iïuka;%Kh 2023 wf.

daia;=
SOCI 2015 – iudcúoHd;aul kHdh (fojk ieish)
uydpd¾h Wfífialr Èidkdhl, iudcúoHd wOHhkdxYh, le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h.

5. fjfíßhdkq iudcúoHd;aul Ñka;kh ms<sn| ú.%yhla lrkak .

uelaia fjn¾hkq c¾uka cd;sl iïNdjH iudc úoHd{fhl= f,i y÷kajd Èh yels fõ. 1864 wfm%a,a
ui 21 Èk c¾uksfha tka*¾Ü k.rfha Ôj;a jQ Okj;a fm%df;ia;ka;%jd§ mjq,l fjn¾ Wm; ,nd
we;. l=vdl, isgu fmd;m; lshùug ±ä reÑhla ±la jQ fjn¾ jhi wjqreÿ oy wg muK jkúg;a ,
m%lg f,aLlhskaf.a m%isoaO fmd;am;a mjd lshjd ;u ±Kqu jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug iu;a ù ;sfí.
fjn¾f.a mshdf.a m%N+ Èúfmj; fukau, ujf.a ksy;udkS iudc ,eÈ iajrEmh ;reK jhi jkúg
fjn¾f.a fm!reI;ajh f.dv kef.kakg miqìï jQ m%Odk iOlhla jk nj fmfka.

1882 jif¾ § c¾uksfha yhsâ,an¾.a (Heidelberg) úYajúoHd,hg we;=<;Aj kS;s úoHdj wOHhkh
l< o l,d úIhhka yd iudÔh úoHd ms<sn| wOHhk flf¾ o Tyqf.a jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l<
nj i|yka fõ. c¾udkq rcfha kS;sh wkqj jirl hqO yuqod fiajhg ne£ fiajh lrkakg o, ;reK
fjn¾g isÿ jk w;r, bka wk;=rej ;u wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd yhsâ,an¾.a úYajúoHd,fhka
c¾uksfha n¾,ska (Berlin) úYajúoHd,hg;a, bka miq f.dáka.ka (Gottingen) úYajúoHd,hg;a
we;<;a ù ;sfí. fï wkqj 1886 § fjn¾ kS;s úoHdj ms<sn| ;u m%:u Wmdêh ,nd .kakfka c¾uksfha
f.dáka.ka úYajúoHd,h u`.sks.

kS;sh, foaYmd,k yd w¾Ól úoHdj yd b;sydih hk úIhka ms<sn| fjn¾ ;=< jQ mq¿,a ±kqu m%lg
lrñka, fjn¾ úiska bÈßm;a l< ‘uOHld,Sk fj<| jHdmdr ixúOdkj, b;sydih ms<sn|
wOHhkh’ kï ksnkaOkh i|yd 1889 jif¾§ ;u wdpd¾h Wmdêh ysñlr .kakd ,È. fï wkqj
1893 § c¾uksfha f*hsn¾.a úYajúoHd,fhka wd¾Ól úoHdj ms<sn| uydpd¾h OQrhla fjn¾g
msßkuñka Tyq úYajúoHd,fha fiajhg we;=<;a lr .kakd ,È.

1897 muK jk úg yg.;a lsishï udkisl frda.S ;;ajhla ksid mSvdjg m;ajk fjn¾ 1901 muK
jkúg thska iqjh ,enQj o, jßka jr tu frda.h u;=ùu fya;=fjka uq¨ Ôú; ld,hu fjn¾ thska
mSvd ú¢k ,o nj i|yka fõ. fï ksid 1900 -1918 olajdu úYajúoHd,fha b.ekaùfï ld¾fhka
neyerj isákakg fjn¾g isÿ úh. 1918 -1920 ld,h ;=< Tyq kej; úYajúoHd,j, foaYkj,g
iïnkaO ù lghq;= l< w;ru, tu ld,h ;=< Tyq m%N, f,i foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh yd tys
ixj¾Okhg ish ±kqu fhdojkakg o lghq;= lrk ,§. fjn¾ 1920 cQks ui 14 fjks Èk fuf,dúka
iuq .kakd ,È.

c¾uka cd;sl iudc úoHd{fhl= jQ ld,a ud¾laia f.a kHdhd;aul ú.%yhka ;=<ska hqfrdamfha
kef.ñka mej;=k OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k l%uhg lsishï ;¾ckhla t,a, úh.
flfia kuq;a fjn¾g Wm;skau ysñ jQ foaYmd,k ú{dkh wkqj Tyq ;=< f.dv ke.=fka udlaiajdoh
úfúpkh lrk, OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól l%uh úêu;a ld¾hlaIu l%uhla f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug
wkqn, fok wdldrfha iudc foaYmd,k Ñka;khls. fï ksid fjn¾f.a fndfyda iudc úoHd;aul
ú.%yhka ;=< Tyq ld,a ud¾laiaf.a kHdhd;aul ú.%yhka úfõpkh lrñka , tajdg m%;s ms<s;=re ,nd
fokakg W;aidy lr we;s nj fmfkkag ;sfí.

iqúfYaIs iïNdjH iudcúoHd{fhl= jk uelaia fjn¾f.a iudcúoHd;aul Ñka;kh yd tu.ska

iudcúoHdjg isÿ jQ fiajh úuid n,kúg Tyq m%Odk kHdhd;aul ú.%yhka lSmhla bÈßm;a lrñka
iudcúoHdfõ kHdhd;aul moku Yla;su;a lrkakg odhl jQ wdldrh fmkajdÈh yels fõ. fjn¾f.a
tu kHdhd;aul ú.%yhka fufia oelaúh yels fõ.

