DC024 Tutorial

SECTION 2
TUTORI AL
" Teachers open the
door but you must
walk through it
yourself "
C HI NE S E P R OV E R B
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 PROBLEM SOLVING ............................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Steps in Problem Solving ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Step 1: Problem Analysis ................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Step 2: Design a Solution ................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.3 Step 3: Implementation ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.4 Step 4: Testing and Verification ........................................................................................................ 3
1.2.5 Step 5: Documentation ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Algorithms ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1 Pseudocodes ....................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Flowcharts ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Tutorial 1 (Problem Solving) ............................................................................................................ 9
Enrichment Questions ................................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 2 SEQUENCE CONTROL STRUCTURES ...................................................................... 12
2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 12
Tutorial 2 (Sequence) .................................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 3 SINGLE SELECTION CONTROL STRUCTURES .......................................................... 32
3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 32
Tutorial 3 (Single Selection) ........................................................................................................... 35
CHAPTER 4 DUAL SELECTION CONTROL STRUCTURES ............................................................ 39
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 39
Tutorial 4 (Dual Selection) ............................................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER 5 MULTIPLE SELECTION CONTROL STRUCTURES ...................................................... 54
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 54
Tutorial 5 (Multiple Selection) ....................................................................................................... 63
CHAPTER 6 REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURES COUNTER-CONTROLLED .............................. 71
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 71
Tutorial 6 (Counter-controlled Repetition) ..................................................................................... 85
CHAPTER 7 REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURES SENTINEL-CONTROLLED ............................... 89
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 89
Tutorial 7 (Sentinel-controlled Repetition) ..................................................................................... 98
Enrichment Questions ................................................................................................................. 101
APPENDIX A – ANSWER SHEET ............................................................................................ 102
CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM SOLVING
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn about:
(a) What problem solving is, and
(b) Five (5) steps in the software development method:
(i) Problem Analysis
(ii) Design a Solution
(iii) Implementation
(iv) Testing
(v) Documentation
1.1 Introduction
Problem solving is the process of transforming the description of a problem into a solution by
using our knowledge of the problem domain and by relying on our ability to select and use
appropriate problem-solving strategies, techniques and tools (Yuksel Uckan, 1995).
1.2 Steps in Problem Solving

Five (5) steps in problem solving:
• Step 1: Problem Analysis
• Step 2: Design a Solution
• Step 3: Implementation
• Step 4: Testing
• Step 5: Documentation
Page 1
1.2.1 Step 1: Problem Analysis
In problem analysis step, we should identify the following:
• Input
• Process
• Output
This problem analysis can be represented by the Input-Process-Output (IPO) chart as

follows:
required data to the problem
Input :
– usually entered by user using keyboard
relevant action(verb) / condition (if any) involved to produce output
Process : from input
– involve calculation/selection/repetition
expected result after processed
Output :
– to be displayed on the monitor
Example of Problem Analysis
Problem Statement:
Calculate the sum of any two numbers.
Input : num1, num2
Process : Calculate sum for num1, num2
Output : Sum
Here, num1, num2 are input, data required for the problem to be solved. Usually the value
for input (num1, num2) are entered by user through keyboard.
The verb Calculate is used to represent the process. The process reflects to the problem
statement or question.
The sum is the output, i.e expected result after process. The value for output (sum) will be
printed/displayed on the computer monitor.
*(This step will be discussed in detail in Chapter 2 Control Structures.)
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1.2.2 Step 2: Design a Solution
• Design a solution involves creating an algorithm.
• An algorithm is a sequence of well-defined steps to solve a problem.
• We specify a plan that will solve the problem and elaborate the plan into step by step
solution (algorithm).
• Algorithm can be represented using pseudocodes or flowcharts.
*(This step will be discussed in detail in subtopic 1.3 Algorithms)
1.2.3 Step 3: Implementation

• Implementation is the process of implementing an algorithm by writing a computer
program such as Scratch program.
1.2.4 Step 4: Testing and Verification

• After a program is compiled, we must run the program and verify it with different
inputs.
• In this phase, your main objective is to convince that the program will do what it is
expected to do. In other words, you will want to verify that your program is correct.
• Program verification is the process of ensuring that a program meets user-requirement
(i.e. test/verify it with different inputs).
• One of the techniques used for program verification is program testing. Program testing
is the process of executing a program to demonstrate its correctness (i.e. run the
program).
1.2.5 Step 5: Documentation

• Documentation contains description of the program that helps other programmers in
editing or maintaining the program later.
• Can be done in 2 ways:
o Writing comments between your lines of codes
o Creating a separate text file to explain the program
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1.3 Algorithms
The second (2nd) step 2 in solving a problem is design a solution. Design a solution involves
creating an algorithm. In order to instruct a computer correctly, the user must have clear
understanding of the problem to be solved. Apart from this he should be able to develop an
algorithm, in the form of series of sequential steps, to solve it. Once the problem is well-
defined and a method of solving it is developed, then instructing the computer to solve the
problem becomes relatively easier task.
Thus, before attempt to write a computer program to solve a given problem, it is necessary to
formulate or define the problem in a precise manner using algorithm.
An algorithm is a well-defined procedure that allows a computer to solve a problem. It
shows step-by-step instruction that will transform the input into the output. The algorithm
will be created based on the problem analysis prepared earlier.
There are two (2) techniques to represent algorithm:
• Pseudocode
• Flowchart
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1.3.1 Pseudocodes
A pseudocode is a semiformal, English-like language with a limited vocabulary that can be
used to design and describe algorithms.
The main purpose of a pseudocode is to define the procedural logic of an algorithm in a simple,
easy-to-understand for its readers, who may not be proficient in computer programming
language.
In writing a pseudocode, one should start by doing problem analysis for the problemstatement
(i.e: identify input, process, and output).
Problem Analysis Pseudocode Format
Begin
Input : data Input / Read / Get data
Process : action Formula
Output : result Output/Print/Display result
End
Here, the Pseudocode Format will take all the information from the Problem Analysis into
it’s format respectively.
In pseudocode, the Input will be represented by the keyword Input itself, or can be
represented using the keyword Read or Get.
For Process, it will converted into its respective formula.
For Output, it will be represented by the keyword Output itself, or can be represented using
the keyword Print or Display.
In short, we can conclude that:

