SOCRATES

Socrates was the big-city

philosopher in ancient Athens.
Accused and convicted of
corrupting the youth, his only real
crime
.
was embarrassing and
irritating a number of important
people. His punishment was death.
A philosopher is a meaning-searcher

Socrates didn't write books; he

just liked to ask probing and
sometimes humiliating questions,
which gave rise to the famous
Socratic
. Method of Teaching.
A philosopher is a meaning-searcher

He is best known for his

association with the Socratic
method of question and answer,
his claim that he was ignorant (or
aware
. of his own absence of
knowledge), and his claim that
the unexamined life is not worth
living, for human beings.
A philosopher is a meaning-searcher

Socratic wisdom is a sort of

humility: it simply means being
aware of how little one really
knows; how uncertain one's
beliefs
. are; and how likely it is
that many of them may turn out
to be mistaken.
Plato: The philosopher who would be king
believed in the pre-existence and
immortality of the soul, holding that life
is nothing more than the imprisonment
of the soul in a body. In addition to the
physical world, there is a heavenly
.
realm of greater reality consisting in
Forms, Ideals, or Ideas (such as
Equality, Justice, Humanity, and so on).
Plato: The philosopher who would be king
The theory of Forms or theory of Ideas
is a philosophical theory, concept, or
world-view, attributed to Plato, that the
physical world is not as real or true as
timeless, absolute, unchangeable ideas
.
Plato: The philosopher who would be king
rational and righteous, political order,
which he proposes, leads to a
harmonious unity of society and allows
each of its parts to flourish, but not at
the. expense of others.
Aristotle: A long walk to the Golden Mean

The founder of logical theory,

Aristotle believed that the
greatest human endeavor is the
use of reason in theoretical
activity.
.
Aristotle: A long walk to the Golden Mean

The founder of logical theory,

Aristotle believed that the
greatest human endeavor is the
use of reason in theoretical
activity.
.
Aristotle: A long walk to the Golden Mean

he claims that there must be a

separate and unchanging being
that is the source of all other
beings.
.
Aristotle: A long walk to the Golden Mean

father of western logic, Aristotle

was the first to develop a formal
system for reasoning.

.
 SOCRATES – PLATO – ARISTOTLE

Socrates plato aristotle

Fatalism happiness free will
Unity high virtue diversity
Own thought soul repetition
Dialect
. break free empirical
 St. Augustine

uses the existence of eternal truths

as proof of the existence of God.
believed that God is the source of
all .truth, and that it is through God's
illumination that humans are able to
understand the truth
 St. Augustine

the soul is the seat of

consciousness, intellect and will. It
is through the soul that humans are
able
. to know God and participate in
the divine life
 Confucius
also referred to as Kong Qui or
K’ung Fu-tzu, was a Chinese
philosopher, teacher, and political
figure largely considered the father
of the Eastern style of thought. His
.
teachings focused on creating
ethical social relationships, setting
educational standards, and
promoting justice and honesty
 Confucius

“What you do not wish for yourself,

do not do to others.”
.
 Dante

Dante’s important theoretical works

included discussions of rhetoric
surrounding
. moral philosophy and
political thought.
 Blaise Pascal

He also propagated a religious

doctrine that taught the experience
of God through the heart rather
than
.
through reason, contrary to
the beliefs of French philosopher
René Descartes.
 John Locke

Locke’s thinking emphasized the

notion that we should acquire ideas
through our experience of the
world.
.
 METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING

A method of philosophizing is a
process of determining the truth or
drawing conclusions from a
statement
.
using various
philosophical methods such as
Socratic, dialetic, scientific and
historical
 METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING
DIALECTIC –it is the act of talking
back and forth, disagreeing with
one another and arguing about
contentious issues
It is a method of coming up with a
.
conclusion from an exchange of
contradicting logical
argumentsMETHOD OF
PHILOSOPHIZING
 METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING
OPINION are comprised of
statements which not only give
facts but also provide conclusions
or perspectives regarding certain
situations
.
 METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING
TRUTH lies at the heart of any inquiry

KNOWLEDGE is simple data that

comes from the outside that pass to
our sense
.