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1. iudc l%shdj yd wka;¾l%shdj ms<sn| kHdh
2. iudc ia;rdhkh ms<sn| nyq úp,H ú.%yh
3. iudcfha n,h yd wdêm;H ms<sn| kHdh
4. wd.ñl wdpdrO¾u yd hqfrdamfha OfkaIajr ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ú.%yh

iudc l%shdj yd wka;¾ l%shdj ms<sn| kHdh

fjfíßhdkq iudc úoHd;aul Ñka;kh ;=< wka.¾.; b;d jeo.;a tla kHdhd;aul ú.%yhla f,i, fjn¾
úiska bÈßm;a l< iudc l%shdj (Action) yd wka;¾ l%shdj (Intecaction) ms<sn| kයdh i,lkq ,efí.

uelaia fjn¾, iudc l%shdldÍ;ajh wOHhkh lsÍfï ;u l%ufõoh y÷kajd ;sfnkafka

‘l%uúoHd;aul mqoa.,jdoh’ (Methodological Individualism) hkqfjks. fuu l%ufõoh ;=< Tyq
iudch úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd ‘l%shdj’ (Action) iy ‘w¾:h’ (Meaning) hk ks¾Kdhl fol tlg
taldnoaO fldg .;a m%fõYhla Ndú;d lr ;sfí. fjn¾ Ndú;d lrk ‘l%shdj’ ms<sn| ú.%yh kej;
‘p¾hdj’ (Behavior) iy ‘l%shdj’ (Action) f,i tlsfklska fjkafldg ú.%y lr ;sfí. fï wkqj,
‘p¾hdj’ hkak mqoa.,hdf.a Ñka;kuh fm<Uùlska f;dr j, mqoa.,hd ;=<ska l%shdjg kef`.k iajhx
yeisÍï (Automatic Behaviors) f,i olajd ;sfí. mqoa.,hd ;=< YdÍßlj we;sjk iajhx fm<Uùïj,
g m%;spdr f,i we;sjk l%shd, tkï, weismsh .eiSu, lsúiqï hdu, wEkqï weÍu, jeks mqoa., l%shd,
‘pd¾hd’ hg;g .efkk nj fjn¾ olajd ;sfí. ‘l%shdj’ ms<sn| ú.%y lrk fjn¾, mqoa.,hdf.a
Ñka;kuh l%shdj,sfha ueÈy;aùu u; we;s lrk fm<Uùulg m%;spdr f,i mqoa.,hd l%shdjg k`.k
fiiq l%shdldrlï ‘l%shdj’ f,i fjn¾ ú.%y lr ;sfí.

‘w¾:h’ (Meaning) kï ks¾Kdhlh ms<sn| fjn¾f.a woyi wkqj ‘p¾hdj’g mqoa.,hd úiska ,nd
fok mqoa., ksY%s; w¾:hla fkdue;s nj fmkajd fohs. kuq;a Ñka;kuh fm<Uùul g m%;spdr f,i
mqoa.,hd l%shdjg k`.k ‘l%shdj’ g, wod, mqoa.,hd wd;aóh jYfhka ,nd fok mqoa., ksY%s; w¾:hla
mj;sk nj fjn¾ olajd ;sfí. fï ksid mqoa.,hd úiska ,nd fok w¾:hla fkdue;s mqoa.,hdf.a
iajhx yeisÍï p¾hdj f,i;a, ufkdauh jYfhka we;s lrk W;af;ackhl g (Stimulus) ksh;
m%;spdrh (Responce) f,i Tyq úiska u imhk w¾:hla we;s ish¨ mqoa., l%shdldrlï ‘l%shdj’
f,i;a fjn¾ meyeÈ,s lr ;sfí. l%shdj ms<sn| fjn¾f.a fuu ú.%yh ;j ÿrg;a i,ld n,k úg
meyeÈ,s jkafka, iudc l%shdldÍ;ajh úoHd;aul j úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï § mqoa.,ksY%s; úIhuQ,sl
w¾:hla (Subjective Meaning) we;s j mqoa.,hd l%shdjg k`.k fuu ‘l%shdj’ wOHhkh lsÍu jvd;a
ksjerÈ jk njhs.

mqoa.,hd úiska l%shdjg k`.k w¾:hla iys; l%shd úYaf,aIKh lsÍu iudc úoHdfõ úIh m:h nj
olajk fjn¾, iudc úoHdjg jeo.;a jkafka mqoa., ksY%s; úIhuQ, w¾:hla iys; ;d¾lsl ‘iudc
l%shd’ (Social Action) nj jeä ÿrg;a fmkajd § ;sfí. tkï, mqoa.,hd lsishï w¾:hla we;s j l%shdjg
k`.k hï l%shdjla Tyq Ôj;ajk iudcfha fiiq mqoa.,hska wruqKq lrf.k l%shdjg ke`.Su ;=<ska
tu l%shdj iudc l%shdjla njg m;a fõ. mqoa., l%shdj iudcfha fiiq mqoa.,hska Wfoid w¾:hla
we;sj l%shdjg k`.k úg, th ;d¾lls;ajhla iys; iudc l%shdjla njg m;ajk w;r, iudc úoHd{hd
úYaf,aIKh l< hq;af;a, fuu w¾:hla iys; ;d¾lsl ‘iudc l%shd’ ms<sn|j hehs fjn¾ jeäÿrg;a
olajd ;sfí. mqoa., l%shdj Tiafia iudc l%shdldÍ;ajh f;areï .eksu i|yd bjy,a jk mßÈ fjn¾
iudc l%shd j¾.SlKhla bÈßm;a lr ;sfí.

