V.

Surface Integrals of Vector Fields

Let S be an oriented surface with parametric representation ~r(u, v) = x(u, v) î + y(u, v) ĵ + z(u, v) k̂, where
(u, v) varies over a region R in the uv-plane. If F(x, y, z) is a continuous vector field defined on S, then the
surface integral of F over S is
x x
~ (u, v) dA


F · ~n dS = F ~r(u, v) · N
S R

~ (u, v) = ~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v) is the normal vecor of S and ~n is the unit normal S.
where N

The surface integral x

F · ~n dS
S
is also called the flux of F across S.

Example. Find the flux of the vector field F(x, y, z) = z î + y ĵ + x k̂ across the unit sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
with positive orientation.

Solution. Let us denote by S the unit sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. A parametric representation of S is

~r(u, v) = sin u cos v î + sin u sin v ĵ + cos u k̂, where 0 ≤ u ≤ π and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π.

~ru (u, v) = cos u cos v î + cos u sin v ĵ − sin u k̂,

~rv (u, v) = − sin u sin v î + sin u cos v ĵ.

î ĵ k̂
~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v) = cos u cos v cos u sin v − sin u
− sin u sin v sin u cos v 0
= sin2 u cos v î + sin2 u sin v ĵ + cos u sin u cos2 v + cos u sin u sin2 v k̂

= sin2 u cos v î + sin2 u sin v ĵ + cos u sin u k̂.

F ~r(u, v) = cos u î + sin u sin v ĵ + sin u cos v k̂.

 
F ~r(u, v) · ~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v) = sin2 u cos u cos v + sin3 u sin2 v + sin2 u cos u cos v
= 2 sin2 u cos u cos v + sin3 u sin2 v.

Let R = [0, π] × [0, 2π]. The flux of F(x, y, z) across the unit sphere S is
x x
 
F · ~n dS = F ~r(u, v) · ~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v) dA,
S R
Z π Z 2π
2 sin2 u cos u cos v + sin3 u sin2 v dv du


=
Z0 π 0  
2 3 v sin(2v) v=2π
= 2 sin u cos u sin v + sin u − du
0 2 4 v=0
Z π Z π
= π sin3 u du = π (1 − cos2 u) sin u du (cos u = t, − sin u du = dt)
0 0
Z 1 Z 1
t3 1 4π
 
2 2
= π (1 − t ) dt = 2π (1 − t ) dt = 2π t − = .
−1 0 3 0 3

1
 2 2
Example. Let F(x, xy, z) = 3z î + 6 ĵ + 6xz k̂ and S be the surface y = x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3. Evaluate
the surface integral F · ~n dS.
S
Solution. S can be parametrizedas ~r(u, v) = u î + u2 ĵ + v k̂, where
0 ≤ u ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 3.
(u, v) varies in the rectangle R = (u, v) ∈ R2 | 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 3 .

Therefore,
∂ ∂ 2 ∂
~ru (u, v) = (u) î + (u ) ĵ + (v) k̂ = î + 2u ĵ,
∂u ∂u ∂u
and
∂ ∂ 2 ∂
~rv (u, v) = (u) î + (u ) ĵ + (v) k̂ = k̂.
∂v ∂v ∂v
So,
î ĵ k̂
~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v) = 1 2u 0 = h2u, −1, 0i .
0 0 1

F(~r(u, v)) = 3v 2 î + 6 ĵ + 6uv k̂, F (~r(u, v)) · (~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v)) = 6uv 2 − 6.
Let R = [0, 2] × [0, 3]. Therefore,
x x
F · ~n dS = F (~r(u, v)) · (~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v)) dA
S R
Z 2Z 3 Z 2 v=3
= (6uv 2 − 6) dv du = (2uv 3 − 6v) du
0 0 0 v=0
Z 2 2
= (54u − 18) du = (27u2 − 18u) = 72.
0 0

Example. Let F(x, y, z) = xx 2 î + 3y 2 k̂ and let S be the part of the plane x + y + z = 1 in the first octant.

Evaluate the surface integral F · ~n dS.

