1 2023 CS Workability Agro Review

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering 2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1135 (2023) 012058 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1135/1/012058
A Review on The Compressive Strength and Workability of

Concrete with Agricultural Waste Ash as Cement
Replacement Material
Nurul Aqilah Razeman1,*, Zarina Itam1,*, Salmia Beddu1, Najwa Syahirah

Mohamed Nor Izam1, Mohd Zakwan Ramli1, Agusril Syamsir2, Daud Mohamad1,
Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal1, Fathoni Usman2 and M. R. M. Asyraf1
1
Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional,
Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia;
2
Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI) , Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-
UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
nurul.aqilah@uniten.edu.my and iZarina@uniten.edu.my
Abstract. Concrete is commonly used as a construction material because of the important

properties is broadly utilized as development materials within the development segment.
Unfortunately, the component of cement within the concrete results in many side-effects such
as affecting the environment. Therefore, this paper presented the review of essential to seek
out an alternative materials which may be utilized as cement replacement materials by
reutilizing agricultural waste ash. Selected agricultural waste ash which are Palm Oil Fuel Ash
(POFA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA)
and Oyster Shell Powder (OSP) were review in terms of their compressive strength and slump
height of the mixture. The treated palm oil ash which is going to be used as partial cement
replacement material for the proper design mix and optimal ash replacement. The replacement
percentage of palm ash in the concrete were set at 10%, 20%, and 30% by weight with the
optimal replacement ratio of the supplementary cementitious content. Palm Oil Fuel Ash
(POFA) is a material that having sufficient requirements to be a good pozzolana and
cementitious material according to ASTMC618 in terms of chemical composition. POFA is a
material that consists high silica contents. By having more silica contents, it will help to
improve the properties, in particular its compressive strength, bond strength, and abrasion
resistance. After conducting several research, it was concluded that the optimal replacement for
POFA is 20% and it is better to have finer POFA. POFA also proved some of the important
properties is the CO2 emissions would be reduce.
1. Introduction
The usage of the waste materials referenced as complete or halfway substitution of concrete in cement
adds to the expense decrease of the structure materials and furnishes a charming option in managing
the ecological issues in addition to the landfill issue. By utilizing the beneficial cementitious material,
the climate is shielded from the contamination and the energy utilization is saved which can prompt
Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
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the decrease of the carbon outflow and furthermore the ozone depleting substance discharges. In this
study, the treated agricultural wastes such as Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA),
Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA), Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) and Oyster Shell Powder (OSP) are
going to be analyse for to obtain a best cement replacement material in terms of their several fresh and
harden concrete properties with an optimal ash replacement.
A few analysts have detailed the different advances accessible for the transformation of oil palm
biomass into helpful bio-items, including bio-fuel, biogas, bio-composts, bio-composite and briquettes
and these bio-items would contain a high amount of silica in amorphous form and could be used as a
pozzolanic material [1]. Pozzolanic material is a material that contains siliceous or siliceous and
aluminous material by composition. Aside from that, using GSA, SBA, and OSP lessens the
environmental concern caused by the build-up of huge amounts of waste in a single location and this is
due to their similar properties as the concrete have. It is believed that this investigation can assist with
levelling the mindfulness in utilizing the treated agricultural wastes as a trade material for cement.
Agro-residue is to be used as a cement replacement material, the ash content and chemical
constituents must be taken into account. When using POFA, RHA, GSA, SBA and OSP as a cement
replacement material, different compositions within the mentioned materials, particularly the carbon
content, result in different performance in the finished product [2]. The different carbon content
contributes to a different percentage of the ash's other chemical compositions. It is recognized that the
burned POFA, RHA, GSA, SBA and OSP and the duration of the burning are the factors that result in
a different percentage of chemical compositions within the ash. The diverse rates of chemical
constituents will driven to the conflicting exhibitions of the concrete or mortar which utilized
POFA, RHA, GSA, SBA and OSP as the supplementary materials.
In this study, the temperature of the materials was the independent variable. The effect of different
incineration temperatures on those materials was not investigated in this study, which was a
limitation. In addition, the accelerated curing method on the performance of those materials in
concrete was not studied. Following the completion of this analysis, it will be possible to disclose the
promising output of concrete made with any of the materials that been mentioned previously instead of
cement. The optimum substitution ratio of POFA, RHA, GSA, SBA and OSP to be tested in this
analysis, it is likely that this study will serve as an additional indicator for other researchers to conduct
palm oil fuel ash, rice husk ash, groundnut shell ash, sugarcane bagasse ash and oyster shell powder
research in concrete.
1.1 Factors Influencing the Performance of Concrete

