БЛАНК № 18

для відповіді на завдання з практики усного та писемного мовлення

П.І.П. Пойкан Тетяна Євгеніївна
група 4 ФП1

Ex. 1 p.156

Some kinds of propagation:

 Seed propagation: Growing plants from seeds is the most common and easiest way of
propagation.
 Cutting propagation: This method involves taking a stem or leaf cutting from a parent plant and
rooting it to produce a new plant.
 Division propagation: This involves dividing the parent plant into smaller pieces, each with their
own roots and shoots.
 Layering propagation: This method involves bending a stem or branch of the parent plant to the
ground and covering it with soil. The buried section of the stem or branch will develop roots,
and a new plant can be separated from the parent plant once it has established.
 Grafting propagation: This is a method of propagation that involves joining two different plant
parts together to create a new plant.
 Tissue culture propagation: This method involves growing plant cells or tissues in a laboratory
under sterile conditions.

Ex. 2 p.156

Plants: bugle weed, crocus, daffodil, dahlia, gladiolus, hyacinth, iris, lily, onion, raspberry strawberry,
strawberry geranium, sweet potato turf grass.

Roots: bulb, bulblet, corm, cormel, ratoon, rhizome tuber.

Adjectives: adventitious, bulblike, tuberous, vegetative, adverse, fleshy, edible, lateral, food-storage.

Parts of plant: aerial stem, axil bud crown division, lateral shoot, leaf, node, offset, stem, storage, organ,
sucker, runner, shoot, slip, stem, base.

Processes: propagation, spread, grow, root.

Several ways of plant propagation, including:

 Vegetative structures: Some plants produce specialized vegetative structures, such as tubers,
runners, rhizomes, bulbs, and corms, which can be used for propagation.
 Offshoots: Lateral shoots may also form from the stem of some plants and can be rooted to
produce new plants. These are known as offshoots, offsets, crown divisions, ratoons, or slips.
 Tuberous roots: Some plants have roots that are structurally modified as propagative and food-
storage organs. These tuberous roots can readily form shoots, and plants such as the sweet
potato and dahlia are propagated by this method.
 Suckers: Shoots that rise adventitiously from roots are called suckers, and plants such as the red
raspberry can be propagated by this method.

Yes, I saw these processes in biology lessons at school and on my own experience, having a
private house with a garden.
Ex. 3 p.157
1. –
2. take account of
3. gardeners
4. by the fact
5. growing of plants
6. –
7. horse radish
8. Besides
9. should not by
10. applied
11. the previous year
12. the organic fertilizer application
13. results in
14. used to by
15. by its
16. start preparing
17. necessary to establish
18. not to exhaust

Sowing: Planting seeds or young plants in the ground with the intention of growing crops.

Perennial (vegetables): Vegetables that live for more than two years and don't need to be replanted
every year.

Sorrel: A leafy green vegetable that has a tangy, slightly sour taste and is often used in salads or cooked
dishes.

Rhubarb: A plant with long, thick stalks that are commonly used in desserts and other sweet dishes. The
stalks are usually red or pink and have a tart flavor.

Annuals: Plants that complete their life cycle, from seed to seed, within one growing season.

Table roots: Root vegetables that are grown primarily for food, such as carrots, potatoes, and turnips.

Legumes: A family of plants that includes beans, peas, and lentils, which are high in protein and often
used as a meat substitute.

Crops: Plants that are grown for food or other purposes, such as cotton or tobacco.

Pests: Organisms that damage or destroy crops, such as insects, fungi, or rodents.

Predecessor: The plant that was grown in a particular plot of land before the current crop.

Crop alternation: The practice of growing different crops in the same plot of land in alternating years to
maintain soil fertility and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.

Exhaust: To use up or deplete a resource, such as the nutrients in soil.

Ex. 4 p.157-158
1. True. Planting vine crops such as watermelons, cantaloupes, winter squash, and cucumbers
near a fence or trellis may allow for growing vine crops in less space.
2. False. Locating the garden near a fence or trellis may allow for growing vine crops in less
space.
3. False. The proper variety selection is an important key to successful horticulture and the
wrong variety may not produce satisfactory yields regardless of subsequent care and attention.
4. True. Even if you work hard, you may not succeed if you choose the wrong variety for your
area.
5. False. If your garden is not in an area receiving full or near-full sunlight, you may try leafy
crops such as leaf lettuce, mustard, and parsley.
6. False. While you may try new varieties and hybrids, you should limit plantings.
7. False. You should plant tall-growing crops where they will not shade or interfere with growth
of smaller crops.
8. True. By grouping vegetables according to their maturity rate, one kind of crops can be
planted to take the place of another one as soon as the latter is removed.
9. True. Grouping crops according to the rate of maturity can help in planning for harvesting.
10. False. Crop rotation helps prevent diseases and insect buildups, and it is recommended to
plant crops totally unrelated to the previous crop.

