CHALLIS -1A AC

CHOLERA

Pathogen Vibrio cholerae

methods of water-borne ,
food
transmission borne .

Global Asia ,
Africa ,
Latin

distribution America

Incubation 2 hours to 5 days

period

site of infection wall Of small intestine

symptoms severe diarrhoea ,

loss of water and salts ,

dehydration ,
weakness

dipstick test of rectal swabs ; identification of V.

Method of
cholerae in faecal samples using microscopy
diagnosis

Annual incidence 1.3 M to 4M ( WHO estimate)

in 2017

Annual mortality 21000 to 143000 ( WHO estimates

in 2017

Treatment ◦ solution of salts & glucose

◦ oral rehydration therapy

Prevention 1 .
Sewage treatment
2. Clean water pipe (chlorinated)
TUBERCULOSIS

pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis ; mycobacterium bovis

methods of Air born droplets -

in overcrowded conditions .

transmission Those with low immunity because of malnutrition

Global worldwide
distribution

Incubation a few weeks or up to several years

period

site of Primary infection in lungs ; secondary infections in lymph nodes , bones

infection and gut

symptoms Racking cough coughing blood ,

,
chest pain ,
shortness of breath , fever,
sweating , weight lost

Method •
Rapid molecular test detecting presence of DNA from M tuberculosis
.

of diagnosis
°
Microscopical examination of sputum for bacteria
°
Chest X-ray
long term culture of bacteria Cup to 12 Weeks)
° -

Annual incidence •
10 million CWHO estimate)
in 2017
°
Over 90% Of the cases among adults ;
more men than woman

Annual mortality 1.6 Million , including about 300000 deaths

in 2017 of people who were HN -1 (WHO estimate]

Treatment ° Patients should be isolated while they are in the

most infectious stage C patients should be isolated

while they are in the most infectious stage )
• Treatment involves using several drugs to ensure that
all the bacteria are killed
• The drugs widely used are isoniazid & rifampicin

Prevention °
contact tracing
◦ BCG vaccine ,
derived from M bovis
. & protects up to

to -00% of people who receives it

HIV/AIDS

pathogen ◦ semen & vaginal fluids during sexual intercourse

• infected blood / blood products
0 Contaminated hypodermic syringes
• mother to fetus across placenta & at birth
•
mother to infant in breast milk

Global distribution worldwide , especially in sub-Saharan Africa & Southeast Asia

Incubation initial incubation a few weeks , but up to ten years

period or more before symptoms of Albs may develop

site of T -

helper lymphocyte , macrophage , brain cells

Infection

symptoms •
HIV infection -
Hu like
-

symptoms & then symptomless

°
AIDS opportunistic infections including pneumonia
-

TB & cancers ; weight loss diarrhoea , fever , sweating,

,

dementia

method of testing blood , saliva or urine for the presence of

diagnosis antibodies produced against HI

Estimated total 36.9 million C approx .

67% of these in sub-Saharan

number of people Africa ) ( UNAIDS estimate)

living w/ HIV
worldwide in 2017

Estimated number 1.8 million l UNAIDS estimate)

of new cases
of HIV infection

worldwide in 2017

Estimated number 940 000 (UNAIDS estimate)

of deaths from
AIDS-related
diseases in 2017

Treatment °
No specific treatment
•
Drug therapy can slow down the onset of AIDS

quite dramatically so many HIV -1

that people may
now have a normal life expectancy

Prevention ◦ education about the spread of

the infection & encouraged to change
their behaviour to protect themselves and others
• condoms , femidoms & dental dams are

the only effective methods of reducing the

risk of infection
•
contact tracing is an important part of
controlling the spread of HIV
•
Injecting drug users are advised to

give up their habit , stop sharing

needles I take their drug in a
different way
◦ Blood collected from blood donor is
screened for HIV & heat treated to
-

kill any viruses

MALARIA

pathogen Plasmodium falciparum ,

P . Vivax , P Ovale
.
,
P malaria
.

Methods of °
Insert vector
transmission °
blood transfusion
•
re -

used unsterile needles

•
placenta from mother to fetus

Global
distributionlion throughout the tropics & sub -

tropics

Incubation from a week to a year

period

site of liver , RBC , brain

infection

symptoms fever , anaemia , nausea , headaches , muscle pain

,

shivering sweating
,
.
enlarged spleen

Method of dipstick test for malaria

diagnosis

Annual incidence 219 Million cases of malaria in 90 countries -

worldwide in 2017 [ WHO estimate ) 92% Of cases are in Africa

Annual mortality 435000 deaths CWHO estimate) 93% of deaths

worldwide in 2017 are in Africa

Treatment •
Anti -
malarial drugs such as quinine &
Chloroquine are used infected people
to treat
• Artemisinin -
based combination therapy CACTI .

Prevention • reduce the number of mosquitoes

• avoid being by mosquitoes
bitten
◦ Use pwphylatic drugs to prevent
plasmodium infecting people
• kill the insect vector
• break the transmission cycle
• use insect repellents
0 Sleep beneath mosquito nets
TYPHOID

pathogen Salmonella serotype Typhi & Salmonella

serotype Paratyphi

Method of water-borne , food-borne ,

and close
transmission contact

Global Eastern ✗ Southern Asia (especially Pakistan, India

,
distribution and Bangladesh ] Africa the Caribbean central &
, , ,

south America , Middle East

Incubation 6 to 30 days
period

site of bloodstream R interstitial tract

infection

symptoms high fever , headache , stomach

pain & either constipation / diarrhoea

method
of transmission blood testing

Annual An estimated 11-20 million people

incidence

Annual mortality 120000 -161000 people die from

worldwide it every year ( source : WHO )

Treatment treated with antibiotics although increasing

resistance to different types of antibiotics
is making treatment more complicated

prevention •
Improve living condition
• Antibiotics
•
Avoid raw milk
• Ensure food is properly cooked
◦
Wash fruits & vegetables carefully
MEASLES

Pathogen morbillivims measles virus

Methods Direct contact w/ infectious droplets or by airborne

of transmission spread when an infected person breathes , coughs , or
sneezes, droplet stays in the air up to two hours

Global Brazil , Nigeria , Israel , Ukraine , Madagascar ,

India,
distribution and the Philipines

Incubation 11 to 12 days
period

site of infection lives in the nose & throat mucus

high fever cough & watery eyes

symptoms , , runny nose

Method of Detection ofmeasles specific IgM antibody in serum

-

diagnosis and measles RNA by real time polymerase chain

-

reaction ( RT-PCR) in a respiratory specimen

Annual incidence 7.585.900 estimated cases ( WHO estimates)

worldwide in 2017

Annual mortality 124 000 estimated deaths CWHO estimates)

worldwide in 2017

Treatment •
no specific treatments
• Treatment includes providing comfort
measures to relieve symptoms , such as

rest , and treating / preventing complications

prevention measles vaccination for children