fjn¾f.a, iudc l%shd j¾.SlrKh

fjn¾ iudc ls%hdfõ uQ,sl j¾. y;rla y÷kd .ksñka iudc l%shdfõ w¾:h meyeÈ,s fldg
olajkakg lghq;= lr ;sfí. fjn¾f.a fuu l%shdj ms<sn| j¾.SlrKh, l%shdj f;areï .ekSug
muKla fkdj, iudc ixia:d yd id¾j iudc jHqyfha l=vd, mokï tallj, l%shdldÍ;ajh f;areï
.ekSug o m%fhdackj;a fõ. fjn¾ bÈßm;a l< l%shdj ms<sn| tu j¾.SlrKh my; mßÈ fõ.
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1. wruqKq.; ;d¾lsl l%shdj (Goal Oriented Rational Action)
2. idrO¾u ;d¾lsl l%shdj (Value Oriented Rational Action)
3. Ndjd;aul l%shdj (Affective or Emotional Action)
4. idïm%odhsl l%shdj (Traditional Action)

iudc ia;rdhkh ms<sn| nyq úp,H ú.%yh

fjfíßhdkq iudc úoHd;aul Ñka;kh ;=< we;s ;j;a m%Odk iudc úoHd;aul kHdhla f,i ‘iudc
ia;rdhkh ms<sn| nyq úp,H ú.%yh’i|yka l< yels fõ. tlsfklg fjkia úp,Hhka (idOl)
lSmhla mokï lr f.k, iudc jHqyh ;=< f.dv kef.k ia;r.; iajNdjh f;areï .ekSu i|yd
fjn¾ úiska .kakd ,o W;aiyh, Tyqf.a nyqúp,H ú.%yh g mokï ù ;sfí. ta wkqj fjn¾ fuu
kHdh u`.ska fmkajd fokafka udkj iudch ;=< tlsflg fjkia iudc ia;rdhk l%u tllg jvd
jeä .Kkla mj;sk nj;a, tu tla tla ia;rdhk l%uh ks¾udKh ù ;sfnkafka tlsfklska úhqla;
(fjka jQ) úp,Hhka lSmhl iajdëk n,mEu ksid jk njhs.

fjn¾ fmkajd § we;s tu tlsfklska jHqla;j l%shd;auljk nyq úp,Hhka yd tu úp,Hfha

n,mEug wkqrEm iudc ia;rdhk l%u meyeÈ,s lr olajd we;af;a my; wldrhghs.

nyq úp,Hhka úúO iudc ia;rdhk l%u

mx;s ia;rdhk l%uh

wd¾Ól idOl-
l=, ia;rdhk l%uh/ia;%S mqreI nj
iudc ;;ajh -
n,h - mlaI ia;rdhk l%u

nyq úp,Hh mokï lr.;a ú.%yhg wkqj fjn¾ meyeÈ,s lrkafka , f,dalfha úúO iudc l%uj,
‘mx;s ia;drdhk l%uh’, ‘l=, ia;rdhk l%uh’ yd ‘mlaI l%uh’ jeks ia;rdhk l%u wkqj iudch
úúO iudc ia;rj,g úfNaokh ù ixúOdkh jk nj;a, tu tla tla iudc ia;r.; rgdjka
ks¾udKh lrkafka ms<sfj,ska ‘wd¾Ól idOl’, mqoa.,hdf.a ‘iudc ;;ajh’ yd ‘n,h’ hk uQ,sl
úp,Hhka fjk fjku iudch ;=< l%shd;aul fjñka we;s lrk n,mEu u; jk njhs.

fjn¾ fuf,i iudc ia;rdhkh ‘nyq úp,Hh’ m%fõYhlska ú.%y lsÍu ;=<ska meyeÈ,s jkafka,
ld,a udlaia iudc ia;rdhkh iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a l<, iudc ia;rdhkh ms<sn| ‘tal úp,Hh’
ú.%yhg m%;súreoaO u;jdohla f.dv k.kakg Tyq ;=< jQ Wkkaÿj h. udlaia Tyqf.a iudc mx;s
kHdh ;=< bosrsm;a l< tal úp,H ú.%yfhka fmkajd ÿkafka f,dalfha we;s tlu iudc ia;rdhk
l%uh jkafka mx;s l%uh nj;a, ta i|yd n,mdk tlu iajdëk idOlh jkafka wd¾Ól idOlh
muKla u jk nj;a, wd¾Ól idOl wkqj ìysjk mx;s l%uh ;=< mj;skafka m%Odk iudc mx;s ia;r
folla muKla jk nj;a h. kuq;a fjn¾ iudc ia;rdhkh fuys ú.%y lrkafka wd¾Ól idOl,
iudc ;;ajh yd n,h hk nyq úpHhka mokï lr f.kh.

iudcfha n,h yd wdêm;H ms<sn| kHdh

uelaia fjn¾f.a ;j;a jeo.;a iudch úoHd;aul ú.%yhla f,i iudcfha n,h yd wdêm;H ms<sn|
kHdh y÷kajd Èh yels fõ. udkj iudcfha mßmd,kh iïnkaOfhka l%shd;auljk n, wdêm;Hh
l%ufha iajrEmh mokï lrf.k iudc jHqyfha l%shdldÍ;ajh ú.%y lrkakg fuu kHdh u.ska
fjn¾ W;aidy f.k ;sfí.

fuu kHdhg wod, iuia: ú.%yfha uq,a wÈhr ;=< iudcfha l%shd;auljk n, wdêm;H l%uhkays
iajrEmh u; mßmd,k wdêm;H l%u ;=kla ms<sn| fjn¾ idlÉPd lr ;sfí. tu wdêm;H l%u w;r
3
 we;s ;=kajeks l%uh jk kS;sh u; mokïjk ‘ks<n, mßmd,k l%uh’, OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól
l%ufha úêu;a ld¾hlaIu mej;au i|yd wod, lr.; yels wdldrh ms<sn| mrudo¾Ys ú.%yhla fuu
kHdfha fojk wÈhr ;=< bÈßm;a lr ;sfí.

iudcfha mßmd,kh Wfoid l%shd;aul jk mßmd,k n, wdêm;H l%u ;=k ms<sn| fjn¾f.a ú.%yhg
wkqj Tyq y÷kd.;a md,k wdêm;H l%u my; wdldrhg bÈßm;a lr ;sfí.

