NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Course: Workshop Technology

Course Code: EIE 1103

Revision Work: 20 Points

Question 1 & 2

Student Name and Number

Marvellous Thabo Mpofu N02123199W

Lecturer(s) Name
Eng A,N.Mnkandla
Eng G.Munhuwamambo

Due Date:
16 November 2021
1. The workshop has various machines that can pose a danger on the engineer if he/she
is negligent and does not follow the set rules, or does not wear proper Personal
Protective Clothing (PPE).
- Necktie: A necktie, can easily be caught up in the rotating jaws of a milling
machine. Needless to say, this could create a very dangerous scenario that can be
easily avoided.
- Loose sweater and loose-fitting clothing: Loose clothing in a workshop poses the
same threats as that of a necktie, but it is a lot more dangerous. This is because
when clothing gets caught up in such a machine as a milling machine, the machine
can much easily pull in the person
All the above highlighted dangers can be easily avoided with the wearing of proper
Personal Protective Clothing. Proper PPE includes a full work suit that will cover the
whole body, but the work suit should not be a loose fit.
2. The left side of the horizontal axis represents pure iron/ wrought iron. This is the
alpha-ferrite iron phase of the equilibrium diagram.
- The ferrite is very ductile and malleable
- At room temperature, alpha-ferrite has a very small carbon solubility of about
0.008%.
- It has the Body Centred Cubic lattice structure (BCC)
- As the temperature is gradually increased, the ferrite’s carbon solubility also
increases until it peaks at around 723 Degrees Celsius, where it can carry up to
0.025% of carbon interstitial atoms.
- At 723 Degrees Celsius going up, the alpha-ferrite also loses its’s magnetic
abilities
The alpha-ferrite phase ends at about 870 Degrees Celsius, where strands of austenite
start to appear. This is the gamma-iron phase.
- Austenite has a higher solubility of carbon, peaking at about 2% carbon solubility
when the temperature is between the 1100-1200 Degrees Celsius range.
- It has the Face Centred Cubic structure (FCC) which gives it more interstitial gaps
thus a higher carbon solubility
- The presence of carbon in austenite makes it quite hard and strong.
- It is mildly malleable and ductile depending on the percentage of carbon
interstitials at that point. A higher percentage of carbon interstitial atoms makes it
less malleable and more brittle, and stronger.
- Austenite is within the non-magnetic phase of iron
The gamma-iron splits into a two-phase solid at 723 Degrees Celsius. This creates the
eutectoid point, where there is the occurrence of the:
- Alpha-ferrite plus gamma-iron phase
- Austenite plus Cementite phase
At around 1400 Degrees Celsius, a phase very similar to that of the alpha-ferrite phase
starts to occur. This is the delta-ferrite phase.
- The delta-ferrite iron is very much similar to the alpha-ferrite, the only difference
is its occurrence at very high temperatures, just below the melting point of iron.
- It also has the BCC structure.
- Its carbon solubility is quite low too, peaking to about 0.1% at 1500 Degrees
Celsius.
In the 1400-1500 Degrees Celsius range, there is also the delta-ferrite plus austenite
phase. Naturally, the presence of the austenite will increase the carbon solubility to
about 0.65% at the highest temperature of the phase.
At 1550 Degrees Celsius the iron melts. Right above the delta-ferrite phase and below
the liquid iron is the delta-ferrite plus liquid phase. This one has an even higher
carbon solubility of up to 1%. This is because the liquid phase tolerates more
interstitial atoms.
At the furthest right side of the horizontal axis there is the Cementite phase.
- Cementite has a very high solubility of carbon
- Its Complex Orthorhombic Crystal structure (COC) tolerates a higher percentage
of carbon interstitial atoms.
- This allows it to have a high percentage of carbon, of up to 6,7%
- The high carbon-percentage makes Cementite very strong, but also very brittle. If
hammered hard it will shatter instead of denting.
At 1130 Degrees Celsius the liquid phase splits into a two-phase solid. This is the
eutectic point.
- The left side of the eutectic point comprises of the gamma solid solution crystals
- The right side of the eutectic point is basically the liquid plus cementite crystals.