Input = Read = Get data
Process → Formula
Output = Print = Display result
*In this book, this keyword (input/output) will be used alternately.
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Example Pseudocode 1: A Pseudocode that Calculate the Sum of any Two
Numbers
Begin
Input : num1, num2
Read num1, num2
Process : Calculate sum based on
sum = num1 + num2
num1, num2
Print sum
Output : sum
End
Here, in the Problem Analysis, the process part will be formulated into it’s respective
equation. For example,
Process : Calculate sum sum = num1 + num2
Example Pseudocode 2: A Pseudocode that Calculate the Sum and Average of any
Three Numbers
Begin
Input : num1, num2, num3
Read num1, num2, num3sum
Calculate sum and
= num1 + num2 + num3
Process : average based on num1,
average = sum / 3
num2, num3
Print sum, average
Output : sum, average
End
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1.3.2 Flowcharts
A flowchart is a graphical representation that are connected by arrows to represent algorithm.
It is easy to understand type and flow of instruction in graphical representation.

Graphic Symbols Name Meaning
Indicates the beginning and end
points of an algorithm.
Terminal Symbol
(Shape: Oval) There should be no more than two
terminal symbols in a flowchart for
an algorithm.
shows an input or an output
Input-Output operation.
Symbol
(Shape: Each such symbol should contain
Parallelogram) the keyword read or print, and what
is to be read or to be printed.
Shows an operation other than input,
output or selection.
Process Symbol
They represent operations such as
(Shape: Rectangle)
computations, assignments, and
initialization.
indicates the logical sequence of

Flow Lines
execution steps in the algorithm
shows a selection process.
Selection Symbol It stands for the keyword if in

(Shape: Diamond) pseudocode. The if condition should
be written inside the selection
symbol.
Figure 1.1 Conventional flowcharting symbols
It is recommended to draw a flowchart after you created a pseudocode. This because once the
pseudocode is complete, then give its appropriate shape connected by arrows, it will become
a flowchart.
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Example Flowchart 1.1: A Flowchart that Calculate the Sum of any Two Numbers
Pseudocode Flowchart
Begin
Begin
Read num1, num2

Input num1, num2
sum = num1 + num2

sum = num1 + num2
Print sum
Output sum
End End
Example Flowchart 1.2: A Flowchart that Calculate the Sum and Average of any
Three Numbers
Pseudocode Flowchart
Begin
Begin
Read num1, num2, Read num1, num2,

num3 num3
sum = num1 + num2 + num3

sum=num1+num2+num3 average = sum / 3
average = sum / 3
Print sum, average Print sum, average
End End
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Tutorial 1 (Problem Solving)
1 Define algorithm.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2 State one (1) technique that used to represent algorithm.

______________________________________________________________________
3 Describe one advantages of the technique that you have mentioned above.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4 List the first two (2) steps in problem solving.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
5 Explain any one (1) step mentioned in question 4.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6 Differentiate between pseudocode and flowchart.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7 Create problem analysis for the following problems:
(a) Calculate the sum of two integers.
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(b) Find the average of three numbers.
(c) Calculate the area of a circle.
(d) Convert a measurement in millimeter (mm) to meter (m).
(e) Calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) for a person.
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Enrichment Questions
(f) Calculate and display the overtime pay received by an employee. Overtime
rate is RM5 per hour.
(g) Calculate and print the surface area and volume of a sphere.
(h) Calculate the final mark for a student; where the final mark will be calculated
by adding 30% of the test mark with 70% of the lab mark.
(i) Calculate the sale price of a shirt given that the shirt is on sale at 30%
discount.
(j) Create a program to convert the temperature value in Fahrenheit (F) to degrees
Celcius (C) given the formula F = 9/5C + 32.
* Student can write the answer using example answer sheet at Appendix A
Page 11
CHAPTER 2
SEQUENCE CONTROL STRUCTURES
Learning Objectives
a) Sequence control structure and its’ respective purposes, and
b) Applying sequence control structures in computational problem solving.
2.1 Introduction
In 1966, two researchers, Bohm and Jacopini, demonstrated that any algorithm can be
described using only three control structures:
• sequence,
• selection, and
• repetition.
Therefore, a pseudocode must have constructs that correspond to these control structures in
its vocabulary.
A control structure is a block of programming that analyses variables and chooses a direction
in which to go based on given parameters. It shows the logical order of program instructions.
Therefore, there are three (3) types of programming language control structures:
• Sequence Control Structures

• Selection Control Structures
• Repetition Control Structures
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The sequence control structure is a series of actions that are sequentially executed in the
order they are written in an algorithm. All actions will be executed sequentially. Actions can
be input, process, or output.
Pseudocode General Format Flowchart General Format

Begin
action1
action2
action3 action1
…
… action2
…
action nth
End action3
*Actions (action1, action2, action3, …, action-nth) can be input, process, or output.