The water/cement ratio is crucial in determining the performance of concrete, especially in terms of its
strength and durability. This is due to the fact that as the water/cement ratio rises, the impact of
hardened concrete's strength and longevity decreases [3]. More water is used in this manner than is
actually needed to react to cement. Ordinarily, water–cement proportions of 0.45 to 0.60 are used
[4]. Lower proportions are used in higher-strength concrete along with a plasticizer to improve
flowability. A blend with too much water will experience more shrinkage as the excess water
evaporates, resulting inside breaks and obvious breaks lowering the overall quality.
Other than that, curing is a process of keeping the moisture content and temperature of freshly
poured concrete at a safe level for a defined period of time after it has been placed, as well as
increasing the consistency and strength of concrete. The technique achieves two main goals:
i. Curing is an important part of enhancing the uniformity and hardness of the concrete.
ii. It keeps the temperature acceptable for hydration for a long time.
2
1.2 Properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

The physical features of POFA are heavily influenced by the working environment in the
manufacturing plant. According to earlier queries, the temperature of the incinerator used by the
enterprises to burn palm oil squanders varies between 800-1000°C, and the procedure takes a varying
amount of time. The difference in temperature between the controlled temperature and the incinerating
temperature causes the POFA to have a wide range of physical and chemical properties. The changes
described lead the amount of carbon within the cinder to differ from the others as the unburned carbon
is modified, the sum of the carbon within the cinder would typically differ from the others. The POFA
is greyish in color and darkens as the amount of unburned carbon rises, according to its physical
qualities. The type of materials used and how efficiently they are burned have a considerable impact
on POFA quality in terms of chemical composition, but the burning handle is the most important
variable factor in cinder quality. Despite the fact that OPC and POFA include equivalent ingredients,
the rate of chemical composition which has a substantial effect on the materials' features is different
[5]. New innovation and improved quality control in palm oil handling in the factory particularly
during the combustion process of extricated palm oil shell and palm oil fibre has enabled the
production of fiery debris with lower carbon content than previously collected fiery remains from the
previous century.
1.3 Pozzolanic Reaction of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

According to ASTM C595, pozzolanic activity is defined as a “siliceous or siliceous and aluminous
cloth that has little or no cementitious esteem in itself but will chemically react with calcium
hydroxide to create compounds with cementitious properties (pozzolanic activity) in finely partitioned
shape and in the presence of dampness”. POFA is suited for usage as a pozzolan in pozzolanic
reactions because the closeness of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum trioxide (Al2O3) in POFA
combines with Ca(OH)2 to create calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) [6]. The C-S-H molecule is a
concrete molecule that can aid in the improvement of the wrapped product qualities. Ca(OH) 2 acts as a
marker in the pozzolanic response of POFA. In either event, Ca(OH)2 is listed as a by-product that has
no effect on the product's consistency or thickness. Meanwhile, the high concentration of Ca(OH) 2 in
the concrete or mortar can cause porosity to increase. As a result, POFA with a high SiO2
concentration is recommended as an excellent pozzolan, as the SiO2 will aid in the destruction of the
by-product via the chemical condition outlined below.
Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 → C-S-H (1)
In either scenario, the early compressive quality of POFA concrete or mortar is lower than that of
standard Portland cement concrete. The reason for this is that the cement composition is weakening,
causing the amount of the hydration component, C-S-H, to decrease. Furthermore, POFA's modest
pozzolanic response at an early age reveals the most compressive efficiency. On the other hand, the
POFA with a high fineness is electrified for use as the supplementary cementitious material (SCM).
The first POFA cannot be employed as the SCM due to the close proximity of big particles and the
effect of high porosity. POFA with a high fineness can be used as a filler in concrete or mortar,
assisting in the development of high strength and strong concrete.
2. Supplementary Cementitious Material
2.1 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

