Job's tears

Job's tears, scient ific name Coix lacryma-jobi, also known as adlay or adlay millet, is a t all grain-
bearing perennial t ropical plant of t he family Poaceae (grass family). It is nat ive t o Sout heast
Asia, but int roduced t o Nort hern China and India in remot e ant iquit y, and elsewhere cult ivat ed in
gardens as an annual. It has been nat uralized in t he sout hern Unit ed St at es and t he New World
t ropics. In it s nat ive environment it is grown at higher elevat ion areas where rice and corn do not
grow well. Job's t ears are also commonly sold as Chinese pearl barley.
 Job's tears

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plant ae

Clade: Tracheophyt es

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocot s

Clade: Commelinids

Order: Poales

Family: Poaceae

Subfamily: Panicoideae

Genus: Coix

Species: C. lacryma-jobi

Binomial name

Coix lacryma-jobi
L.

Synonyms [1]
 Coix agrestis Lour.

Coix arundinacea Lam.

Coix chinensis Tod.

Coix chinensis Tod. ex Balansa nom. illeg.

Coix exaltata Jacq. ex Spreng.

Coix gigantea J.Jacq. nom. illeg.

Coix lacryma L. nom. illeg.

Coix ma-yuen Rom.Caill.

Coix ouwehandii Koord.

Coix ovata St okes nom. illeg.

Coix palustris Koord.

Coix pendula Salisb. nom. illeg.

Coix pumila Roxb.

Coix stenocarpa (Oliv.) Balansa

Coix stigmatosa K.Koch & Bouché

Coix tubulosa Hack.

Lithagrostis lacryma-jobi (L.) Gaert n.

Sphaerium lacryma (L.) Kunt ze nom. illeg.

Sphaerium tubulosum (Warb.) Kunt ze

There are t wo main variet ies of t he species, one wild and one cult ivat ed. The wild variet y, Coix
lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi, has hard-shelled pseudocarps—very hard, pearly whit e, oval
st ruct ures used as beads for making prayer beads or rosaries, necklaces, and ot her object s. The
cult ivat ed variet y Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen is harvest ed as a cereal crop, has a soft shell,
and used medicinally in part s of Asia.

Nomenclature
Job's t ears may also be referred t o under variant spellings of Job's-tears (US, UK),[2][3] Jobs-
tears,[4] or jobstears.

The crop is also known by ot her common names in English, such as adlay or adlay millet .[5][6] Ot her
common names in English include coix seed,[5][7] gromwell grass,[5] and tear grass.[5]

The seeds are known in Chinese as yìyǐ rén ( 薏苡仁),[8][7] where rén means "kernel", and also
described in Lat in as semen coicis or semen coicis lachryma-jobi in pharmacopoeic lit erat ure.[7][9]

Taxonomy

The species, nat ive t o Sout heast Asia,[10] was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 wit h t he epit het as
a Lat in t ranslat ion of t he met aphorical tear of Job. As of February 2015, four variet ies are
accept ed by t he World Checklist of Select ed Plant Families:[11]

Coix lacryma-jobi var. lacryma-jobi

Widely dist ribut ed t hroughout t he Indian subcont inent t o peninsular Malaysia and Taiwan;
nat uralized elsewhere.
Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen (Rom.Caill.) Stapf
Sout h China t o peninsular Malaysia and t he Philippines.
The variet al name is eponymous aft er General Ma Yuen or Ma Yuan ( 馬援) who according t o
legend learned of t he plant 's use when he was post ed in Cochin China (or Tonkin, in what is now
Viet nam), and brought t he seeds back t o China t o be cult ivat ed.[12][13][14]
Coix lacryma-jobi var. puellarum (Balansa) A.Camus
Assam t o Yunnan (China) and Indochina.
Coix lacryma-jobi var. stenocarpa Oliv.
East ern Himalayas t o Indochina.