Pseudocode Code Blocks
Begin / Start
action (Input)
action (Process)
action (Output)
End / Stop
Table above shows the representation of pseudocode using the Scratch software.
SCRATCH is a programming language that lets you create your own interactive stories,
animations, games, music, and art.
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Problem Statement 1.1:
Print "Hello, world!".
Problem Analysis
Input : No input
Process : No process
Output : "Hello, world!"
Here, in this problem statement, it does not have any data (input) to be manipulated
(process) to produce the output. It only requires output statement to print the
message "Hello, world!".
Algorithm (Pseudocode)
Begin
Print "Hello, world!"
End
In pseudocode, Output in problem analysis is represented by the keyword Output
itself, or can be represented by the keyword Print or Display.
Algorithm (Flowchart)
Begin
End
In flowchart, Begin (or Start) and End is placed into a terminal shape. The
keyword
Output/Print/Display is placed in a parallelogram shape.
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Pseudocode Scratch Code
Begin
End
The representation of keyword in pseudocode using Scratch code (block).
A Complete Scratch Program
Page 15
Calculate and print the square of a number.
Problem Analysis
Input : num
Process : Calculate square based on num
Output : square
Begin
Read num
square = num x num
Print square
End
Begin
Read num
square = num x num
Print square
End
Page 16
Begin
Read num
square = num x num
Print square
End
Page 17
Calculate and print the sum of any two numbers.
Problem Analysis
Input : num1, num2
Process : Calculate sum based on num1, num2
Output : sum
Begin
Read num1, num2
sum = num1 + num2
Print sum
End
Begin
Read num1, num2
sum = num1 + num2
Print sum
End
Page 18
Calculate and print the sum and average of any three numbers.
Problem Analysis
Input : num1, num2, num3
Process : Calculate sum and average based on num1, num2, num3
Begin
Read num1, num2, num3
average = sum / 3
Print sum, average
End
Begin
Read num1, num2, num3

average = sum / 3
Print sum, average
End
Page 19
Calculate and print the square and square root of a number.
Problem Analysis
Input : number
Process : Calculate the square and square root based on number
Output : square, square root
Begin
Read number
square = number2
square root = √number
Print square, square root
End
Begin
Read number
square = number2
square root = = √number
Print square, square root
End
Page 20
Calculate and print the area of a triangle.
Problem Analysis
Input : base, height
Process : Calculate area based on base, height
Output : area
Begin
Read base, height
area = 0.5 x base x height
Print area
End
Begin
Read base, height
area = 0.5 x base x height
Print area
End
Page 21
Calculate and print the perimeter and area of a rectangle.
Problem Analysis
Input : length, width
Process : Calculate perimeter and area based on length, width
Output : perimeter, area
Begin
Read length, width
perimeter = 2(length + width)
area = length x width
Print perimeter, area
End
Begin
Read length, width
perimeter = 2(length + width)

area = length x width
Print perimeter, area
End
Page 22
Calculate the pay price of an item after 25% discount.
Problem Analysis
Input : original price
Process : Calculate the pay price based on original price
Output : pay price
Begin
Read original price
pay price = 75% x original price
Print pay price
End
Begin
Read original price
pay price = 75% x original price
Print pay price
End
Page 23
Calculate the pay price of a meal after 6% sales tax.
Problem Analysis
Input : meal price
Process : Calculate the pay price based on meal price
Output : pay price
Begin
Read meal price
pay price = 106% x meal price
Print pay price
End
Begin
Read meal price
pay price = 106% x meal price
Print pay price
End
Page 24
Calculate and print the electric bill for the given usage in kWh and rate (sen/kWh).
Problem Analysis
Input : usage, rate
Process : Calculate electric bill based on usage, rate
Output : electric bill
Begin
Read usage, rate
Calculate electric bill
Print electric bill
End
Begin
Read usage, rate
bill = usage x rate
Print bill
End
Page 25
Tutorial 2 (Sequence)
Write the problem analysis, pseudocode and flowchart for each question
1 A Computer Science lecturer wishes to determine the carry marks for every student.
The carry marks is taken from the average marks of three practical tests and the total
marks of two written assignments. Print the carry marks for a student.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
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2 A factory worker is paid based on the total working hours of RM 5.50 per hour. 11%
of the total salary will be deducted for contribution to KWSP. Prepare the monthly
net salary of the factory worker.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
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3 Convert the weight from kilogram to pound. (Formula: Weight in pound = weight in
kilogram x 2.2)
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
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4 A car travels from station A to station B. Calculate the distance from station A to station
B. (distance = speed x time)
5 Calculate and display four mathematical calculations; addition, multiplication,

subtraction and division for two numbers.
6 A government tax of 6% and service tax of 10% will be added to the price of a set of
meal bought at MFC. Calculate the total price that Abu has to pay for a set of meal.
7 Create a program to calculate the delivery cost of a package where the delivery cost per
kilogram is RM5.00.
8 User will enter his/her name and birth year. The program will calculate the user’s age
12 years after. Then, display the user’s name and new age.
9 Seri Murni holdings will distribute yearly dividend to all their shareholders. The
dividend is 15% from the total investment. Quarter amount from the dividend will be
deducted automatically to Sport’s Club. Calculate and display the remaining value of
the dividend.
10 Manees Store sells sugar, flour and egg. Calculate the total price of items purchased
from the store. The price of each item is shown as below:
(a) Sugar is sell for RM2.40 per kilogram
(b) Flour is sell for RM2.00 per packet
(c) Egg is sell for RM0.50 per piece.
11 A GST tax of 6% and delivery charge of RM50 has been charged to an electronic
product bought at Savory Shop. Calculate the total price of an electronic product that
customer should pay.
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12 A hotel wants an application to calculate the bill for a guest. Guests are charged based
on night stayed and nightly rate. They are also charged for room service and phone use.
Display the total bill for the guests.
13 Seri wants to do some home renovations so she takes a one year loan at the rate of
3.21%. Calculate and display the interest that she should pay for the loan.
14 An employee will be given a yearly bonus which is 10% of his annual salary. Given
that his monthly salary is RM400. Calculate the employee’s net yearly income.
15 Mr. Yamani is a barber. He takes 10 minutes to complete a haircut for one customer.
Calculate the total customers that he can entertain based on his total working hours.
16 Aziz want to create a program to calculate the shaded area below:

Y cm
X cm
Z cm Z cm
17 Calculate the total salary for a worker. A worker will be paid RM3.50 per hour. 11%
from total salary will be contributed to KWSP and RM10 will be deducted to
PERKESO.
18 Zamani wants to create a program that will calculate and display the total perimeter of
a rectangle and 2 different squares.
19 Mat Chicken is a restaurant that sells various foods for its customer. 6% of sales and
service tax (SST) will be added on the top of customer’s bill. Another 5% of service
charge is also will be added in the bill. Calculate and display the total bills of the
customer.
20 Calculate the total price of fruits based on the table below:

