the GBFF.
conservation efforts for global biodiver-
• Establishment: Modeled after
sity.
funds like Capacity-Building Ini-
Launch Ratified at the Global Environmental Fa- tiative for Transparency (CBIT)
cility’s seventh assembly in Vancouver, Trust Fund, Least Developed
Canada by representatives of 185 coun- Countries (LDCs) Fund, Special
tries. Climate Change Fund, and Na-
goya Protocol Implementation
Fund (NPIF)
Funding Sourc- Governments, philanthropy, the private
es sector, international financial institu-
tions.
Goals Halt and reverse biodiversity loss, and
promote sustainable species and ecosys-
tem health.

166 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
A d d r e s s e d Wildfires, flooding, extreme weather, un-
Threats sustainable activities, urbanization.
Challenges Need for more contributions, and firm
commitment to allocate funds to Indige-
nous groups.
92. 6TH CENSUS REPORT ON MINOR IR-
RIGATION (MI) SCHEMES
Context:
The Ministry of Jal Shakti has released the 6th census report
on minor irrigation (MI) schemes, providing crucial data for
effective planning and policy-making in this sector.
Key Highlights:
• The census reveals that there are a total of 23.14
million minor irrigation schemes in India, with
94.8% (21.93 million) being Ground Water (GW)
schemes and 5.2% (1.21 million) being Surface Wa-
ter (SW) schemes.
• Uttar Pradesh holds the highest number of MI
schemes, followed by Maharashtra, Madhya
Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
• The report indicates a growth of 1.42 million MI
schemes compared to the previous census, with a
6.9% increase in GW schemes and a 1.2% increase
in SW schemes.
• The ownership of MI schemes is primarily private
(96.6%), with a notable finding that 18.1% of indi-
vidually owned schemes are owned by women.
93. 23RD AUGUST WILL BE CELEBRATED
AS THE NATIONAL SPACE DAY
Context:
The Prime Minister visited the ISRO Telemetry Tracking and
Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru and addressed
the ISRO team about the success of Chandrayaan-3.
Key Highlights from PM speech:
• The Prime Minister celebrated the achievement of
Chandrayaan-3 as a significant scientific milestone
that demonstrates India’s prowess in space explo-
ration. He also announced that the point of Chan-
drayaan-3’s landing would be known as ‘Shiv Shak-
ti.’
• He acknowledged the contribution of women scien-
tists and referred to the Chandrayaan-2 landing site
as ‘Tiranga,’ highlighting its significance in inspiring
efforts and overcoming failures.
• He announced that August 23rd will be observed as
‘National Space Day’ to celebrate science, technol-
ogy, and innovation.
He emphasized the role of space technology in governance,
linking it to initiatives like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, educa-
tion, healthcare, and disaster management. He encouraged
ISRO to organize hackathons on ‘Space Technology in Gover-
nance’ to make governance more effective.
94. SOLAR ORBITER SPACECRAFT DIS-
COVERS TINY JETS THAT COULD POWER
THE SOLAR WIND
Context:
The ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter spacecraft has identified nu-
merous small jets of material emanating from the Sun’s
outer atmosphere, lasting for 20 to 100 seconds and expel-
ling plasma at speeds around 100 km/s.
• These jets, detected by Solar Orbiter’s Extreme Ul-
traviolet Imager (EUI) instrument, could potentially
be the source of the solar wind.
• Composed of charged particles (called picoflare
jets), the solar wind continuously escapes the Sun
and affects space dynamics.
These observations shed light on how and where the so-
lar wind is generated, a longstanding challenge in solar re-
search. The jets are associated with plasma ejections from
the solar atmosphere, and their discovery suggests that the
solar wind may originate from intermittent, highly energet-
ic outflows rather than just a steady flow.
95. IUCN’S TIGER PROGRAMME LAUNCH-
ES PHASE IV CALL FOR CONCEPT NOTES
Context:
The Integrated Tiger Habitat Conservation Programme
(ITHCP) has launched a Call for Concept Notes for Phase IV
of the Tiger Programme, aiming to further protect big cats
and their environments.
• This phase will expand eligibility to include species
beyond tigers.
• Leopards and both mainland and Sunda clouded
leopards are now eligible for funding. The call is
open to countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambo-
dia, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Thai-
land, focusing on specific conservation areas.
The ITHCP’s success in increasing tiger populations by 40%
since 2015 highlights the effectiveness of such initiatives.
This phase signifies a vital step towards safeguarding di-
verse species, their habitats, and surrounding communi-
ties.
About ITHCP:
ITHCP, launched in 2014, is a strategic funding mechanism
supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Co-
operation and Development (BMZ).
96. ACROYNYM “RAISE” FOR BUSINESS
Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the B20 Summit
www.insightsonindia.com 167

