(CAMBRIDGEPRISM READING AND WRITING 3 Chris Sowton Alan S. Kennedy with Wendy Asplin Christina Cavage CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS University Printing House, Cambridge cna Bus, United Kingdom One Liberty Paa, 20th Flooe, New York, ¥ 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Avstralia 314-321, snd Floor, Pot, Splendor Forum, Jacl District Centre New Delhi ~ 110025, India 79 Anson Road, 0604/06, Singapore 079506 ‘Cambridge University Press is pact of the University of Cambridge. Ie furthers the University’ mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of| ‘education, earning and research at the highest international levels of excellence, sewnecambridgeorg Information on this title: wwwcambridge-org/o781 316624456 © Cambridge University Press 2017 "This publication i in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and tothe provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2037 20 19 18 17 16 15 1413 12 11 109 87 6 5.43 Printed in Malaysia by Vivar Printing A catalogue record fr this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-326-62445-6 Student’ Book with Online Workbook 3 Reading and Writing ISBN 978-1-316-62519-4 Teachers Manual 3 Reading and Writing ‘Cambridge University Pres has no responsibility for the persistence or accuraey ‘of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel timetables, and other factual information given inthis work is correcta the time of fist printing but ‘Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafterCONTENTS Scope and Sequence How Prism Works What Makes Prism Special UNIT1 Globalization UNIT 2 Education UNIT 3 Medicine UNIT 4 The Environment UNITS Architecture UNIT 6 Energy UNIT7 Art and Design UNIT 8 Aging Glossary of Key Vocabulary Video Scripts Credits Advisory Panel 10 4 36 58 80 102 124 M6 168 190 194 199 200SCOPE AND SEQUENCE ts 1 GLOBALIZATION Turkish Treats | Key Skills ; Acaderic (bloe) ‘Making predictions from a alternatives to American | 2. changing text type phrasal verbs Academic Disciplines Snacks Eating Habits | Topic sentences Globalization Cultural Studies / Sociology in taly Additional Skills vocabulary (essay) Understanding key vocabulary Using your knowledge Reading for main ideas Reading for detals Identifying purpose and audience Making inferences Synthesizing College 1 College Key Skil Education 2 EDUCATION Debt and Majors Making inferences vocabulary Bankruptey Business vs | additional Sills Academic ‘Academic Disciplines Engineering | Understanding key vocabulary words ‘Communications / Education (essay) Using your knowledge 2 Distance Reading for main ideas Leaming vs. | Reading for details Face-to-Face | Synthesizing Leaming (article) 3 MEDICINE ANew Way | The Key kill Medical to Handle Homeopathy | annotating a text vocabulary Allergies Debate Iaddtionclstite Academic Academic Disciplines lott) Nedarvans bey yoostuluy vocabulary Health Sciences / Medicine 2: Should Using your knowledge Health Care | skimming Be Free? | Reading for main ideas (article) Reading for details Scanning to find key words Identifying opinions Making inferences Synthesizing 4 THE Population | i Disaster Key Skil ‘Academic noun and Water Mitigation | Identifying cohesive devices phrases ENVIRONMENT (interview) | Additional skills Natural disaster 2:Combating | Understanding key vocabulary vooabulary Deniers Drought in| Predicting content using visuals Ecology / Environmental Rural Africa: | Using your knowledge studies AReport | Skimming (report) Reading for main ideas Reading for details Making inferences SynthesizingGRAMMAR FOR Treva ors WRITING CN Providing supporting ‘Noun phrases ‘Academic Writing Skills ‘Study Skill examples Time phrases Essay stuctue Maximizing Using tables and diagrams Wrting an effective thesis concentration levels statement Rhetorical Mode Explanatory, Writing Task How has globalization changed your country? (essay) Usinga Venn diagram to | Comparison and ‘Academic Writing Skills ‘Communication Skill plana comparison and | contrast language: | Avoiding run-on sentences and | Class discussion boards contrast essay «+ Teanattionstoshow | comma splices Analyzing similaties and | comparison and Comparison and contrast essays cata aa Rhetorical Mode pee fo clauses “omparison and contrast contrast ‘Writing Task Discuss the various similares and differences between studying a language and studying math (essay) Evaluating and analyzing | Articles: ‘Academic Writing Skill Life Skill ideas + Defnite article (the). | Sentence variety ‘Managing miner illnesses + Indefinite article | phetorical Mode {a/an) Opinion + No article) siediticlesin discourse | disease prevention the ee responsbiliy of individuals and their families, or of the govemment? (essay) Analyzing a case study | Expressing solutions | Academic Whiting Skils sing Developing ideas Making a study plan Parallel structure Rhetorical Mode Problem and solution ‘Writing Task Write a report that provides both short- and long-term solutions to {an environmental problem and takes the costs into consideration. Refer to a specific case study in your report (report)CON 5 ARCHITECTURE | ulcinga | tWeNeed | ey Skil ‘Academic word Greentome | More Green | Skinning a text fares Buildings | addtional sil Architectane Academic Disciplines fericle) | Using your knowledge and planing Architecture / Urban 2: Building Understanding key vocabulary vocabulary Planning Design: Form | Summarizing vs Function | Reading fer detail