Fruits Price
Rambutan RM 3.50/kg
Mangoesteen RM 4.00/kg
Watermelon RM 1.00/kg
Page 30
21 Maju Holdings wants to buy a piece of land for their new development project. The
land is in rectangular shape. If the land is selling for RM7.50/m2, calculate the total
price of land.
22 A program will display user’s name and gender, based on the input entered.
23 Moonlight Insurance Sdn. Bhd. is an insurance company. Based on their policy, 10%
from the fees will be covered for medical card, 70% is for saving and the rest will be
refund back to the customer. Calculate the refund amount that a customer will get if
he had invested RM150 per month after 3 years.
24 The ticket price for riding the Eyes-On-Malaysia is RM4 for an adult and a child is
charge half of it. Calculate the total charge of the problem above.
25 User will insert an integer. Calculate the total, the multiplication and the power of the
integer if all operations is performing by using the integer itself.
26 A program will accept two integers from a user. Then the program will calculate the
sum and the difference of these two numbers.
Page 31
CHAPTER 3
SINGLE SELECTION CONTROL STRUCTURES
Learning Objectives
a) Single selection control structure and its’ respective purposes, and
b) Applying single selection control structures in computational problem solving.
3.1 Introduction
Checks a condition to perform action(s).
If condition is true (T), perform action(s)
If condition is false (F), skips it (i.e. perform nothing – null)
Pseudocode General
Flowchart General Format
Format
if condition
T
action(s) action(s)
condition
endif
F
*endif is used to indicate end of if block.

if condition
action(s)
endif
Page 32
Calculate and print the area of a circle if the radius is not a negative value.
Problem Analysis
Input : radius
Process : Calculate the area of a circle based on radius
Output : area
Begin
Read radius
if radius > 0
area = π x radius2
endif
Print area
End
Begin
Read radius
T
radius > 0 area = π x radius2
F
Print area
End
Page 33
if radius > 0
area = π x radius2
if radius > 0
area = π x radius2
endif
Page 34
Tutorial 3 (Single Selection)
1 If a student is in Modul 2 group, display the message “The student is taking Computer
Science subject”.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 35
2 Create a program that will accept student’s name and age. If the student’s age is below
45, the program will print a message “You are eligible to take a PhD program”.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 36
3 Display a message “You are an excellent student” for a student whose cumulative grade
point average (CGPA) is 3.75 or above.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 37
4 Calculate the BMI of a person if height value entered is not zero.
5 Calculate the area of a circle if the radius entered is a positive value.
6 Determine whether a number entered by a user is an even number.
7 The contestant of ‘I Want to be A Millionaire’ must be at least 25 years old. Prepare a

pseudocode to print the message “You are qualified!” if the contestant is qualified.
8 Display a message “Congratulations! First Class Students” for a student whose cumulative
grade point average (CGPA) is 3.70 or above.
Page 38
CHAPTER 4
DUAL SELECTION CONTROL STRUCTURES
Learning Objectives
a) Dual selection control structure and its’ respective purposes, and
b) Applying dual selection control structures in computational problem solving.
4.1 Introduction
Dual selection will check one (1) condition to choose between two (2) actions.
If condition is true, then perform action1, otherwise (if condition is false), then perform
action2
Pseudocode General Format Flowchart General Format
if (condition) T
condition
action1
else
F action1
action2
endif action2
if (condition)
action1
else
action2
endif
Page 39
Print "Negative" for a negative number. Otherwise print "Positive".
Problem Analysis
Input : number
Determine message "Negative" or message "Positive" of a number
Process :
based on number
Output : message "Negative" or message "Positive"
Begin
Read number
if number < 0
Print "Negative"
else
Print "Positive"
endif
End
Begin
Read number
T
number<0
Print "Negative"
Print "Positive"
End
Page 40
Begin
Read num
if num < 0
Print "Negative"
Print "Positive"
End
Page 41
Determine status of a student (Pass or Fail) based on mark. (Passing mark is 50)
Problem Analysis
Input : mark
Process : Determine status based on mark
Output : status
Begin
Read mark
if mark >= 50
status = "Pass"
else
status = "Fail"
endif
Print status
End
Page 42
Begin
Read mark
T
mark >= 50 status = “Pass”
status = ‘Fail’
Print status
End
Page 43
Determine the status of a number, even or odd.
Problem Analysis
Input : number
Process : Determine status even or odd based on number
Output : Message "Even" or message "odd".
Begin
Read number
if number is divisible by 2
Print "Even"
else
Print "Odd"
endif
End
Page 44
Begin
Read mark
T
num%2=0 Print “Even”
Print “Odd”
End
Page 45
An allowance for a part time lecturer will be paid monthly based on the total lecture
hours per month. Payment rate is as follows:
First 12 hours - RM 100 per hour

Additional hours - RM 50 per hour
Calculate the monthly allowance for a part time lecturer.
Problem Analysis
Input : hour
Process : Calculate allowance based on hour
Output : allowance
Begin
Read hour
if hour ≤ 12
allowance = hour x 100
else
allowance = 1200 + (hour – 12) x 50
endif
Print allowance
End
Page 46
Begin
Read hour
T
hour ≤ 12 allowance = hour x 100
allowance = 1200 + (hour – 12) x 50
Print allowance
End
Page 47
Tutorial 4 (Dual Selection)
1 If a student is in Modul 2 group, display the message “The student is taking Computer
Science subject”. Otherwise, display the message “The student is taking Biology
subject”.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 48
2 Determine whether a number entered by a user is divisible by 5 or not.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 49
3 MyHealth magazine is sold at RM5 each if at least 5 units of the magazine are
purchased, and it is sold at the price of RM7 each otherwise. Calculate the price a
customer has to pay after he enters the quantity of the magazines that he purchased.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 50
4 A program will asks user to enter age for two peoples, where the values entered will be
stored in variables age1 and age2. Display “The first person is older” when age1 is
greater than age2, else display “The second person is older”.
5 Calculate BMI when a user enters weight and height. Print “Please reduce your weight”
if BMI is greater and equal to 25.0. If not, print “You have an ideal weight”.
6 A customer who rents a car will be charged RM60 if he rents for only 24 hours or
less. Otherwise, RM5 per hour will be charged for additional hours. Calculate and
display the charge of a car rental.
7 Calculate electric bill based on the electricity usage in watt as given below:
Usage up to 1000 watt - charge is 20 cents per watt.

