Technical Comparisons Between Two Types of

Antennas at a Frequency of 3 GHz⋆

Myriam Cumbajin1[0000−0001−9993−7095] , Yesika Jaramillo2[0009−0008−9889−3172] ,

Alex Calle2[0009−0002−9351−8089] , and Carlos Gordón2[0000−0002−8031−2658]
1
SISAu Research Center, Facultad de Ingenierı́a, Industria y Producción,
Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, UTI, Ambato 180103, Ecuador.
2
GITED Research Group. Facultad de Ingenierı́a en Sistemas, Electrónica e
Industrial. Universidad Técnica de Ambato, UTA, 180207, Ambato – Ecuador
myriamcumbajin@indoamerica.edu.ec, {yjaramillo6823,acalle8211,
cd.gordon}@uta.edu.ec

Abstract. This paper presents a detailed performance comparison be-

tween two widely used antenna types: the Patch Antenna with Insert
Field and the 1x4 Linear Array, operating at a frequency of 3 GHz. Us-
ing Ansoft Designer software, simulations and modeling were conducted
for both antennas, analyzing key parameters such as directivity, gain,
reflection coefficient, and radiation pattern.[6] The results show that the
1x4 Linear Array exhibited higher directivity and gain compared to the
Patch Antenna with Insert Field. Furthermore, the 1x4 Linear Array
demonstrated greater flexibility in controlling the beam pointing angle.
On the other hand, the Patch Antenna with Insert Field stood out for
its ease of implementation and its capability for more omnidirectional
radiation.

Keywords: Antenna · Patch.

1 Introduction

In the constantly evolving field of telecommunications, choosing the most suit-

able antenna for a specific application is of vital importance to ensure optimal
system performance, especially in satellite applications. In this paper, we focus
on the simulation, implementation, and comparison of two widely used antennas:
the Patch Antenna with Insert Field and the 1x4 Linear Array, both operating
at a frequency of 3 GHz.
The main objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the performance
of both antennas in terms of directivity, gain, reflection coefficient, and radia-
tion pattern, using Ansoft Designer software. By gaining a deep understanding
of the technical behavior of each antenna in the 3 GHz frequency range, we
aim to identify which one is more suitable for specific applications in satellite
communication systems.
⋆
Supported by organization x.
2 F. Author et al.

The Simulation and Modeling section explores the operating principles of

each antenna and conducts detailed simulations using Ansoft Designer to obtain
accurate and reliable results. Based on the performance parameters obtained,
we will analyze the feasibility of implementing these antennas in practical appli-
cations, particularly in the satellite context.
In the Performance Comparison section, we will provide a comprehensive
evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of each type of antenna. This
comparative analysis will enable us to make informed decisions regarding the
most appropriate antenna to meet specific requirements in different communi-
cation systems and applications within the 3 GHz spectrum, with a particular
focus on their use in satellites.

2 Methodology

2.1 Main Objective

The main objective of the paper is to design and model antennas to understand
and evaluate the behavior of both antennas within the 3GHz frequency range.
In this context, the antenna design aims to optimize the performance of each
type of antenna for its specific application, ensuring efficient radiation and signal
reception at the desired frequency.
For the design of the Patch Antenna with Insert Field, the dimensions and
characteristics of the main patch and supplementary patch (Insert Field) must
be determined. These patches are separated by a dielectric material that affects
their electromagnetic interaction and, consequently, their radiation behavior.
The shape, size, distance, and connectivity between both patches will be consid-
ered to achieve better focusing and control of radiation in the desired direction.
Regarding the 1x4 Linear Array, the linear alignment of the four radiating
elements must be designed. The dimensions and configurations of the elements
will be defined to achieve the appropriate phase and amplitude, producing a
directional radiation pattern with maximum gain in the desired direction. The
choice of separation between the elements of the Linear Array is also crucial for
controlling the beam width and directivity.
Once the design of both antennas is completed, the modeling process will be
conducted using Ansoft Designer software. This process involves creating three-
dimensional models that faithfully represent the physical structure of the anten-
nas. The design parameters obtained previously will be input into the software
to simulate the behavior of the antennas within the 3GHz frequency range.

2.2 Design

For the antenna with Insert Field, the following calculations have been per-
formed:
 Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 3

Antenna width
c
W = q
Er+1
2f o + 2

(1)

Where: c : Speed of light

fo : Operating frequency.
Er : Electricalpermittivityof thematerial.

3 ∗ 108
W = q
2 ∗ 3Ghz ∗ 4.3+1
2

W = 2, 583cm

Effective permittivity

Er + 1 Er − 1 1
Eef f = + ∗q
2 2 1 + 12 ∗ h
W

(2)

Er + 1 Er − 1 1
Eef f = + ∗q
2 2 1 + 12 ∗ 0,1465
2,58

Eef f = 4.086

Length increment
∆L

(Eef f + 0.3) ∗ ( W
h + 0.264)
∆L = h ∗ 0.4086 ∗
(Eef f − 0.258)( Wh + 0.8)

(3)

0,258
(4.086 + 0.3) ∗ ( 0,1465 + 0.264)
∆L = 0.1465 ∗ 0.4086 ∗ 0,258
(4, 086 − 0.258)( 0.1465 + 0.8)

∆L = 0.54mm
4 F. Author et al.

