FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF HYBRID PIEZOELECTRIC

FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLATE

S. A. PATARE PR, CR, 1 & K. M. BAJORIA 2
1 Research Scholar, 2 Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT BOMBAY, Powai 400076, INDIA
1 swapnil925@iitb.ac.in, 2 kmb@iitb.ac.in

Abstract. Functionally graded material takes the advantage over the laminated composites with smooth
material properties variation through the thickness. Composite plate in the form of functionally graded material
core coupled with the piezoelectric layers as a smart material has gained wide scope. Simple plate theory with
four variables is used for free vibration of hybrid plate model. The governing equation for the plate problem is
obtained using principle of Hamilton’s principle. Navier's solution for simply supported boundary condition is
considered. The theoretical validation is confirmed with the numerical analysis for free vibration. The results
obtained are validated by comparing with notable work from literature.

Keywords. Functionally graded material, Piezoelectric, Free vibration, Simple plate theory.

1. Introduction

The functionally graded material researched in 1984 quickly become popular among the
research community since then. Smooth transition of material properties among two or more
functionally graded material (FGM) unlike laminates reduced inter-laminar effect and
stresses [2]. Jadhav and Bajoria [1] studied free vibration analysis of functionally graded
plate (FGP) with active control using piezoelectric material. Finite element analysis is used
with higher order plate theory. To apply four variable simple plate theory proposed by Thai
and Kim [2] considered free vibration analysis and bending of functionally graded plate
(FGP). Rouzegar and Abad [4] for FGP coupled with piezoelectric effect demonstrated the
capability of four variable plate theory by performing free vibration analysis. In benchmark
study for first time using finite element analysis Liew et. al. [6] considered the FGP with
piezoelectric effect. Laminated plate with piezoelectric effect is studied by Wankhede and
Bajoria [5] for free vibration analysis using higher order plate theory and finite element
analysis. Saidi and Farsangi [10] obtained formulation with first order shear deformation
theory (FSDT) for FGP coupled with piezoelectric layers. Liew et. al. [8] studied free
vibration analysis considering Reddy’s higher order shear deformation theory with
approximate Ritz solution to consider all possible combinations of boundary conditions.
Thoi et. al. [3] using FSDT for PFGP with approximate solution considered static and
vibration analysis for study. In present study it is attempted to solve the problem of free
vibration analysis of hybrid FGP coupled with two piezoelectric layers (PFGP). Simple plate
theory (SPT) [2] is used. Simply supported boundary condition are considered. Results
obtained are compared with notable work in literature to validate the applicability of SPT
for functionally graded plate.

2. Hybrid Plate Model

The displacement field for the present study is based on the SPT [2]. FGP as core is of
thickness h with piezoelectric of thickness hp respectively. Dimensions of the plate in plane
along x axis is 0 to a while along y axis is 0 to b. In the thickness direction neutral surface
being at center, top layer is at h/2+hp and bottom layer is at -h/2-hp respectively. For free
vibration analysis both top and bottom piezo layers are considered as sensor with closed
circuit condition.
2 S. A. Patare, K. M. Bajoria

𝜕𝑤𝑏 4𝑧 3 𝜕𝑤𝑠 𝜕𝑤𝑏 4𝑧 3 𝜕𝑤𝑠

𝑢=u𝑜 − 𝑧 − ( 2) 𝑣 −𝑧 − ( 2) 𝑤 (1)
𝜕𝑥 3ℎ𝑡 𝜕𝑥 =v𝑜 𝜕𝑦 3ℎ𝑡 𝜕𝑦 =w𝑏 +w𝑠
The mechanical and electrically coupled constitutive law [7] is given in equation (2). The
electric displacement [7] is given in equation (3).
𝜎𝑥 𝐶11 𝐶12 0 0 0 𝜖𝑥 0 0 𝑒31
¯
𝜎𝑦 𝐶12 𝐶22 0 0 0 𝜖𝑦 0 0 𝑒31
¯ 𝐸𝑥
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 0 0 𝐶66 0 0 𝛾𝑥𝑦 − 0 0 0 {𝐸𝑦 } (2)
𝜎𝑥𝑧 0 0 0 𝐶44 0 𝛾𝑥𝑧 𝑒15 0 0 𝐸𝑧
𝜎
{ 𝑦𝑧 } [ 0 0 0 0 𝛾
𝐶55 ] { 𝑦𝑧 } [ 0 𝑒15 0 ]
𝜖𝑥
𝐷𝑥 0 0 0 𝑒15 0 𝜖 𝑦 𝛺11 0 0 𝐸𝑥
𝐷 𝑒15 ] 𝛾𝑥𝑦 + [ 0 𝛺11 0 ] {𝐸𝑦 } (3)
{ 𝑦} = [ 0 0 0 0
𝐷𝑧 𝑒31
¯ 𝑒31
¯ 0 0 0 𝛾𝑥𝑧 0 0 𝛺33 𝐸𝑧
𝛾
{ 𝑦𝑧 }
Power law index identified as n, subscript m and c denotes property for metal and ceramic
part of material respectively given in equation (4) is used.
1 𝑧 𝑛 1 𝑧 𝑛
𝐸(𝑧) = 𝐸𝑚 + (𝐸𝑐 − 𝐸𝑚 ) ∗ ( + ) 𝜌(𝑧) = 𝜌𝑚 + (𝜌𝑐 − 𝜌𝑚 ) ∗ ( + ) (4)
2 ℎ 2 ℎ
The electrical potential function is as given in equation (5).
2
𝑧 − ℎ⁄2 − ℎ𝑝 ⁄2 ℎ ℎ
𝛱𝑇 [1 − ( ) ] for ⟨ ⩽z⩽ +h𝑝 ⟩
ℎ𝑝 ⁄2 2 2 (5)
𝛷= 2
−𝑧 − ℎ⁄2 − ℎ𝑝 ⁄2 ℎ ℎ
𝛱𝐵 [1 − ( ) ] for ⟨− − ℎ𝑝 ⩽z⩽ − ⟩
{ ℎ𝑝 ⁄2 2 2}