Additional usage after 1000 watt - charge is 10 cents per watt.
8 Calculate how many litres of petrol (RON 95) that someone gets if 1 liter costs RM1.80.
9 There are two shapes that attached together; a square and a circle. Calculate:
(a) The total area.

(b) The total perimeter.
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10 ‘Fifie Boutique’ will organize a ‘Jumbo Sale’ next week. Each item will get a discount
based on the code colour shown below:
Code Colour Discount

Purple 30%
Yellow 50%
Calculate the sale price that customer should pay.
11 A program will accept two positive integers from user. The program will subtract the
bigger number with the smaller number.
12 Accept a diameter of a circle from user. If the diameter is an even value, find the
circumference of a circle. Otherwise, find the area of the circle.
13 User enters two numbers. Calculate and display the subtraction between those numbers
if the first number is bigger than the second number. Otherwise, calculate the product
of those numbers.
14 A program will accept two integers from user. Calculate the total of the two integers
if only both integers are negative. Then, find the product of those integers regardless
the value of those integers. Display the answers.
15 Refer to the table below:
Item Price
Sport Shoe RM69
Sandal RM24
The table shows the price of two items at ‘Marryeah’ store. During ‘Year End Sales’,
every purchase of RM40 will get one pair of socks as a free gift. Calculate the total pair
of socks that customer will get based on their purchase.
16 ‘WangiScented’ will open their 22th branch next month. Any purchase above RM100
will get 22% discount. Otherwise, no discount will be given.
Page 52
17 Calculate the total of electric bill. Users will provide their current meter reading and
previous meter reading. The rate of bill as follow:
Amount unit consumed Charge

First 100 units RM0.20 per unit
Next additional units RM0.23 per unit
18 Below is the rate of taxi charges:
During the day RM2 per km

During the night Charge is double
Find the charges based on the time (day/night) and the distance (km).
19 Hypermart ‘Supra Jimat’ provide a parking space for their customer’s convenience.
The first 3 hours is charge RM2 only. Next additional hour is charge RM1 per hour.
The parking fee during the weekend is double than during the weekday. Privilege of
free parking will be given to the customers with the total purchase above RM200.
20 A bookstore has made a promotion that offers a 20% discount for a book which RM
80.00 or more, and only 10% discount for book which price is less than RM 80.00.
Calculate the sale price of a book according to the promotion.
21 A program will accept two integers from user. Then the program will calculate the sum
and the difference of these two numbers. The output should be in the positive value
only.
22 ‘Hooray’ is one of an online shopping platform. Additional RM7.00 of shipping cost

will be added in the bill. During ’02.02.2020’ sales, it offers a free shipping with
minimum RM12 purchase. Calculate the total cost the customer should pay based on
their amount of purchase.
23 ‘FastPlus’ is a company that offers an e-hailing service. Passenger could make a request
using an online application. The fare is calculated based on the distance from the pickup
station to the desired destination. The basic fare is RM4 while the normal rate is
RM1.10 per km. The total fare is subject to which amount is higher.
Page 53
CHAPTER 5
MULTIPLE SELECTION CONTROL STRUCTURES
Learning Objectives
a) Multiple selection control structure and its’ respective purposes, and
b) Applying multiple selection control structures in computational problem solving.
5.1 Introduction
Multiple selection control structure checks many conditions to choose between many actions
Condition will be checked one by one
When a condition is true, performs the action and stops checking the rest.
Pseudocode General Format
…
if (condition1)
action1
else if (condition2)
action2
else if (condition3)
action3
else
action4
endif
…
Page 54
Flowchart General Format
T
condition1 action1
T
condition2 action2
T
condition3 action3
action4

…
if (condition1)
action1
else if
(condition2)
action2
else if
(condition3)
action3
else
action4
endif
…
Page 55
Determine the grade for a student from the given table below:
Grade Mark
A 80 – 100
B 70 – 79.99
C 50 – 69.99
D below 50
Problem Analysis
Input : mark
Process : Determine grade based on mark
Output : grade
Begin
Read mark
if mark >= 80
grade = ‘A’
else if mark >= 70
grade = ‘B’
else if mark >= 50
grade = ‘C’
else
grade = ‘F’
endif
Print grade
End
Page 56
Begin
Read mark
T
mark >= 80 grade = ‘A’
T
mark >= 70 grade = ‘B’
T
mark >= 50 grade = ‘C’
grade = ‘F’
Print grade
End
Page 57
Scratch Code
Page 58
Determine the tax amount based on salary.
Tax (%) Salary (RM)
0 below 5,000
5 5,001 – 10,000
10 10,001 – 50,000
15 over 50,000
Problem Analysis
Input : salary
Process : Determine tax amount based on salary
Output : tax amount
Begin
Read salary
if salary < 5000
tax = 0
else if salary <= 10000
tax = 5% x salary
else if salary <= 50000
tax = 10% x salary
else
tax = 15% x salary
endif
Print tax
End
Page 59
Begin
Read salary
salary < T
5000
tax = 0
salary < T
10000
tax = 5% x salary
salary < T
tax = 10% x salary
50000
tax = 15% x salary
Print tax
End
Page 60
Calculate water bill based on water consumption as given below:
Usage Charge
Usage of first 20 m3 charge is 40 cents per m3
Additional usage up to 20 m3 charge is 20 cents per m3
Extra usage charge is 10 cents per m3
Problem Analysis
Input : usage
Process : Calculate bill based on usage
Output : bill
Begin
Read usage
if usage <= 20
bill = 0.40 x usage
else if usage <= 40
bill = (0.40 x 20) + 0.20 x (usage – 20)
else
bill = (0.40 x 20) + (0.20 x 20) + 0.10 x (usage – 40)
endif
Print bill
End
Page 61
Begin
Read usage
usage <= T
bill = 0.40 x usage
20
usage <= T
bill = 8 + 0.20 x (usage – 20)
40
bill = 12 + 0.10 x (usage – 40)
Print bill
End
Page 62
Tutorial 5 (Multiple Selection)
1 Determine whether the number keyed in by user is positive, negative or zero.