Thousands of tonnes of POFA are generated each year in Malaysia and Thailand by palm oil mills [5].
The POFA is regarded as a waste product and is disposed of in landfills. This resulted in a significant
amount of biomass residue. The POFA produced in palm oil mills is dumped in open fields with little
commercial use and is not recycled. POFA is disposed of in open locations, it is a nuisance to the
environment. The utilization of POFA instead of Portland cement resulted in a higher water-to-binder
3
ratio in concrete and caused a delay in both the initial and final setting durations, among other things.
The reactivity of POFA can be improved by grinding, and another procedure that can boost the
reactivity of POFA is the re-incineration process [7]. The chemical composition of the POFA is
influenced by the removal of unburnt carbon, particularly the chemical proportion of SiO 2, which is
significant in the pozzolanic reaction. Table 1 shows the difference of chemical constituent between
POFA and Re-POFA.
Table 1. Difference of chemical constituent between POFA and Re-POFA [7]
2.2 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

Rice husk ash is used as a cement substitute in concrete building. Rice husk is described in terms of its
types, qualities, benefits, and applications in construction. Rice husk is a by-product of the rice paddy
milling industry. Around the world, nearly 100 million tonnes of rice paddy manufacturing by-
products are obtained [8]. As a result, they are resistant to natural deterioration and incorrect disposal
issues would arise. The greatest long-term solution is to find a way to use these by-products to create a
new product. When used as a partial alternative for cement, rice husk ash has a high reactivity. These
are particularly prominent in nations where rice cultivation is plentiful. Rice husk ashes are proven to
be active within the cement paste when used properly. As a result, the utilisation and practical
application of rice husk ash in concrete production is critical.
2.3 Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)

GSA was also employed as a partial replacement for cement in this study to provide a more accurate
and unambiguous comparison to other cement replacement materials. Groundnut shells are used as a
fuel source in both the sweet and oil sectors. The residual ash is used to partially replace cement after
it has been used as a fuel. Carbon emissions are reduced and garbage is more effectively utilised.
Costs will be reduced, environmental pollution will be reduced, and energy will be saved by using
GSA in concrete. GSA has better pozzolanic and chemical qualities, although further research is
needed to determine the material's precise characteristics. The addition of GSA to cement concrete
will cut back structure shrinkage, water absorption, and enhance sinking time [9]. The presence of
GSA also will plug the concrete's existing porousness, enhancing its strength and protection
capabilities.
2.4 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA)

The burning of bagasse, a type of organic waste used in the sugar industry produces a large amount of
ash known as sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA). Although there is incomplete analysis statistics available
for the effects of SBA on the behaviour of concrete, it is only recently recognised as a pozzolanic
ingredient. On the other hand, using bagasse ash waste as a partial substitute for cement in concrete
provides significant value and benefits in terms of lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Bagasse ash
has high levels of amorphous silicon oxide and aluminium oxides, both of which are required for
4
pozzolanic materials [10]. According to some experts, bagasse's pozzolanic reactivity could boost
concrete's compressive strength as well as other mechanical and sturdiness properties because of the
chemical composition that SBA have as in Table 2. Silicon dioxide is the primary component of
bagasse ash, several researchers have predicted that it will be used in concrete. As a result, doing
research on bagasse and its impact on concrete behaviour was highly recommended in order to make a
clear comparison between alternative cement replacement materials.
Table 2. Chemical composition of SBA [10]

Oxides SiO2 FE203 Al2O3 CaO Na2O MgO SO3 LOI Physical properties
composition Blaine Density
fineness (g/cm3)
2
(cm /g)
SBA 66.70 1.53 9.70 10.07 4.14 4.60 - 7.4 2850.8 2.25
2.5 Oyster Shell Powder (OSP)