• idïm%odhsl n,h iys; wdêm;H

• wkqydid;aul n,h iys; wdêm;H
• kS;suh n,h iys; ;d¾lsl wdêm;H

fuu wdêm;H l%u ;=k fjn¾ ú.%y lrkafka iudcfha ls%hd;auljk mßmd,k l%shdj,shg wod,
iudc wjia:d ;=kla f,ighs. fuu wdêm;H l%u ;=k tllska tlla ms<sfj,ska ìys jQ l%u ;=klg
jvd iudch iïm%odhsl wdêm;H l%ufha isg kQ;k ks<n, mßmd,k wdêm;H l%u h olajd mßKduh
jk úg fuu, mßmd,k wdêm;H l%u ;=ku jQj o tl úg tlu iudc wjêhl o l%shd;aul úh
yels nj Tyq fmkajd § ;sfí. flfia kuq;a, tla iudc wjêhl by; ±lafjk mßmd,k l%u w;ßka
tla wdêm;H l%uhla m%uqL mßmd,k wdêm;H njg m;ajkafka hehs fjn¾ fmkajd fohs. fuu md,k
wdêm;H l%u w;=ßka kQ;k ÈhqKq iudc wd¾Ól l%uj, mßmd,k ld¾hlaIu;dj i|yd ;sìh hq;=
jvd;a ;d¾lsl md,k wdêm;H l%uh jkafka ks<n, mßmd,k l%uh nj fjn¾ fmkajd § ;sfí.

idïm%odhsl n,h iys; mßmd,k wdêm;H: lsishï iudchl ld,dka;rhla ;sifia m%Yak lsÍulska
f;drj mj;ajdf.k tk iïm%odh wkqj Wreujk n, wdêm;Hhla ysñ mqoa.,fhl= kdhl;ajh g
m;a ù, Tyq hgf;a iudcfha mßmd,kh isÿ ùu fuhska woyia fõ. ck;dj md,kh lsÍu i|yd
kdhlhd m;ajkafka ixialD;sl iïm%odh wkqj jk neúka, ckhd tu mqoa.,hdf.a wdêm;H ms<sf.k
Tyqf.a md,khg wjk; Ndjhla olajkq ,efí. fuu iïm%odhsl n,h iys; wdêm;H wkqj
mqoa.,fhl= kdhla;jhg m;a jkafka Tyq f.dvk.df.k we;s idê; .=Kdx. fyda yelshdj u;
fkdj wdfrdams; .=Kdx. mokï lrf.kh.

• wkqydid;aul n,h iys; wdêm;H: wkqyi ms<sn| n,h hkafkaka iudkHfhka woDIHudk woaN+;
n,h hkak woyia fõ. tfy;a iudc úoHd;aulj wkqydid;aul n,h iys; wdêm;H hkafkka hï
mqoa.,fhl= i;= iqúfYaI fm!reI;aj ,laIK fya;=fjka ck;dj Tyq fj; wdl¾IKh lrf.k
wjk; lr .ekSug we;s yelshdj hkak woyia fõ. iudcfha idudkH iudðlhska wNsnjd .sh
iqúfYaI .=Kdx. fujeks mqoa.,hska i;= jk ksidu Tyq g lsishï wdêm;Hla ixflakaøKh fõ. ta
wkqj wkqydid;aul n,h iys; fujeks kdhlhskaf.a o¾Ykh, m%;sm;a;s ms<sf.k Tyq fj; úYd,
msßila wdld¾Ykh fõ. fjn¾g wkqj wfkla wdêm;H l%u foflka, ks<n, ;d¾lsl wdêm;H
mj;sk kS;sh wkqj o, idïm%odhsl wdêm;H iudc iïm%odh wkqj f.dv ke.=k o, fuu wkqydid;aul
wdêm;H mqoa.,hdf.a leßiaud .=Kdx.h (wkqyi) wkqj ;SrKh fõ.

• kS;suh n,h iys; ;d¾lsl wdêm;H: ks<n, ;d¾lsl wdêm;H l%uh ;=< uQ,sl;ajh .kafka
iudchl iïu; fldg f.k we;s kS;sh hs. fuys § hï mqoa.,fhl= kdhla;jhg m;a jkafka;a,
Tyqg n,h ,efnkafka;a, iudch ;=< tu n,h idOrKSlrKh jkafka;a, th kS;HdkQ;+, jk
fyhsks. fuu wdêm;H l%uh wkqj mqoa.,hd jeo.;a fkjk w;r, jeo.;a jkafka iudcfha
ixia:dms;j we;s kS;sh kï iudc wdh;kh hs. wdh;k.;j we;s n,h yd wdêm;H, f;dardm;a lr
.kakd ,o mqoa.,fhl= (ks<Odßfhl=) u`.ska iudcfha mßmd,kh Wfoid l%shdfõ fhoùu fuu
wdêm;H l%ufha úfYaI;ajh fõ. ks< kdhlhd g jvd kS;sh W;a;Í;r jk neúka ks<Odßhd o
mj;sk kS;shg hg;a fõ. tksid fuu md,k wdêm;H l%uh jvd;a ;d¾lsl md,k wdêm;H l%uh
f,i fjn¾ úiska olajd ;sfí.

4
n,h wdêm;H ms<sn| fjn¾f.a fuu kHdhd;aul ú.%yhg wkqj f,dalfha we;s ish¨u iudc l%u
;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,shg Ndckh fjñka mßKduh fjhs. iEu iudc l%uhlau fuu ;d¾lSlrK
l%shdj,sfha úúO wêhrj, mj;sk w;r, ta ta iudc wjêfha ;d¾lsl;ajfha uÜgu wkqj tys
l%shd;aul jk md,k wdêm;Hfha iajrEmh ;SrKh fõ. ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,shg wod, fuu iudc
fjkaiaùfï ika;;sfha jvd;a ;d¾lsl ÈhqKq ,laIK iys; wjêhg ngysr hqfrdamd iudch meñK
isák nj fjn¾ fmkajd § ;sfí. fujeks jvd;a ;d¾lSlrKh jQ iudc l%uj, mßmd,kh Wfoid
o, jvd;a Wiia ;d¾lsl ÈhqKq md,k wdêm;H l%uhla w;HdjYH nj wjOdrKh lrk fjn¾, ta
i|yd fhdod .; hq;= fyd|u md,k l%uh jkafka kS;sh ixia:dms; fldg.;a , kS;sfha ;d¾lsl
ks<n, md,k l%uh nj fmkajd § ;sfí.

kS;sfha ;d¾lsl ks<n, mßmd,k l%uh kQ;k ÈhqKq OfkaIajr iudc l%uj, úêu;a l%shdlÍ;ajh
wdrlaIdlrf.k mj;ajdf.k hdug, úêu;a ld¾hlaIu md,k lu%hla f,i fhdod .ekSug kï tlS
ks<n, hdka;%Kh ;=< wdrlaIdúh hq;= w;HdjYH mrudo¾YS uq,sldx. .Kkdjla we;snj fjn¾
wjOdrKh fldg ;sfí. uelaia fjn¾ ks<n, l%uh ms<sn|j bÈßm;a l< mrudo¾YS uQ,sldx. f,i
y÷kajk tu uQ,sldx. my; mßÈ fõ.

ks<n, l%uh ms<sn| mrudo¾Ys uQ,sldx.

