MT113 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT

NAV 3
TERRESTRI2L AND COASTAL DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
NAVIGATION Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
2 Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
SECTION TITLE
ISSUE NO. 01 REVISION NO. DATE EFFECTIVE: AUG 09, 2021 PAGE 1 OF 5

4CL GUILLERMO, JOSHUA BRIX

NUNKI
NAVIGATION

Nav. 2 – Terrestrial & Coastal Navigation 2 MT113

ASSIGNMENT (LECTURE)
Week 10-12
Topic 2.1-2.3:

CO2: Explain how to locate the ship's position by dead reckoning, running fix, bow and beam
bearing and lines of position taking into account the effects of wind and current.

TOPICS
3. Position, Direction and Distance and DR Position
4. Estimated position, running fix and position fix
5. Bow and Beam Be

LO2.2: Discuss how to plot the ship’s position, direction and distance and DR position on the nautical chart.
LO2.3: Compute the DR using a previously obtained speed and time
LO2.4: Explain how to determine the estimated position, running fix and position fix of the vessel on the nautical chart
LO2.5: Calculate the rising and dipping distances of a light and ranges of lights
LO2.6: Determine how to fix your position with a bow and beam bearing

I. Answer the FF. questions:

1. Define : What is ?
a. Position
- Line of Position, is a line on some point of which the vessel may be presumed to be
located. It is a line of all possible positions of a vessel at any given time.
- An Estimated Position, is a DR position corrected for the effects of leeway, steering
error, and current.
b. Dead Reckoning ( DR ) - Determining a position by plotting courses and speed from a
known position.
 MT113 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
NAV 3
TERRESTRI2L AND COASTAL DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
NAVIGATION Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
2 Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
SECTION TITLE
ISSUE NO. 01 REVISION NO. DATE EFFECTIVE: AUG 09, 2021 PAGE 2 OF 5

c. Estimated Position ( EP ) - Combine a corresponding DR position with a single lop to get

an estimated position.
d. Fixed Position ( FP ) - Position obtained by using various position fixing aids E.G.
Electronic and Visual Navigational Equipment.
e. Course - A course can be a straight line going from your point of departure to your
destination or it might consist of two or more legs.
f. Course to steer - The estimated course that a boat should steer in order to arrive at a
waypoint, bearing in mind the effects that wind and tide will have on the vessel.
g. Course made good - Means the rhumbline or series of connected rhumb lines describing
the path a vessel actually made good relative to the earth.
h. Set - The direction toward which the current flow
i. Drift - The velocity or speed of the current.
j. Leeway - Means how much a vessel is pushed of its intended course when navigating in
the presence of wind.

2. Explain the methods to obtain simultaneous cross bearings with least error
- Bearings taken may be:
- a) Relative - as with pelorus or radar in ship’s head up display.
- b) Compass - using the magnetic compass
- c) Gyro - when a gyro repeater is used.

- In any case the bearing must be converted to true before laying it off on the chart.
- Each position line (LOP) should be identified by a single arrow at the end of the line away from the
object observed.
- When position lines intercept at (or nearly at) a point, that point should be encircled and the time of
the fix noted alongside.

- In order to have accurate reading of current position, and avoid errors which is called a “cocked hat”,
the following should be avoided:
- a) Too long a delay between taking bearings
- b) Wrong identification of an object
 MT113 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
NAV 3
TERRESTRI2L AND COASTAL DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
NAVIGATION Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
2 Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
SECTION TITLE
ISSUE NO. 01 REVISION NO. DATE EFFECTIVE: AUG 09, 2021 PAGE 3 OF 5

- c) Error in plotting
- d) Compass error wrongly applied
- e) Unknown compass error
- f) Poor survey of the area

- If the cocked hat cannot be reduced or eliminated by any of the above checks then the position of the
ship should be taken as that part of the cocked hat which will place the ship in most danger.

3. Explain the positioning techniques using terrestrial observation in determining the

ship’s position at sea
- Terrestrial Navigation-is the method of navigation in which the position is determined
through terrestrial objects/landmarks such as headlands, buoys, lighthouses, or any
objects on the surface of the earth. It comprises of:
- Piloting- is the art of conducting a vessel in channels,harbors and along coast, where
landmarks and aids to navigation are available for fixing position.
- Dead Reckoning-the method by which the position of the ship is determined by the
amount of progress along a direction of travel from the latest known position. this
technique is all about advancing your present course or which your ship is carried
forward by courses and distance from the last fix.

