AST 111

Math for Technology

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 FUNCTIONS: Preliminaries

 A function is a special relation such that every first element is paired to a unique second
element.
 It is a set of ordered pairs with no two pairs having the same first element.
 A function is a correspondence from a set X of real numbers x to a set Y of real numbers
y, where the number y is unique for a specific value of x.
 One to one and many to one relations/functions
 Vertical line test

Not a function Function

{(1,2),(1,3),(2,4)}

X y
1 2
2 3
4
The relation is one to many; therefore it is not a function.

Function Notation
• Letters like f , g , h, F,G,H and the likes are used to designate functions.
• When we use f as a function, then for each x in the domain of f , f ( x ) denotes the image
of x under f .
• The notation f ( x ) is read as “ f of x ”.

Types of Functions
An algebraic function is the result when the constant function, (f(x) = k, k is constant) and
the identity function (g(x) = x) are put together by using a combination of any four
operations, that is, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and raising to powers and
extraction of roots.
Example: f(x) = 5x – 4,
x
g( x ) 
2x 7 x  4
2

Generally, functions which are not classified as algebraic function are considered as
transcendental functions namely the exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse
trigonometric, hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions.

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 Operations on Functions

Example:
1. If f  x   x  9, what is the value of f  t 2  ?

 
f t 2  t 2  9,

2. If g  x   2 x  12, what is the value of g  2  ?

g  2   2  2   12
g  2   16

3. If h  x   x 2  5, what is the value of h  n  1 , ?

h  n  1   n  1  5
2

h  n  1  n2  2n  6

LIMITS OF A FUNCTION
The most basic use of limits is to describe how a function behaves as the independent variable
approaches a given value. For example let us examine the behavior of the function
f ( x)  x 2  x  1 for x-values closer and closer to 2. We describe this by saying that the “limit of
 
f ( x)  x 2  x  1 is 3 as x approaches 2 from either side,” we write lim x2  x  1  3
x2

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The Properties on Limits
Limit of a Constant
The limit of a constant is the same constant.
lim  c   c
x a
Examples:
1. lim  3  3
x 2

2. lim 17   17
x6

lim
3. x 23
103  103
lim    
4. x 23

lim  e   e
5. x  23

Limits Obtained by Direct Substitution

lim  x   a
x a
Examples:
lim  4 x  5  
x2

1. lim 4 x  lim 5 
x2 x2

4  2  5  3

2.  
lim x2  7 x  5  32  21  5  25
x 3

3. x 2
 
lim 2 x3  x  5  2  2   2  5  9
3

lim  5 x  7    10  7    3  81

4 4 4
4.
x 2

 x 1  1
5. x 2  2
lim 
 x 4 8
Limit of a Sum or Difference
lim  f  x   g  x    lim f  x   lim g  x 
x a x a x a

Examples:

x2 
lim x5  2 x  xlim
2 
x5  xlim
2
2x
1.  2   2  2   32  4  28
5

 2 
5
 4  28


2. lim 5 x 2  2 x  14  245
x 7


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Limit of a Product
lim  f  x   g  x    lim f  x   lim g  x 
xa xa x a

   2x  7   3 16 1  48
1. lim 3x
x 4
2

2. lim   x   2 x  17     1  19   19

5 5

x 1

3. lim  x 1 x  1  8

x3

4.  
lim  x  3 x 2  3x  9  19
x 2

5. lim  x  2 x  3   2
x2

Limit of a Quotient
 f  x   lim f  x
lim    x a ; lim g  x   0
x a  g  x   g  x  x a
  lim
x a

Examples:
 x3  4  23
1. x 3 
lim 
 2 x  1  5

 x 2  3x  4  1  3  4 2
2. xlim     2
1
 2 x  1   1 1

INDETERMINATE FORMS

An indeterminate form is an expression involving two functions whose limit cannot be

determined solely from the limits of the individual functions. These forms are common in
calculus; indeed, the limit definition of the derivative is the limit of an indeterminate form.

1. Infinity over Infinity



2. Infinity Minus Infinity


3. Zero over Zero

0
0

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 4. Zero Times Infinity

0
5. Zero to the Power of Zero

00
6. Infinity to the Power of Zero

0
7. One to the Power of Infinity

1
Example

 x2  0
3. lim  3
x 2 x  8
  indeterminate form
  0

Please note that for any constant c:

0
0
c
c

0

*for the solution, please refer to the set of videos uploaded in our Google Classroom

 x 3  27 
4. lim  
x 3
 x3 

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  x2  x  2 
5. x 1 
lim 
 x 1 
2

Limit of a Radical Expression

lim
x a
 n

f  x   n lim f  x 
x a

Examples:
8x  1
1. lim 3x  4
2
2. lim
x 2 x 1 x3

x x3  2 x  3
3. lim 3 4. lim
x 4 7 x  1 x2 x2  5

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 x 2  3x  4 x 2
5. lim 3
6. lim
x4 2x2  x 1 x4 x4