essay) ‘Understanding paraphrase ‘Making inferences ‘Synthesizing 6 ENERGY Wind TAltemative | Key Skill Energy Turbines Energy | Working out meaning from collocations (Webartide) | context Formal and ‘Academic Disciplines 2 Maintaining | Additional Skills informal Engineering / Physics Our Vital | Predicting content using visuals academic Natural Understanding key vocabulary verbs Resources | Using your knowledge (essay) eating for main ideas Reading for details ‘Making inferences, Synthesizing 7 ART AND Culinary — | EAllthat Artis | Key Skill Paraphrasing ‘Canvas (article) Scanning to find information Vocabulary for DESIGN a 2 Photography | Additional Skills art and design asAct Understanding key vocabulary (ess) Predicting content using visuals Design / Fine Art Using your knowledge Reading for details ‘Making inferences Understanding paraphrase Syntheizing 8 AGING Senior 1 The Social and | Key Skill Academic Exercise Economic | Using your knowledge to collocation: Impact of | predict content with Academie Disciplines aging Additional kils Prepositions Economics / Sociology (interview) | Understanding key vocabulary 2: The Realities | Reading for main ideas ofa Young | Reading for detalls Society | Working out meaning (oss) Making inferences synthesizingITICAL THINKING Analyzing and evaluating ideas in persuasive writing Ras WRITING Register inacademic writing POU Academic Writing Skills Ordering information Prioritizing arguments Rhetorical Mode Persuasive Writing Task Which s more important when building or buying a new home: its location or its size? (essay) wats fe Skill Resolving conflicts Evaluating benefits and drawbacks (Organizing Kleas for anessay Relative clauses ‘Academic Writing Skills Introducing advantages and disadvantages Coherence Rhetorical Mode Explanatory Writing Task Explain the advantages and disadvantages of three types of, renewable energy and decide which wuld work best in your country. (essay) Letters of reference Analyzing and evaluating arguments Substitution Elipsis Academic Writing Skill ‘Arguments, counterarguments, and refutations Rhetorical Mode ‘Argumentative Writing Task Fashion, cooking, and video games have al been likened to fine art. ‘Choose one of these and discuss ‘whether it should be considered fine art, comparable to painting or sculpture essay) Research Skill Understanding common knowledge Analyzing graphical data Evaluating advantages and disadvantages Language of prediction Future real conditionals. ‘Academic Writing Skills Numerical words and phrases Interpreting graphs and charts Rhetorical Mode Analysis Writing Task Describe population trends in Japan using data from a graph, Suggest the potential impact on the country ifthe 2050 projections are comrect. fessay) The world of workOe EB Ll) Setting the context Every unit begins with a video lip. Each video serves REMAN TOWNE asa springboard for the unit and introduces the Soaaa™* "cayenne ara ete anean topic in an engaging way. The clips were carefully [Semeeteuconnmerencpareacy selected to pique students interest and prepare SEERRISTOT unutcpees ttre an them to explore the unit’ topic in greater depth. As they work, students develop key sklsin prediction comprehension, and discussion Wie WATCHING Trcnene — * Netw We ft ta {Reopoguemtanterct none ser Receptive, language, and analytical skills. sete ‘Students improve their reading abilities through ee a sequence of proven activities. They study key teen eee TI vocabulary to prepare them for each reading and to 2 temeeget semr RBERSTOEEN develop academic reading kil. A second reading " leads into syrithesis exercises that prepare students eee eae for college classrooms. Language Development Eiisremeerisepeesoreoe sections teach vocabulary, collocations, and con BETWEEN WELNES — So |__ ses== ‘DEVELOPING IDEAS 1 nmgecmnenocue toy search, |B PARALLEL STRUCTURE LC Prenat} LASS DISCUSS 3 unroescieor eae ae Beare Bens” thaiacruaerhai Daa OME BAe) Critical thinking and production ‘Multiple critical thinking activities begin tis section, preparing students for exercises that focus on grammar for writing and writing sil. ll ofthese lead up toa structured writing tak, n which students apply the skis and language they have developed cover the course of the entire unit 4 On Campus Skills for college life This unique section teaches students valuable skits beyond academic reading and writin, From asking ‘questions in class to participating in a study group and from conducting research to finding help, students leam how to navigate university life. The section begins witha contest-settng reading and moves directly ito active practice ofthe skillCRITICAL THINKING Bloom’s Taxonomy Inorder to truly prepare for college coursework, students need to develop a full range of thinking ski. Prim teaches explicit critical thinking kiln every unit of every level. These skis adhere to the taxonomy developed by Benjamin Bloom. By working within the taxonomy, we are able to ensure that your students lean both lower-orde and higher-order thinking kil. Critical thinking exercises are accompanied by iconsindicating where the activites fallin Blooms Taxonomy. WHAT MAKES PRISM SPECIAL Taxpg a ai al ap larae rina porte consonants Create: create, invent, plan, compose, construct, design, imagine __| Evaluate: decide, rate, choose, recommend, justi assess, prioritize —— | Analyze: explain, contrast, examine, Apply: show, complete use, clasiy, $$$ | itustrate,soive Understand: compare