Job's t ears - along wit h Coix in general - was formerly placed in t he Maydeae, now known t o be
polyphylet ic.[Sch 1]

Morphology

The hardened "shells" covering t he seeds are t echnically t he fruit -case or involucre (hardened
bract ),[15] wit h t he bract also referred t o as "capsule-spat he"[16] or "sheat hing bract " by some
past bot anical works.[2]
These shells cover t he bases of t he flowers (inflorescences) which are male and female
racemes/panicles; t he male racemes project upright and consist of overlapping scale-like
spikelet s, wit h yellow st amens t hat pop out in-bet ween, and t here are one or t wo yarn-like
female racemes drooping from t he base.[17][18]

Proteins and expression

Job's t ears - as wit h Coix in general - produces it s own variet y of α-zein prolamins. These
prolamins have undergone unusually rapid evolut ionary divergence from closely relat ed grasses,
by way of copy-number changes.[Sch 2]

History

Residue on pot t ery from a Neolit hic (lat e Yangshao Cult ure) sit e in nort h-cent ral China[a] shows
t hat Job's t ears, t oget her wit h non-nat ive barley and ot her plant s were used t o brew beer as
early as ca. 3000 BC.[b][19]

Job's t ears were already int roduced t o Japan (and probably cult ivat ed alongside rice) in t he Early
Jōmon Period, corroborat ed by finds in West ern Japan (Chūgoku region), e.g., from st udies of
phyt olit hs in t he Asanebana Shell Midden ( 朝寝鼻貝塚) (ca. 4000 BC) in Okayama
Prefect ure.[21][22] And furt her east in Japan, t he plant has been found at t he Toro sit e, Shizuoka
Prefect ure dat ing t o t he Yayoi Period.[23]

Remains of Job's t ears have been found in archaeological sit es in nort heast ern India, dat ing t o
around 1000 BC, and a number of scholars support t he view it has been in cult ivat ion in India in
t he 2000–1000 BC period.[24][25]

In modern t imes, t he shelled grains export ed from China were erroneously declared t hrough
cust oms as "pearl barley",[26] and "Chinese pearl barley" remains an alt ernat e common name so
t hat t he grains are sold under such label in Asian supermarket s, even t hough C. lacryma-jobi is not
closely relat ed t o barley (Hordeum vulgare).[27][28]

Uses

Crafts
The hard, whit e grains of Job's t ears have hist orically been used as beads t o make necklaces and
ot her object s. The seeds are nat urally bored wit h holes wit hout t he need t o art ificially punct ure
t hem.[16]

St rands of Job's t ears are used as Buddhist prayer beads in part s of India, Myanmar, Laos,
Taiwan, and Korea according t o Japanese researcher Yukino Ochiai who has specialized on t he
et hnobot anic usage of t he plant .[29] They are also made int o rosaries in count ries such as t he
Philippines and Bolivia.[29]

East Asia

Japan

In Japan, t he grains growing wild are called juzudama ( 数珠玉) ‘Buddhist rosary beads’), and
children have made playt hings out of t hem by st ringing t hem int o necklaces.[30] However, juzu-
dama was a corrupt ion of zuzu-dama according t o folklorist Kunio Yanagit a.[30] A t ype of
Buddhist rosary called irataka no juzu, which were hand-made by t he yamabushi ascet ics
pract icing shugendō t raining, purport edly used a large-grain t ype known as oni-juzudama ( 鬼数珠
玉) ‘oni(ogre) rosary beads’. [31][32] Alt hough t his was published as a separat e variet y, C. lacryma
jobi var. maxima Makino,[31] it is now regarded as synonymous t o C. lacryma jobi var. lacryma-jobi
according t o t axonomical dat abases (World Checklist of Select ed Plant Families).[33]