1. iïu; lr.;a kS;s l%uhla ;sìh hq;= ùu
2. iïu; ù we;s kS;sh b,a,d isák iqÿiqlï u; ks<OdÍka ks< ;k;=rej,g m;a lsÍu
3. ks<Odßhd wmlaImd;S j ks< ld¾hhka ys ksr; úh hq;= ùu
4. ks<n, l%uh n, OQrdj,S rgdjlg wkqj ixúOdkh úh hq;= ùu
5. ks<n, l%uh ;=< Y%u úNck l%shdldÍ;ajhla mej;sh hq;= ùu
6. ks<n, l%ufha ish¨ ld¾h lghq;= fmdÿ f,aLk.; l%uhlg wkqj mj;ajdf.k hñka ;d¾lsl
,smsf.dkq l%uhla u; mokï ùh hq;= ùu.

fuu uQ,sldx. fjn¾ úiska mrudo¾YS uQ,sldx. f,i bÈßm;a lr we;s neúka u;=msáka n,d ú.%y
lrk úg fïjd mßmd,kfha jvd;a ld¾hlaIu;dj Wfoid ;sìh hq;= w;HdjYH wx. f,i y÷kd.;
yels fõ. kuq;a m%fhda.slj ks<n, hdka;%khla ;=< i;H jYfhkau fuu uQ,sldx. fldf;la ÿrg
;d¾lslj, ñksiqka jk ks<Odßka u`.ska ls%hdjg ke.sh yels o hkak ms<sn| .eg¨ mek k.sk nj
úfúplhska fmkajd § ;sfí.

wd.ñl wdpdrO¾u yd hqfrdamfha OfkaIajr ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ú.%yh

uelaia fjn¾f.a iudc úoHd;aul ú.%yhka w;r, Tyqf.a wd.u ms<sn| iudc úoHd;aul ú.%yhg o
iqúfYaIs ia:dkhla ysñ fõ. fjn¾ ;=< l=vd wjêfha isg, ish mjq,a miqìu ;=<ska ldjeÿKq
fm%df;ia;ka;% wd.ñl Ndú;h ms<sn| wdNdIh, Tyq wd.u ms<sn| fujeks úoHd;aul ú.%yhla
flf¾ fhduq lrjkakg fya;= jQ nj meyeÈ,s fõ. fjn¾ fuu kHdhd;aul ú.%yh bÈßm;a lf<a,
hqfrdamd b;sidih ;=< isÿ jQ tla ft;sydisl isÿ ùula jQ, wd.ñl m%;aixialrK kï ixisoaêh
fya;=fldg f.k ìys ù, m%p,s; jQ fm%f;ia;ka;% wd.ñl wdpdrO¾u ms<sn| isÿl< ft;sydisl
m¾fhaIKfha f;dr;=re weiqßka h. uelaia fjn¾, È.= ld,hla wd.u iïnkaOfhka isÿ l< fuu
wOHhkfha f;r;=re ú.%y lrñka 1904 § m%ldYhg m;a l< ‘fm%f;ia;ka;% wdpdr O¾u yd
Okjdofha idrh’ (The Protestant Ethics and The Spirit of Capitalism) kï b;d jeo.;a lD;sh ;=<
fuu woyia we;=<;a fõ.

fuu ft;sydisl m¾fhaIKfha § fjn¾, 15 jeks ishji muK jk úg, tf;la hqfrdamfha mej;s
lf;da,sl wd.ug úl,amhla f,i udáka Æ;¾ (Martin Luther, 1483 - 1564) yd fcdaka le,aúka

5
 (John Calvin, 1509 - 1564) y÷kajd ÿka m%;sixialrKjd§ wd.ñl ksldh jQ, fm%df;ia;ka;% wd.fï
b.ekaùu úiska iudchg lrk ,o n,mEu, iudc úoHd;aulj úYaf,aIKh lr n,k ,os. fuu
kj fm%f;ia;ka;% wd.ñl ksldfha b.ekaùu u`.ska, hqfrdamd iudcfha idïm%odhsl lf;da,sl
wkq.dñlhska ;=< foúhka jykafia ms<sn| tf;la mej;s f,daflda;a;rjd§ úYajdi yd wdl,am
moaO;sh fjkia fldg, th ;d¾lsl f,!lsljd§ wdl,am moaO;shla njg mßj¾;kh lrk ,È.
wkq.dñlhska fj; foúhkaf.a wjOdkh blaukska ,ndf.k, Wkajykafia lrd b;d blaukska ,`.d
ùug kï, idïm%dhsl wd.ñl l%shdldrlï j,ska ñ§, ñksid yels blaukska f,!lsl wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj
flf¾ keUqrej, ;u ;ukaf.a f,!lsl wd¾Ól iuDoaêhg ;r`.ldÍj ,``.d úh hq;= nj fuu kj
wd.ñl ksldfha b.ekaùu úh.

fm%f;ia;ka;% wd.ñl ksldfha fuu b.ekaùu u; hqfrdamd rgj, jeishka foúhka jykafia wruqKq
lrf.k ;r`.ldÍ f,i ;u ;ukaf.a f,!lsl wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj b;d blaukska ,`.d lr .ekSug
l%shd lrk ,È. wd.ñl b.ekaùu ;=<ska iudcfha we;s l< fuu mßj¾:kh ft;sydisl m¾fhaIK
m%fõYhlska wOHhkh l< fjn¾, tu`.ska wd.u ms<sn| kj iudc úoHd;aul t<Uqï lSmhla bÈßm;a
lr ;sfí. tu t<Uqï my; wdldrhg ±laúh yels fõ.