discus, restate, predic, translate, outlineWHAT MAKES PRISM SPECIAL: Vom ae minis LSE eee | *nneldoadagowogneantemee = laee | ‘Sacuaaou as mu 2 Cn tere emery ——— (antSEe arene ese clergom eobeene 1 ie ieee we pene gt yucca ‘ater Sanat ee “Soa ae are a | ig arg or arene LS fol lo Viral el Due: Thinking Skills Create, Evaluate, and Analyze ae critical sils for students in any college setting, Academic success depends on their abilities to derive knowledge from collected data, make educated judgments, and deliver insightful presentations. Prism helps students get there by creating activities such as categorizing information, comparing dat, selecting the best solution toa problem, and developing arguments for a discussion or presentation. eran Rea ‘Apply, Understand, and Remember provide the foundation upon which al thinking occurs. Students need to beable to recall information, comprehend it, and seeits use in new contests. Prism develops these skills through exercises such a taking notes, mining notes forspecfic data, demonstrating comprehension, and dstiling information from charts.‘WHAT MAKES PRISM SPECIAL: ON CAMPUS More college skills Professors Beyond the classroom PeeWHAT MAKES PRISM SPECIAL: sirname SE d+ "7 #«+#C ‘UBSTTUTON Li) 7 teal Vocabulary Research Learning the right words. Students need to learn a wide range of general and academic vocabulary in order to be successful in olleg. Prizm carefully selects the vocabulary that students study based on the General Service Uist, the Academic Word List, and the Cambridge English Corpus. Ca at Focused instruction This unique feature teaches leamers the exact grammar they wil ned for ther writing task. With a focus on using grammar to accomplish rhetorical ‘goals, these sections ensure that students learn the ‘most useful grammar for their assignment.Reading skills Make predictions from a text type; topic sentences Grammar Noun phrases; time phrases = ‘Academic writing skills Essay structure; write an effective thesis statement == Writing Task Write an explanatory essay On Campus Maximize concentration levelsACTIVATE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. 1 Look at the photo. What types of food are made in your country g and sold in others? Do you buy food and other products from other ~ y' countries? = 2 Does it matter that people now import so many goods from. wa other countries? Why or why not? 3. What effects has globalization had on your country?MKC a Oe Sd PREPARING TO WATCH fevncratn 1 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. KNOWLEDGE 1 What do people mean when they say that the world is getting smaller? 2. What products do you have that were made in another country? 3. What are the pros and cons of importing and exporting products? 4 What are five companies that are seen in many cities around the world? PREDICTING CONTENT 2 Leokat the pictures from the video. Discuss the questions with your partner. USING VISUALS 1 Which of these companies do you know? = 2 Which products from these companies are popular in your country? 3 Why do companies sell different products in different countries? cantaloupe (n) a round melon that is orange and sweet inside taste buds (0) the cells on your tongue that allow you to taste different foods boundary (na line that divides two areas or forms an edge around an area spectrum (n) a ange of objects, ideas, or opinions squid (0) 2 sea animal with a long body and ten arms that can shoot out black ink wacky (ad) strange or unusual in a surprising or silly way craving (n)a strong feeling that you want or need a particular thing WHILE WATCHING ONGERSTARDING! 3 © Watch the video. Write T (true), F (false), or DNS (does not say) next MAIN IDEAS to the statements. Correct the false statements. ———————— ____ 1 American food companies are increasing their sales in China every year. —— 2 Chinese consumers only like salty products from U.S. brands. 3 Many of these flavors are popular with American consumers. 4 The Chinese consumer market is expected to grow in the future. —— 5 American grocery stores are building branches in China.4 © watch again. Complete the student's notes with words from the box. American competitive popular sweet unique ~ examples of “_____ brands in China: Cheetos, Minute Maid, Frito-Lay - @___ Frito-Lay flavor in U.S.: sour cream & onion ~ Frito-Lay flavors in China: Szechuan spicy, ______ & sour tomato, cucumber, lychee, mango ~ Chinese market = very - WS. chains sell © ____ products in China. 5 Read the sentences from the video. Choose the best meaning for each Phrase in bold. 1 Every major U.S. food label, it seems, is trying to bite into China's $186 billion food industry. a get products from b become part of ¢ take control of It Frito-Lay potato chips that really push the boundaries [of flavor] a expand what is accepted or possible b cross into a region ¢ delay an adjustment or change Every corner of the grocery store is trying to tempt China's curious consumers. a all products located in the comers b all toothpaste and similar products ¢ all kinds of products DISCUSSION 6 Work ina small group. Discuss the questions. 1 Which products in the video seem unusual to you? Would you be interested in trying them? 2 Which products do not appeal to you? Why not? 3 Taste is one way that a company changes a product to make it appeal to people from a particular culture. What other ways might a company change a product? UNDERSTANDING DETAILS MAKING INFERENCESREADING 1 UNDERSTANDING KEY VOCABULARY PREPARING TO READ. 1 Read the sentences and write the correct form of the words in bold next to the definitions. 