a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 63
2 Create a program that will ask a user to enter age for two people. Display “The first
person is older” when age1 is greater than age2, else display “The second person is
older”. If both are not true, display “Both persons are same age”.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 64
3 This program prompts a user to key in a number as a choice for his/her favorite holiday
destination. If the choice is 1, it will display “Pulau Langkawi”. If the choice is equal
to 2, it will display “Cameron Highland”. If the choice is 3, it will display “Genting
Highland”, and it will display “Bukit Merah” if the choice is equal to 4. Otherwise, a
message “Your choice is not in the list” will be displayed.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 65
4 The products listed below are sold in a convenience store:
Product Code Price (RM)

A 32.10
B 75.30
C 24.60
When a customer makes an order for a product, he/she is required to provide its
product code as well as the quantity.
Write an algorithm which accepts the code and quantity of one product to be
purchased and then output the amount to be paid for that purchase.
5 A student’s grade will be given based on the student’s mark for a subject. Determine
the student’s grade according to the following table:
Marks Grade
80 – 100 A
70 – 79 B
50 – 69 C
40 – 49 D
0 – 39 F
Page 66
6 A program will be assigned based on the value of a code. Display the name of the
program that will be assigned based on the following table.
Code Program
1 Degree in Computer Science

2 Degree in Information Technology
3 Degree in Computer Engineering
4 Degree in Electrical Engineering
7 Calculate phone bill based on the following term:
Usage Discount
Usage less than RM50 per month no discount will be given

Usage greater than RM50 but less than
get 5% discount
RM100 per month
Usage RM100 above per month get 20% discount
8 Determine the smaller number and larger number between two numbers entered by
user. Print the smaller number followed by the larger number if they are not equal.
Otherwise, print the message “The numbers are equal”.
Page 67
9 Prepare an IPO chart and a flowchart to calculate the total fees of parking based on
the table below:
Duration Charge
First half an hour Free
More than 30 minutes to one hour RM 1.00
More than one hour RM 0.20 every 10 minutes
The additional minutes after one hour is calculated only in multiple of 10. Otherwise,
it will be not included in the fees.
10 Calculate the amount paid for items bought at the supermarket based on the
following:
For purchase greater than and equal RM100 – discount will be given 5%.
11 Bantuan Sara Hidup (BSH) will be given to the family which has an income as
below:
Income BSH
Married
RM3000 and below RM950
RM3001-RM4000 RM750
Bachelor
RM2000 and below RM450
RM2001-RM3000 RM250
Determine and display the amount of BSH for a qualified user. Otherwise display
“Wrong input”.
Page 68
12 A software company offers training classes to people for learning how to use their
new product. Group registration receives discount as below:
Number of registrants in the group Fee per registrant

1-5 RM100
6 - 10 RM80
11 or more RM60
Ask for the number of registrants. If the input value is 0 or negative, display “Input
error” and don’t do anything else. If the number of registrants is a positive value,
calculate and display the total fee according to the rate listed in the table above.
13 The final match of Piala Pengarah KMKt will be held next week. The seating cost
are:Orange seats RM23.50, brown seats RM19.75, and yellow seats RM16.55.
There is a tax of 6% on all seats. Assume that one person can only buy one seat per
purchase.
14 ‘Seteroberi Resort’ located at Tanah Rata, Cameron Highlands. The resort provides
three types of room. The table shows information for each room.
Charge rate (RM) per

Room Type Deposit (RM)
night
Studio room (S) 390
Family suite (F) 200 * no. of rental days 500
Penthouse (P) 600
Based on the information given, calculate the deposit, total payment and balance
payment after deposit paid. The user need to enter the room type based on customer
choice. Display “Wrong Room Type” if the user enters wrong room type. Repeat the
process until ‘Z’ is entered.
15 A program will accept two integer values from user. If any of the numbers entered is
negative, the message “Numbers entered must be non-negative” will be displayed and
the program terminates. Otherwise, it will display the sum of two numbers only if the
first value is less than a second value. Otherwise, the product of the two numbers will
be displayed.
Page 69
16 Ceria Bookstore Sdn. Bhd. is a company that sells various of books and stationaries.
Members of this book store will get special discounts based on accumulate points.
Every purchased of RM3.00 will get one point. Discount will be given base on the
following table.
Accumulate Points Discounts
300 30%
500 35%
600 40%
Calculate the total price customer should pay if the discount is valid only in a single
receipt.
17 Create a program to find the median number among three numbers.
Sample Output :
Input the first number: 25

Input the Second number: 37
Input the third number: 29
Expected Output:
The median value is 29.0

18 Input an integer number, num. Determine whether numis either :
a. Divisible by both numbers 2 and 7; or

b. Divisible by 2 only; or
c. Divisible by 7 only; or
d. NOT divisible by 2 and 7.
Display an appropriate message.
Page 70
CHAPTER 6
REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURES
COUNTER-CONTROLLED
Learning Objectives
a) Counter-controlled repetition control structure and its’ respective purposes, and
b) Applying counter-controlled repetition control structures in computational problem
solving.
6.1 Introduction
Counter-controlled repetition is used when we know the number of iterations we have to
perform i.e. we know how many times we need to execute a loop.
Counter-controlled repetition involves three (3) basic processes:
• Initialization (Set the initial value of the loop control variable).
• Evaluation (Test the loop control variable to determine whether the loop should
continue or stop).
• Updating (Increment/decrement the value of the loop control variable).
*The loop control variable is the variable that control the number of times the loop is
executed.
General Format for Pseudocode (Counter-controlled)