Ex. 5 p. 158
Some common pests and methods of pest control in agriculture:
Pests:
 Insects (e.g. aphids, caterpillars, beetles, weevils, mites, thrips, whiteflies)
 Rodents (e.g. rats, mice)
 Birds (e.g. pigeons, sparrows)
 Nematodes (microscopic worm-like organisms)
 Weeds (unwanted plants)
Pest control:
 Biological control (using natural predators or parasites of pests)
 Chemical control (using pesticides)
 Cultural control (using farming practices to prevent pest problems, such as crop rotation,
intercropping, and planting pest-resistant crops)
 Physical control (using barriers, traps, or nets to prevent pests from reaching crops)
 Genetic control (using genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests)

PESTS PEST CONTROL PLANT DISEASES

animals (mostly Biological pest control (selection of Pecan scab
insects), fungi, seed from resistant plants); Plum curculio
plants, bacteria, Manual control (picking insects by hand Hickory shuckworm
and viruses; from plants); Brown rot of peach
Chemical control (spraying with lime Fruit diseases
Insects, Diseases sulfur, sulfur dusting, water-insoluble
chemicals such as calcium and lead
crop pests, arsenate, nicotine, pyrethrum, quassia,
 secondary pests, and tar oils);
target pest, insect
or mite control Insecticides
Fungicides
Well-balanced fertility program
Pruning
Composting
Organic gardening

integrated pest management, cultural

control practices, natural enemies,
accurate field scouting, chemical
control, insecticides, non-chemical
management tools, protection of natural
enemies, insect resistance, non-pesticide
control techniques, rotate insecticide
groups, different modes of action

Ex. 6 p. 159
a chemical used to destroy fungus: fungicide
to water: irrigate
flora: plants
transfer: recycle
reprocess: compost
contaminated: diseased
a chemical element that burns with a strong unpleasant smell and is used for pest control: sulfur
fungicide
exhausted: stressed
levels of development that a plant goes through during its life: life cycles
chemical composition: ingredients
to cut: prune
to make a fertilizer in the form of mixture of decayed plants etc: mulch
to get rid of: dispose of
to inflict harm: damage
chemical substance for killing insects: insecticide
protected against: resistant to
remains: residue
productiveness plan: fertility program
decaying leaves etc that are put on the soil to improve its quality: organic material

Ex. 8 p. 160

1 of
2 cause
3 pest
4 Major
5 other
6 hazards
7 exceed
8 applied
9 in
 10 to
11 in
12 in
13 to

Ex. 9 p. 160 Opinion essay

The Negative Impacts of Innovative Agriculture
The advent of innovative agricultural methods has transformed the way we produce food,
resulting in increased yields and greater efficiency. However, as the industry continues to evolve,
new methods can often have negative consequences for both the environment and human health.
So, in this essay I will focus on two examples of negative impacts resulting from innovative
agricultural methods: excessive drainage caused by intensive agriculture and the use of harmful
pesticides on crops.
Firstly, intensive agriculture has been a popular farming method for many years,
providing a high yield of crops in a short amount of time. However, this method has been shown
to have negative impacts on the environment. In a recent article in The Sunday Times, Paul
Simons argues that intensive agriculture often leads to excessive drainage, which causes
rainwater to drain too soon. This excessive drainage results in lower levels of groundwater,
which can negatively affect the soil and local ecosystems. The depletion of groundwater can also
lead to water scarcity, which can have serious consequences for local communities and wildlife.
Secondly, the use of pesticides in agriculture can have serious health implications for
humans and the environment. While these substances have helped to increase crop yields, they
have also led to soil and water pollution. The accumulation of excess nutrients in soil and water
can cause algal blooms, which can harm aquatic ecosystems and result in fish kills. Moreover,
the overuse of pesticides can lead to the development of pesticide-resistant pests and the death of
non-target species. In my opinion, this is particularly concerning given that many of these
chemicals have been linked to cancer, neurological damage, and other health problems.
While innovation in agriculture has brought many benefits, it is clear that the negative
impacts of these innovations cannot be ignored. To mitigate these negative impacts, we must
prioritize sustainable agricultural practices that protect both the environment and public health.
This includes promoting the use of organic and agro ecological farming practices, such as crop
rotation, intercropping, and cover cropping. These methods help to build soil fertility, reduce
erosion, and increase biodiversity. Moreover, we need to invest in research and development of
alternative pest management strategies that reduce reliance on chemical pesticides.
In conclusion, while innovation in agriculture is necessary to meet the growing demand
for food, it is essential to consider the negative impacts of these methods. The excessive drainage
caused by intensive agriculture and the use of harmful pesticides on crops are just two examples
of the negative consequences of new agricultural practices. It is crucial to prioritize sustainable
farming methods and to regulate the use of harmful chemicals to protect the environment and
human health.