India 2023, highlighting various aspects related to business,
sustainability, and global cooperation.
• The B20 Summit India is a platform for policymakers,
business leaders, and experts to discuss policy rec-
ommendations for G20. Its theme is “RAISE”.
Term Explanation
R - Responsible Emphasizes the need for businesses to
act responsibly and consider their im-
pact on society and the environment.
A - Accelerated Refers to the need for businesses to
drive economic growth and develop-
ment through rapid progress and inno-
vation.
I - Innovative Highlights the importance of innovation
in business strategies to adapt to chang-
ing global dynamics.
S - Sustainable Advocates for businesses to adopt prac-
tices that ensure long-term sustainabili-
ty for both the economy and the planet.
E - Equitable Focuses on promoting fairness and in-
clusiveness in business practices, ensur-
ing benefits are shared widely.
Other Key points:
• The PM also proposed the idea of an “International
Consumer Care Day” to strengthen trust between
businesses and consumers.
• The Prime Minister emphasized India’s role in cre-
ating a trusted global supply chain and promoting
sustainability. He called for businesses to go beyond
profit and focus on supply chain resilience and sus-
tainability.
97. EMPEROR PENGUIN
Why disappearance of sea ice cause catastrophic breeding
failure of emperor penguins?
Emperor penguins’ breeding cycle heavily relies on stable
168 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
sea ice, where they spend their entire breeding cycle. The
sea ice, present from April to December, provides the neces-
sary platform for their breeding and fledging activities (the
stage in the development of young birds when they acquire
the feathers and abilities necessary for flight.).
As a result of the loss of sea ice, the penguin chicks were
unable to develop their waterproof adult wings and regu-
late their body temperature. This led to their vulnerability
to drowning or freezing to death.
While emperor penguins usually adapt to localized ice loss
by moving to stable sites, the extensive shrinking of sea ice
extent makes this strategy unfeasible.
This incident marked the first recorded instance of wide-
spread breeding failure of emperor penguins across multi-
ple colonies due to sea ice loss.
98. CHINESE NAVY IS TESTING THE MOST
POWERFUL COIL GUN EVER BUILT
Context:
The Chinese navy is reportedly testing an advanced coil
gun, an electromagnetic weapon that can launch high-speed
projectiles with exceptional velocity.
• Coil guns, also known as magnetic accelerators, have
the potential to revolutionize warfare by allowing
faster and more devastating attacks on enemy tar-
gets. These weapons could be used for launching
missiles or satellites into space.
• Compared to traditional artillery, the coil gun offers
advantages such as faster launch speeds and lower
launch costs.
• The potential applications of coil guns extend to
weapon systems, near-earth satellites, and high-
speed missile launches.
The technology involves a series of energized coils along the
barrel of the gun that generate a magnetic field to propel
the projectile forward without touching the barrel’s walls.
This approach prevents wear on components and enables
repeated firings. Despite the technology’s existence for de-
cades, challenges in materials science have limited the de-
velopment of powerful coil gun models.
99. MILITARY EXERCISES IN NEWS
Exercise BRIGHT STAR-23: An Indian Air Force (IAF) contin-
gent has departed to participate in Exercise BRIGHT STAR-
23, a biennial multilateral tri-service exercise scheduled to