S
Solution. S can be parametrized as ~r(u, v) = u î + v ĵ + (1 − u − v) k̂, where 0 ≤ u ≤ 1 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 1 − u.
Therefore,
∂ ∂ ∂
~ru (u, v) = (u) î + (v) ĵ + (1 − u − v) k̂ = î − k̂,
∂u ∂u ∂u
and
∂ ∂ ∂
~rv (u, v) = (u) î + (v) ĵ + (1 − u − v) k̂ = ĵ − k̂.
∂v ∂v ∂v

î ĵ k̂
~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v) = 1 0 −1 = h1, 1, 1i .
0 1 −1

F(~r(u, v)) = u2 î + 3v 2 k̂, F (~r(u, v)) · (~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v)) = u2 + 3v 2 .

2
 Let R = [0, 1] × [0, 1 − u]. Therefore,
x x
F · ~n dS = F (~r(u, v)) · (~ru (u, v) × ~rv (u, v)) dA
S R
Z 1 Z 1−u Z 1 v=1−u
2 2
= (u + 3v ) dv du = (u2 v + v 3 ) du
0 0 0 v=0
1  3
u4 (1 − u)4
Z 
2 3

u 1 1
= u (1 − u) + (1 − u) du = − − = .
0 3 4 4 0 3

p
Example. Let S be the x part of the cone z = x2 + y 2 between the planes z = 1 and z = 2 with downward
orientation. Evaluate F · ~n dS, where F(x, y, z) = x2 î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂.
S
Solution. The projection of the surface S on the xy-plane is D = (x, y) ∈ R2 | 1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 .

p ∂h x ∂h y
Let h(x, y) = x2 + y 2 . Then, =p , =p .
∂x x2 + y 2 ∂y x2 + y 2
* +
1 1 x y
~n = q hhx (x, y), hy (x, y), −1i = √ p ,p , −1 .
1 + (hx (x, y))2 + (hy (x, y))2 2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2

Therefore, !
1 x3 y3
F · ~n = √ p +p − z2
2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
!s
x x 1 x3 y3

∂h
2 
∂h
2
2 2
F · ~n dS = √ p +p −x −y 1+ + dA
2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 ∂x ∂y
S D
!s
x 1 x3 y3 x2 y2
= √ +p − x2 − y 2 1+ + dA
x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
p
D
2 x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2
x
!
x3 + y 3 2 2
= p −x −y dA
x 2 + y2
D
Z 2π Z 2  3
r cos3 θ + r3 sin3 θ

2
= −r r dr dθ
0 1 r
Z 2π Z 2
r3 cos3 θ + sin3 θ − 1 dr dθ


=
0 1
2π
r4 2
Z
= cos3 θ + sin3 θ − 1 dθ
0 4 1
Z 2π
15 15π
cos3 θ + sin3 θ − 1 dθ = −


= .
4 0 2

3
 p x
Example. Let S be the hemisphere z = 4 − x2 − y 2 with upward orientation. Evaluate F · ~n dS,
S
where F(x, y, z) = −y î − x ĵ.

Solution. The projection of the hemisphere S on the xy-plane is the disk D = (x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 .

p ∂h −x ∂h −y
Let h(x, y) = 4 − x2 − y 2 . Then, =p , =p .
∂x 4 − x − y ∂y
2 2 4 − x2 − y 2
1 1
~n = q h−hx (x, y), −hy (x, y), 1i = hx, y, 1i ,
2
1 + (hx (x, y))2 + (hy (x, y))2
and F · ~n = −xy

Therefore,
s
x x 
∂h
2 
∂h
2
F · ~n dS = (−xy) 1 + + dA
∂x ∂y
S D
x 2
= − xy p dA
D
4 − x2 − y 2
Z2π Z2
r2 cos θ sin θ
 
= −2 √ r dr dθ
4 − r2
0 0
Z2π Z2
r3
= −2 cos θ sin θ dθ · √ dr
4 − r2
0 0
= 0,

Z2π Z2
cos(2θ) 2π r3
since cos θ sin θ dθ = − = 0 and the improper integral √ dr is convergent (this can
4 0 4 − r2
0 0
be shown, for instance, using the limit test).

