PERIODIC TABLE Substance

Element  Made up of one matter, thus the

-is the simplest form of matter.
- a pure chemical substance consisting
of one type of atom
Reasons why we need to know
these first:
 Periodic Table shows us how the
ELEMENTS are arranged.
 The arrangement is based on the
similarities in the PROPERTIES of
elements.
Needed background to understand
ELEMENTS:
composition is the same
throughout
 Chemical and physical properties
are constant
 Can be categorized as gas, liquid
and solid
 Examples: pure water, hydrogen
gas, gold
Mixture
 Made up of several substances that
are not chemically bonded
 Chemical and physical properties
may vary
 Categorized as homogeneous and
heterogeneous
 Examples: sand and sugar, oil and
water, air
 A mixture is made when two or
more substances are combined, but
they are not combined chemically.
General properties of a mixture:
o The components of a mixture can
be easily separated
o The components each keep their
original properties
o The proportion of the components
is variable

 Product labels – most familiar to Categories

the students
 Uniform appearance (homogeneous
 Commonly used products at home
mixtures) examples salt, seawater,
are mixtures of different
air, blood
substances.
 Non-uniform appearance
 Mixtures are usually composed of
(heterogeneous mixtures)
more than one compound.
examples chocolate chip cookies,
 Compounds are made up of more
pizza, rocks)
than one element.
 Uniform
(Homogeneous)
MATTER
Non-Uniform
(Heterogeneous)

Physical property
- can be observed or measured
without changing the composition.
a. Luster
- describes the way the substance
react to light.
- metals are lustrous (reflects The periodic table of elements
light/shiny) while non-metals are non- arranges all the known chemical
lustrous. elements in an informative array.

b. Malleability Elements are arranged from left to

right and top to bottom in the order of
-ability to deform when an amount of increasing atomic number.
stress is applied.
The horizontal rows in the periodic
-metals are malleable while non-metals table is called period or series
are not.
The vertical columns are the groups or
c. Ductility families.
-ability to be drawn into thin wire. Atom
-metals are ductile while non-metals -basic unit of an element
are not.
-composed of three subatomic
d. Conductivity (electrical) particles:
-ability to allow passage of electricity. a. Neutron inside the
-metals are good conductors of b. Proton nucleus
electricity while non-metals are c. Electron surrounds the nucleus
insulators. Atomic number is also the number
Chemical property of protons in an atom.

-can be observed or measured only if The number of protons identifies the

there is a change in the composition of element.
a substance. The atomic symbol (or element
Reactivity symbol) is an abbreviation chosen to
represent an element.
-ability of the substance to react with
another substance. Cations and anions are both ions.
An element that gain an electron forms
anions.
An element that loses an electron
forms a cation.
Valence shell – the outermost shell
occupied by electrons in an atom
Valence shell electrons – the outer
electrons of an atom that are involved
in chemical bonding
Octet Rule – states that elements
gain or lose electrons to attain an
electron configuration of the nearest
noble gas, to become stable.
Periods/ Series
Families/ Groups
Metals are on the left and in the
centre.
Non-metals are mostly on the right.
From left to right across a period,
metallic character decreases because
the attraction between valence
electron and the nucleus is
stronger, enabling a difficult loss
of electrons
Metallic character increases as you
move down a group because the
atomic size is increasing. When the
atomic size increases, the outer
shells are farther away.
The electrons of the valence shell
have less attraction to the
nucleus as a result can lose
electrons more readily.
Atomic size gradually decreases from
left to right across a period.
The nucleus attracts the electrons
more strongly, pulling the atom’s shell
closer to the nucleus. The valence
electrons are held closer towards the
nucleus of the atom. As a result, the
atomic radius decreases.
Down a group, atomic radius
increases.
• The valence electrons are further
away from the nucleus.
Electron shielding/electron
screening – it reduces the
electrostatic attraction between the
outer electrons and the protons in the
nucleus because of the presence of the
lower electrons
Consists of: Electrons, Protons, & ELECTRON SHELL
Neutrons
a. Atomic number = number of
 Electrons: particles orbiting Electrons
around nucleus with a negative b. Electrons vary in the amount of
charge energy they possess, and they
 Protons: particles in the nucleus occur at certain energy levels or
with positive charge electron shells.
 Neutrons: particles in the nucleus c. Electron shells determine how an
with no charge atom behaves when it encounters
other atoms
+1