take place at Cairo (West) Air Base, Egypt, from August 27 to
September 16, 2023.
Current Affairs 30
This marks the first time that the IAF is participating in Ex
BRIGHT STAR-23, joining contingents from the United States
of America, Saudi Arabia, Greece, and Qatar.
Other exercises between India and Egypt: Exercise Cy-
clone-I: It Is a bilateral exercise between the special forces
of the Indian Army and the Egyptian Army. The first edition
of the exercise was held in Jaisalmer, Rajasthan in January
2023.
Also in the News:
AUSINDEX-23 is a biennial maritime exercise between the
Indian Navy and Royal Australian Navy
100. MAGIC RICE
Context:
Chokuwa rice, also known as Magic rice, is a distinctive part
of Assam’s culinary heritage and has recently been granted
a Geographical Indication (GI) tag for its uniqueness.
About Chokuwa rice:
• This rice was a staple for the troops of the Ahom
dynasty in Assam and is cultivated in various parts
of the region, especially around the Brahmaputra
area.
• Chokuwa rice is a semi-glutinous winter rice, cate-
gorized as Sali rice. It comes in sticky and glutinous
varieties, known as Bora and Chokuwa, based on
their amylose content.
• The low-amylose Chokuwa rice is used to make soft
rice, which can be consumed after soaking in cold
or lukewarm water.
• The rice is pre-boiled, dried, stored, and then
soaked before eating, making it convenient and nu-
tritious.
• Chokuwa rice is enjoyed with various accompani-
ments like curd, sugar, jaggery, and bananas, and is
also used in traditional Assamese dishes like Pithe.
101. NABHMITRA
Context:
ISRO’s Space Applications Centre in Ahmedabad has devel-
oped a device called ‘Nabhmitra’, which has been success-
fully tested.
• This device is aimed at enhancing the safety of fish-
ermen. It operates through satellite-based commu-
nication and enables two-way messaging between
boats at sea and authorities on land.
• The system can convey weather alerts, cyclone
warnings, and other information in the local lan-
guage.
• In cases of emergencies like boat accidents or fires,
fishermen can activate the device to alert the con-
trol centre. The control centre receives the boat’s
location and the crew onboard gets a response from
the control centre.
• Additionally, the device provides details about ship-
ping routes, maritime boundaries, and fishing ar-
eas.
102. PRAGYAN ROVER CONFIRMS SUL-
PHUR
Context:
India’s Chandrayaan-3 mission’s Pragyan rover has con-
firmed the existence of sulphur on the moon’s surface near
the south pole.
• This discovery was enabled by the Laser-Induced
Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument on-
board the rover, marking the first in-situ measure-
ments of the lunar surface’s elemental composition
in this region.
• The LIBS technique involves using intense laser puls-
es to analyse materials, creating hot and localized
plasma whose emitted light is then studied to de-
termine the material’s elemental composition.
• The analysis has also revealed the presence of el-
ements like aluminium, calcium, iron, chromium,
titanium, manganese, silicon, and oxygen on the
lunar surface. T
The Pragyan rover is still actively searching for the presence
of hydrogen.
103. NATIONAL CARBON REGISTRY
Context:
The UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) has
created an open-source software named the National Car-
bon Registry for effectively managing national data and pro-
cesses related to trading carbon credits.
• This software has received accreditation as a digital
public good (DPG), utilizing open-source code that
countries can adapt to their own requirements.
www.insightsonindia.com 169