2 x 2  3x  1 x2  4
7. lim 8. lim
x 1 x2  1 x2 x 2  3x  2

x 3  27 1 y 1
9. lim 10. lim
x 3 x2  9 y 0 y

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Limit at Infinity
c c
The limit of or in general of n where n is a positive integer, as x approaches infinity, is
x x
zero.
c
lim n  0 , where n is a positive integer.
x  x

Examples:
8
1. lim 
x  x

3
2. lim 
x  x 4

Another forms of limits approaching infinity:

 3x 2  5   3x 2  2 x  5 
3. lim  2
x  x  x  6
 4. lim  5 
  x 
 x  6x 1 

5. lim 
x 
 x3  5 
 2x 
 6. lim
x 
 
x2  9  x 

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 ACTIVITY NO. 1
Limit of a Function
Name:________________________________ Date: _____________
Section: ______________________________

I. Using the properties on limits, evaluate each of the following then tell whether the limit exist
or not.

 3x3  3x  7   3x 2  2 x  5 
1. x 1 
lim  2. lim  5 
 2x 1   x  6x 1 
5 x 

3 x  3 x 2  x  10 
3. lim 4. lim  
 x 4 
2
x 9 9  x x2

5. x 2
 
lim  2 x  3 3x  x  7
2
 6. lim
x 
x3  7 x
4 x3  5

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  3x7  5 
7. lim
 
x   3

 2x 2 

3 y 5
8. lim
y 4 y4

 x  1 1
2

9. lim
x 2 x2

8n3  27
10. lim3
n 2n  3
2

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 The Derivative and Differentiation of Algebraic Functions
Objectives:
• to define the derivative of a function
• to find the derivative of a function by increment method (3-step rule)
• to identify the different rules of differentiation and distinguish one from the other
• prove the different rules of differentiation using the increment method;
• find the derivative of an algebraic function using the basic rules of differentiation; and
• extend these basic rules to other “complex” algebraic functions.

The Derivative and its Notations

Given the functional notation y  f  x  , the following are the usual symbols used to
mean the first derivative.

Functions Derivatives
y y' , y '' . . . . yn
f  x f '  x  , f ''  x  . . . . f n  x
dy d 2 y dny
y , . . . .
dx dx 2 dx n
D Dx , Dxx . . . . Dxn

Considering a continuous function y  f  x  , we define

f  x  x   f  x 
y '  lim
x 0 x
the derivative of the function f and, the process used to find the derivative is called
differentiation.

Geometric Interpretation of the Derivative

If we let x2 approach x1, then the point Q will move along the curve and approach point P. As
point Q approaches P, the value of Δx approaches zero and the secant line through P and Q
approaches a limiting position, then we will consider that position to be the position of the
tangent line at P.

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Note:
To find the slope of the tangent line to the curve at point P means that we are to find the value of
the derivative at that point P.

There are two ways of finding the derivative of a function:

1. By using the increment method or the four-step rule
2. By using the differentiation formulas

The Increment Method or the 3 – step rule

Step 1: Find the value of f  x  x  and f  x  .
Step 2: Write down the expression for f  x  x   f  x  and then simplify.
Step 3: Divide the result in step 2 by x .
Step 4: Find the limit of the result in step 2 as x approaches zero.

Examples:
1. Given f  x   x 2  3x , find the first derivative f '  x  by using the 3 – step rule.

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 2x
2. Given y  , find the first derivative f '  x  by using the 3 – step rule.
x 1

x 1
3. Given y  , find the first derivative f '  x  by using the 3 – step rule.
x

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 ACTIVITY NO. 2
The Increment Method
Name:________________________________ Date: _____________
Section: ______________________________

Find the derivative of the following function using 3 – step rule.

1. y  x 2  4 x  3

3
2. y 
x7

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3. f  x    3x  1
3

x
4. y 
x 1

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 Derivative of Algebraic Function

Derivative of a Constant
Theorem: The derivative of a constant function is 0; that is, if c is any real number, then,
d
[c]  0
dx

Example : Differentiate the following functions.

3
1. y  5 3. f ( x)  
4
y'  0 f '( x)  0

2. y   25 4. h( x)   log 3 4
dy
0 h '( x)  0
dx

Derivatives of Power Functions

d n
Theorem: ( Power Rule) If n is a positive integer, then, [ x ]  nx n1
dx
In words, to differentiate a power function, decrease the constant exponent by one and
multiply the resulting power function by the original exponent .

Example : Differentiate the following functions

1. y  x 4 3. f(x)  x 8

6
2. y  x 7 4. F(x)  x  log3 4

Derivative of a Constant Times a Function

Theorem: ( Constant Multiple Rule) If f is a differentiable function at x and c is any real
d d
number, then cf is also differentiable at x and cf ( x)  c  f ( x)
dx dx
In words, the derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of
the function, if this derivative exists.