Start
counter initialization //initialization
while condition //evaluation
statement block
counter increment/decrement //updating
endwhile
next action
End
Page 71
Flowchart General Format (Counter-controlled)
Start
counter initialization
F
condition
statement block next action
counter increment/decrement
Stop
counter initialization
while condition
counter increment/decrement
Page 72
Print message "Hello, world!" 10 times.
Problem Analysis
Input : No input
Process : Repeat print the output 10 times.
Output : 10 messages "Hello, world!"
Begin
set counter to 0
while counter < 10
counter = counter + 1
endWhile
End
Desk-checking
counter counter < 10 Print

0 T √
1 T √
2 T √
3 T √
4 T √
5 T √
6 T √
7 T √
8 T √
9 T √
10 F
Here,
• last value for counter is 10

• no. of looping = no. of true = 10
• the loop will stop once the condition is false.
Page 73
Begin
counter=0
F
counter<10 End
Print “Hello, world!”
Scratch Code
Page 74
Calculate and print sum of 10 numbers entered by user.
Problem Analysis
Input : 10 numbers
Process : Repeat adding number to sum 10 times.
Output : sum
Begin
sum=0
counter = 0
while counter < 10
Read num
sum = sum + num
endwhile
Print sum
End
Desk-checking
sum counter num counter < 10

0 0 2 T
2 1 10 T
12 2 8 T
20 3 4 T
24 4 3 T
27 5 7 T
34 6 5 T
39 7 4 T
43 8 7 T
50 9 2 T
52 10 F
Page 75
Begin
sum=0
counter=0
F
counter<10 print sum
T
End
Read num
sum = sum + num

Page 76
Calculate and print sum and average of 10 numbers entered by user.
Problem Analysis
Input : 10 numbers
Repeat adding number to sum 10 times.
Process :
Calculate average
Begin
sum=0, average=0
counter = 0
while counter < 10
Read num
sum = sum + num
endwhile
average = sum / counter
Print sum, average
End
Desk-checking
sum average counter num counter < 10

0 0 0 2 T
2 1 10 T
12 2 8 T
20 3 4 T
24 4 3 T
27 5 7 T
34 6 5 T
39 7 4 T
43 8 7 T
50 9 2 T
52 10 F
5.2
Page 77
Begin
sum=0
average=0
counter=0
F
counter<10 average = sum / counter
T
print sum, average
Read num
End
sum = sum + num
Page 78
Determine the number of marks which are above 80 among 100 marks entered by
user.
Problem Analysis
Input : 100 marks
Repeat checking each mark entered whether greater than 80, and
Process :
increment counter by 1 if true.
Output : the number of marks above 80
Begin
bil = 0
counter = 0
while counter < 100
input mark
if mark > 80
bil = bil + 1
endif
endwhile
Print bil
End
Page 79
Calculate and print the minimum value among 10 numbers entered by user.
Begin
bil = 0
i=0
F
counter < 10 Print bil
T
End
Input mark
F
mark > 80
bil = bil + 1
Page 80
Problem Analysis
Input : 10 numbers
Read first number and set as minimum value
Process : Repeat compare each number entered to the minimum value, and
keep the minimum value.
Output : minimum value
Begin
Read num
min = num
counter = 1
while counter < 10
Read num
if num < min
min = num
endif
endwhile
Print min
End
Desk-checking
num num < min min counter counter < 10

7 7 1 T
8 F 2 T
9 F 3 T
4 T 4 4 T
3 T 3 5 T
6 F 6 T
9 F 7 T
2 T 2 8 T
5 F 9 T
3 F 10 F
Page 81
Calculate and print the minimum value among 10 numbers entered by user.
Begin
Read num
min = num
counter = 1
F
counter<10 print min
T
End
Read num
T
num<min min = num
Page 82
Calculate and print the largest value from a list of five numbers.
Problem Analysis
Input : 5 numbers
Read first number and set as largest value
Process : Repeat compare each number entered to the largest value, and keep
the largest value.
Output : largest
Begin
Read num
max = num
counter = 1
while counter < 5
Read num
if num > max
max = num
endif
endwhile
Print max
End
Desk-checking
num num > max max counter counter < 5

7 7 1 T
8 T 8 2 T
9 T 9 3 T
4 F 4 T
3 F 5 F
Page 83
Begin
Read num
max = num
counter = 1
F
counter<5 print max
T
End
Read num
T
num>max max = num
Page 84
Tutorial 6 (Counter-controlled Repetition)
1 Calculate the sum and average of 20 marks entered by user.

a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 85
2 Print the squares of 10 numbers entered by user.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 86
3 Calculate the BMI for 15 students.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 87
4 Calculate the average of three tests for 30 students.
5 Calculate the sum of 1000 numbers that are being input interactively using a loop.
6 Display odd numbers from 3 to 39.
7 Print multiples of 5 which are less than 30.
8 Calculate the total for the first 20 positive integers.
9 Calculate the average for the first 10 positive even numbers.
10 Given a list of daily temperature for a certain number of days. Calculate the total
temperature. The first input is the number of days.
11 A program will determine the total and average price for a few items bought by a
user. The number of items will be entered by user at the start of the program.
12 Print odd numbers between 1 and 40.
13 A program is used to find the average of a number of tests taken by a student. The
number of test is varies between subjects. The program will allow the lecturer to key
in the number of test before he can key in the test marks for a student.
14 User will enter ten numbers into a program. The program will:
(a) Determine the maximum and the minimum number.