The equation of motion is obtained through Hamilton’s principle.

𝑇
(6)
0 = ∫ (δU − δK) δt
0

The equation (6) represents the variational form such that, δU is the variation in the strain
energy stored and δK is the variation for the kinetic energy. Strain energy variation is given
in form
ℎ
+h
2 𝑝
δU= ∫ ∫ (𝜎𝑥 δϵ𝑥 +σ𝑦 δϵ𝑦 +σxy δγxy +σyz δγyz +σxz δγxz ) dzdA (7)
ℎ
𝐴 − −ℎ𝑝
2

𝜕δu 𝜕δv 𝜕δu 𝜕δv 𝑏

𝜕 2 δw𝑏 𝑏
𝜕 2 δw𝑏 𝑏
𝜕 2 δw𝑏
𝑁𝑥 ( + ) − 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 − 2𝑀xy
𝜕𝑥 +N𝑦 𝜕𝑦 +Nxy 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 (8)
δU= ∫ 𝜕 2
𝜕 2 2
𝜕 δw𝑠 𝜕 𝑠 𝜕 𝑠 dA
−𝑀𝑥𝑠 δw − 𝑀𝑦𝑠 δw ( δw ) +Qxz ( δw )
𝐴 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
2 2
− 2𝑀xy +Q
( 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 yz 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 )
The stress resultants N, M, and Q in equation (8) are the integrals over thickness coordinate
 Free Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Piezoelectric Functionally Graded Plate 3

[(𝑁𝑥 ,N𝑦 ,Nxy ), (𝑀𝑥𝑏 , 𝑀𝑦𝑏 , 𝑀𝑥𝑦

𝑏
), (𝑀𝑥𝑠 , 𝑀𝑦𝑠 , 𝑀𝑥𝑦
𝑠
), (𝑄𝑦𝑧 , 𝑄𝑥𝑧 )]
ℎ (9)
2 +h𝑝
=∫ (𝜎𝑥 ,σ𝑦 ,σxy )[1; 𝑧; 𝑓(𝑧); 𝑔(𝑧)] dz
ℎ
− −ℎ𝑝
2

The variation in kinetic energy is detailed as

𝛿𝐾
𝜕𝑤¨𝑏 𝜕𝑤¨𝑠 𝜕𝑤¨𝑏 𝜕𝑤¨𝑠
[𝐼0 𝑢¨0 − 𝐼1 − 𝐽1 ] 𝛿𝑢0 + [𝐼0 𝑣¨0 − 𝐼1 − 𝐽1 ] 𝛿𝑣0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢¨0 𝜕𝑣¨0 (10)
=∬ [𝐼0 (𝑤¨𝑏 + 𝑤¨𝑠 ) + 𝐼1 ( + ) − 𝐼2 𝛻 2 (𝑤¨𝑏 ) − 𝐽2 𝛻 2 (𝑤¨𝑠 )] 𝛿𝑤𝑏 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢¨0 𝜕𝑣¨0
+ [𝐼0 (𝑤¨𝑏 + 𝑤¨𝑠 ) + 𝐽1 ( + ) − 𝐽2 𝛻 2 (𝑤¨𝑏 ) − 𝐾2 𝛻 2 (𝑤¨𝑠 )] 𝛿𝑤𝑠
( 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 )
The thickness integrals for mass inertia are given in equation (11) with ρ(z) as the mass
density.
ℎ
+ℎ
2 𝑝 (11)
(𝐼0 , 𝐼1 , 𝐽1 , , 𝐼2 , 𝐽2 , 𝐾2 ) = ∫ (1, 𝑧, 𝑓(𝑧), 𝑧 2 , 𝑧𝑓(𝑧), 𝑓(𝑧)2 ) 𝜌(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
ℎ
− −ℎ𝑝
2