VI. Review of Triple Integrals

Theorem (Fubini’s Theorem for Triple Integrals): Let B be a rectangular box in R3 defined by
B = [a1 , b1 ] × [a2 , b2 ] × [a3 , b3 ] = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | a1 ≤ x ≤ b1 , a2 ≤ y ≤ b2 , a3 ≤ z ≤ b3 .


If f (x, y, z) is a continuous function defined on the box B then

y Zb3 Zb2 Zb1 Zb2 Zb3 Zb1
f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z) dx dy dz = f (x, y, z) dx dz dy
B a3 a2 a1 a2 a3 a1
Zb3 Zb1 Zb2 Zb1 Zb3 Zb2
= f (x, y, z) dy dx dz = f (x, y, z) dy dz dx
a3 a1 a2 a1 a3 a2
Zb2 Zb1 Zb3 Zb1 Zb2 Zb3
= f (x, y, z) dz dx dy = f (x, y, z) dz dy dx
a2 a1 a3 a1 a2 a3

4
 y
Example: Evaluate the triple integral (x + yz) dV , where B is the rectangular box given by
B

B = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | − 2 ≤ x ≤ 0, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2,

−1≤z ≤1 .

Solution:

y Z1 Z2 Z0 Z1 Z2  x=0 Z1 Z2
x2

(x + yz) dV = (x + yz) dx dy dz = + xyz dy dz = (2yz − 2) dy dz
2 x=−2
B −1 1 −2 −1 1 −1 1
Z1 Z1 1
3z 2
 
y=2 1 7
y 2 z − 2y


= dz = (3z − 2) dz = − 2z = − − = −4
y=1 2 −1 2 2
−1 −1

Definition.

i.) A region T in R3 of the form T = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | (x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y) , where D is the


projection of T on the xy-plane and u1 (x, y), u2 (x, y) are continuous functions defined on the region D, is
said to be of type 1.

ii) A region T in R3 of the form T = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | (y, z) ∈ D, u1 (y, z) ≤ x ≤ u2 (y, z) , where D is the


projection of T on the yz-plane and u1 (y, z), u2 (y, z) are continuous functions defined on the region D, is
said to be of type 2.

iii) A region T in R3 of the form T = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | (x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z) , where D is the


projection of T on the xz-plane and u1 (x, z), u2 (x, z) are continuous functions defined on the region D, is
said to be of type 3.

Theorem: Suppose that f (x, y, z) is a continuous function defined on a type 1 region

T = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | (x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y) ,



where D is the projection of T on the xy-plane and u1 (x, y), u2 (x, y) are continuous functions defined on
the region D. Then,
u2Z(x,y)
y x
!
f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z) dz dA
T D u1 (x,y)

In particular, if D is a type I region in the xy-plane such that

D = (x, y) ∈ R2 | a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x) ,



then,
Zb gZ2 (x) u2Z(x,y)
y
f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z) dz dy dx
T a g1 (x) u1 (x,y)

If, on the other hand, D is a type II region in the xy-plane such that

D = (x, y) ∈ R2 | c ≤ y ≤ d, h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y) ,



5
then,
Zd hZ2 (y) u2Z(x,y)
y
f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z) dz dx dy
T c h1 (y) u1 (x,y)
y
Example: Evaluate the triple integral z dV , where T is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the four
T
planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, and x + y + z = 1.

Solution:

Figure 1: The region T

The lower boundary of the tetrahedron T is the plane z = 0 and its upper boundary is the plane z = 1−x−y.

Figure 2: Projection of T onto the xy-plane

The projection of T on the xy-plane is

D = (x, y) ∈ R2 | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x .


Therefore, T can be represented as

T = (x, y, z) ∈ R3 | 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x − y .


6
Thus we have
Z1 Z
1−x 1−x−y Z1 Z
1−x
y Z
z2
 z=1−x−y
z dV = z dz dy dx = dy dx
2 z=0
T 0 0 0 0 0
Z1 1−x Z1  y=1−x
(1 − x − y)3
Z 
1 2 1
= (1 − x − y) dy dx = − dx
2 2 3 y=0
0 0 0
Z1
1 1 1 1
= (1 − x)3 dx = − (1 − x)4 =
6 24 0 24
0