• It comprises various modules, software, and techni-
cal documentation that can be customized by coun-
tries, potentially reducing costs and timelines for
implementation.
• The registry aligns with best practices and insights
from countries, supported by the Digital4Climate
Working Group, which includes UNDP, World Bank,
UNFCCC, and EBRD.
This initiative aims to build a digital public infrastructure
for addressing climate challenges and carbon markets. The
software also aligns with the Paris Agreement’s Article 6 and
NDCs, recognizing the growing interest in carbon markets
worldwide for GHG emission reduction.
104. ADDIS ABABA DECLARATION
Context:
African environment ministers have come to an agreement
to establish national and regional strategies aimed at min-
imizing the environmental impacts associated with the ex-
traction and processing of critical mineral resources.
• This decision stems from the 19th African Ministeri-
al Conference on the Environment (AMCEN) held in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
• The conference, themed “Seizing Opportunities and
Enhancing Collaboration to Address Environmental
Challenges in Africa,” resulted in the Addis Ababa
declaration, which acknowledges pressing environ-
mental challenges like land degradation, desertifi-
cation, and drought.
• The declaration emphasizes actions to combat cli-
mate change, plastic pollution, marine protection,
biodiversity conservation, and natural capital, con-
tributing to global goals of sustainable develop-
ment and climate mitigation.
The conference saw the launch of the first Africa UN Sci-
ence-Policy-Business Forum and discussions encompassing
Africa’s engagement in global environmental assemblies
and conventions.
105. HOLLONGAPAR GIBBON SANCTUARY
Context:
Primatologists have proposed a solution to address the divi-
sion caused by a 1.65-km long railway track within the Hol-
longapar Gibbon Sanctuary in eastern Assam, dedicated to
the western hoolock gibbon.
• The sanctuary, home to about 125 hoolock gibbons,
is facing habitat fragmentation due to the track’s
presence, which has separated gibbon populations
on either side.
• To counter this, scientists from the Wildlife Institute
of India (WII) have suggested constructing an arti-
170 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
ficial canopy bridge to enable the gibbons to move
across the railway line.
• This would help maintain genetic diversity and sup-
port the survival of the endangered gibbons, which
are highly sensitive to disruptions in their canopy
habitat.
About Hoolock Gibbons:
• Gibbons, known as the smallest and fastest of
all apes, inhabit tropical and subtropical forests in
Southeast Asia.
Conservation Status:
International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List:
• Western Hoolock Gibbon: Endangered
• Eastern Hoolock Gibbon: Vulnerable.
• Schedule 1 of the Indian (Wildlife) Protection Act 1972.
The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, formerly known as
the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary or Hollongapar Reserved
Forest is an isolated protected area of evergreen forest lo-
cated in Assam, India. The sanctuary was officially constitut-
ed and renamed in 1997.
The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary contains India’s only gib-
bons – the hoolock gibbons, and North-eastern India’s only
nocturnal primate – the Bengal slow loris.
106. MYSTERIES OF THE Y CHROMOSOME
Context:
For the first time, scientists have successfully sequenced
the Y chromosome, providing insights that could impact the
understanding of male infertility and various health issues.
Significance:
• Y chromosome sequence will aid the study of con-
ditions and disorders linked to this chromosome,
including male infertility.
• Significance for health and longevity, as it contains
genes related to cancer and cardiovascular disease
prevention.
• Y chromosome’s role in age-associated diseases,
men’s shorter lifespans, and cellular ageing could
Current Affairs 30
be further explored with this complete sequence.
The Y chromosome presented challenges due to its repet-
itive nature. Unlike other chromosomes, a significant por-
tion of the Y chromosome consists of repetitive sequences
and palindromes.
About Chromosomes:
Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry genetic
information from cell to cell. They are made of DNA and
proteins. DNA is the material that holds genes, which are
the building blocks of the human body.
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. The first 22 pairs
are called autosomes. These code for most of the genet-
ic traits in the body. The 23rd pair are known as the sex
chromosomes. These chromosomes decide if a person will
be born male or female. Females have two copies of the X
chromosome, while males have one X and one Y chromo-
some.
107. FLORA, FAUNA AND FUNGA
Origin of the term: The term “funga” was established five
years ago by mycologists, mostly from Latin America. It re-
fers to the kingdom fungi, which is one of the six kingdoms
of biology.
Significance:
The term “fungi” should be added to discussions of biodi-
versity to raise awareness of the importance of these or-
ganisms and conserve them on equal footing with flora and
fauna.
The six kingdoms of biology are:
• Animalia: Animals - multicellular, eukaryotic organ-
isms that can move.
• Plantae: Plants - multicellular, eukaryotic organisms
that photosynthesize.
• Fungi: Fungi - eukaryotic organisms that absorb nu-
trients from their surroundings.
• Protista: Protists - a diverse group of mostly unicel-
lular eukaryotic organisms.
• Eubacteria: True bacteria - single-celled prokaryotic
organisms.
• Archaebacteria: Archaea - single-celled prokaryotic
organisms that often live in extreme environments.
108. CYBTERTERMS IN NEWS
Context:
Recently various cyber terms have been in the news. We
have tried to cover them briefly
Spamouflage:
• Spamouflage is a Chinese influence campaign that
has been active on over 50 platforms and forums,
including Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, and
X (formerly Twitter).
• The accounts in the campaign have a tendency to
intersperse political posts.
• The campaign has pushed positive narratives about
China and negative commentary about the United
States, Western foreign policies, and critics of the
Chinese government.
Smishing Scam: The Indian government has warned against
a new scam called ‘Smishing’.
• Smishing is a phishing cybersecurity attack carried
out over mobile text messaging, also known as
SMS phishing.
• As a variant of phishing, victims are deceived into
giving sensitive information to a disguised attacker.
SMS phishing can be assisted by malware or fraud-
ulent websites.
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 Current Affairs 30