It was cont ended by Edo Period scholar Ono Ranzan t hat t he soft -shelled edible t ype called
shikoku-mugi was not int roduced int o Japan unt il t he Kyōho era (1716–1736), as opposed t o a
hard-shelled edible t ype called chōsen-mugi (lit . ‘Korean wheat ’) which needed t o be beat en in
order t o crack and t hresh t hem.[34][c] This t ype has been published as a separat e species, C.
agrestis in t he past ,[36] but t his is now recognized also as a synonym of C. lacryma jobi var.
lacryma-jobi.[37][d] Thus Japanese consumpt ion of t he crop at t est ed in pre-Kyōho lit erat ure
presumably used t his hard-shelled t ype in t he recipe.[38][e]

Yanagit a cont ended t hat t he use of t he beads predat ed t he int roduct ion of Buddhism int o Japan
(552/538 CE).[f][30] And t he plant has not only been found at sit es dat ing t o approximat ely t his
period at t he Kuroimine Sit e,[39] but in Jomon period sit es dat ing t o several millennia BC.[21]

Ocean Road hypot hesis

Yanagit a in his "Ocean Road" hypot hesis argues t hat t he pearly glist ening seeds were regarded as
simulat ing or subst it ut ing for cowrie shells, which were used as ornament s and currency
t hroughout Sout hern China and Sout heast Asia in ant iquit y, and he argued bot h it ems t o be part
of cult ural t ransmission int o Japan from t hese areas.[40][g]

Lat er scholars have pursued t he validit y of t he t hesis. Yanagit a had reproduced a dist ribut ion map
of t he usage of ornament al cowries t hroughout Asia (compiled by J. Wilfrid Jackson),[41] and
Japanese et hnologist Keiji Iwat a alluded t o a need for a dist ribut ion map of ornament al Job's
t ears, for making comparison t herewit h.[42][43]

Mainland Southeast Asia

Thailand and Myanmar

The Akha people and t he Karen people who live in t he mount ainous regions around t he Thai-
Myanmar border grow several variet ies of t he plant and use t he beads t o ornament various
handicraft .[h][44] The beads are used st rict ly only on women's apparel among t he Akha, sewn ont o
headwear, jacket s, handbags, et c.; also, a variet y of shapes of beads are used.[45][i] The beads are
used only on t he jacket s of married women among t he Karen, and t he oblong seeds are
exclusively select ed,[47] some example has been shown from t he Karen in Chiang Rai Province of
Thailand.[45]

St rands of job's t ears necklaces have also been collect ed from Chiang Rai Province, Thailand[48]
and it is known t he Karen people st ring t he beads int o necklaces,[46] such necklaces in use also in
t he former Karenni St at es (current Kayah St at e of Burma), wit h t he crop being known by t he
name cheik (var. kyeik, kayeik, kyeit) in Burmese.[49][47] Job's t ears necklace has been collect ed
also from Yunnan Province, China,[48] which has a populat ion of Akha-Hani people and ot her
minorit ies, but t he Wa people of Yunnan also used t he plant seeds (tɛ kao; lit . ‘fruit -Coix’) sewn
ont o fabrics and bags, et c.[50]

The Wa people and ot her minorit ies like t he Taungyo et hnic group use t he beads in apparel in
Shan St at e, Myanmar.[51]

Insular Southeast Asia

Borneo

In Nort hern Borneo Malay (Dayak group) et hnic t ribes such as t he Kelabit people of Sarawak
st at e (and Nort h Kalimant an, Indonesia), t he Dusun people and Murut people of Sabah st at e all
use t he plant beads as ornament .[46] The Kayan of Borneo also use job's t ears t o decorat e
clot hing and war dress.[52]
Philippines

Job's t ears (Tagalog: tigbí) are ot herwise known by many local names in t he Philippines (e.g. Bikol:
adlái in Visaya Islands).[53][54] The beads st rung t oget her have somet imes been used as
rosaries,[53][29] or made int o bead curt ains[53] (e.g. t he Tboli people on Mindanao[55]), or woven int o
basket s and ot her vessels.[53]

Americas

The plant was known as calandula in Spanish, and t he hards seeds were st rung t oget her as beads
or int o rosaries in part s of New Spain, e.g., Puert o Rico.[56][57]

In bot h t he East ern Band of Cherokee Indians and t he Cherokee Nat ion in Oklahoma, t he beads of
Job's t ears are called "corn beads" or "Cherokee corn beads" and have been used for personal
adornment .