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Example : Differentiate the following functions
1. y  5 x8 3. f(x)  9 x 4

2
4 3
2. y  5 x 5 4. F(r)  r
3

Derivatives of Sums or Differences

Theorem: ( Sum or Difference Rule) If f and g are both differentiable functions at x, then so are f
+ g and f – g, and
d d d
 f  g   f  g
dx dx dx
d  
f ( x)  g ( x)   f ( x)  g ( x)
d d

dx  dx dx 
In words, the derivative of a sum or of a difference equals the sum or difference of their
derivatives, if these derivatives exist.

Example : Differentiate the following functions

1. y  5 x 4  6 x 2  4x  7 3. f(x)  2 x 4  9 x  4

3
4
2. y  6 x 4  2 x 2  4x  5 x 2  9 4. F(r)  r 2  r 3
3

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Derivative of a Product
Theorem: (The Product Rule) If f and g are both differentiable functions at x, then so is the
product
f  g, and d dg df
 f  g  f  g
dx dx dx
d d d
 f ( x)  g ( x)  f ( x) [ g ( x)]  g ( x)  f ( x)
dx dx dx
In words the derivative of a product of two functions is the first function times the
derivative of the second plus the second function times the derivative of the first, if these
derivatives exist.

Example : Differentiate the following functions and simplify.


1. y   3 x  4  4 x 2  3 

 
2. y  x3  1  5  2 x 


3. y  2  x 3   10 x  5

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Derivative of a Quotient
Theorem: (The Quotient Rule) If f and g are both differentiable functions at x, and if g(x) ≠ 0
then f/g is differentiable at x and
df dg
  g f
d f dx dx
  2
dx  g  g

d d
g ( x)  f ( x)   f ( x)  g ( x) 
d  f ( x)  dx dx

dx  g ( x)   g ( x) 
2

In words, the derivative of a quotient of two functions is the fraction whose numerator is the
denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of
the denominator and whose denominator is the square of the given denominator
Example : Differentiate the following functions and simplify.
4x2  3
1. y 
1 2x

 x  4
2

2. y
x5  3

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 x 1
3. y 
x

Derivatives of Composition
Theorem: (The Chain Rule) If g is differentiable at x and if f is differentiable at g(x), then the
composition f ◦ g is differentiable at x. Moreover, if y=f(g(x)) and u=g(x) then y=f(u) and
dy dy du
  or
 
d un
 nu n1
du
dx du dx dx dx

Example : Differentiate the following functions and simplify.

 
5
1. y  3x 2  10 x  15

3
 5 
2. G ( x)   
 x 1 

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3. y   3x  1 4 x  5
4

Derivative of a Radical
d  1n  1 1n 1 du
If n is any positive integer and u is a differentiable function of x, then u    u 
dx   n dx
The derivative of the nth root of a given function is the exponent multiplied by the product
of u whose power is diminished by one and the derivative of u, if this derivative exists.

Differenti ate the following and simplify.

1. H  x   3x  5

2. y  5
 2 x  4  x  5

3x  4
2. y  3
3x  2

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 ACTIVITY NO. 3
Derivative of Algebraic Function
Name:________________________________ Date: _____________
Section: ______________________________

3 3
1. z  3x  4 x  7
2 2 2. y  2 x  5x  9 x
5 2

3
1 5
3. y  2 x  5x  9 x
5 2 4. z  3

3x x


5. y  x 2  3 3x 5   6. y  x 3  2 x 2

1
7. y 
1
1
2

8. z   3 x  1 x 2  1 2

 x2  9  2

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 x 
2
2
1
9. y
x2  1

 2x  3 
5

10. y   3x  2 
3

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 THE HIGHER DERIVATIVES
The derivative f’ of a function f is itself a function and hence may have a derivative of its
own. If f’ is differentiable, then its derivative is denoted by f” and is called the second derivative
of f. As long as we have differentiability, we can continue the process of differentiating to obtain
the third, fourth, fifth, and even higher derivatives of f.
These successive derivatives are denoted by

f ', f ''  ( f ') ', f '''  ( f '') ', f 4  ( f ''') ', f 5  ( f 4 ) ',......

Other common notations for higher derivatives are the following:

EXAMPLES:
Find all the derivatives of the function.

1. y  6 x5  5 x 4  2 x3  3x 2  10 x  5 ; find y ', y '', y '''

2. f  x   x3  2 x 1 ; find f '  x  , f ''  x  , f '''  x 

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 d2y
3. y  x2 x  5x ; Find
dx 2

d2y x
4. Find of y 
dx 2
1 x

d2y

1 2

2
5. y x  3x ; Find
x dx 2

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 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

FUNCTIONS DEFINED EXPLICITLY AND IMPLICITLY

There are two ways to define functions, implicitly and explicitly. Most of the equations we
have dealt with have been explicit equations, such as y = 2x-3, so that we can write y = f(x)
where f(x) = 2x-3. But the equation 2x-y = 3 describes the same function. This second equation is
an implicit definition of y as a function of x. As there is no real distinction between the
appearance of x or y in the second form, this equation is also an implicit definition of x as a
function of y.