The waste trade as well as the development trade would benefit from the crushed oyster shells. After
the shells have been crushed, they will be substituted for a variety of concrete constituents depending
on the specimens dimensions. Oyster shells are feasible option because they contain an excessive
amount of carbonate [11]. This may help enhance the strength of the concrete and the carbonate may
also help improve resistance to heat and chemicals. Unfortunately, due to its lower SiO 2 level it would
be insignificant in the pozzolanic reaction. Table 3 shows the chemical composition of OSP.
Table 3. Chemical composition of OSP [11]
5
3. Research Methodology
The design of the conrete's blend extent is also included in the following segment. In addition, the tests
that were carried out for this investigation are detailed including the work of the tests and the methods
used to carry them out. As a result, the most important materials used were palm oil fuel ash (POFA).
Cement, water, and sand or fine total were among the other materials used in this investigation. The
POFA was dried in the microwave broiler for 24 hours to remove the dampness substance. POFA was
then sieved to remove the unburned buildup and the greater amount of particles. The flaming debris
was ground to a finer consistency at that point in order to move forward with the concrete execution,
as unground POFA would degrade POFA execution because the focus of this study is on the
application of POFA to concrete, the ground POFA was burnt at that time using a combustion
approach. To remove the unburned carbon, the POFA was heated to an extraordinary temperature of
warm for 180 minutes. Table 4 summarizes the procedure for overseeing the POFA. After passing
through the combustion handle, the colour of POFA differed from before the combustion process. This
is frequently due to the escape of unburned carbon, which can affect the constituents' pozzolanic
movement.
Table 4. Process for managing POFA
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
Collection of Heating of Sieving POFA Grinding Burning

POFA POFA for 24 through 300 POFA into POFA using
Hours using µm finer particles combustion
microwave process in a great
broiler temperature of
heat for 3 hours
in order to
remove the
unburnt carbon.
Table 5 shows the organizes of test program finer points, such as the types of tests conducted, the
testing age of the example, and the types of examples used for various tests. The compressive and
flexural consistency tests are more important to perform in order to determine the performance of
POFA concrete and obtain the best run. Typically, since the compressive and flexural consistency tests
will result in the concrete execution being halted. In addition, Figure 1 depicts the test program flow in
detail. This offers a better of how the groups were shaped during the test. It also makes a difference
when performing the exploratory program to grant the heading on the stream.
6
Table 5. Test programme schedule
7
Figure 1. Experimental flowchart
8
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Compressive Strength

The compressive strength of cement mortar cubes is determined to see if the cement meets ASTM
criteria to produce concrete with the required compressive strength [12]. The compressive strength of
the mortar is determined by the cement standard, the gradation of sand used in the combination and the
water–cement ratio. The strength of the binder (cement) has a significant impact on the performance
characteristics of the cement-sand combination and ensures the completed product's quality. As a
result, the compressive strength of the materials listed in this study was investigated through a series
of detailed evaluations, which may aid in predicting which materials have the highest compressive
strength values and which have the lowest compressive strength values.
4.1.1 Standard Mix Concrete

The specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing. The
load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the specimens fails. Load at
the failure divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete [13]. The strength
of concrete increases with age. Table 6 shows the strength of concrete at different ages in comparison
with the strength at 28 days after casting while Table 7 shows the compressive strength of different
grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Table 6. Compressive strength of concrete at various ages [13]
9
Figure 2. Compressive strength at age of concrete
Table 7. Compressive strength of different grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days [13]
10
Figure 3. Compressive strengtrh based on grades of concrete
4.1.2 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