1 A food critic wrote that she was impressed by the sushi restaurant's authenticity and how it is run by chefs from Japan 2 The chef at this restaurant is well known for being a perfectionist. He takes a long time to prepare his dishes, and he will not serve them unless they look exactly right. 3 The fish at this restaurant is always extremely fresh. If it has been in the kitchen for more than one day, they will not use it. 4 The restaurant is situated near the river, which is a very popular place. 5 The food critic insists that people must visit the restaurant. 6 The restaurant is offering a discount: anyone who eats dinner before 7:00 p.m. on Monday only has to pay 50% of the menu prices. 7 Besides the delicious food, according to the critic, another selling point of the restaurant is that it has beautiful, traditional Japanese furniture and art on the walls. 8 Good chefs use the best ingredients when they cook to make sure the food is flavorful and delicious. a (adj) recently made, collected, or cooked b (n) a feature that persuades people to buy a product ¢ —___[h) a reduction in the usual price d (n) food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish e ____(n)aperson who wants everything to be perfect and demands the highest standards possible f ____{ad)) in a particular place g —___(V\to say firmly or demand forcefully h ____{n) the quality of being real or true2 You are going to read a blog post. Before reading, which of the statements do you think will be true? 1 The style will be informal 2 The contents will be appropriate for an academic essay. 3 The writer will give his or her personal opinions. 4 The information will be up-to-date. USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE, 3 Read the blog and check your predictions. Find examples to support your ideas. Turkish Treats 1 Hello Minneapolis foodies! 2 _I'mkicking off this week's blog by talking about a fantastic new Turkish restaurant in East Calhoun called Moda. I can't remember ever eating better Turkish food—it was so delicious! In fact, this is one of the things that the restaurant prides itself on’ —the fresh ingredients and authenticity of the cooking. Apparently, the chet insists that the fruit and vegetables be brought over twice a week from his home region in Turkey— and from nowhere else. He may be a perfectionist, but it was, 50 delicious that | can't complain. Moda isn’t cheap, but its definitely worth every penny. 3 And Ihave great news for you. When | told him that I write a food blog, he said he'd give all my readers a 10% discount! Just mention this blog when you make a reservation. 4 Avery different restaurant, where I had lunch last Monday, is Chez Fitz, Situated near downtown, its main selling point is that its food is all locally sourced? within 20 miles (32 kilometers) of the restaurant. My friends and | were completely amazed—we had no idea that so much could be grown so close to central Minneapolis. But it turns out that there are pockets of green all over the city—you just need to know Where to look 5 One final point: | couldn't believe how pricey my weekly grocery shopping trip was this week. Normally, i's about $40, but this week, it was more than $85 for more or less the same amount of food. Any ideas why? PRISM feito COMMENTS TwinCitiesMom October 10 Hi—regarcing your last point, 've found the same thing recently. | read somewhere that the average “shopping cart” has already increased by 20% this year. The prices have gone up so much because of the awful weather we've bbeen having, How are we supposed to ‘feed our families? Ecovore October 10 I'm not sure we should be supporting restaurants Ike Moda. They are very bad for the environment, Bringing over those ingredients from Turkey creates extra carbon emissions. It wastes fuel and creates pollution. Anonymous. October 11 know what you're saying, Ecovore, bbut you can’t just biame places like Moda. If we grow exotic vegetables in Minnesota, then we have to use heated greenhouses, and that probably uses even more energy. ‘prides itself on (phr v)is proud of Aocally sourced {ad originating from a nearby location; not requiring lengthy transportationWHILE READING READING FORDETAIS 4 Answer the questions with information from the blog, = 1 Why does the blog's author like Moda? 2. What is the main selling point of Chez Fitz? 3 What question does the blogger ask at the end of the post? 4 What is TwinCitiesMom angry about? 5 Read the blog again. Write T (true), F (False), or DNS (does not say) next to the statements. Correct the false statements. 1 It is impossible to grow food in urban areas —— 2 The author has noticed an increase of almost 40% in the cost of food. 3 Restaurants like Chez Fitz will become more common in the future. 4 Chez Fitz tries to minimize food transportation that wastes fuel and creates pollution, 5 Food prices are going up in Turkey. ____. 6 Toeat at Moda regularly, you would have to be relatively wealthy. 6 The blog author uses informal language. Match informal words and phrases to formal words. Use the context to help you. 1 kick off a expensive 2 pricey b import 3 bring over c begin READING BETWEEN THE LINES MAKING INFERENCES 7 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions 1 Do you think the blog author likes perfectionists? 2. Why do you think the chef gave a discount to the blog's readers? 