MAPPING

1. CHINA

Typhoon Doksuri, China’s fifth and most powerful typhoon

in 2023, has caused significant rainfall and flooding in Beijing
and other provinces.

China is vulnerable to typhoons due to its long eastern

coastline, warm ocean waters, and geographic location in
the western Pacific basin. Typhoons tend to form in this re-
gion and often make landfall in China, bringing heavy rainfall,
strong winds, and potential flooding and damage to coastal
areas.

3. KURIL ISLANDS

The Kuril Islands dispute between Russia and Japan has

gained attention amid the ongoing conflict between Russia
and Ukraine.

The Kuril Islands dispute, known as the Northern Territories

dispute in Japan, is a territorial dispute between Japan and
Russia over the ownership of the four southernmost Kuril
Islands.

The Kuril Islands are a volcanic archipelago administered as

part of the Sakhalin Oblast in the Russian Far East. The is-
2. NORTH SEA
lands stretch approximately 1,300 km northeast from Hok-
kaido in Japan to Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, separating
The U.K. Prime Minister, Rishi Sunak, announced plans to the Sea of Okhotsk from the North Pacific Ocean.
grant more than 100 licenses for oil and gas exploration in
the North Sea starting in the autumn. The goal is to slow the
decline in oil and gas production to secure domestic sup-
plies, even as the U.K. is committed to achieving ‘net zero’
carbon emissions by 2050.

The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway,

Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. An epeiric
sea ( on the continental plate and having a very low depth
avg. of 90m) on the European continental shelf, it connects
to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the
south and the Norwegian Sea in the north.

172 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30

4. JOHANNESBURG (SOUTH AFRICA) tiger reserve, safeguarding its unique biodiversity.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India has confirmed his

attendance at the BRICS summit scheduled to be held in Jo-
hannesburg. The 15th BRICS summit is expected to involve
substantive discussions about the potential expansion of
BRICS membership.

South Africa is a country on the southernmost tip of the Af-

rican continent, marked by several distinct ecosystems. In-
land safari destination Kruger National Park is populated by
big game.

6. ARASH-DORRA GAS FIELD

Saudi Arabia and Kuwait have rejected Iran’s claims to a dis-

puted gas field located in the offshore area known as Arash
in Iran and Dorra in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The dispute
over this field dates back to the 1960s between Saudi Ara-
bia, Iran and Kuwait.

The Arash-Durra gas field is an offshore natural gas field lo-

cated in the neutral zone between Kuwait, Iran and Sau-
di Arabia. It was discovered in 1967. It began production in
2013 and produces natural gas and condensates.

5. ASSAM’S MANAS TIGER RESERVE

Context:
Assam’s Manas Tiger Reserve is facing significant staffing
challenges, with nearly 63% of required positions vacant.
The reserve is transitioning from a low- to high-tiger-density
area according to the All India Tiger Estimation 2022.

Manas, situated in Assam and traversed by the Manas and

Beki rivers, experiences a tropical monsoon climate. The
primary forest types include semi-evergreen forests, mixed
moist and dry deciduous forests, alluvial grasslands, creeper
swamp forests, Eastern seasonal Swamp forests, and Cane
and bamboo brakes. Notably, endemic plant species like the
Catechu tree, Sissoo, and White siris thrive here, while the
endemic fauna includes the Pygmy hog, Golden langur, and
Assam roofed turtle. This area is a World Natural Heritage
site, encompassing a wildlife sanctuary, national park, and

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 Current Affairs 30

7. OMKARESHWAR RESERVOIR (MADHYA

PRADESH)

NTPC Renewable Energy Limited has successfully secured a

bid for an 80 MW floating solar project at the Omkareshwar
Reservoir in Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh.

The largest floating solar project in India is a 100 MW instal-

lation located at NTPC Ramagundam in Telangana.