Compressive quality of concrete blends with and without palm oil fuel ash was determined at 7 and 28
days based on some references. In any case, the compressive-strength increase at 7 days was greater
than the control tests, and the compressive quality after 28 days was comparable to the control
tests. When 40% of microfine POFA is substituted for cement, the compressive quality at 28 days is
reduced by 77% when compared to the control [14]. Less cement substance appears to result in a
deterioration in compressive quality in cases with greater levels of microfine POFA. It may appear to
be a routine achievement of compressive quality for a solidified concrete created with 100 % OPC as
the cover, but it is notable for the 10 % and 20 % microfine POFA substitutions to achieve increased
compressive qualities during the 28 day of water curing. On the 7 day of water curing, the 10%
substitution test achieved the highest normal compressive quality at 43.2 MPa according to Table 8. In
the meantime, the control test and the substitution test yielded normal compressive qualities of 33.9
MPa and 49.0 MPa respectively. This is because the pozzolanic response occurs and adds an
additional layer of C-S-H to the concrete, causing the quality to improve.
11
Table 8. A summary of the compressive strength values in comparison with standard mixes for POFA
[14]
Figure 4. Compressive strength values for the percentage of cement replacement (POFA) for 7 days
12
Figure 5. Compressive strength values for the percentage of cement replacement (POFA) for 28 days
4.1.3 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

The least compressive strength was obtained by control that having 0% of RHA. It was observed that
the compressive strength was decreased when the RHA substituted from 0 to 20 % only and after the
additional substitution of RHA the compressive strength was started to reduce for the specimen that
having 7 and 28 days of curing [15]. The most extreme compressive strength was determined to be
34.3 MPa for 7 days and 48.4 MPa for 28 days when 10% cement was replaced with RHA. In this
case, the amount of silica accessible within the hydrated mixed cement lattice is likely too high, and
the sum of the created C-H is most likely insufficient to respond with all the available silica. The
higher fineness of RHA allowed it to extend the reaction with Calcium (Ca) to produce more calcium
silicate hydrate, resulting in higher compressive quality. Furthermore, the fine RHA particles
contributed to the quality improvement by acting as a micro filler and upgrading the cement glue pore
structure.
4.1.4 Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)

The results reveal that the compressive quality of the concrete improves with age for the control and
each cement/GSA combination. The experiment with 10% GSA/OPC replacement, the control had the
most notable rate of early quality improvement, which was in close contact with a reliable rate of
quality improvement [16]. The control sample achieved 26.15 MPa and 37.37 MPa of compressive
strength with 7 and 28 days of curing. After the 10 % additional substitution of GSA, it was noticed
that the compressive strength started to reduce to 25.22 MPa and 36.04 MPa of compressive strength
with 7 and 28 days curing. It was noticed that the compressive strength started to reduce among the
specimen when cement started to replace with GSA.
4.1.5 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA)

At 28 days after curing, the compressive quality of the blend containing 20% SBA decreased by
around 6% while it increased by 3% at 91 days. The sample containing 10% SBA offered much better
compressive quality than the control mix at 28 days with the results of 36.93 MPa whereas 23.75 MPa
for 7 days [17]. In addition, the least sum of compressive quality was measured by 19.0 MPa and 29.0
MPa at 20% SBA by the weight of cement after 7 and 28 days.
13
4.1.6 Oyster Shell Powder (OSP)

After a 7 day and 28 day curing period, the compressive strength quality of the concrete were 16.97
MPa and 32.7 MPa for 10% substitution of OSP. The result shown a decreased to 12.83 MPa and 25.0
MPa for 20% substitution of OSP [18]. This drop is due to the less responsive fabric of OSP combined
with Portland cement which leads to increased water consumption and lower compressive quality.
4.1.7 Summary of compressive strength of standard mix concrete, POFA, RHA, GSA, SBA and
OSP for 7 and 28 days
Table 9 shows the tabulated data of compressive strength of standard mix concrete, POFA, RHA,
GSA, SBA and OSP for 7 and 28 days. The comparison is based on the 10 % and 20 % of substitution
of the agricultural waste ash as cement replacement.
Table 9. The comparison of compressive strength for 7 and 28 days
Compressive Strength (MPa)