The governing equation of motion is obtained by substituting for strain energy equation (7)
and kinetic energy equation (10) into equation (6), collecting the coefficients of four basic
variables
𝜕𝑁𝑥 𝜕𝑁𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑤¨𝑏 𝜕𝑤¨𝑠
𝛿𝑢0 : + = 𝐼𝑜 𝑢¨ − 𝐼1 − 𝐽1 (12)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑁𝑦 𝜕𝑁𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑤¨𝑏 𝜕𝑤¨𝑠
𝛿𝑣0 : + = 𝐼𝑜 𝑣¨ − 𝐼1 − 𝐽1 (13)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2 𝑀𝑥𝑏 𝜕 2 𝑀𝑦𝑏 𝜕 2 𝑀𝑥𝑦
𝑏
𝛿𝑤𝑏 : + +2
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 (14)
𝜕𝑢¨ 𝜕𝑣¨
= 𝐼𝑜 (𝑤¨𝑏 + 𝑤¨𝑠 ) + 𝐼1 ( + ) − 𝐼2 𝛻 2 𝑤¨𝑏 − 𝐽2 𝛻 2 𝑤¨𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 2 𝑀𝑥𝑠 𝜕 2 𝑀𝑦𝑠 𝜕 2 𝑀𝑥𝑦
𝑠
𝜕𝑄𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝑄𝑦𝑧
𝛿𝑤𝑠 : 2
+ 2
+ 2 + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (15)
𝜕𝑢¨ 𝜕𝑣¨
= 𝐼𝑜 (𝑤¨𝑏 + 𝑤¨𝑠 ) + 𝐽1 ( + ) − 𝐽2 𝛻 2 𝑤¨𝑏 − 𝐾2 𝛻 2 𝑤¨𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Fifth governing equation is obtained from Maxwell's theorem [10]
𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑠 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 𝜕 2 𝑤𝑏 𝜕 2 𝛱𝑇 𝜕 2 𝛱𝑇
𝜆1 ( + ) − 𝜆 2 ( + ) − 𝜆 3 ( + )
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
(16)
𝜕 2 𝛱𝐵 𝜕 2 𝛱𝐵
− 𝜆4 ( 2 + ) − 𝜆5 𝛱𝑇 − 𝜆6 𝛱𝐵 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
4 S. A. Patare, K. M. Bajoria

Thickness integral constants in equation (16) are as detailed below

ℎ −ℎ
+ℎ
2 𝑝 2
𝜆1 = ∫ [𝑒15 𝑔(𝑧) − 𝑒31 𝑓′(𝑧)] 𝑑𝑧 + ∫ [𝑒15 𝑔(𝑧) − 𝑒31 𝑓′(𝑧)] 𝑑𝑧,
ℎ −ℎ
−ℎ𝑝
2 2
ℎ −ℎ ℎ −ℎ
+ℎ +ℎ
2 𝑝 2 2 𝑝 2
𝜆2 = − ∫ 𝑒31 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑒31 𝑑𝑧, 𝜆3 = −∫ 𝛺11 𝛷𝑇 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝛺11 𝛷𝑇 𝑑𝑧,
ℎ −ℎ ℎ −ℎ
−ℎ𝑝 −ℎ𝑝
2 2 2 2
ℎ −ℎ ℎ −ℎ
+ℎ +ℎ
2 𝑝 2 2 𝑝 2
𝜆4 = − ∫ 𝛺11 𝛷𝐵 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝛺11 𝛷𝐵1 𝑑𝑧, 𝜆5 = −∫ 𝛺33 𝛷′′ 𝑇 𝑑𝑧, 𝜆6 = − ∫ 𝛺33 𝛷′′𝐵 𝑑𝑧
ℎ −ℎ ℎ −ℎ
{ 2 2
−ℎ𝑝
2 2
−ℎ𝑝 }

3 Analytical Solution

The Navier's solution with double trigonometric function series for the variables u0, v0, wb,
ws, and ΠT = ΠB = Π (both piezo layers are sensors) are taken in the Fourier's series
expansion such that these functions satisfy the boundary condition for simply supported
edges.
∞ ∞

𝑢0 = ∑ ∑ 𝑈 𝑒 𝑖𝑤𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛼𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽𝑦)𝑣0
𝑚=1,3,5 𝑛=1,3,5
∞ ∞ (18)
𝑖𝑤𝑡
= ∑ ∑ 𝑉𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽𝑦)
𝑚=1,3,5 𝑛=1,3,5
∞ ∞