Food

Throughout East Asia, Job's t ears are available in dried form and cooked as a grain. Job's t ears
grains are widely eat en as a cereal.[58] The cult ivat ed variet ies are soft -shelled, and can be easily
cooked int o gruels, et c.[59]

Some of t he soft -shelled t ypes are easily t hreshed, producing sweet kernels.[59] The t hreshed
(and polished[60][61]) "kernels" or ren (Chinese: 薏苡仁; pinyin: yiyi ren; Wade–Giles: i i jen) are used
[62] [j]
in t radit ional Chinese Medicine (see infra).

The t hreshed grains are generally spherical, wit h a groove on one end, and polished whit e in
color.[63] In Japan unpolished grains are also sold, and market ed as yūki hatomugi (‘organic job's
t ears’).[63]

In Cambodia, where it is known as skuay (ស្គួយ ), t he seeds are not much used as a grain,[64] but
used as part of herbal medicine and as an ingredient in dessert s. In Thailand, it is oft en consumed
in t eas and ot her drinks, such as soy milk.

It is also a minor cereal crop and fodder in Nort heast ern India.[65]

Beverages and soups

In Korean cuisine, a t hick drink called yulmu cha ( 율무차, lit erally "Job's t ears t ea") is made from
powdered Job's t ears.[63] A similar drink, called yi ren jiang ( 薏仁漿), also appears in Chinese
cuisine, and is made by simmering whole polished Job's t ears in wat er and sweet ening t he
result ing t hin, cloudy liquid wit h sugar. The grains are usually st rained from t he liquid but may also
be consumed separat ely or t oget her.

In Japan, t he roast ed kernels are brewed int o hatomugi cha ( ハトムギ茶), lit erally a "t ea". [66]
This
is drunk for medicinal value and not for enjoyment , as it does not suit t he average consumer's
t ast e, but a more palat able brew is obt ained by roast ing seeds t hat have been germinat ed, which
reduces t he dist inct ive st rong odor.[66][k]

In sout hern China, Job's t ears are oft en used in tong sui ( 糖水), a sweet dessert soup. One variet y
is called ching bo leung in Cant onese (Chinese: 清補涼; pinyin: qing bu liang), and is also known as
[63][66]
sâm bổ lượng in Viet namese cuisine. There is also a braised chicken dish yimidunji (Chinese:
薏米炖鸡=薏米燉鷄).[68]

Alcoholic beverages

In bot h Korea and China, dist illed liquors are also made from t he grain. One Korean liquor is called
okroju (옥로주; hanja: 玉露酒), which is made from rice and Job's t ears. The grains are also brewed
int o beers in nort heast India and ot her part s of sout heast Asia.[24]

Traditional medicine

Job's t ears are used wit h ot her herbs in t radit ional Chinese medicine [69] or folk medicine.[70]

The plant is not ed in an ancient medical t ext Huangdi Neijing (5t h–2nd cent uries BCE) at t ribut ed
t o t he legendary Huangdi (Yellow Emperor), but fails t o be not iced in t he st andard t radit ional
mat eria medica reference Bencao Gangmu (16c.).[9]