An implicit function is a function in which the dependent variable has not been given
"explicitly" in terms of the independent variable. To give a function f explicitly is to provide a
prescription for determining the output value of the function y in terms of the input value x:
y = f(x). By contrast, the function is implicit if the value
of y is obtained from x by solving an equation of the
form: R(x,y) = 0.

Examples:
dy
1. 3x 2  4 y  5 ; Find
dx

2. 2 x3  13x 2 y  4 y  5  0 ; Find y'

27 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 dy
3.  x  y    x  y   x 4  y 4 ; Find
2 2
or y '
dx

dy
4. xy  2 x  3 y   2  0 ; Find
dx

  dy
5
5. x 2  3 y 2  4 xy ; Find
dx

dy
6. x3  3x 2 y  8 xy  0 ; Find
dx

28 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 THE DERIVATIVES OF TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

In our previous lesson, we have discussed that the procedure for finding the exact
derivative directly from a formula of the function without having to use graphical methods is
called differential calculus. In practice, we use some rules that tell us how to find the derivative
of almost any function. In this lesson, we will introduce these rules to find the derivatives of
transcendental functions. Transcendental functions are non algebraic functions such as
trigonometric and inverse trigonometric function, exponential and logarithmic function, and
hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions.

Recall the basic rules of differentiation such as

Chain Rule: d  u n   n  u n1  du

Product Rule: d  uv   u  dv  v  du
 hi  lo  d  hi   hi  d  lo 
Quotient Rule: d  
 lo  lo 2

Note: d means derivative

u and v are the given functions
hi  numerator  and lo  denominator  are also the given functions

These basic rules together with the formulas of the derivative of transcendental function will be
used to determine the derivatives of transcendental functions. Also, there are some rule to be
consider first getting the derivatives.

i. If the given function falls into any of the 3 forms of the basic rules, you have to apply first the
basic rules of differentiation following the formula.

ii. Usually, the du part follows the formula of the derivative of the particular function
(transcendental).

iii. If the given function does not fall into any of the 3 forms, then find the appropriate formula of
that function. Then follow the formula to find the derivative.

29 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

d  sin u   cos u  d  u 

d  cos u    sin u  d  u 

d  tan u   sec2 u  d  u 

d  cot u    csc 2 u  d  u 

d  sec u   sec u tan u  d  u 

d  csc u    csc u cot u  d  u 

Given the formulas of the derivatives of trigonometric functions and following the basic rules in
differentiation, we can now easily find the derivative.

Example: 1. y  sin3x
Let u  3x and following the formula for d  sin u   cos u  du , then

y '  cos 3 x  3
y '  3cos 3 x

Example 2: y  4sin 2 3x
y  4sin 2 3 x
y  4  sin 3 x 
2

 
Let u  sin 3x and following the chain rule, d u n  n  u n1  du , then

y '  4 2   sin 3x   d  sin 3x   .

Next, derive the sine function by following the formula for d  sin u   cos u  du , then

y '  4  2   sin 3x  cos3x  3 

 24sin 3x cos3 x
 12  2sin 3x cos3 x 
 12  sin 2  3x  
y '  12sin 6 x
*refer to the table of trigonometric identities (Pythagorean) in the index.

Example 3: y  cot  4  3x 

Let u  4  3x and following the formula for d  cot u    csc2 u  du , then

y '   csc2  4  3x   d  4  3x 

30 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 and deriving 4  3x results to

y '   csc2  4  3x   3

y '  3csc2  4  3x  .

   
Example 4: y  sec x 2 tan x 2

   
Let u  sec x 2 and v  tan x 2 and following the product rule d  uv   u  dv  v  du , then

  
y  sec  x 2   d tan  x 2   tan  x 2   d sec  x 2  
Next, derive the secant and tangent function by following the formula for
d  sec u   sec u  tan u  du and d  tan u   sec2 u  du by letting u  x2 , then

y '  sec  x 2   sec2  x 2   d  x 2   tan  x 2   sec  x 2  tan  x 2   d  x 2 

2
now, deriving x

y '  sec  x 2   sec2  x 2   2 x  tan  x 2   sec  x 2  tan  x 2   2 x

y '  2 x sec3  x 2   2 x sec  x 2  tan 2  x 2 

 
Factoring out the common function 2 x sec x 2 in each term results to

y '  2 x sec  x 2  sec2  x 2   tan 2  x 2   .