+2 +3 ±4 -3 -2 -1 Electrons are placed in shells

according to rules:
1. The 1st shell can hold up to two
electrons, and each shell thereafter
can hold up to 8 electrons.
Why are electrons important?
Elements have different electron
configurations
LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES  different electron configurations
mean different levels of bonding
 Named after Gilbert Newton Lewis
 Show the bonding between atoms BONDS
of a molecule, and the lone pairs of
1. Ionic Bond
electrons that may exist in the
 bond formed between
molecule
two ions by the
 Show only valence electrons (outer
transfer of electrons
energy level)
 Between atoms of metals and
 Find out which group (columns)
nonmetals with very different
your element is in.
electronegativity
 Elements in the 1st group have
 Bond formed by transfer of
one valence electron.
electrons
 Elements in the 2nd group have
two valence electrons, and so on.
  Produce charged ions all states. o when electrons are shared
Conductors and have high melting equally
point. o e.g. H2 or Cl2
 Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
Polar Covalent Bond
Ions from Metals
o when electrons are shared but
o Ionic compounds result when shared unequally
metals react with nonmetals o e.g. H2O (water is a polar
o Metals lose electrons to match the molecule because oxygen is
number of valence electrons of more electronegative than
their nearest noble gas hydrogen, and therefore
o Positive ions form when the electrons are pulled closer to
number of electrons are less than oxygen.)
the number of protons o Unevenly matched, but willing
Group 1 metals ion = 1+ to share.
3. Metallic Bond
Group 2 metals ion = 2+  bond found in metals; holds metal
atoms together very strongly
Group 13 metals = ion 3+
 Formed between atoms of metallic
Ions from Non - Metals elements
 Electron cloud around atoms
o In ionic compounds, nonmetals in
 Good conductors at all states,
15, 16, and 17 gain electrons
lustrous, very high melting points
from metals
 Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
o Nonmetal add electrons to
achieve the octet arrangement Metals form Alloys
o Nonmetal ionic charge: 3-, 2-, or
 Metals do not combine with metals.
1-
They form
 Alloys which is a solution of a metal
2. Covalent Bond
in a metal.
 bond formed by the sharing of
 Examples are steel, brass, bronze
electrons
and pewter.
 Between nonmetallic elements of
similar electronegativity. Formula Weight
 Formed by sharing electron pairs
 Formula weight is the sum of the
 Stable non-ionizing particles, they
atomic masses.
are not conductors at any state
 Example- CO2
 Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O,
 Mass, C + O + O
SiC
12.011 + 15.994 + 15.994
 Bonds in all the polyatomic ions
43.999
and diatomics are all covalent
bonds MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
Non – Polar Covalent Bond
 NAMING Type III Binary Ionic Compounds

A. Naming Compounds That

Contain a Metal and a
Nonmetal
 Binary ionic compounds contain
positive cations and negative
anions.
 Type I compounds
 Metal present forms only
one cation
 Type II compounds
 Metal present can form 2
or more cations with
different charges
Type I Binary Ionic Compounds
Rules for naming simple ionic
compounds.
1. Name the metal by its elemental
name.
2. Name the nonmetal by its
elemental name and an -ide
ending.
3. Name metals that can have Naming Compounds That Contain
different oxidation states using Polyatomic Ions
roman numerals to indicate positive  Polyatomic ions are charged
charge. entities composed of several
4. Name polyatomic ions by their atoms bound together.
names.  They have special names and
• For compounds containing both a must be memorized.
metal and a nonmetal, the metal is  Naming ionic compounds
always named first. The nonmetal is containing polyatomic ions follows
named from the root element name. rules similar to those for binary
compounds.
B. Naming Binary Compounds  Example: ammonium acetate
That Contain Only Nonmetals
Type II Binary Ionic Compounds
 Since the metal ion can have
more than one charge, a Roman
numeral is used to specify the
charge. Naming Acids
 An acid is a molecule with one or  Mole (mol) is a measure of the
more H+ ions attached to an anion. amount of particles in matter. It is
the chemists’ dozen.
 Mole is always represented by
Avogadro’s number 6.02 x 1023
 1 molar mass of any substance
contains one mole of particles
( ions, molecules, atoms, formula
units.
 6.02 x 1023 is
Avogadro’s number
 Equivalent to one mole
 It is used to make a very large
numbers easier to handle.
 Mole = mass/molecular mass;
 Mole = no. of particles/Avogadro’s
number
Example:
1 mole of Aluminum = 6.02 x
10 23

MOLECULAR MASS
Is the sum of the masses of the
atoms represented in a formula:

If the formula represents a

Writing Formulas from Names molecule, the term molecular mass is
• Sodium hydroxide often used.

 NaOH Example: O2 specifies two oxygen

• Potassium carbonate atoms per molecule of oxygen, the
formula (or molecular mass) of oxygen
 K2CO3 (O2) is twice the atomic mass of
• Sulfuric acid oxygen.

 H2SO4 2 x atomic mass of O = 2 x 16.0 u =

• Dinitrogen pentoxide 32.0 amu

 N2O5 MOLAR MASS

• Cobalt(III) nitrate The molar mass of a substance is
the mass of one mole of that
 Co(NO3)3 substance. It is numerically equal to
the atomic mass or formula mass, but
MOLE
is expressed in unit grams per mole CONVERSION OF NUMBER OF
(g/mol) MOLES TO ATOMS
Example: Example: How many atoms are 0.360
moles of Aluminum?
 1 mol Na = 23.0 g/mol Na
 1 mol CO2 = 44.0 g/mol CO2 No. of atoms = mole x Avogadro’s
 1 mol (NH4)2SO4 = 132. 1 g/mol number
(NH4)2SO4
= 0.360 mole x 6.02 x 1023
atoms/mole
= 2.17 x 1023 atoms Al

CONVERSION OF MOLECULES TO
NUMBER OF MOLES
MOLE-TO-MASS CONVERSIONS
How many grams of N2 are in 0.400
moles N2?
Solutions:
The molecular mass of N2 is 2 x 14.0 u
= 28.0 u.
The molar mass N2 is therefore, 28.0
g/mol. Using the molar mass as a CONVERSION OF MOLES TO
conversion factor: GRAMS
gN2 = 0.400 moles N2 x 28.0 g N2
1 mol N2
= 11.2 g N2
CONVERSION OF NUMBER OF
ATOMS TO MOLES

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
The percentage composition of a
given compound is defined as the ratio
of the amount of each element to the
total amount of individual elements
present in the compound multiplied by
100.