Pests

Insect pest s include:[71]

st em borers Sesamia inferens and Ostrinia furnacalis

rice skipper Pelopidas mathias (leaf feeder)

t hrip Chaetanaphothrips orchidii

aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis

woolly aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera

Gallery

An unripened head of Job's Tears

C. lacryma-jobi plant with flowers and fruit in Nepal

Job's tears grains

Yulmu-cha (Job's tears tea) from Korea

Yulmu-bap (Job's tears rice) from Korea

Illustration of Coix lacryma-jobi from the Japanese encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)
C. lacryma-jobi seeds in a necklace prepared in the Zulu tradition

Explanatory notes

a. in Mijaya ( 米家崖) village, Shaanxi Province.

b. The finds occurred in a Banpo IV type stratum which was dated to 3400–2900 BC, which the scholars
place in the late Yangshao period (Yangshao Period defined as 5000–2900 BC).

c. Ranzan actually gave this type under tōmugi alias chōsen-mugi, but this is confusing, since later writers
such as Mizumasa Furukawa (1928–1977) wrote that shikoku-mugi and tōmugi were the same.[35]

d. Researcher Seiji Koyama identifies the chōsen-mugi (‘Korean wheat’) as C. lacryma jobi var. koreana,[9]
but that variety name is not registered at the WCSPF.[11]

e. Koyama gives several examples, including the Nōgyō zensho (Genroku 10 or 1697), which states Job's
tears (yokui) can be eaten as gruel, or as blended grain in cooked rice, or as dumplings (dango).[38] The
recipe for the okoshi-gome snack in the Ryōri monogatari (Kaei 20, 1643) does not use rice but roasted
cracked grains of job's tears (yokuinin) instead, mixed with sugar and molded into shape.[38]

後に東北のイタコの数珠や、アイヌの頸飾くびかざりなどを見るようになって、ジュズとは呼び
f. §3: "
ながらも我々の真似ていたのは、もっと古風な、また国風なものだったことに心づいたことである。
Later [as an adult] I saw the bead-necklaces of the itako shamanesses and the Ainu necklaces, and
realized that what we were pretend-playing with [as children] were, even though we called them juzu [like
Buddhist rosaries], much older and more native to the land."

g. He posited that the name of the seeds (variant name tsushi-dama or tsushi-tama) was rooted in the
ancient word tsushiya whose precise meaning he deduced to be 'cowries'. However this was guesswork
"founded on really the faintest clue 誠に幽な暗示の上に築かれている", and he admitted there is no
attestation to tsushiya or words similar used in the sense of ‘jewel shells’in any ancient texts.
h. The Akha people are also found in Yunnan Province in China, but Ochiai (2010) only speaks of usage in
"the south side of China" (p. 6), and exhibits a photo of Yunnan Province bead necklace on the map
(pp. 4–5) without identifying the ethnic group.

i. It has been noted that the Akha use cowries shells as ornaments also, even though they are a
mountainous people. The shells from Bangkok were being obtained through Overseas Chinese
middlemen.[46]

j. Although this stringent distinction may not be followed in literature, for example, yi yi ren may be used
as the term for the fruit overall rather than the polished endosperm.[8]

k. It is unclear what is meant by the coffee-like drink brewed from roasted seeds that is distinguished from
the "tea" which some sources describe but do not specify by any name.[67] The hatomugi kōhī ("jobs
tears coffee") apparently refers to coffee dripped with hatomugi tea instead of plain hot water.

1. p. 331, "Maize and Tripsacum were previously grouped with a number of other grasses that have
monoecious flowering patterns — the most widely known being Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) — into
the Maydeae (74); however, molecular data revealed that this grouping was polyphyletic (61)."

2. p. 335, "Clusters of locally duplicated genes can also expand and contract rapidly, as shown by
investigation of the 22-kDa α zein gene families in maize, sorghum, and coix, which appear to have
experienced independent copy-number amplifications since the divergence of these three species (107)."