(b) Then, find the difference between the maximum and the minimum.
15 User will enter 100 numbers randomly. Count the even numbers amongst those
numbers.
16 A program will determine the highest mark amongst 30 students. Then the name of
the student will be display as the output.
17 A program will accept 50 numbers from user and determine whether there are more
even numbers than odd numbers or vice versa.
Page 88
CHAPTER 7
REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURES
SENTINEL-CONTROLLED
Learning Objectives
a) Sentinel-controlled repetition control structure and its’ respective purposes, and
b) Applying sentinel-controlled repetition control structures in computational problem
solving.
7.1 Introduction
Sentinel-controlled is used when you are not sure about the iterations but you know what the
condition is and then you can loop that block until the condition is false.
In sentinel-controlled repetition the number of loop is NOT known before the loop begins
executing. The loop will stop when a sentinel value is reached. Sentinel value is a special value
such as 0, -1, 999, ‘Y’, ‘N’, true, false to indicate the end of data entry.
General Format for Pseudocode (Sentinel-controlled)

Start
First input //initialization
while condition //evaluation
statement block
next input //updating
endwhile
next action
Stop
Page 89
Flowchart General Format (Sentinel-controlled)
Start
initialization
F
evaluation
statement block next action
updating
Stop
First input
while condition
Next input
Page 90
Calculate and print sum and number of positive numbers entered by user until user
keyed in 0.
Problem Analysis
Input : A few numbers
Repeat checking each number entered and adding it to sum while the
Process :
number is not 0.
Output : sum, number of positive numbers (count)
Begin
sum=0, count=0
Read num
while num > 0
sum = sum + num
Read num
count = count + 1
endwhile
Print sum, count
End
Desk-checking
sum count num num>0

0 0 2 T
2 1 5 T
7 2 3 T
10 3 0 F
Page 91
Begin
sum=0
count=0
Read num
F
num >= 0 print sum, count
T
End
count = count + 1
sum = sum + num
Read num
Page 92
Calculate and print sum and average of numbers entered by user until user keyed in
negative value.
Problem Analysis
Repeat adding number to sum until user enter negative value.
Process :
Calculate average
Begin
sum=0, average=0, count=0

Read num
while num >= 0
count = count + 1
sum = sum + num
Read num
endwhile
average = sum / count
Print sum, average
End
Desk-checking
sum average count num num>=0

0 0 0 4 T
4 1 4 T
8 2 4 T
12 3 0 T
12 4 -1 F
3
Page 93
Begin
sum=0
average=0
count=0
Read num
F
num >= 0 average = sum / count
T
print sum, average
count = count + 1
sum = sum + num
End
Read num
Page 94
Scratch Code
Page 95
Create a program that keeps asking the user for a number and printing the square
root of the number entered. The program ends when the user enters a negative
number.
Problem Analysis
Process : Repeat reading a number and calculate the square root of the
number, until the number entered is a negative number.
Output : square root of each number
Begin
Read x
while x > 0
sqroot = x1/2
Display sqroot
Read x
endwhile
End
Desk-checking
x x>0 sqroot
9 T 3
25 T 5
36 T 6
4 T 2
49 T 7
0 F
Page 96
Begin
Read x
F
x>0 End
sqroot = x1/2
Print sqroot
Read x
Page 97
Tutorial 7 (Sentinel-controlled Repetition)
1 Design an algorithm for a program that will accepts a list of product price from user
and calculate the total price. The process will continue until the user enters value -1.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 98
2 Design an algorithm to calculate the total temperature for a list of daily temperatures
that will be entered by user. The calculation will stop when the value of temperature
entered is -999.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 99
3 A program will calculate the average for a few integers entered by user. The user should
key in 0 to terminate the sequence.
a) Problem analysis
b) Pseudocode
c) Flowchart
Page 100
4 Calculate the average of a few students’ height. The negative value for height indicates
the end of input.
5 A program will accept a series of numbers from user and determine whether each
number entered is an even or odd number. The program will stop when a user enters
0.
6 Create an algorithm that will accept input age, height and weight for some student.
The loop will stop when the user enters value 0 for age. Calculate the average for age,
height and weight. Print the number of people and the average age, height and weight.
Page 101
APPENDIX A – ANSWER SHEET
Question: (write the question here)
Problem analysis Pseudocode Flowchart

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SECTION 2

1.2 Steps in Problem Solving

This problem analysis can be represented by the Input-Process-Output (IPO) chart as

Example of Problem Analysis

Process : Calculate sum for num1, num2

*(This step will be discussed in detail in subtopic 1.3 Algorithms)

1.2.3 Step 3: Implementation

1.2.4 Step 4: Testing and Verification

1.2.5 Step 5: Documentation

There are two (2) techniques to represent algorithm:

Problem Analysis Pseudocode Format

In short, we can conclude that:

*In this book, this keyword (input/output) will be used alternately.

Problem Analysis Pseudocode Format

Process : Calculate sum sum = num1 + num2

Problem Analysis Pseudocode Format

It is easy to understand type and flow of instruction in graphical representation.

indicates the logical sequence of

Selection Symbol It stands for the keyword if in

Read num1, num2

sum = num1 + num2

Read num1, num2, Read num1, num2,

sum = num1 + num2 + num3

Print sum, average Print sum, average

2 State one (1) technique that used to represent algorithm.

4 List the first two (2) steps in problem solving.

5 Explain any one (1) step mentioned in question 4.

6 Differentiate between pseudocode and flowchart.

7 Create problem analysis for the following problems:

(a) Calculate the sum of two integers.

(c) Calculate the area of a circle.

(d) Convert a measurement in millimeter (mm) to meter (m).

(e) Calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI) for a person.

• Sequence Control Structures

Pseudocode General Format Flowchart General Format

*Actions (action1, action2, action3, …, action-nth) can be input, process, or output.

Print "Hello, world!"

Print "Hello, world!"

The representation of keyword in pseudocode using Scratch code (block).

A Complete Scratch Program

square = num x num

square = num x num

A Complete Scratch Program

Read num1, num2

sum = num1 + num2

Read num1, num2, num3

sum = num1 + num2 + num3

Print sum, average

Print square, square root

Read base, height

area = 0.5 x base x height

Read length, width

perimeter = 2(length + width)

Print perimeter, area

Read original price

pay price = 75% x original price

Print pay price

Read meal price

pay price = 106% x meal price

Print pay price

Read usage, rate

bill = usage x rate