3 Why do you think the blogger’ shopping trip was more expensive?DISCUSSION 8 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. 1 Do you read blogs or reviews online? Why or why not? 2. What kind of information should be in a restaurant review? 3 Should you believe restaurant reviews you read online? Why or why not? READING 2 PREPARING TO READ. 1 Read the definitions. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the wordsin bold UNDERSTANDING mores in Pe KEY VOCABULARY consumption (n) the using of goods and services in an economy PRISMeme.. convenience (n) something that is suitable to your purposes and causes no difficulty for your schedule or plans ensure (v) to make certain that something is done or happens experiment (v) to test or to try a new way of doing something increase (\) to become larger or greater influence (n) the power to have an effect on people or things, or someone or something that is able to do this relatively (adv) quite good, bad, etc. in comparison with other similar things or with what you would expect specialty (n) a product that is unusually good in a particular place 1 Many shoppers have switched to ordering groceries online because of its___. Now they don't leave their homes to buy food. 2 Others, however, prefer to see the food before they buy it to that the food is fresh. 3 People sometimes reduce their ___of certain foods when those foods become more expensive. 4 If bad weather affects the supply of some fruits or vegetables, it can cause their prices to 5 People who live in big cities tend to be ___ familiar with international food compared to people who live in rural areas 6 Larger cities often have more ___ food stores, which sell foreign and less-familar iterns. 7 Recently, the popularity of cooking programs on television has had a big_____on the ingredients that people use. People want to cook with foods they see on TV. 8 Some travelers like to eat familiar food, but others prefer to with unfamiliar dishes.PRISM Petco READING FOR MAIN IDEAS 2. You are going to read an essay about changing eating habits in Italy. Read the topic sentences. Work with a partner and discuss what you think the rest of each paragraph will be about. 1 In taly, changing trends have affected the preparation of food. 2 Italians’ food tastes have changed because of globalization, 3 A third major change in Italy's food culture has been the rise of large restaurant chains. 3. Skim the essay and check your predictions from Exercise 2, WHILE READING 4 Read the essay. Do the topics in the table refer to the past, the present, or both? Check (¥) the correct column, eee I mass production of pasta v BM raking pasta sauce at home EM popularity of frozen food Bm lack of foreign food in Italy EW the rise of large restaurant chains EA worldwide popularity of Italian food 5 Complete the sentences with your own words. 1 Italian restaurants can be found 2 Inthe past, it was not common for Italians to 3 InItalian shops, you can now buy 4 Although recent changes mean Italians have more time and more choice, some dislike the fact that local food is1 Changing Eating Habits in Italy Globalization is causing a lot of change in 3 intemational culture, from the TV shows we watch to the clothes we wear. One major area that has been affected by globalization is food culture. Ina recent survey taken in Japan, Brazil, and Canada, 72% of people Said that globalization had improved their eating habits. It seems clear that globalization has ignficantly affected food consumption in most parts of the world, but one country whose food has a long, history of being “globalized” is Taly. If you walk down any main street in any major world city, you will find at Jeast one Italian restaurant, Furthermore, Italy has seen changes in its own eating habits due to influence from other countries. This influence, which isa result of the broader trend of globalization, has had both advantages and disadvantages. In Italy, changing trends have affected the preparation of food. Italian families have always taken a lot of 4 pride in preparing food. Until recently, pasta—a basic Italian food—would have been made by people in their Jocal area, Families would also have made the sauces {o eat withthe pasta at home. People no longer spend so much time preparing their meals, Indeed, frozen or take-out Halian meals have become very popular in Italy. Furthermore, dried pasta is now mass-produced! and is sold relatively cheaply in supermarkets. Read ‘made pasta sauces are also increasingly popular—sales have doubled in the last five years, according to one ‘manufacturer. This has added to the convenience of ding meals, but has diminished? a cultural tradition, Italians’ food tastes have changed because of globalization. People are traveling more, being exposed to other cultures more, and reading about and seeing foreign ingredients and recipes on the Internet and social media. Immigrants to Italy bring their food traditions with them. It used to be that people's ‘opportunities to experiment with foreign food were very limited, since only pizza and pasta were available in the local town square. Now they can eat at restaurants with foreign cuisine’ and buy foreign food in shops. Indian, Chinese, and Japanese food have all become especially popular, While this trend is more common in urban areas such as Rome, Milan, and Venice, many smaller towns are also experiencing similar changes, Many Italians would say that this has been a positive change, but others