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Cultural Properties Center (ed.), Itaya III iseki 2 Jōmon jidai~kinsei no fukugō iseki no chōsa 板屋III遺跡
2 縄文時代～近世の複合遺跡の調査 (https://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/ja/2383) (in Japanese),
p. 227

23. Gotō, Shuichi (1962), Izu sanboku iseki: Yayoi jidai mokuseihin no kenkyū 伊豆山木遺跡 : 弥生時代木製
品の研究 (https://books.google.com/books?id=uZzRAAAAMAAJ&q=%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%
B8%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BA%E3%83%80%E3%83%9E) [Izu's moutainous and woody sites: study of
wood products in the Yayoi Period] (in Japanese), Tsukiji Shokan, p. 94, doi:10.11501/3025934 (https://
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24. Nesbitt, Mark (2012) [2005]. "Grains" (https://books.google.com/books?id=niwsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5

3) . In Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. pp. 53, 343–
344. ISBN 9781135958114.

25. Simoons (2014), p. 81.

26. Bretschneider (1895), p. 385.

27. Chaudhary, Harinder K.; Kaila, Vineeta; Rather, Shoukat A.; Tayeng, Tisu (2013). "Ch. 6: Distant
Hybridisation and Doubled-Haploidy Breeding" (https://books.google.com/books?id=SFm-BAAAQBAJ&p
g=PA154) . In Pratap, Aditya; Kumar, Jitendra (eds.). Alien Gene Transfer in Crop Plants, Volume 1:
Innovations, Methods and Risk Assessment. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 154.
ISBN 9781461485858.

28. Xu, Zhenghao; Zhou, Guoning (2017). Identification and Control of Common Weeds (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=UR4-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353) . Vol. 1. Springer. p. 353. ISBN 9789402409543.

29. Ochiai (2010), p. 11.

30. Yanagita (1961), [1953] §3.

31. Makino, T. (1906), "Observations on the Flora of Japan (cont.)" (https://books.google.com/books?id=9x

lbPBO2OoYC&pg=RA2-PA12) , Botanical Magazine, 20: 11–10
32. Yanagita (1961), [1953] §5.

33. "Coix lacryma-jobi var. maxima Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 20: 10 (1906)" (https://wcsp.science.kew.org/
namedetail.do?name_id=405639) . World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew. Retrieved 2020-12-22.

巻之十九/穀之二
34. Ranzan Ono sensei (1847). "Book 19, grains II, hie&awa I, 18 species (No. 16, yokui)"
稷粟一（十八種[の第16]）. Jūtei honzō kōmoku keimō kan-48 [9] 重訂本草綱目啓蒙 48巻. [9] (https://
dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/2555639/16) (in Japanese). Izumiya Zenbei. pp. 6–7.

35. Furukawa, Mizumasa (1963). Hatomugi no kōyō: gan to biyō to chōju ni kiku ハトムギの効用—ガンと
美容と長寿にきく (in Japanese). Rokugatsusha. pp. 30–45. apud Koyama (1996), p. 67.
36. Matsumura, Jinzō (1905). Index plantarum japonicarum: sive, Enumeratio plantarum omnium ex insulis
Kurile. Yezo, Nippon, Sikoku, Kiusiu, Liukiu, et Formosa hucusque cognitarum systematice et
alphabetice disposita adjectis synonymis selectis, nominibus japonicis, locis natalibus (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=seAlAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA49) . Vol. 2. Josefina Ramos (tr.). apud Maruzen. pp. 49–
50.

37. "Search for Coix agrestis" (http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Coix_agrestis) . World

Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-12-23.