cos x
Example 5: y 
1  sin x

 hi  lo  d  hi   hi  d  lo 
Let hi  cos x and lo  1  sin x , following the quotient rule d   ,
 lo  lo 2
then

y' 
1  sin x   d  cos x    cos x   d 1  sin x 
1  sin x 
2

Next, derive the cosine and sine function by following the formula for

d  cos u    sin u  du and d  sin u   cos u  du , then

31 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 y' 
1  sin x     sin x    cos x    cos x 
1  sin x 
2

y' 
  sin x  sin x    cos x 
2 2

1  sin x 
2

Factoring out 1

  sin x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x 

y' 
1  sin x 
2

Note that in Pythagorean identities, cos x  sin x  1 , then

2 2

  sin x  1
y' 
1  sin x 
2

Cancelling out 1  sin x  ,

1
y' 
1  sin x 

32 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 EXERCISES

Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

x 1 x
1. y  sin ans. y '  cos
5 5 5

2. y  tan  x ans. y '   sec2  x

 x 1  x
3. y  sin ans. y '   cos
3 3 3

 sin x
4. y  1  cos x ans. y ' 
2 1  cos x

y '  cos  2cos x  2sin x 

5. y  sin  2cos x  ans.
y '  2sin x cos  2cos x 

6. y  tan  3 x  cot  3 x  ans. y '  0

sin x 1
7. y  ans. y ' 
1  cos x 1  cos x

8. y  x 2 cos  3x  ans. y '  2 x cos  3x   3x 2 sin  3x 

9. y  sin x cos x ans. y '  cos2 x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x

10. y  x 2 sin x ans. y '  2 x sin x  x 2 cos x

11. y  sin 3 x 4      
ans. y '  12 x3 sin 2 x 4 cos x 4

12. y   sin 2 x  cos3 x  ans. y '  2cos2 x cos3x  3sin 2 x sin3x

13. y  sin 2 x  cos2 x ans. y '  0

1  12 1
cos x
14. y  sin x ans. y '  x cos x 2 
2 2 x


15. y  sin  x 2  
ans. y '  2 x cos  x 2 

33 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions


d sin 1 u   1
 d u 
1 u2


d cos 1 u    1
 d u 
1 u2


d tan 1 u   1
1 u2
 d u 


d cot 1 u    1
1 u2
 d u 


d sec1 u   1
 d u 
u u2 1


d csc1 u    1
 d u 
u u2 1

Given the formulas of the derivative of inverse trigonometric functions and following the basic
rules in differentiation, we can now easily find the derivative.

Example: 1. y  sin 1 2 x

Let u  2 x and following the formula for d sin 1 u    1

 d  u  , then
1 u2

1
y'   d  2x
1  2x
2

deriving 2x and simplifying,

2
y' 
1  4 x2 .

x
Example 2: y  tan 1
2

and following the formula for d  tan 1 u  

x 1
Let u   d  u  , then
2 1 u2
x
1
y'  d  
2
2
 x
1  
2
x
deriving and simplifying,
2

34 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 1 1
y'  2

x 2
1
4
1 1
 
4 x 2 2

4
 4  1 
 1 2  
 4  x  2 
2
y' 
4  x2

Example 3: y  x sin 1 x

Let u  x and v  sin x and following the product rule d  uv   u  dv  v  du ,

1

y '  x  d  sin 1 x   sin 1 x  d  x 

Now, deriving the inverse function and following the formula d sin 1 u    1
 d u 
1 u2

 1 
y'  x   d  x    sin x 1
1

 1 x 
2

 1 
y'  x   1   sin x 1
1

 1 x 
2

x
y'   sin 1 x
1 x 2

Example 4: y  3 sin 1 x

Consider, y  3 sin 1 x

 sin x 
1
y 3 1

y   sin 1 x  3
1

 
Let u  sin x and following the chain rule, d u n  n  u n1  du , then
1

y '   sin x  3  d  sin 1 x 

2
1 1 

3
Next, deriving the inverse function and following the formula d sin 1 u    1
 d u 
1 u2

 1 
 sin 1 x  3  
2
1 
y'   1 
3  1 x 
2

35 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
  
1 1 
  
 3
2
3 
 1  x 2
sin 1
x 

1

3 1  x 2  sin 1 x  3
2

1
y' 
3 1  x 2 3  sin 1 x 
2

sin 1 x
Example 5: y 
x

 hi  lo  d  hi   hi  d  lo 
Let hi  sin x and lo  x , following the quotient rule d 
1
 , then
 lo  lo 2

 x   d  sin 1 x    sin 1 x   d  x 
y' 
 x
2

Next, derive the inverse sine function and x by following the formula for

 
d sin 1 u 
1
 d  u  and d  x   1 , then
1 u2

 
   sin x  1
1
 x    1 1

 1 x 
2
y' 
x2
Separating these two terms,

 1 
 x    1 1
 1 x   sin x
2
y' 
x2 x2

1
sin 1 x
 1 x 
2

x x2
1 1 sin 1 x
  
1 x 2
x x2
1 sin 1 x
y'  
x 1  x2 x2

36 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
  2x 1 
Example 6: y  tan 1  
 2x 


Applying first the formula for the derivative of inverse tangent, d tan 1 u   1
1  u2
 d u 