Ex. 10 p. 162
Garden is planted as early as possible so that the plants grow and mature in ideal
conditions. Transplantation allows before taking the crop and increases the period of fruiting of
many vegetable cultures. For small-seeded crops such as carrots, lettuce, or onions, the average
planting depth is 2 inches. Sow plants abundantly with intention of thinning out to optimal
density later. Do not allow soil to dry up or encrust during germination, but also don’t pour
superfluously. Too deep seating results in stopping of height of the developed root, and
superfluously shallow to his death through the excessive drying up. Solution can be made at
home, dissolving glass of fertilizer in 5 gallons of water. Trace, if water it was enough - it should
penetrate to soil on a depth no less 6 inches. If sprinkling-machines are used, water in the
morning so that the leaves of plants dried out to sunset of a sun. Most effective is the drip
irrigation system. Vine cultures, such as watermelons, pumpkins and cucumbers require large
areas, so it is better to sow them near the fence. Restrain from landing of any cultures in
excessive amounts. Search the sorts well adapted to your climatic zone. Experiment with new
varieties and hybrids, but limit the planting area. If your garden doesn’t get a sunny full-up, grow
leafy crops, such as sheet lettuce, mustard, or parsley. Seat them wherein they will not prevent to
the supervision and harvesting of early-ripening cultures. Tall crops mustn’t shade and interfere
with the growth of undersized. On the night side of the garden, it is expedient to land such
vegetables as tomatoes, beans and sweet corn to prevent shading of radishes, lettuce, onions and
bush beans. Group cultures at times ripening is allows to land one cultures into place other, after
they have already been harvested. Thus cultures that land must substantially differ from their
predecessors. For example, to carry early beans, plant beets, pumpkins or sweet pepper. Crop
rotation helps to prevent illnesses and reproduction of insects.
At planning of the program of the integrated pest prevention, it is necessary to provide for
the use of their natural enemies, proof sowing seed, careful supervision upon the field and, in
case of necessity, chemical facilities. The combined use of all accessible facilities allows to
decrease the number of pests below level at that they cause economic losses. Although non-
chemical facilities of control are the most important, chemicals are the important components of
pest control. The use of insecticides requires taking into account rows of factors, including
protection of natural enemies of wreckers, resistance of the last to insecticides; influence of
chemicals is on a livestock, humans and other organisms that are not the objects of their control;
efficiency and cost of facilities. Insecticides are sprayed with sprayers, which it is expedient to
use for speed of wind that doesn’t exceed 10 miles per hour to minimize the risk of the substance
being carried to other objects. Important is a correct dosage of preparation – excessive
concentrations can entail harm to the plants or livestock, and the insufficient concentrations will
be ineffective. Repeated application of the same group of insecticides can assist making to her of
immunity to it in pests. Therefore, it is always more expedient succeeded to resort to pesticide-
free products. If the use of chemicals cannot be avoided, then alternate groups of insecticides.
Biological control, or the use of one organism against another, involves three methods.
Importation, i.e. import of parasites or predators from other country, is severely regulated and
inaccessible to the ordinary gardeners. The method of maintenance envisages maintenance or
assistance to reproduction of natural factors that already exist in the given territory. For example,
planting flowers that produce nectar, which is food for parasitic insects, in private plots allows
you to avoid the use of pesticides. The method of increase involves conditioning for reproduction
of predators and parasites (ladybirds, praying, and wasp parasites) that execute the functions of
biological regulatory organisms.
Mechanical control is the use of physical facilities for reduction or wipeout of population
of certain insects or losses caused by them. Barriers, shelters, high-pressure nozzles for spraying
water, and manual pest collection are used to achieve the mentioned aim. Hand collection and
complete destruction of a certain number of pests be really carried out only on small areas.
Barriers that can have different forms and sizes warn access of pests to the plants. For example,
cardboard or plastic cylinders around the base of nursery transplant scoops and other grunt pests
from eating the seedlings. Screening, such as linen or plastic stripes, keeps pests out of a newly
planted garden. Sprayers of high-pressure for splashing of water are most effective against small
wreckers, such as a plant louse. With the help of nozzles, you can also get rid of cobwebs,
dissolve manure and quickly reduce the pest population.