38. Koyama (1996), p. 67.

39. Ochiai (2010), p. 14, citing Ishii & Umezawa (1994) ISBN 978-4643940824.

40. Yanagita (1961) [1950] §2

41. Yanagita (1961) [1950] §3. Map taken from Jackson (1917) Shells as Evidence of the Migrations of
Early Culture.

42. Iwata (1991), pp. 17–18.

43. Cf. Ochiai (2010), pp. 4–5, visual map of necklaces, and references to Yanagita elsewhere in the
Newsletter.

44. Ochiai (2002), p. 61; Ochiai (2010), pp. 8–9

45. Ochiai (2010), pp. 8–9.

46. Iwata (1991), p. 16.

47. Ochiai (2010), p. 6.

48. Ochiai (2010), pp. 4–5

49. Watt (1904), pp. 192, 202, 212.

50. Formoso, Bernard (October–December 2001). "Coix spp. (Job's tears)" (https://core.ac.uk/download/pd
f/224275694.pdf) (PDF). L'Homme (in French) (160, Droit, Coutume, Mémoire): 48, 51.
JSTOR 25133422 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25133422) .

51. Ochiai (2010), pp. 6–7.

52. Beccari, Odoardo (1904). Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo: Travels and Researches of a
Naturalist in Sarawak (https://books.google.com/books?id=3BFqDoavHMIC&pg=PA281) . London:
Archibald Constable. p. 281.

53. Brown, William Henry (1919). Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo: Travels and Researches of a
Naturalist in Sarawak (https://books.google.com/books?id=3BFqDoavHMIC&pg=PA281) . Manila:
Bureau of printing. p. 281.

54. Guerrero, León María (1989). Notes on Philippine Medicinal Plants (https://books.google.com/books?id
=GeQkAQAAMAAJ&q=adlay) . Josefina Ramos (tr.). p. 191.

55. Ochiai (2010), p. 10.

56. Guzmán-Rivas, Pablo (1960). "Geographic Influences of the Galleon Trade on New Spain". Revista
Geográfica. 27 (53): 19. JSTOR 41888470 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/41888470) .

57. Cook, O. F.; Collins, G. N. (1960). "Economic Plants of Porto Rico". Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium. 8 (2): 122. JSTOR 23490917 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/23490917) .

58. Hill, A.F. (1952) [1937]. Economic Botany (https://books.google.com/books?id=h-vQAAAAMAAJ&q=C

oix) . McGraw-Hill. p. 332. ISBN 9780070287891.

59. Corke, Huang & Li (2015), p. 186.

60. Kubo, Michinori; Fukuda, Shinzō; Katsuki, Tadahisa (1980). Yakusō nyūmon 薬草入門 (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=w46hCoTjLrIC&pg=PA13) (in Japanese). Hoikusha. p. 13. ISBN 4-586-50515-X.

61. Koishi, Sugawa-Katayama & Tsujino (1980), pp. 42–43.

62. Bretschneider (1895), p. 383.

63. Lim (2013), p. 245.

64. Tichit, Lucien (1981). L'agriculture au Cambodge (https://books.google.com/books?id=c_kyAAAAIAAJ&

q=%22skuay%22) (in French). Paris: Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique. p. 129.
ISBN 9789290280316.

65. Arora, R.K. (1977). "Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) - a minor food and fodder crop of northeastern
India". Economic Botany. 31 (3): 358–366. doi:10.1007/bf02866887 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf028
66887) . S2CID 34319145 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34319145) .

66. Koishi, Sugawa-Katayama & Tsujino (1980), pp. 43–44.

67. Lim (2013), p. 245 and Corke, Huang & Li (2015), p. 187
68. Koishi, Sugawa-Katayama & Tsujino (1980), p. 44.

69. Corke, Huang & Li (2015), p. 187.

70. Duke, J.A. (1983). "Coix lacryma-jobi L., Poaceae: Job's-tears, Adlay, Millet (updated 8 July 1996)" (htt
p://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Coix_lacryma-jobi.html) . Source: James A. Duke,
Handbook of Energy Crops (unpublished) by Purdue University Center for New Crops & Plants
Products.

71. Kalaisekar, A (2017). Insect pests of millets: systematics, bionomics, and management. London:
Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-804243-4. OCLC 967265246 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967265246) .

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media relat ed t o Coix lacryma-jobi.

Wikispecies has informat ion relat ed t o Coix lacryma-jobi.