The Omkareshwar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada
River just upstream of Mandhata in Khandwa district, Mad-
hya Pradesh, India. It is named after the Omkareshwar tem-
ple located just downstream.
8. GHANA
Ghana has approved a new policy to maximize benefits from
mining green minerals, aligning with the global demand for
clean energy resources. It prohibits exporting critical min-
erals in raw form to add value to the economy. This move
follows similar actions by Namibia and Zimbabwe.
9. KENYA
Kenya’s Environment and Land Court has issued a 14-day
stay on President Ruto’s decision to repeal a logging ban
introduced in 2018 to protect forests. Environmentalist has
argued that lifting the ban could harm the environment,
threaten communities reliant on forests, and lack proper sci-
entific and participatory basis.
Kenya is in East Africa with a coastline on the Indian Ocean. It
encompasses the savannah, Lakelands, the dramatic Great
Rift Valley and mountain highlands. From Nairobi, the capi-
tal, safaris visit the Maasai Mara Reserve, known for its an-
nual wildebeest migrations, and Amboseli National Park,
offering views of Tanzania’s 5,895m Mt. Kilimanjaro.

Ghana is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea

and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with
Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo
in the east.

Ghana has rich mineral resources such as gold, diamonds,

manganese, limestone, bauxite, iron ore as well as various
clays and granite deposits. Ghana is the second largest pro-
ducer of gold in Africa.

10. INDONESIA’S ACEH PROVINCE

Context:
Authorities in Indonesia’s Aceh province have issued an or-
der requiring men and women not immediately related
or married to stay apart in vehicles and public spaces. This

174 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
move aims to enforce stricter adherence to Islamic law in 12. KATCHATHEEVU ISLAND (TAMIL
the ultra-conservative province of Aceh.
NADU)

The island of Katchatheevu is a tiny uninhabited landmass

located in the Palk Strait between India and Sri Lanka. The
island, which was ceded to Sri Lanka by the Indian govern-
ment in 1974, has sparked ongoing debates and protests
in Tamil Nadu due to its historical and cultural significance,
as well as its impact on fishermen’s livelihoods. Tamil Nadu
continues to call for the retrieval of Katchatheevu from Sri
Lanka.

11. DEADLY WILDFIRES STRIKE MAUI

(HAWAII, USA)
Context:
A devastating wildfire swept through Maui, Hawaii, leading
to destruction, fatalities, and evacuations.
Maui is an island in the Central Pacific, part of the Hawai-
ian archipelago. The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of
eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous
smaller islets in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some
1,500 miles from the island of Hawaiʻi in the south to the
northernmost Kure Atoll.
Formation: The Hawaiian Islands were formed by a hot spot 13. HYDROPOWER DAMS IN ARUNACHAL
occurring in the middle of the Pacific Plate. While the hot
spot itself is fixed, the plate is moving. So, as the plate moved
PRADESH
Context: The Indian government and the Arunachal Pradesh
over the hot spot, the string of islands that make up the Ha-
government have collaborated to revive and execute 12
waiian Island chain was formed.
stalled hydroelectric power projects in the state.

These projects, with a combined installed capacity of around

11,517 MW, have been allotted to Hydro Public Sector Un-
dertakings (PSUs) (under the Ministry of Power).

Arunachal Pradesh has high hydropower potential due to its

mountainous terrain, abundant water resources, heavy rain-
fall, elevation differences, river gradients, and natural gorg-
es. Its estimated hydropower potential is around 50,000
MW, which is among the highest in India.

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 Current Affairs 30

15. GEORGIA
Context:
Former United States President Donald Trump and 18 allies
face charges, including the “Violation of the Georgia RICO
(Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organisations) Act”.