‘f,dalhg m%:u jrg OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól Ñka;kh y÷kajd fok ,oafoa, wd.u úisks. tneúka,
OfkaIajr l%ufha ks¾u;Djrhd jkafka w.uhs’. fm%f;ia;ka;% wd.u úiska hqfrdamd iudchg lrk
,o b.ekaùu fya;= fldg f.k, wkq.dñlhska foúhka wruqKq lrf.k ;u f,!lsl wd¾Ól
iuDoaêh läkñka i,id .ekSu flf¾ ;r`.dldÍj keUqre l< nj fjn¾ fmkajd fohs. wd.fï
fuu n,mEu fya;=fjka wkq.dñlhskaf.a wdl,am yd l%shdldrlï ;d¾lSlrKhg ,la lrk ,o nj
Tyqf.a u;h fõ. tys m%;sM,hla f,i, hqfrdamd jeishka Okh foúhka yd iudk fldg i,ld
uqo,a bmehSug;a, uqo,a kslrefKa kdia;s fkdfldg, b;sß lsÍug;a, tfia bmehQ m%d.aOkh kej;,
kej; wdfhdackh fldg ,dN ,nñka, ckhd fõ.j;a OfkaIajr wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh lrd fhduq
l< nj fjn¾ fmkajd § ;sfí. f,dalhg m%:u jrg ;d¾lsl OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól Ñka;kh
y÷kajd foñka, OfkaIajr l%uh f,dalhg y÷kajd fokakg wd.ñl b.ekaùu fya;= jQ neúka,
OfkaIajr l%ufha ks¾ud;Djrhd jkafka wd.uhs hk ks.ukh fjn¾ bÈßm;a lrk ,È. fjn¾
úiska ld,a udlaia wd.u yd OfkaIajr l%uh ms<sn|j bÈßm;a l< u;hg m%;súreoaO j hñka wd.u
ms<sn| uQ,sl t<Uqï folla my; wdldrhg bÈßm;a lr we;.

1. ‘wd.u iudcfha m%N, úm¾hdihla we;s lsÍug n,mEï l< yels m%Odk ixialD;sl wdh;kh fõ’.
idïm%odhsl lf;da,sl wd.ug wkql+,j ixúOdkh ù mej;s idïm%odhsl hqfrdamd iudch, kj
;d¾lsl OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól l%uhla njg mßj¾;kh lrkakag n,mE m%Odk idOlh jQfha
fm%df;ia;ka;% wd.fï b.ekaùu nj fjn¾f.a ks.ukh úh. fjn¾f.a fuu t<Uqu, wd.u iudc
úm¾hdihg tfrys wdh;khls hk, udlaiaf.a u;hg tfrysj f.dvk`.k ,o woyila nj meyeÈ,s
fõ.

2. ‘f,dalfha ish¨ rgj,a iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha wiudk;dj u; ixj¾ê; yd W!K ixj¾ê;
f,i m%Odk l|jqre follg fnod fjka lrk ,oafoa wd.u úisks’. ixj¾Okh wkqj f,dalh m%Odk
l|jqre follg fn§ we;s nj fjn¾ fmkajd fohs.

fï wdldrhg uelaia fjn¾ wd.ñl l%shdldÍ;ajh, wd¾Ólh yd iïnkaO lrñka wd.u ms<sn| kj;u
iudc úoHd;aul m%fõYhla f,dalhg bÈßm;a lrk ,o nj meyeÈ,s fõ.

6. iudc ia;drdhkh ms<sn| ld,a udlaiaf.a yd uelaia fjn¾f.a kHdhd;aul ú.%yhka ys mj;sk iu
úIu;d ú.%y lrkak.
6
ld,a udlaia yd uelaia fjn¾ f.a iudc úoHd;aul oDIaáfldaKj, tlsfklg tfrys mriamr;djla
mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s fõ. ulaiajd§ yd fjfíßhdkq iudc úoHd;aul oDIaáfldaKj, mj;sk tu
fjki Tjqka iudc ia;drhkh ms<sn|j bÈßm;a l< khdhka fol (‘iudc mx;s kHdh’ ys ‘iudc
ia;drdhkh ms<sn| nyq úp,H ú.%yh’) weiqßka meyeÈ,s lr olajkak.

ld,a udlaia hkq ukdj iudc jHqyfha l%shdldÍ;ajh fN!;sljd§j ú.%y l< iudc úoHd{fhls . tys
§ Tyq iudcfha mj;sk ksIamdok l%uh mdol lrf.k, iudc ixialD;sl jHqyh tu w¾: l%uh u;
r|d mj;skakla f,i y÷kd .ksñka iudcfha ish¨ l%shdldrlï fN!;sljd§ oDIaáhlska ú.%y lr
;sfí. ld,a udlaiaf.a fuu iudch ms<sn| fN!;sljd§ ú.%yhg wkqj , Tyq úfYaIfhka u m%.aOk
wdêm;H flakaø lrf.k ixúOdkj ù we;s OfkaIjr iudc l%uhg tfrysj ;u u;jdo bÈßm;a
lrñka, OfkaIajr iudc l%uh mx;s úma,jhlska fjkia lr iudcjd§ iudc l%uhla f,dalfha we;s
lsÍug wkqn, fok wdldrfha iudc Ñka;khla bÈßm;a lr ;sfí.