2x 1
Let u  , then we have
2x

1  2x 1 
y'  d  
 2x 1   2x 
2

1  
 2x 

2x 1
Next, derive the algebraic function using the quotient rule
2x
 hi  lo  d  hi   hi  d  lo 
d 
 lo  lo 2

where hi  2 x  1 and lo  2 x

1  2 x  2   2 x  1 2  
y'  2  
 2 x  1    2x 
2

1  

 2x 
1  4x  4x  2 
 2
4 x  4 x  4 x  1 
2
4x2


2
4x
1  2 
 2
8 x  4 x  1  4 x 2 
4x2
 4x2   2 
 1  2
 8 x  4 x  1   4 x 2 
   
2
y'  2
8x  4 x  1

37 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
  5
Example 7: y '  sec 1  csc 
 x

Applying first the formula for the derivative of inverse secant, d sec1 u    1
 d u 
u u 1
2

5
Let u  csc , then we have
x
1  5
y'   d  csc 
5  5
2
 x
csc  csc   1
x  x
Next, derive the cosecant function using the formula d  csc u    csc u cot u  d  u 
5
Let u  , then
x
1  5 5  5 
y'    csc x  cot x  d  x  
5  5
2
  
csc  csc   1
x  x

 5x 1 then, d  5 x 1   5 x 2
5
x
1  5 5 
y'    csc  cot  5 x 2 
5  5
2
 x x 
csc  csc   1
x  x
5 5
5 x 2 csc  cot
 x x
2
5  5
csc  csc   1
x  x
Using the identity, 1  cot u  csc u  csc u  1  cot u
2 2 2 2

5 5
5 x 2 csc  cot
x x
 5
cot
x
5 5
csc cot 2
x x
5
y' 
x2

38 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 EXERCISES

Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1. y  cos1  sin x  ans. y '  1

2. y  sec1  2 x   csc1  2 x  ans. y '  0

2 2
3. y  cot 1   ans. y ' 
 x x 4
2

3x 2
4. y  x 2  tan 1  3x  ans. y '   2 tan 1 3x
1  9x 2

1  3x 2
5. y  cos 1
x 3
 x ans. y ' 
1  x2  6 x4  x6

x2
ans. y '  2 x cos x 
1
6. y  x cos x
2 1

1  x2

1 x  1
7. y  tan 1   ans. y '  
1 x  1  x2

8. y  tan 1  cot x  ans. y '  1

2 x2
9. y  x cot 1
1  x  2
ans. y '  cot 1  x  
1 2

2  2 x2  x4

1
10. y  sin 1  x
1 2
  ans. y ' 
sin 1 1  x 2  2  x 2

39 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Differentiation of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

 
d a u  a u ln a  d  u 

d  eu   eu  d  u 
1
d  log a u    d u 
u ln a
1
d  ln u    d  u 
u

Given the formulas of the derivative of logarithmic and exponential functions and following the
basic rules in differentiation, we can now easily find the derivative.

Note: Always consider the properties of exponential and logarithmic functions (please refer to
the index).


Example: 1. y  ln x 2  4 x 
1
Let u  x  4 x and following the formula for d  ln u    d  u  , then
2

y' 
1
x  4x
2 
 d x2  4x 
deriving x 2  4 x and simplifying,

2x  4
y' 
x2  4 x

Example 2: y  2sin x

 
Let u  sin x and a  2 and following the formula d a u  a u ln a  d  u  ,

y '  2sin x  ln 2  d  sin x 

y '  2sin x  ln 2  cos x


Example 3: y  ln x  4 x
2


 
1

y  ln  x  4 x   y  ln  x  4 x 
2 2 2

 
Applying first the chain rule, d u n  n  u n1  du and letting u  sin x , then
1

40 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
   d  ln  x 
1

y '  ln  x 2  4 x   4x
1 
2 2

Next, get the derivative of ln x 2  4 x , we have  

 1 
 
1

y '  ln  x 2  4 x 
1 
2
 2   2x  4 
2  x  4x 

1  1 
y'   2  2  x  2 
 x  4x
  
1

2 ln  x 2  4 x  2

y' 
 x  2
  x
1

ln  x 2  4 x  2 2
 4x 

Example 4: ye 1 2 x

1
Applying first the formula of the derivative of the exponential function and letting u  1  2 x  , 2

 
1 1
1 2 x  2
y'  e  d  1  2 x  2 
 
and applying the chain rule, d u n  n  u n1  du  
1 
1 1
1 2 x  2
 

y'  e   1  2 x 2  2

2 
1
1 2 x  2
e
y'   1
1  2 x  2

1
Example 5: y  4 x  e x
2

1
Let u  x and v  e x , following the product rule d  uv   u  dv  v  du ,
2

 2  1x  1x 
y '  4  x  d  e   e  d  x 2 
   
  1 1  1 
 4  x 2   e x   2   e x   2 x 
  x  
1
y '  4e  1  2 x 
x

41 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 x
Example 6: y  e  x  2
xy 2

y
Applying first the formula for the derivative of exponential function and derivative of algebraic
functions,
y 1  x  y '
e xy d  xy   2 x 
y2
y  xy '
e xy  x  y ' y 1  2 x 
y2
 y  xy '  2
y 2  xy ' e xy  ye xy  2 x   y
 y 2 
y '  xy 2e xy   y 3e xy  2 xy 2  y  xy '