PROPOSITIONS are statements

about the world or reality which may
or may not carry truth
 METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING
BELIEFS statements that express
convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by a fact
EXPLANATIONS – statement that
assume the claim to be true and
.
provide reasons why the statement is
true
 METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING
ARGUMENTS series of statements
that provide reasons to convince the
reader or listener that a claim or
opinion is truthful
.
FALLACIES are arguments based on
faulty reasoning
 METHOD OF PHILOSOPHIZING
BIASES are the personal views of the
person presenting it. They are not
person presenting it. They are not
necessarily errors in reasoning, but
refer to tendencies or influences
.
which affect the views of people
 HOLISTIC VS PARTIAL

Holism comes from the greek word

holos which literally means all,
entire, totality
holism
.
is a school of though that
maintains the interdepedence if
factors to another agencies
causaltities
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit

• We can talk about human experience through our

body
• Through our body, we are given the opportunity to
experience others and the world around us
• Human experience along this line is always an
experience of embodiment
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit

• The experience of embodiment can be described

from the perspective of primary and secondary
reflection
• In the light of primary reflection, our body can be
judged empirically in terms of our observable
physical attributes.
• A scientist could come up with empirical data
about my body or your body, coming up with a
knowledge on its organic reality.
• From this perspective, in the eyes of the scientist,
my body or your body becomes “a body”.
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit

• However, we extend the primary reflection to the

realm of the secondary reflection
• This is not just “a body”. This is my body
• I am my body and I cannot speak of my body and
my self as two separate realities.
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
• What then is my experience of “my body?”
• My body: possession; I can do what I want to do; it
is my body so I have the freedom to use it
according to my will; it is as if my body is a form of
transportation for my self
• On the other hand, there are experiences wherein
you cannot do anything when you are sick, injured,
or in a medical state of disability
• Therefore, the reality of possession loses its hold. I
cannot simply say “my body”. Along this line, I can
say that I am my body.
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
• Therefore, if I abuse my body, I eventually abuse
myself.
• For the French Philosopher Paul Ricoeur, the body
is not the object of action but essentially the organ
by which human action is fulfilled
• When I suffer for others, I do not say my body
suffers for others but it is I who suffers for others
• Through this body I experience what it means to
live a meaningful life, like a noble life offered at the
service of others, or a life being offered for the
sake of a loved one
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
• Your body is not just an instrument; one cannot
say : It’s just my body and there is nothing
personal about it.
• The person and the body are one; it is you
• Being you, it assumes a subjective reality capable
of experiencing meaning and fulfilment
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
• Examples of situations wherein the body is seen
as separate from the human person:
1. Objectification of women as property and sex
objects
2. People seen as means for profits (unjust labor
practices)
3. Functional relationships
4. Genetic engineering (cloning of human being)
5. Abuse through alcohol or drugs
6. Being workaholic
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
• Edward Calasanz: “I am not just a body. My body
in this sense, being mine, being the person that I
am, is my identity.
• Fr. Cruz:
“Embodiment is to make incarnate a meaning
which proceeds from the inner person of man and
makes it visible or present through a proper body
structure or gesture…This meaning proceeds from
the inner core of man and is made incarnate.”
• Meaning of incarnation; Assumption
 The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit
• As an embodied spirit, we live in a world not of
things but in a world where we create meanings in
our everyday experiences.
• If we lose this embodiment, we throw away the
opportunities to experience a meaningful life
• If we regard this body of ours simply as an
instrument, or when we regards others as means
to our selfish ends, we also lose the opportunity to
experience a meaningful life; this is mere existing
and not really living
• In our embodiment, we experience our limitations
and our capacity for transcendence
 Our embodiment as human subjectivity
• Human subjectivity refers to the incarnate reality of
the human person
• By being in the world as an embodied spirit, I
experience my own situatedness
• The reality of the human person is contextual,
always in a given situation
• Human subjectivity embraces my own limitations
and my capacity to create meanings before
unchangeable realities (transcendence)
 Our embodiment as human subjectivity
• Experiences of human limitations:
1. sick
2. unable to realize one’s aspirations due to
limiting situations
3. powerlessness
• Experiences of human transcendence
1. overcoming poverty through persistence in
education
2. getting over painful and difficult situations
• Nelson Mandela, Victor Frankl, Gandhi
 Our embodiment as human subjectivity
• In the midst of our limitations, we can still be free
for we have the power to create meanings in our
lives; this is where hope comes in
• Hope is the reality of embracing our limitations,
and from this moment of acceptance, we elevate
our lives to a higher form of existence
• Hope is an manifestation of what it means to be
human
• Hence, as we embrace our limitedness, freedom is
expressed in its fullest sense
 Our embodiment as human subjectivity
• Human subjectivity is both an experience of
limitedness and transcendence; it is a
manifestation of what we cannot do and what we
are capable of doing (potentials).
• Being a subject means that a person cannot be
looked upon as an object or as an instrument
(means) to further our ends