kuq;a fjn¾f.a iudc úoHd;aul Ñka;kh udlaiag m%;s úreoaO ÈYdjlg fhduq jQjla nj meyeÈ,s
fõ. fjn¾ ish mjq,a mßirh ;=<skau ysñ jQ ksoyia u;OdÍ OfkaIajr Ñka;khla u; msysgd
iudch ú.%y l< iudc úoHd{fhls. ta ksidufjn¾ hqfrdamd rgj, m%p,s; fjñka mej;s
OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól l%uh g hï we,aula olajñka, OfkaIajr iudc wd¾Ól l%uh iqrlaIs;
fldg th ld¾hlaIu l%uhla f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH iudc úoHd;aul oekqu ìys lsÍu
wruqKq lrf.k Tyq ish iudc úoHd;aul kHdhka f.dv k.k ,o nj meyeÈ,s fõ. fï ksid ld,a
udlaia bÈßm;a l< OfkaIjr úfrdaë iudc úoHd;aul ú.%yka yd fjn¾ bÈßm;a l<
kHdhd;aul u;jdo tlsflg fjkia m%;súfrdaë iajrEmhla .kq ,nk nj meyeÈ,s fõ.

ld,a udlaiaf.a yd uelaia fjn¾f.a iudc ms<sn| kHdhd;aul oDIaáfldaKj, mj;sk fuu m%;súfrdaë
iajNdjh uekúka f;areï .ekSug Tjqka fofokd iudc ia;rdhkh iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a l<
u;djo úud ne,sh yels fõ. fï wkqj ld,a udlaia ish ‘iudc mx;s kHdh’ ;=< bÈßm;a l<
‘ia;rdhkh ms<sn| talúp,H ú.%yh’ yd uelaia fjn¾ Tyqf.a ‘iudc ia;rdhkh ms<sn| kHdh’
;=<ska bÈßm;a l< ‘nyq úp,H ú.%yh’ wmg ikaikaokd;aul j úuid ne,sh yels fõ.

udkj iudcfha f.dv kef.k iudc wiudk;dj ke;fyd;a, iudch wiudk iudc ia:rj,g
úfNaokh ù we;s wdldrh udlaiajd§ oDIaÀflaKfhka ú.%y lr ;sfnkafka iudc mx;s kHdh ;=<
h. mx;sh kï ixl,amh udlaiajd§ kHdfha uq,sl ixl,amhla jk w;r , udlaia g wkqj ‘iudc
mx;sh’ hkq f,dalfha ´kEu iudchl mj;sk iudc wiudk;dj úoyd olajk m%Odk idOlh f,i
olajd ;sfí. fuhska Tyq wjOdrKh lrkafka f,dal b;sydifha mej;=k jy,a, jevjiï, OfkaIajr
hk iEu iudc wjêhlu ksIamdok l%ufha jrm%ido iudch ;=< wiudk f,i fn§ hdfï m%;sM,hla
f,i iudch wiudk mx;s ia;r follg úfNaokh jQ njh.

iudcfha mj;sk fuu ksIamdok l%uh úiska f.dv k.k oajkaO iudc ia;r ‘iudc mx;s’ f,i
y÷kajk udlaia tu mx;sh kï ixl,amh, iudchl mj;sk ksIamdok l%uh weiqßka ú.%y lr ;sfnk
nj meyeÈ,s fõ. fuys § mj;sk ksIamdok l%uh ;=< mqoa.,hd bgq lrk ld¾hNdrh l=ula o? hkak
u; udlaia mx;sh w¾: olajd ;sfí. tkï, iudcfha mj;sk ksIamdok l%uh ;=< tl iudk wd¾Ól
l%shdldrlï j, ksr;jk mqoa.hska ish¨ fokd tla mx;shlg wh;a hehs Tyq olajd ;sfí. iEu
iudchl u mj;sk ksIamdok l%uh ;=< wju fõ;khla Wfoid ;u Y%uh jeh lrñka NdKav yd
fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu kï ld¾h bgq lrk msßi tl iudk ld¾hla bgq lrk msßila f,i, Tjqka
ish¨ fokd tla mx;shlg wh;a nj;a, tu msßi iudcfha jrm%ido wysñ ks¾Ok lïlre mx;sh
ke;fyd;a ‘mSä; mx;sh’ f,i udlaia y÷kajd ;sfí. fuu ks¾Ok lïlre mx;shg wju fõ;khla
f.jd, Tjqka ksmojk ish¨ foa ;u whs;shg w;am;a lr .ekSu , kï ld¾h bgq lrk ;j;a msßila
iudcfha isák nj;a, th fojeks mx;sh f,i udlaia y÷kajhs. jrm%ido ysñ OfkaIjr mx;sh
ke;fyd;a ‘mSvl mx;sh’ f,i th y÷kajd ;sfí.
7
fï wkqj b;sydifha iEu wjêhl u mj;sk ksIamdok l%ufha n,mEu u; udkj iudch m%Odk
iudc ia;r follg fnÿKq nj;a, f,dalfha ish¨u iudcj, mj;skafka ksIamdok l%uh jiska
f.dv k.k m%Odk iudc ia;r follska hq;= iudc ia;rdhk l%uhla nj;a, th iudc mx;s ia;rdhk
l%uh f,i;a, ld,a udlaia y÷kajhs. wd¾Ól idOlh kï jk fuu tlu fya;= idOlfha n,mEu
u; wiudk mx;s follska hq;=j ìysjk iuia; f,dalhg u fmdÿ fuu iudc mx;s ia;rdhk l%uh
f,dalfha we;s tlu iy m%Odk;u iudc ia;rdkhk l%uh f,i ie,lsh hq;= nj, udlaia fuu mx;s
kHdh ;=<ska wjOdrKh fldg ;sfí. ld,a udlaif.a iudc mx;s kHdh ;=< Tyq bÈßm;a l< fuu
f,dalfha iEu iudc l%uhlg u fmdÿ wd¾Ólh kï talSh idOlfha n,mEu u; ìysjk, mx;s ia;r
folslka iukaú; f,dalhg u fmdÿ ia;rdhk l%uh ms<sn| ú.%yh ld,a udlaiaf.a iudc ia;rdhkh
ms<sn| ‘tal úp,H ú.%yha’ f,i y÷kajhs.