Putting all terms with y ' in the left-hand side,

y '  xy 2e xy   xy '  y  y 3e xy  2 xy 2
y '  xy 2e xy  x   y  y 3e xy  2 xy 2

Dividing both sides by xy 2e xy  x ,

y '  xy 2e xy  x  y  y 3e xy  2 xy 2

 xy e
2 xy
 x  xy 2e xy  x 
y  y 3e xy  2 xy 2
y' 
 xy 2e xy  x 
x
Example 7: y  log3 tan
1 x
1
Applying first the formula for the derivative of logarithmic function, d  log a u    d u 
u ln a
 x 
Let u  tan   and a  3 , then we have
1 x 
1   x 
y'   d  tan  
 x    1  x  
tan    ln 3
1 x 
Next, derive the tangent function using the formula d  tan u   sec2 u  d  u 
x
Let u  , then
1 x
1  x   x 
y'   sec 2  d  
 x   1 x  1 x 
tan    ln 3
1 x 
1  x   1  x   x  1 
  sec 2   
 x   1  x   1  x 
2


tan    ln 3
 1  x 

42 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 sin u 1
Using the identity tan u  and sec u  and simplifying,
cos u cos u
1 1  1 
   
 x  2 x   1  x 2 
sin   cos    
 1  x   ln 3  1  x 
 x 
cos  
1 x 
 x 
cos  
1 x  1 1  1 
 1   
 x  ln 3 2  x   1  x 2 
sin   cos    
1 x  1 x 
1
y' 
 x   x 
ln 3  1  x   sin 
2
 cos  
1 x  1 x 

43 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 EXERCISES

Derivative of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

1. y  x tan 1 x  ln x 2  1 ans. y '  tan 1 x

2x
2. y  ln 3 2 x3  5 ans. y ' 
2 x3  5

ln x 1  ln x
3. y  ans. y ' 
x x2

1
4. y  ln  ln x  ans. y ' 
x ln x

1 1  ln x
5. y  ln x ans. y ' 
x x2

sin 2 x 3
6. y  ln ans. y '  cot x 
x3 2x

7. y  e x x
ans. y '   2 x  1 e x x
2 2

ex ex  x  2
8. y  ans. y ' 
x2 x3

9. y  e y  y  x ans. y '  e y

4 x3  3x  ln 3
10. 3  5  x  y
x y 4
ans. y '  y
5  ln 5  1

44 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions

d  sinh u   cosh u  d  u 

d  cosh u   sinh u  d  u 

d  tanh u   s ech 2u  d  u 

d  coth u   csch 2u  d  u 

d  sechu   sechu tanh u  d  u 

d  cschu   cschu coth u  d  u 

As you can see, the formulas of differentiation of hyperbolic functions are closely similar to the
formulas of trigonometric functions. Given the formulas of the derivatives of hyperbolic
functions and following the basic rules in differentiation, we can now easily find the derivative.

*please refer to the index for the identities of hyperbolic functions

2
Example: 1. y   sinh 3 x  3

You have to use first the chain rule formula then let u  sinh 3x

2 1
 sinh 3x  3 d  sinh 3x 

y' 
3

Next, derive the hyperbolic function using the formula above.

2 1
 sinh 3x  3  cosh 3x  3

y' 
3
2cosh 3x
y'  1
 sinh 3x  3
1
Example 2: y  ln  tanh x 
2

1
Let u  tanh x and following the formula of derivative of ln, d  ln u    d  u  , then
u
1 1 
y'   d  tanh x   .
2  tanh x 
Next, derive the hyperbolic tangent function by following the formula for
d  tanh u   sech 2u  du , then

45 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 1 1
y'    sech 2 x
2 tanh x
1 1 1
  
2 sinh x cosh 2 x
cosh x
1

2sinh x cosh x
1
y' 
sinh 2 x
y '  csch2 x
*refer to the table of hyperbolic identities in the index.