Mixture Percentage to Replace Percentage to Replace
7 days 28 days
Cement (%) Cement (%)
Standard Mix Concrete 20.0 - 30.0 -
43.2 10 45.8 10
POFA
38.1 20 44.9 20
34.3 10 48.4 10
RHA
29.8 20 40.6 20
GSA 25.2 10 36.0 10
23.8 10 36.9 10
SBA
19.0 20 29.0 20
17.0 10 32.7 10
OSP
12.8 20 25.0 20
14
Figure 6. Compressive Strength of standard mix concrete and types of replace cement materials for 7
days
Figure 7. Compressive Strength of standard mix concrete and types of replace cement materials for 28
days
15
4.2 Workability of Materials

Wet concrete is thought to be more workable than dry concrete. The intended workability of concrete
for a certain construction activity varies depending on the job site, weather conditions, type of work,
compaction method and other factors. The water/cement ratio, aggregate shape and size, and
admixtures are the three main elements that determine the workability of concrete. The concrete slump
test, also known as the slump cone test, is the most popular test for workability of newly mixed
concrete. It can be done on the job site or in the lab. Since this study focuses on five different materials
with varied chemical compositions, their workability may vary which is important for a reason.
4.2.1 Standard Mix Concrete

Slumps height of 4 to 6 inches (100 to 150mm) are generally considered to be in a desirable range for
typical placement and finishing operations suitable w/cm ratios and meet mix design requirements
when placed [19]. The form or profile of the slump is also noted and used to judge the reliability of
each test.
4.2.2 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

The increasing in the fibre substance had a comparable impact on the slump values of POFA-based
fibre reinforced concrete, with values of 120, 60, 50, 35, and 20 mm obtained for the same volume
divisions. The addition of supplemental cementitious materials like POFA to the concrete mix would
densify the matrix on a regular basis by filling in the voids in the concrete composite. The slump value
of the control mix, without any POFA, was 210 mm, according to the data [20].
4.2.3 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

The concrete slump values decrease by the expansion of RHA due to an oversupply of RHA. The
enlarged particles inside the concrete are only partially capable of meeting this increased water
demand [21]. For various w/c proportions, the slump values are usually easily distinguishable. The
15% RHA with different ratio still managed to have slump value of 0mm . However, for a constant
RHA material, increasing the w/c proportion increases the distance across a droop flow that is smaller
than expected due to the water influence. In other words, increasing the amount of RHA in grout
blends reduced the workability qualities of the grout samples at specified w/c ratio.
4.2.4 Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)

A 12% of GSA substitution is quite workable in terms of workability. In terms of slump estimation,
there is not much difference between OPC, OPC+4% GSA, and OPC+12% GSA [22]. It was
discovered that blends with higher groundnut shell ash content required a greater amount of water to
achieve appropriate workability. It can be concluded that the more GSA content utilized for
replacement of cement the more water needed for its workability to be achieve.
4.2.5 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA)

The consistency of the blended pastes improves as the amount of sugarcane bagasse ash is increased
[23]. This could indicate that OPC-BA blended concrete requires more water to achieve a certain
slump than concrete without bagasse ash. As the cement water ratio increase, the content of SBA also
increased. The scenario was still same in terms of slump measurement for two different cement water
ratio. So, SBA cannot be utilized in greater amount, this is because more contents of SBA leads to
collapse workability and the water content would be increase on the mix design and this would cause a
poor strength concrete.
16
4.2.6 Oyster Shell Powder (OSP)

The workability of organically ordered OSP-cement concrete is far superior to that of OPC concrete
[24]. The increasing in OSP leads to an increase in workability such an impact may result in lower
water demand allowing a consistent slump to be maintained. The results shows that slump decreases
with increased OSP content in concrete.
4.2.7 Summary of workability of materials based on standard mix concrete, POFA, RHA, GSA, SBA
and OSP
Table 10 shows the tabulated data of workability of concrete mixture based on standard mix concrete,
POFA, RHA, GSA, SBA and OSP. The comparison is based on the 10 % and 20 % of substitution of
the agricultural waste ash as cement replacement.
Table 10. The Comparison of workability of concrete mixture
Slump Test Value (mm) based on %age of Cement