Trump has been charged with 40 crimes, including forgery,

14. NAGZIRA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY (MA-
HARASHTRA)
A male tiger died in Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharash-
tra, after being hit by a vehicle in the buffer zone.
Road accidents have been a major cause of tiger deaths in
India, with 26 tigers losing their lives to road and rail acci-
dents between 2011 and 2021.
false statements, and conspiracy. RICO law allows prosecu-
tors to bundle seemingly unrelated crimes if they support a
common objective, making it significant in this case. A con-
viction for racketeering in Georgia carries a 20-year prison
term.
Georgia, a country at the intersection of Europe and Asia,
is a former Soviet republic that’s home to Caucasus Moun-
tain villages and Black Sea beaches. It’s famous for Vardzia,
a sprawling cave monastery dating to the 12th century, and
the ancient wine-growing region Kakheti

Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Gondia and

Bhandara districts of Maharashtra. It was designated as the
46th Tiger Reserve in December 2013. The reserve compris-
es the areas of
• Nawegaon National Park
• Nawegaon Wildlife Sanctuary
• Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary
• New Nagzira Wildlife Sanctuary
• Koka Wildlife Sanctuary

It strategically lies in the central Indian Tiger landscape and

connects with other major tiger reserves like Kanha, Pench,
Tadoba-Andhari, and Indravati.

16. GANDHIDHAM (GUJARAT)

Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation, Amit

Shah, inaugurated the IFFCO Nano DAP (Liquid) Plant in
Gandhidham, Gujarat, highlighting its significance in achiev-
ing the nation’s agricultural prosperity.

The plant, funded by IFFCO’s equity, aims to reduce urea

imports and achieve self-sufficiency while promoting envi-
ronmental sustainability.

Gandhidham, initially known as Sardarganj, is the largest

and most populous city in Kutch District, Gujarat. It was cre-
ated in the early 1950s for the resettlement of Sindhi Hindu
refugees from Sindh in the aftermath of the partition of In-
dia. It was named after M.K. Gandhi.

176 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
cline, resulting in less rainfall and a diminishing shoreline.

Lake Titicaca is one of South America’s largest and most

ancient lakes and the world’s highest navigable lake. It is
the birthplace of the Incas. Its waters are famously still and
brightly reflective. Around it is Titicaca National Reserve,
sheltering rare aquatic wildlife such as giant frogs.

17. SULINA CHANNEL (DANUBE RIVER)

The Sulina Channel holds immense importance for Ukraine’s

grain trade as an alternative passage after Russia’s with-
drawal from the Black Sea grain deal. This deal was used
to provide safe passage for cargo ships carrying grain from
Ukrainian Black Sea ports.

The Sulina Channel, a distributary of the Danube, plays

a crucial role in this new trade route, connecting major
Ukrainian ports to the Black Sea within Romania’s borders.

The Danube is the second-longest river in Europe, after the

Volga in Russia. It rises in the Black Forest mountains of
western Germany and flows for 2,850 km to its mouth on
the Black Sea.
19. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
India and Trinidad and Tobago have signed a memorandum
of understanding (MoU) to share India Stack, a collection
of open APIs and digital public goods designed to facilitate
identity, data, and payment services on a large scale.

18. LAKE TITICACA

Context: Trinidad and Tobago is a country located in the southern-
Lake Titicaca, situated in the Andes on the border between most part of the Caribbean. It comprises two main islands,
Bolivia and Peru, is facing historic low water levels, only 10 Trinidad and Tobago, along with several smaller islands. It is
inches away from its all-time low recorded in 1996. known for its distinctive Creole traditions and cuisines.

Climate change is identified as the primary cause of this de-

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 Current Affairs 30
democratically elected president. The suspension will last
until the restoration of constitutional order.

In Niger, the military coup has led to the detention of

President Mohamed Bazoum. The coup plotters have
named General Abdourahamane Tchiani as the new leader,
citing security concerns related to jihadist violence.

Niger or the Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is

a unitary state bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to
the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin and Burkina
Faso to the southwest, Mali to the west, and Algeria to
the northwest. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara
(Sahel Region).

About African Union:

The African Union (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Founder: Muam-
mar Gaddafi) is a continental union consisting of 55 member
states located on the continent of Africa. The AU was an-
nounced in the Sirte Declaration in Sirte, Libya, on 9 Septem-
20. ‘LIKARU-MIG LA-FUKCHE’ ROAD (LA- ber 1999, calling for the establishment of the African Union.
DAKH)

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) has commenced the

construction of the world’s highest motorable road, the
‘Likaru-Mig La-Fukche’ road, in Ladakh’s Demchok sector.
This road project aims to provide connectivity to the military
outposts in the sensitive Fukche sector, lying near the con-
tested Line of Actual Control (LAC).