udlaiaf.a fuu mx;s ia;rdhkh ms<sn| tal úp,H ú.%yh úfõpkh l< fjn¾ iudcfha we;s mx;s
ia;r .Kk folla fkdjk nj olajñka, tys wju jYfhka tys Okm;s, uOHu yd ks¾Ok f,i
mx;s ia;r ;=klaj;a we;s nj udlaia ms<s.; hq;= jj i|yka lr ;sfí. kuq;a udlaia fmkajd fokafka,
iudkHfhka iudc jHqjyh foi n,k úg tys iudc mx;s follg jvd jeä .Kkla we;s nj
u;=msáka fmkqk o, jeo.;a jkafka mqoa.,hd ksIamdok l%uh ;=< bgq lrk ld¾hNdrh wiqßka i,ld
n,k úg tys iudcia;r flmuK ixLHdjla mj;S o? hkak u; mx;s .Kk ;SrKh lsÍu nj;a, ta
wkqj ´kEu iudchl mx;s l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn| h:d¾:jdoS ú.%yl § y÷kd.; yels jkafka,
ksIamdok l%uh úiska ks¾udKh l< m%Odk mx;s ia:r folla muKlau jk nj, udlaia fuhska
wjOdrKh fldg ;sfí.

iudc ia;rdhkh iïnkaOfhka ld,a udlaia bÈßm;a l< by; ú.%yh úfõpkh lrñka , uelaia
fjn¾ udliag m%;súreoaO oDIaáfldaKhlska iudc ia;rdhkh ms<sn| kHdhla bÈßm;a lr ;sfí. th
‘iudc ia;rdhkh ms<sn| nyq úp,H ú.%yh’ f,i y÷kajhs. tlsfklg fjkia úp,Hhka (idOl)
lSmhla mokï lr f.k, iudc jHqyh ;=< f.dv kef.k ia;r.; iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug fuu
kHdh u.ska W;aidy f.k ;sfí. tfjn¾ fuu kHdh u`.ska fmkajd fokafka udkj iudch ;=<
tlsflg fjkia iudc ia;rdhk l%u tllg jvd jeä .Kkla mj;sk nj;a, tu tla tla ia;rdhk
l%uh ks¾udKh ù ;sfnkafka tlsfklska úhqla; (fjka jQ) úp,Hhka lSmhl iajdëk n,mEu ksid
jk njhs. fjn¾ fmkajd § we;s tu tlsfklska jHqla;j l%shd;auljk nyq úp,Hhka yd tu
úp,Hfha n,mEug wkqrEm iudc ia;rdhk l%u meyeÈ,s lr olajd we;af;a my; wldrhghs.

nyq úp,Hhka úúO iudc ia;rdhk l%u

wd¾Ól idOl - mx;s ia;rdhk l%uh
iudc ;;ajh - l=, ia;rdhk l%uh/ia;%S mqreI nj
n,h - mlaI ia;rdhk l%u

nyq úp,Hh mokï lr.;a ú.%yhg wkqj fjn¾ meyeÈ,s lrkafka , f,dalfha úúO iudc l%uj,
‘mx;s ia;drdhk l%uh’, ‘l=, ia;rdhk l%uh’ yd ‘mlaI l%uh’ jeks ia;rdhk l%u wkqj iudch
úúO iudc ia;rj,g úfNaokh ù ixúOdkh jk nj;a, tu tla tla iudc ia;r.; rgdjka
ks¾udKh lrkafka ms<sfj,ska ‘wd¾Ól idOl’, mqoa.,hdf.a ‘iudc ;;ajh’ yd ‘n,h’ hk uQ,sl
úp,Hhka fjk fjku iudch ;=< l%shd;aul fjñka we;s lrk n,mEu u; jk njhs.

fjn¾ fuf,i iudc ia;rdhkh ‘nyq úp,Hh’ m%fõYhlska ú.%y lsÍu ;=<ska meyeÈ,s jkafka,
ld,a udlaia iudc ia;rdhkh iïnkaOfhka bÈßm;a l<, ‘tal úp,Hh’ ú.%yhg m%;súreoaO
u;jdohla f.dv k.kakg Tyq ;=< jQ Wkkaÿj h.
fjn¾ by; olajd we;s nyq úp,Hhka fjk fjk u f.k, tu úp,Hkaf.a n,mEu wkqj iudcfha
tlsfklg fjkia j, mx;s ia;rdhk l%uh, l=, ia;rdhk l%uh yd mlaI l%u jYfhka iudcfha
úúO ia;rdhk l%u f.dv kef.k wkaou meyeÈ,s lr olajd ;sfí.
8
fjn¾f.a by; nyq úp,Hh ú.%yh i,ld n,k úg, th mrudo¾Yhla f,i jv;a ksjerÈ ;d¾lsl
ú.%yhla nj fmkqk o, Tyqf.a woyi m%fhda.sl iudcfha mj;sk iudc ia;r.; l%shdldÍ;ajh
f;areï .ekSug Ndú;d lrk úg tys .eg¨ mekk.sk nj fmfka . fjn¾ by; nyq úp,Hhka
tlsfklg iïnkaOhla fkdue;s úhqla; úp,Hhka f,i l%shd;aul jk nj fmkajd ÿkak o,
m%dfhda.sl ;;ajh kï, tu úp,Hhka ;=< úhqla; Ndjhlg jvd mj;skafka ixhqla; Ndjhla nj
meyeÈ,s fõ tkï, udlaia fmkajd ÿka mßÈ mqoa.,hdf.a iudc ;;ajh yd n,h hk idOl fol
;srKh ùug o wd¾Ól idOl iDcqju n,mdk nj;a, tu idOl wd¾Ól idOlj, n,mEug mrdëkj
f.dv kef.k úp,Hhka nj;a meyeÈ,s fõ. ta ksid fjn¾ bÈßm;a l< mx;s l%ufhka mßndysr
fiiq ia;rdhk l%u j,g o wd¾Ól idOlj, n,emEula mj;sk fyhska, tu ia;rdhk l%u o mx;s
l%uhgu wkq.; fldg f.k udlaia tal úp,H m%fõYhlska bÈßm;a lr we;s ú.%yh m%dfhda.sl
iudc l%shdldÍ;ajh yd .e,msh yels nj meyeÈ,s fõ.
Dr.Ubesekara Dissanayake