Example 3: y  x  sechx

Let u  x and v  sechx , by following the product rule d  uv   u  dv  v  du , then

y '  x  d  sechx   s echx  d  x 

Next, derive the hyperbolic secant function

 x   sec hx tanh x   sechx

y '  sechx 1  x tanh x 

Example 4: y  cos1  coth x 

Let u  coth x and following the formula for inverse cosine d cos 1 u     1
 d  u  , then
1 u2

1
y'    d  coth x 
1   coth x 
2

Next, derive the hyperbolic cotangent function by following the formula for
d  coth u   csch 2u  d  u  ,
1
y'     cs ch 2 x
1   coth x 
2

Since 1  coth x   csch x

2 2

cs ch 2 x
y' 
 csch 2 x

Rationalizing, we have

46 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 cs ch 2 x  csch 2 x
y'  
 csch 2 x  csch 2 x
cs ch 2 x  csch 2 x
 .
 csch 2 x
y '    csch 2 x


Example 5: y  tan 1 sinh x 2 
Let u  sinh x and following the formula for inverse tangent d tan 1 u 
2
  1
1 u2
 d  u  , then

d  sinh x 2 
1
y' 
1   sinh x 
2 2

2 2 
 cosh x 2  2 x 
1

1  sinh x
2 x cosh x 2

cosh 2 x 2
y '  2 x sechx 2

47 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 EXERCISES

Derivative of Hyperbolic Functions

1. y  sinh x cosh 2x ans. y '  2sinh x sinh 2x  cosh 2x cosh x

2. y  sech 2 x ans. y '  2sech 2 x tanh x

3. y  lnsinh x2 ans. y '  2 x coth x 2

4. y  coth x sechx ans. y '   sechx coth 2 x


5. y  ln coth 2 x  ans. y '  4csch2 x

6. y  sinh x 2 ans. y '  2 x cosh x

2

7. y  sech 2 4 x ans. y '  8sech 2 4 x tanh 4 x

1 1 1
8. y  coth ans. y '  2
csc h 2
x x x

9. y  tan 1  sinh 2 x  ans. y '  2 sech2 x

10. y  e x cosh x ans. y '  e x  sinh x  cosh x 

48 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions


d sinh 1 u   1
 d u 
1 u2


d cosh 1 u   1
 d u  ; u  1
u2 1


d tanh 1 u   1
1 u2
 d u  ; u  1


d coth 1 u   1
1 u2
 d u  ; u  1


d sec h 1u    1
 d u  ; 0  u  1
u 1 u2


d csc h 1u    1
 d u  ; u  0
u 1 u2

Given the formulas of the derivative of inverse hyperbolic functions and following the basic
rules in differentiation, we can now easily find the derivative.

Example: 1. y  x sinh 1 x  1  x 2

Let u  x and v  sinh x following the product rule to derive the product x sinh x and using
1 1

the chain rule to derive 1  x 2 , we have

1 1

   

y '   x  d sinh 1 x  sinh 1 x 1   1  x 2 2  2 x
2 
 
  1  1
  x 
y '  x    sinh x    1 
  1  x    1  x 2 2   
2

 
x x
y'   sinh 1 x 
1 x 2
1  x2
y '  sinh 1 x

Example 2: y  ln x 2  1  x tanh 1 x

Let u  x 2  1 to derive the ln function and following the product rule to derive the product of
x tanh 1 x where for u  x and v  tanh 1 x , then

49 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 1 2x 1
2  
y'    x 1  tanh 1 x 1
x 1 2 x 1
2 2 1 x
x x
y'  2   tanh 1 x
x 1 1  x2
x x
y'  2  2  tanh 1 x
x 1 x 1  
y '  tanh 1 x


Example 3: y  coth 1 coth 4 x 
Note that using the properties of inverse function,
coth 1  coth u   u  coth  coth 1 u 

 
then y  coth 1 coth 4 x  4 x and following the chain rule
1
y   4x2
1 1
 4x  2  4

y' 
2
2
y'  ,
4x
2
y' 
2 x
1
y' 
x

Example 4: y  tanh 1  cos 2 x 

Let u  cos 2x and following the formula for the derivative of inverse hyperbolic tangent,


d tanh 1 u 
1
1 u2

 d  u  ; u  1 , then

1
y'   d  cos 2 x 
1   cos 2 x 
2

1
y'   2sin 2 x
1  cos 2 2 x
2 sin 2 x
y' 
sin 2 2 x
2
y' 
sin 2 x
y '  2csc 2 x

50 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
Example 5: y  x cosh x
2 1 2

Let u  x and v  cosh x , following the product rule , then

2 1 2

y '  x 2  d  cosh 1 x 2   cosh 1 x 2  d  x 2 

 1 
y '  x2   4  2 x   cosh 1 x 2   2 x 
 x 1 
 x2 
y '  2x  4  cosh 1 x 2 
 x 1 

51 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y
 EXERCISES

Derivative of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

sec2 x
1. y  cosh 1  tan x  ans. y ' 
tan 2 x  1

2. y  tanh 1  cos x  ans. y '   csc x

6 x  coth 1 x 2 
2


3. y  coth 1 x 
2 3
ans. y ' 
1  x4

ex

4. y  tanh 1 sin e x  ans. y ' 
cos e x


5. y  sec h 1 sec h 6 x 2  ans. y '  12 x

52 | A S T 1 1 1 – M a t h f o r T e c h n o l o g y