Formulas

Trigonometric Identities:

1 + cos(2x)
cos2 (x) = , cos(2x) = cos2 (x) − sin2 (x), sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1,
2
1 − cos(2x)
sin2 (x) = , sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x), tan2 (x) + 1 = sec2 (x).
2
Finite Sums:
n n n
X n(n + 1) X n(n + 1)(2n + 1) X n2 (n + 1)2
i= , i2 = , i3 = .
i=1
2 i=1
6 i=1
4

Two Standard Integrals:

Z Z
tan(x) dx = log | sec(x)| + C , sec(x) dx = log |sec(x) + tan(x)| + C.

Taylor polynomial error bound: If |f (n+1) (c)| ≤ M for all c between a and x, then

M
|Tn (x) − f (x)| ≤ |x − a|n+1 .
(n + 1)!

Trapezoidal rule error bound: If |f ′′ (x)| ≤ M for all a ≤ x ≤ b, then

b
M (b − a)3
Z
Tn − f (x) dx ≤ .
a 12 n2

Simpson’s rule error bound: If |f (4) (x)| ≤ L for all a ≤ x ≤ b, then

b
L (b − a)5
Z
Sn − f (x) dx ≤ .
a 180 n4

Taylor series:
∞
X xn
ex = , −∞ < x < ∞
n=0
n!
∞
X (−1)n 2n+1
sin(x) = x , −∞ < x < ∞
n=0
(2n + 1)!
∞
X (−1)n 2n
cos(x) = x , −∞ < x < ∞
n=0
(2n)!
∞
1 X
= xn , −1 < x < 1
1 − x n=0
∞
X (−1)n n+1
log(1 + x) = x , −1 < x ≤ 1
n=0
n+1
∞
X (−1)n 2n+1
arctan(x) = x , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
n=0
2n + 1

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