𝑤𝑏 = ∑ ∑ 𝑊𝑏 𝑒 𝑖𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽𝑦)𝑤𝑠
𝑚=1,3,5 𝑛=1,3,5
∞ ∞ (19)
= ∑ ∑ 𝑊𝑠 𝑒 𝑖𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽𝑦)
𝑚=1,3,5 𝑛=1,3,5
∞ ∞

𝛱= ∑ ∑ 𝛱 𝑒 𝑖𝑤𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛼𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝛽𝑦) (20)

𝑚=1,3,5 𝑛=1,3,5

he U, V, Wb, Ws and Π represent the amplitude for the variable with α=m*pi/a; β=n*pi/b
where m and n are the odd series expansion for the trigonometric function. Boundary
condition for the simply supported plate with piezoelectric coupling along all four edges
𝑎𝑡𝑥 = 0, 𝑎: 𝑣0 = 0, 𝑤𝑏 = 0, 𝑤𝑠 = 0, 𝑀𝑦𝑏 = 0, 𝑀𝑦𝑠 = 0, 𝑁𝑥 = 0, 𝛱𝑇 = 𝛱𝐵 = 0 (21)
𝑎𝑡𝑦 = 0, 𝑏: 𝑢0 = 0, 𝑤𝑏 = 0, 𝑤𝑠 = 0, 𝑀𝑦𝑏 = 0, 𝑀𝑦𝑠 = 0, 𝑁𝑦 = 0, 𝛱𝑇 = 𝛱𝐵 = 0 (22)
Substituting the Navier's solution in five governing equations (12-15, 16) for the present
plate model, the dynamic equilibrium system for free vibration is obtained.

4 Numerical Validation
 Free Vibration Analysis of Hybrid Piezoelectric Functionally Graded Plate 5

In this numerical the core plate is again taken as FGM plate with aluminum and alumina
(AL/Alumina). Piezoelectric layer PZT-4 material is used. The material properties are take
as detailed in Table no. 1. Results are obtained such that plate dimensions, power law and
combination is considered to get first three natural frequencies based on different modes.
Result obtained tabulated in Table no. 2.
Table. 1. Material properties for free vibration analysis

Property Al Alumina PZT-4

E (Gpa) 70.00 38.00 -
γ 0.3000 0.3000 -
C11 (Gpa) - - 132.00
C12 (Gpa) - - 71.00
C33 (Gpa) - - 115.00
C13 (Gpa) - - 73.00
C55 (Gpa) - - 26.00
E31 - - -4.1
E33 - - 14.1
E15 - - 10.5
Ω11 - - 7.124
Ω33 - - 5.841
ρ (kg m ) -3
2707 3800 7500
Table. 2. First three natural frequencies Al/Alumina FGM plate

Power Law Mode(m, n) (Hz)

Index (n) h/a hp/h Theory
1(1,1) 2(1,2) 3(2,2)

0 0.05 0.1 Present SPT 424.16 1045.12 1647.74

RPT [05] 426.81 1050.25 1655.04
FSDT [14] 426.66 1049.35 1652.92
0.2 Present SPT 401.00 988.70 1556.73
RPT [05] 408.83 1003.19 1576.86
FSDT [14] 408.47 1001.13 1572.03
0.1 0.1 Present SPT 823.47 1950.05 2974.15
RPT [05] 827.52 1957.39 2983.88
FSDT [14] 826.46 1952.53 2974.44
0.2 Present SPT 777.11 1830.38 2778.10
RPT [05] 788.43 1849.60 2802.30
FSDT [14] 786.01 1838.47 2780.54
1 0.05 0.1 Present SPT 321.18 794.11 1255.07
RPT [05] 340.00 836.86 1319.05
FSDT [14] 339.85 836.02 1317.11
6 S. A. Patare, K. M. Bajoria

Power Law Mode(m, n) (Hz)

Index (n) h/a hp/h Theory
1(1,1) 2(1,2) 3(2,2)

0.2 Present SPT 304.13 754.88 1192.99

RPT [05] 340.673 835.240 1312.112
FSDT [14] 340.311 833.266 1307.323
0.1 0.1 Present SPT 626.94 1496.51 2296.24
RPT [05] 659.56 1561.66 2382.30
FSDT [14] 658.55 1556.83 2373.02
0.2 Present SPT 594.66 1416.43 2166.50
RPT [05] 656.10 1535.65 2324.29
FSDT [14] 653.65 1524.71 2301.65

Conclusions

Free vibration analysis is performed for the hybrid piezoelectric FGM plate without
considering the piezoelectric effect. Four examples based on the material combination, plate
dimensions and power law variation is considered. All the result obtained with present
formulation come close with compared notable results from the literature. Present
formulation clearly satisfies the objective of simple model for the free vibration analysis of
FGM plate coupled with piezoelectric layers employing minimum computational efforts.
Taking further present work there is scope for the active control as a smart application of
piezoelectric material.
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