worry that they are losing their sense of nationality as foreign food becomes more common, AA third major change in Italy’s food culture has been the rise of large restaurant chains. These chains are often foreign, and their numbers have inereased. enormously in recent years. Many people like the convenience of fast food. Some Italians, however, feel that this has resulted in the destruction of local and national specialties, In 1986, a famous fast-food chain ‘opened a restaurant ina historic Rome neighborhood, Many unhappy people responded by joining the “Slow Food” movement. This movement encourages people to eat healthy, locally sourced food. In summary, globalization has had a significant effect con the way that lalians eat, Its influence can be seen as both positive and negative. Convenience foods have replaced many of the traditional home-cooked meals, and the availability of foreign foods and international chains has greatly increased, Italians no longer have to rely on food that is produced locally. While some people welcome this extra choice, others fear the damage it may cause to lalian traditions, culture, and local businesses. On the other hand, the great popalarity of Italian food worldwide will ensure this great cuisine never disappears ‘mass-produced (adj) made in large amounts, using machinery in a factory diminished (v) made smaller; decreased ‘euisine (n) style of cookingREADING BETWEEN THE LINES. IDENTIFYING PURPOSE © WOrk with a partner. Discuss the questions and choose the best answer. (AND AUDIENCE. 1 What types of readers do you think this essay is meant to appeal to? a a people who have a general interest in food b people who are experts in Italian food 2. What do you think is the author’s main intention in writing this essay? a to say that globalization has had a largely positive impact on Italian food b to say that globalization has fundamentally changed Italian food DISCUSSION 7 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. 1 Should governments limit the growth of multinational restaurant chains to allow local, traditional restaurants to compete for customers? 2. Use ideas from Reading | and Reading 2 to answer the following question. When you eat at a foreign food restaurant, which of these three qualities is most important to you: that it is inexpensive, that itis locally owned, or that itis authentic? Why? @ LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT ACADEMIC ALTERNATIVES TO PHRASAL VERBS SYNTHESIZING PRISM". 1 Match the phrasal verbs to the academic verbs. 1 goon a increase 2 goup b continue 3 turn down © study 4 look into d confuse 5 use up e remove 6 mix up f refuse 7 leave out g exclude 8 take away h exhaust2. Replace the phrasal verbs in bold with the correct form of the academic verbs from Exercise 1 1 The amount of migrant labor is expected to go up. 2 If multinational companies go on expanding, smaller local suppliers may die out. 3 Academics have been looking into the implications of globalization for many years. 4 Immigration can lead to people becoming mixed up about their sense of nationality 5 Although many people benefit from globalization, others can also be left out. 6 Immigrants without suitable qualifications may have their visa requests turned down 7 When a country’s natural resources are used up, they may need to rely on other countries to supply them. 8 Some supporters of global economic freedom believe that all trade barriers should be taken away. GLOBALIZATION VOCABULARY 3. Complete the text about globalization with words from the box. PRISM. consumption diets farms monopoly multinational obesity outlets poverty supermarkets “There are both advantages and disadvantages of globalization in terms of food, On the negative side, "__ companies have been criticized for opening too many fast-food in developing countries. This is causing ®___in children, who are becoming addicted to a fatty, westernized diet. Many of these companies are able to effectively set whatever price they like for the food because they have a"__. Their goods are cheaper than healthier local products and appeal to people living in 6 On the other hand, globalization means that people now have the possibility of more variety in their ®____. The development of large-scale __and fisheries means some products are more affordable and can allow people to eat protein-rich foods ona regular basis for the first time. Large amounts of this food can often be bought cheaply by big __and then sold to customers at a reasonable price. Because of these changes, "__ of products such as meat has increased throughout the worldCRITICAL THINKING At the end of this unit, you are going to write an explanatory essay. Look at this unit's Writing Task below. W Yow has globalization changed your country? 1 Read these statements. Note any examples given in Reading 2 that support them. 1 Italians pride themselves on the making and preparation of food. Supporting examples: 2 People’s opportunity to experiment with foreign food was very limited. Supporting examples; 3 People no longer spend so much time preparing their meals. Supporting examples: 4 Italians worry that they are losing their sense of nationality. Supporting examples: 5 Globalization has become such a significant influence. Supporting examples: 2 Think of an aspect of globalization that you would like to write about in the Writing Task. This can be about food or other aspects of globalization such as clothing, entertainment, holidays, language, or technology. Think of a few examples of this aspect of globalization. Take notes. ANALYZE3 Complete the diagram below. It should follow the format of a body paragraph in an essay on the topic you chose in Exercise 2. Write the main idea in the “Topic” space. Choose three examples that could support your main idea. Write your examples in the "Supporting example” spaces. Lastly, write a concluding sentence in the bottom space. Topic: Supporting example 1: Supporting example 2: Supporting example 3; Concluding sentence: GRAMMAR FOR WRIT NOUN PHRASES 1 Match the sets of noun phrases to grammar structures. PRISMRto. 