Antenna length
c
L= p − 2∆L
2 + F o + Eef f
(4)

3 ∗ 108
L= √ − 2(0.054)
2 ∗ 3Ghz ∗ 4.086
L = 2.426cm
Once the calculations for the length and width dimensions of the patch have
been performed, Figure 1 shows the final design of the patch antenna with a rect-
angular geometry, created using ANSOFT DESIGNER. The designed antenna
features a rectangular copper patch with the calculated dimensions W * L. On
the backside of the antenna, there is the ground plane, on which the copper layer
covers the entire width and length of the FR4 substrate.
For the 4x1 Patch Array antenna, the same calculations as the previous one
were performed for each individual patch. The design was then coupled to a
power divider, connecting the patch antennas. The result of this arrangement is
shown in Figure 2.

Fig. 1. Antenna modeling with insert field

 Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 5

Fig. 2. Modeling of the 4x1 array antenna

2.3 Simulation of Patch Antenna with Insert Field

Reflection Coefficient, and Gain: In Figure 3, the reflection coefficient and gain
of the patch antenna with Insert Field at the operating frequency can be ob-
served.

Impedances: In Figure 4, the impedance matching of the patch antenna with

Insert Field can be observed.

2.4 Simulation of 4x1 Patch Array Antenna

Reflection Coefficient and Gain: In Figure 5, the gain of the 4x1 patch array
antenna and the operating frequency can be observed.

Impedances Figure 6 shows the impedance matching of the patch antenna with
insert field.
6 F. Author et al.

Fig. 3. Patch antenna gain with insert field

Fig. 4. Patch antenna coupling with insert field

 Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 7

Fig. 5. 4x1 patch array antenna gain

Fig. 6. Coupling of the 4x1 patch antenna array.

8 F. Author et al.

2.5 Manufacturing

To manufacture the two types of antennas, the design was not exported to a file
in pdf format. Once the image had the desired design features, it was printed
on paper special thermal transfer for PCB manufacturing. Using the iron-on
technique, the design was not transferred to the PCB and introduced into ferric
chloride to remove excess coppermade. In this way, the antenna with insert field
was obtained shown in Figure 7 and the antenna array in Figure 8. Additionally,
an RP-SMA FEMALE connector was soldered of 50 ohms.

Fig. 7. Implementation of the patch antenna with insert field

Fig. 8. Implementation of the 4x1 patch array antenna

 Title Suppressed Due to Excessive Length 9

2.6 Results and discussion

An exhaustive simulation of two different types of antennas was carried out: the
Patch Antenna with Insert Field and the 4x1 Antenna Array. Both antennas were
modeled and simulated using Ansoft Designer software, considering an operating
frequency of 3GHz, which is the frequency of interest for our specific application.
During the simulation, several key parameters were obtained for each an-
tenna, including gain, impedance, reflection coefficient, SWR (Standing Wave
Ratio), voltage, and current. These parameters provided detailed information
on the performance and characteristics of each antenna at the frequency of in-
terest.
To complement the results of the simulation, various papers and works related
to the subject were consulted and analyzed. These papers provided additional
information on similar antennas, their designs, features, and applications in dif-
ferent contexts. The review of these papers was essential to obtain a broader and
more informed vision of the performance of the antennas and the best practices
in their design.
The comparison of the parameters obtained from the simulations and the
information collected from the papers allowed us to determine which of the two
antennas offers better performance for our specific application. By carefully eval-
uating and analyzing all the results, it was possible to select the most suitable
antenna that meets our requirements for wireless communication on the 3GHz
frequency. These results can be seen in Table 1, where some technical param-
eters offered by the simulation in the software are compared, where one of the
factors that are most changed are gain and power, giving the antenna a greater
advantage with arrangement.

Table 1. Comparison of Parameters between Patch Antenna with Insert Field and 4x1
Antenna Array at 3GHz

Parameters Patch Antennas

Patch with Insert Field 4x1 Array
Frecuency 3GHz 3GHZ
Gain 8,4dB 11,5dB
Impedance 50 ohms 50 ohms
Reflection Coefficient -39dB -25dB
Current 1mA 1mA
Power 16 W 23 W

2.7 Conclussions

– It can be concluded that in the arrangement from 1 to 4 , we must have a

perfect current divider so that it arrives the same intensity and the same
phase towards the antenna patch.
10 F. Author et al.

– It has been possible to conclude that the operation of an array is based

on the interaction of the radiations of the dis- red elements that make up
the arrangement, making the interference from the fields radiated by each
element Provide us with the desired radiation pattern.
– It has been possible to manufacture the antenna that we have designed
obtaining some values in terms of very similar bandwidth and frequency
response to the values obtained with the Ansoft Designer simulator. and
simulations were carried out to compare key performance parameters such
as gain, directivity, bandwidth, reflection coefficient, signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) and efficiency, between the two antennae. The patch antenna with
insert field showed a greater efficiency in terms of size and width of band,
while the linear array antenna array of 1x4 stood out in terms of gain and
directivity.
– According to the values obtained in the simulation of the antennas, it has
been observed that the arrangement of 1x4 antennas provide better power
reception As its structure is divided into 4 parts, on the other hand, the
patch antenna with insert field is a good option for that it is an antenna
transmitting energy.

Acknowledgment

The authors thank the invaluable contribution of the Technological University

Indoamerica, for his support in conducting the research project “ESTUDIO DE
ALGORITMOS HIBRIDOS DE APRENDIZAJE AUTOMATICO PARA LA
PREDICCIÓN DE GENERACIÓN DE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES”, Project
Code: 281.230.2022. Also, the authors thank the Technical University of Am-
bato and the “Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo” (DIDE) for their support
in conducting this research, in the execution of the project ”Captación de En-
ergı́a Limpia de Baja Potencia para Alimentación de Dispositivos de Quinta
Generación (5G)”, approved by resolution “Nro. UTA-CONIN-2022-0015-R”.
Project code: SFFISEI 07.

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