Bretschneider, E. (1895). 228 i i jen 薏苡仁 (https://books.google.com/books?id=nA0oAAAAYAAJ&pg=P

A382) . Botanicon Sinicum (Part III). Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh. pp. 382–385.

Corke, H; Huang, Y; Li, JS (2015). Wrigley, Colin W (ed.). Coix: overview (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=ce7tBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184) . Encyclopedia of Food Grains (2 ed.). Academic Press. pp. 184–189.
ISBN 9780123947864.

Iwata, Keiji (1991). Sōmokuchūgyo no jinruigaku 草木虫魚の人類学 [Anthropology of forbs, trees, bugs,
fish] (in Japanese). Kodansha.

Lim, Tong Kwee (2013). Coix lacryma-jobi (https://books.google.com/books?id=_ ZZEAAAAQBAJ&pg=P

A243) . Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 5. Springer Science & Business Media.
pp. 243–261. ISBN 9789400756533.

Koishi, Hideo; Sugawa-Katayama, Yohko; Tsujino, Motoko (1980). "A Review of Studies of Hatomugi
(Yokuinin)， Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen(Roman.) Stapf" はとむぎ(惹鼓仁ヨクイニン)考 (https://
dlisv03.media.osaka-cu.ac.jp/contents/osakacu/kiyo/111H0000001-28-6.pdf) (PDF) (in Japanese):
37–46.

Koyama, Seiji (1996), "Yokuinin no chiyūshohō" 薏苡仁の治疣処方 (https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/k

ampomed1982/47/1/47_ 1_ 63/_ pdf/-char/jahttps://dlisv03.media.osaka-cu.ac.jp/contents/osakacu/ki
yo/111H0000001-28-6.pdf) [Kampo Formulas Containing Coicis Semen that are Effective in the
Treatment of Verrucae] (PDF), 日本東洋医学雑誌 (in Japanese), 47 (1): 63–69
Ochiai, Yukino (2002), Yoshida, S; Mathews, P J (eds.), "Domestication and cultivation of edible Job's
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om/books?id=RcNQAQAAIAAJ&q=coix) , Vegeculture in Eastern Asia and Oceania, Suita City, Osaka:
 The Japan Center for Area Studies, National Museum of Ethnology, Senri Expo Park, pp. 59–75,
ISBN 9784901838009

—— (October 2010). "Living with Plants: Job's Tears Seed Beads Collection of the World" 植物のビー
ズ：「ジュズダマ」と暮らす (https://www.museum.kagoshima-u.ac.jp/publications/pdf_ images/newsl
etter/NewsLetter26.pdf) (PDF). Newsletter of the Kagoshima University Museum (in Japanese).

Simoons, Frederick J. (2014). Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry (https://books.google.co
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Watt, George (1904). "Coix spp. (Job's tears)" (https://books.google.com/books?id=nlbyAAAAMAAJ&p

g=PA189) . Agricultural Ledger. 11 (13): 189–194.

Yanagita, Kunio (1950). "Takaragai no koto 宝貝のこと". Bunka Okinawa 2 (7) (in Japanese)
—— (1953). "Hito to zuzudama 人とズズダマ". Shizen to bunka (3) (in Japanese)
—— (1961a). Takaragai no koto 寶貝のこと (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/9544006) [About cowrie
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—— (1961b). Hito to zuzudama 人とズズダマ (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/9544006) [Humans and

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text (https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/001566/files/54331_ 53583.html) @ aozora

External links

Job's Tears on Wayne's Word (ht t ps://www2.palomar.edu/users/warmst rong/plapr99.ht m)

Sort ing Coix names (ht t p://www.plant names.unimelb.edu.au/Sort ing/Coix.ht ml)

Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plant s: Volume 5, Fruit s, TK Lim, 2013 (ht t ps://books.googl
e.com/books?id=_ ZZEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA243)

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