Mixture Replacement
Description of Description of
10 % Workability 20 % Workability
POFA 200 Very high 180 Very high
RHA 210 Very high 215 Very high
GSA 10 Low 20 Low
SBA 178 Very high 199 Very high
OSP 86 High 95 High
5. Conclusion
i. POFA is a material that consists high silica contents and after several research, it was
concluded that the optimal replacement for POFA is 20 % and it is better to have finer POFA.
ii. Rice husk ash also was the material that been investigated for the utilization of cement
replacement. RHA is one of the material that can be considered as an active pozzolan because
of its large surface area with significant amount of amorphous SiO2. For the RHA, the optimal
replacement can be considered as 10% based on the compressive strength and workability
results obtained.
iii. Groundnut shell ash concluded as not suitable material to replace cement in concrete mixture
due the lowest of compressive strength and the results is below from the standard mix
concrete. GSA also shown the low of slump height which is failed as the fresh concrete.
iv. Sugarcane bagasse ash shown as accepted in the slump height but SBA cannot be utilized in
greater amount. This is because more contents of SBA leads to collapse workability and the
water content would be increase on the mix design and this would cause a poor strength
concrete.
v. The last material that was observed to have a good cement replacement material was the
Oyster Shell Powder. In terms of chemical composition, it can be state that replacement of
OSP would cause diminishment within the strength-forming compounds, CS3, C25, and C3A
within the concrete blend. Additionally, OSP uncover that it may a low receptive pozzolana
due to a combined AI2O3, Fe2O3 and SiO.
17
Acknowledgments
The authors convey their gratitude to the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia for the generous
sponsorship of the research under the FRGS research grant FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UNITEN/02/18.
Special thanks to the IRMC of Universiti Tenaga Nasional for the full cooperation given to make this
project achievable.
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A Review on The Compressive Strength and Workability of

Nurul Aqilah Razeman1,*, Zarina Itam1,*, Salmia Beddu1, Najwa Syahirah

nurul.aqilah@uniten.edu.my and iZarina@uniten.edu.my

Abstract. Concrete is commonly used as a construction material because of the important

1.1 Factors Influencing the Performance of Concrete

1.2 Properties of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

1.3 Pozzolanic Reaction of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 → C-S-H (1)

2. Supplementary Cementitious Material

2.1 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

Table 1. Difference of chemical constituent between POFA and Re-POFA [7]

2.2 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

2.3 Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)

2.4 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA)

Table 2. Chemical composition of SBA [10]

2.5 Oyster Shell Powder (OSP)

Table 3. Chemical composition of OSP [11]

Table 4. Process for managing POFA

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5

Collection of Heating of Sieving POFA Grinding Burning

Table 5. Test programme schedule

Figure 1. Experimental flowchart

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Compressive Strength

4.1.1 Standard Mix Concrete

Table 6. Compressive strength of concrete at various ages [13]

Figure 2. Compressive strength at age of concrete

Table 7. Compressive strength of different grades of concrete at 7 and 28 days [13]

Figure 3. Compressive strengtrh based on grades of concrete

4.1.2 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

4.1.3 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

4.1.4 Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)

4.1.5 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA)

4.1.6 Oyster Shell Powder (OSP)

Table 9. The comparison of compressive strength for 7 and 28 days

Compressive Strength (MPa)

Standard Mix Concrete 20.0 - 30.0 -

GSA 25.2 10 36.0 10

4.2 Workability of Materials

4.2.1 Standard Mix Concrete

4.2.2 Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA)

4.2.3 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

4.2.4 Groundnut Shell Ash (GSA)

4.2.5 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA)

4.2.6 Oyster Shell Powder (OSP)

Table 10. The Comparison of workability of concrete mixture

Slump Test Value (mm) based on %age of Cement

POFA 200 Very high 180 Very high

RHA 210 Very high 215 Very high

GSA 10 Low 20 Low

SBA 178 Very high 199 Very high

OSP 86 High 95 High

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Nurul Aqilah Razeman1,, Zarina Itam1,, Salmia Beddu1, Najwa Syahirah