ARTICLE 1

ANSWER 1: Having a smooth joint movement depends on cartilage, and damage

to this tissue can result in pain and cause damage to the joint. To solve the issue of
cartilage damage which leads to arthritis in joints, researchers in China and
Canada have developed a gel that is built from proteins to solve the problem. A
cartilage scaffold, which is a type of artificial cartilage, is used to help repair the
original cartilage as the scaffold biodegrades. This is possible due to the proteins
being reabsorbed by the body to repair itself in about 12 weeks in animals. Due to
the strange jelly-like nature of cartilage, but stiff in structure at the same time, the
scaffold is a temporary solution to this problem since it is quite difficult to
replicate this strange jelly-like but stiff structure. However, this product may still
need to be tested further before it is implemented in humans, which would take
some time.

ANSWER 2: One of the four types of tissues that fall under the category of
specialised connective tissue is cartilage. Supporting various body parts is the
major function of connective tissue. The cartilage supports and allows flexibility in
mostly joints due to its solid yet flexible jelly-like nature. The development of an
artificial scaffold would be a boon in the medical field soon as it would not only
hasten the healing process but also provide the patient with some temporary
movement and relief. This tissue is difficult to repair but is very important as it
helps the movement of joints.
 ARTICLE 2

ANSWER 1: Humans have the ability to think, remember and decide for
themselves in almost every situation. This ability comes from the neocortex
present in our brains using the feedforward and feedback system. This enables our
brain to relay information back and forth using neurons which in turn helps the
brain to retain short term memories and make decisions based off those
memories. Engaging multiple senses such as sight, smell, touch etc. enhances the
coordination and communication which enables our reflexes to be quicker than
just using a single sense. It is also theorized that the same principles may apply if
one stream of information is sensory while other is cognitive. Based on this theory
one can even find a permanent cure for mental health issues like ADHD,
schizophrenia or any injuries or strokes to the neocortex soon.

ANSWER 2: A feedforward system is a form of control system that acts ahead of

time, before the actual event takes place, to prevent or limit any damage that
might be done to the body as a result of the delay due to the brain making a
decision and acting accordingly. According to the article, we may relate to the idea
that the more senses we use to prepare for the occurrence, the more we will be
able to minimise the lag and minimise the harm. The greatest way to illustrate this
principle is with the example of crossing a road. When crossing a road, we must
ensure that it is safe to do so and that no traffic is present.
 ARTICLE 3

ANSWER 1: ChatGPT offers numerous benefits in biology and environmental

science, including education, research, scientific publishing, outreach, and societal
translation. Its vast information pool enables knowledge acquisition, helps
researchers identify patterns, and generate new results. ChatGPT can translate
complex scientific concepts into easily understood language. It can analyse
complex datasets, integrate biological data, and create predictive models, validate
these models through virtual experiments, and facilitate drug discovery and safety
profiling. ChatGPT can help meet the UN SDGs, such as good health and well-
being, quality education, affordable and clean energy, sustainable cities and
communities, climate action, peace, justice, and strong institutions.

ANSWER 2: The development of AI or artificial intelligence has always been a

matter of controversy among people and the policy makers. It no doubt has some
adverse effects from its usage but the advantages it offers outweigh the
disadvantages. In the field of medicine or biology, it comes out to be very helpful
as it crunches up the complex data into easier terms and can even solve complex
problems within fractions of a second which would enable it to produce several
test results based on hypothetical situations and theories put together to create a
perfect outcome almost every time, thereby reducing the load and precious time
of the scientists and the researchers especially in the field of personalized
medicine.
 ARTICLE 4

ANSWER 1: The American Medical Association (AMA) has criticized BMI as an "imperfect"
measure of body fat with a problematic history. The metric doesn't distinguish between body
fat and lean body mass and doesn't capture where excess fat is carried, which increases the risk
of type 2 diabetes. BMI cutoffs are based on the imagined ideal Caucasian, which means that
the same BMI thresholds don't indicate the same level of disease risk in all patients. Scientists
and medical professionals' views of the risk of disease and mortality associated with obesity are
influenced by the extensive use of BMI in medical studies. Studies often fail to account for other
factors that may affect people's risk, such as smoking, alcohol use, medication use, or family
history of disease.

ANSWER 2: The BMI or the body mass index measure the amount of fat or mass a body has
based on its height and weight. This was widely used in the medical field to predict chances of
diseases like diabetes or obesity but was found out to be not as effective as it seemed because
it did not account for different body types and the adipose tissue stored around the organs to
keep them safe (visceral fat). However, with the new guidelines issued by the AMA other factors
are also taken into consideration which made prediction for diseases easier and potentially
increased the human lifespan due to this.
 ARTICLE 5

ANSWER 1: A study reveals that frequent fried food consumption, particularly

fried potatoes, is strongly associated with a higher risk of anxiety and depression.
The contaminant acrylamide, a representative food processing contaminant in
fried products, induces anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours via oxidative
stress-mediated neuroinflammation. The PPAR signalling pathway mediates
acrylamide-induced lipid metabolism disorder in the brain. This study provides
strong evidence to unravel the mechanism of acrylamide-triggered anxiety and
depression, emphasizing the importance of reducing fried food consumption for
mental health.

ANSWER 2: Frequent consumption of fried foods is strongly linked to a higher risk

of developing anxiety and depression. Notably, the fact that acrylamide is a typical
contaminant in fried meals helps to clarify its toxicological mechanism of action.
Younger and more male consumers showed a stronger correlation. Chronic
exposure to acrylamide significantly raises the indicators of lipid peroxidation and
upregulates the production of proinflammatory lipid mediators, indicating
enhanced brain inflammatory state. Together, these findings underscore the need
of limiting fried food consumption for mental health and offer strong
epidemiological and mechanistic support for unravelling the mechanism of
acrylamide-triggered anxiety and depression.