4. Specify the characteristics and range of lights

- Range lights are light pairs that indicate a specific line of position when they are in line .
The higher rear light is placed behind the front light. When the navigator sees the lights
vertically in line, he is on the range line. If the front light appears left of the rear light,
the observer is to the RIGHT of the rangeline; if the front appears to the right of the
rear, the observer is LEFT of the rangeline.

5. Differentiate methods in determining ship’s position using terrestrial observation

a. Two or more visual bearings
- The navigator can take and plot bearings from two or more charted objects. Bearings
can be fixed to charted objects or tangents to points of land.
b. Two or more ranges of terrestrial objects or points
 MT113 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
NAV 3
TERRESTRI2L AND COASTAL DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
NAVIGATION Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
2 Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
SECTION TITLE
ISSUE NO. 01 REVISION NO. DATE EFFECTIVE: AUG 09, 2021 PAGE 4 OF 5

- Navigators may take ranges of two fixed objects or land points. Intersection of range
arcs constitute the fix.
c. Simultaneous cross bearings
- bearings of two or more objects taken from the same place, and therefore crossing each
other at the position of the observer. They are used for plotting a ship's position on a
chart when near a coast.
d. Dead reckoning position
- Navigators determine a position by plotting courses and speed from a known position.
e. Estimated position
- Combines corresponding DR position with a single LOP to get an estimated position.

BOW AND BEAM BEARING

1. Explain how to solve the bearing at any angle problems:

a. Double the Angle
- The time of the bearing is noted and the bearing then is carefully watched
until the angle on the bow doubles.
- The triangle formed by two position lines and the course line is isosceles, it is
therefore the range at the time of the second bearing is equal to the distance
run between bearings.
- In practice, the distance run is simply calculated (speed x time) and this
distance used as a range in conjunction with the second bearing.
b. Special case
- Special Case Bearings are a grouping of general Rules of Thumb that can be
used to find distances and ETAs when piloting using visual fixes. It involves
the use of simple trigonometric principles along with a first and second
bearing to find other related information. All you need to solve these is a
First Bearing, a Second Bearing, a known speed and distance covered
between the two bearings.
c. Bow and beam bearing
- Take the first "bow bearing* when the light house is at 045° relative
- Note the time, 0900 and your boat speed, 10 kts.
- At 0930 you have the lighthouse dead abeam at 090° relative.
 MT113 MARITIME ACADEMY OF ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-KAMAYA POINT
NAV 3
TERRESTRI2L AND COASTAL DEPARTMENT OF ACADEMICS
NAVIGATION Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines – PTGWO-ITF
2 Kamaya Point, Alas-asin, Mariveles, Bataan
SECTION TITLE
ISSUE NO. 01 REVISION NO. DATE EFFECTIVE: AUG 09, 2021 PAGE 5 OF 5

- Using your DST formula, calculate that you have traveled 5 nm in the 30
minutes since the "bow bearing'. (10ktsX5hrs=5hm)
- This distance traveled (5 m) is equal to the distance off the light house.
- To plot your location, draw a 090° relative LOP on your chart to the
lighthouse. Using your dividers, measure the 5 mile distance from the
lighthouse along the LOP and you have your fixed position. You can check
your depth sounder and the depth shown on the chart for additional
verification
d. Course to steer to pass at a required distance abeam of an object
- first apply for variation (found on the chart) to COG towards intended
waypoint to get the magnetic course.
- apply for leeway by steering into the wind, counteracting leeway angle.
- last step is to apply for deviation (deviation table), as the other errors may
change the compass heading enough to alter the deviation.
e. Distance that the ship will pass off a given point when abeam
- Take note of the vessel’s first bearing at a fixed position and its second
bearing at the same fixed position at different time interval as well as its
course and speed.
- First is to find the ship’s distance off the second bearing and solve the
distance using the formula Distance = Speed x time.
- Then solve of the distance off at second bearing by Sine Law
- Then lastly solve for distance at Abeam using SOH-CAH-TOA