1 world cuisine pasta sauces 2 people in their local area pride in the making of food a fact of modern life 3 large chains ready-made sauces major city 4 the range of food that is available the type of food that people like a recent change that is unstoppable a adjective + noun b noun + prepositional phrase ¢ noun phrase + relative clause d noun + noun2. Rearrange the words to make noun phrases. 1 specialties / local local specialties 2 a/ list / dishes / of / traditional 3 programs / cooking / television 4 allergies / and / increase / in / noticeable / a/ diabetes 5 a/ of / fruits / variety / new 6 the / of / international / number / chefs 7 different / the / cultures / impact / of 8 preparation / time / a/ of / deal / great / and TIME PHRASES PRISM". 3 Put the time phrases below in the correct part of the table, according to the period of time they refer to. around ten years ago at the present time before the war currently formerly historically in the 1990s in the eighteenth century in the past in recent years nowadays presently these days eee Psd fae4 Complete the sentences with information about food in your country. 1 Nowadays, you can buy 2 Inrecent years, my country has seen many new types of restaurants, such as 3 Until the 1990s, it was impossible to find 4 These days, there are many 5 Around ten years ago, you could not buy 6 Historically, people tended to live off ACADEMIC WRITING SKIL! ESSAY STRUCTURE Although there are different types of academic essays, the overall structure and principles tend to be the same. Academic essays start with an introductory paragraph, followed by body paragraphs, and end with a concluding paragraph The first paragraph gets the reader's attention by beginning with a hook—an interesting fact or statement, a surprising statistic, a quotation, or a question. For example, in Reading 2, a statistic based on a survey taken in Japan, Brazil, and Canada ("72% of people said ..”) grabs the reader's attention. Then the writer provides some background on the main topic of the essay. The paragraph ends with a thesis statement, which is the main idea of the essay and reflects the writer's point of view. In Reading 2, the thesis statement is: This influence from other countries, which is a result of the broader trend of globalization, has had both advantages and disadvantages. These develop the main ideas outlined in the introduction and include relevant evidence and supporting information, The last paragraph presents a restatement of the thesis of the essay and ends with the conclusions, recommendations, or predictions of the writer.PRISM ?3mt<« 1 Decide in which part of an essay you would probably find the sentences: the introductory paragraph, a body paragraph, or the concluding paragraph 1 We should all consider ourselves lucky to be living in the era of globalization. 2 While globalization had had a huge influence on countries all over the world, these changes have mostly been beneficial. 3 Globalization allows countries to more easily exchange ideas, research, and technology. 4 For example, consumers all over the world can purchase and use products by companies like Apple and Samsung, no matter where they live. 5 In summary, globalization exposes all of us to the richness of new cultures. WRITING AN EFFECTIVE THESIS STATEMENT A thesis statement in an academic essay is usually found at the very end of the introductory paragraph. It explains what the entire essay will be about, and it expresses a writer’ point of view. With a good thesis statement, readers can guess what the rest of the essay might look like. A thesis statement should sound like an opinion. It should not sound like a fact, a question, a description of what the essay will contain, or a general idea that everyone agrees on. Essay topic Possible thesis statement The effects of globalization Globalization has brought us both advantages and disadvantages, but the benefits have been far greater than the drawbacks. The global influence of the U.S. It is a mistake to confuse globalization with Americanization. Foreign direct investment by companies The rise of foreign direct investment by companies has led. to pollution problems, exploitation of local workers, and job loss in less developed countries. Notice that in each case, you can imagine or guess what the rest of the essay might contain. None of these statements sound like facts, questions, or descriptions of what will follow. Instead, they sound like points of view that the writer could argue.2. Read the possible thesis statements. Decide if the statement would make a good thesis statement. If so, check () OK. If not, check F (it sounds like a fact), Q (It is a question), D [it is a description of what the essay will contain), or G [it is an idea that is too general to work well as a thesis statement). PRISM, Pasta dishes are very common in Italian cuisine. Should governments limit the number of chain restaurants? The exchange of cultures has been a huge benefit of globalization. Most people like to eat different kinds of food Even though globalization is considered to be beneficial by many, it has actually done great harm to cultures around the world | do not like broccoli, so | never eat it. The following essay will explain the drawbacks of globalization 3 Read the topic sentences (1-3) from body paragraphs. Then match them to the thesis statements (ac) they refer back to. 1 Because of globalization, farmers in poorer countries have to compete with farms in developed countries that have more resources. 