The road will reach an altitude of about 19,400 feet, surpass-

ing the existing highest motorable road at Umling La in La-
dakh. Notably, an all-woman unit of the BRO, led by Colonel
Ponung Doming, is supervising the construction. Additional-
ly, the BRO is undertaking other significant projects, includ-
ing the Shinku La tunnel and the construction of the ‘Nyoma
Airfield’.

22. JAPAN

Japan is set to release treated radioactive water from the

Fukushima nuclear plant into the Pacific Ocean, a move that
has been met with opposition from neighbouring countries.

The water, which has accumulated since the 2011 tsunami

that damaged the plant, will be released over 30 years after
being filtered and diluted. The water contains tritium and
21. NIGER carbon-14, both of which emit low levels of radiation and
The African Union has suspended Niger from its institutions may impact marine biodiversity.
and activities due to the recent coup that overthrew the

178 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Japan is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the
northwest Pacific Ocean and is bordered on the west by the
Sea of Japan, extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north
toward the East China Sea, the Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in
the south.

23. PANAMA CANAL

A severe drought in Panama is causing extensive delays for

cargo ships transiting the Panama Canal, a vital route con-
necting almost 2,000 ports across 170 countries.
About the Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is an 82 km artificial waterway in Pana-
ma, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and dividing
North and South America. It allows ships to avoid the lengthy
and dangerous voyage around Cape Horn. Panama itself
forms an isthmus (a narrow land strip connecting two larger
landmasses) between North and South America.
This differs from straits, which are narrow waterways joining
larger bodies of water, like the Strait of Gibraltar.
The canal lifts ships through locks to Gatun Lake and then
lowers them. Originally under French control in the late
1800s, the United States completed the project in 1914 and
managed it until 1999 when Panama took over. It’s now op-
erated by the Panama Canal Authority.
24. DENMARK
Context:
Denmark’s justice minister has announced the intention to
ban the burning of religious texts, including Islam’s holy
book, the Quran.
The proposed legislation seeks to prevent the inappropriate
treatment of significant religious objects in public places.
The move follows incidents of Quran burnings in both Den-
mark and Sweden, which have triggered widespread out-
rage and calls for a ban in Nordic countries.
Denmark is a Scandinavian country comprising the Jut-
land Peninsula and numerous islands. It’s linked to nearby
Sweden via the Öresund Bridge. Copenhagen, its capital, is
home to royal palaces and the colourful Nyhavn harbour,
plus the Tivoli amusement park and the iconic “Little Mer-
maid” statue.

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 Current Affairs 30

26. AUSTRALIA

On October 14, Australians will vote in a referendum regard-

ing the establishment of an Indigenous Voice to Parliament,
aiming to give Indigenous people a say in government poli-
cies that affect their lives. The referendum seeks to enshrine
this mechanism in the Constitution, but there are concerns
about how the Voice’s powers might be interpreted, and
opinions on the matter are divided within Australia.

Australian Aboriginals are the Indigenous peoples of Aus-

tralia, with a history dating back over 65,000 years. They
have a rich cultural heritage, with diverse languages, art, and
traditions. Despite facing historical injustices and ongoing
challenges, they have contributed significantly to Australia’s
cultural identity.

25. CHINA-BHUTAN BOUNDARY DISPUTE

China and Bhutan recently held boundary talks to expedite

efforts to resolve their disputed border issue.

This development is significant considering India and Chi-

na’s ongoing military standoff on the Line of Actual Control
(LAC) and China’s claims on Bhutanese territory, which have
implications for India’s north-eastern region.

The China-Bhutan border dispute involves territorial claims

and tensions between the two countries over parts of Bhu-
tan’s territory, particularly in areas bordering Tibet. The dis-
puted regions between China and Bhutan include Doklam,
Gamochen, Batangla, Sinchela, Sakteng and Amo Chhu. 27. HURRICANE IDALIA (FLORIDA)
Bhutan and China lack formal diplomatic relations.
Context:
Hurricane Idalia hit Florida. The storm is a Category 3 hurri-
cane.

Florida is prone to hurricanes because of its location and

climate. Florida’s long coastline and location between the
Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico make it vulnerable to
hurricanes from either side.

Warm ocean waters can fuel hurricanes. Florida’s low-lying

coastline and shallow waters provide little protection from
water being pushed inland by winds.

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