2. The rising popularity of foreign restaurants means that local restaurants have a lot of competition for customers’ business. 3 As people start to eat more similarly around the world, traditional national recipes and dishes will become less common, a Globalization has changed many aspects of local culture. b Globalization has created some disadvantages in worldwide food production. © Globalization has had an impact on local food service industries.Maly S) PRISM@m How has globalization changed your country? PLAN 1 In Reading 2, each paragraph has a different function. Match each paragraph to the functions below. Paragraph ___: Description of changes to food preparation Paragraph ____: Introduction Paragraph ___: Conclusion Paragraph ___: Description of changes to food tastes Paragraph ___: Description of changes to the restaurant industry 2. Look back at your notes from Exercises 2 and 3 in Critical Thinking. Think of some other details about this aspect of globalization. Use your notes to help you plan your essay. 3 Decide the function of each paragraph in your essay. Write the functions incolumn A. Perc ae Prec Py eee) eee) eee ey 4 Think about the supporting details and examples you are going to include in each paragraph, Write notes in column B. 5 Now think about a thesis statement that will work well for this essay. You can always go back and change it later if it does not match the rest of the essay, 6 Refer to the Task Checklist on page 33 as you prepare your essay.WRITE A FIRST DRAFT 7 Write the first draft of your essay. Use your essay plan to structure your essay. Include an introductory paragraph with a hook, a thesis statement, three body paragraphs with supporting ideas, and a concluding paragraph with a final thought, recommendation, or prediction. REVISE 8 Use the Task Checklist to review your essay for content and structure. TASK CHECKLIST Did you structure your essay? Does the introductory paragraph have a clear thesis statement? Does each paragraph focus on the information itis supposed to? Did you include topic sentences for each paragraph? Did you include evidence to support your topic sentences? Is there a concluding paragraph with a concluding thought, recommendation, or prediction? 9 Make any necessary changes to your essay. EDIT 10 Use the Language Checklist to edit your essay for language errors, LANGUAGE CHECKLIST Do the words in any noun phrases appear in the right order? Did you use time phrases correctly? Did you use academic verbs instead of phrasal verbs where possible? Did you spell academic verbs correctly? TI Make any necessary changes to your essay.MAXIMIZING CONCENTRATION LEVELS PREPARING TO READ. 1 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. 1 Can you concentrate well or are you easily distracted when you study? 2. How often do you take a break when you study? What do you do when you take a break? 3 Are there things about your study habits you would like to change? What are they? WHILE READING 2 Read some advice from four students about how to study effectively. Miguel Find the right place to study. Studying requires concentration. | live in a big, ‘ noisy house, so | decided to study at a coffee shop, but | always saw people | knew and we'd always talk. Finally, | found a quiet corner of the library, and | can focus on my work there. Dwi Get rid of distractions’. My phone is my biggest problem. | tried turning off the sound but | could still see when a text came in and | couldn't concentrate. Finally, | decided to turn the phone off completely when I study. 'm also distracted by people talking, music, and TV. That's why | study in the quiet rooms at the library. Kristjana Include breaks. Its good for your body to move around. It gets oxygen into Ae the brain, so it really helps me concentrate. For creative projects, | often get ideas when | walk. Also, breaks are a good time to reward yourself. | take a 15-minute break every hour. | usually eat something or check my phone for messages, Those are my rewards Daisuke Make healthy food choices. Food is important for concentration, so don't skip meals. Also, avoid junk food, like chips or candy. Research shows that protein is better for concentration, so | try to eat snacks like yogurt, nuts, cheese, or protein bars. ‘distractions (n) things that take your attention away from studying3 Answer the questions. Underline where you found the answer. 1 What kinds of snacks are good for concentration? 2 Why is studying in a coffee shop a bad idea for Miguel? 3 What are two ways that study breaks are good for you? PRACTICE 4 Check the boxes that describe your study habits. eet always | usually | sometimes | rarely | never I take regular study breaks b ... lavoid junk food when | study, |turn my cell phone off or put it away. d .. find a quiet place. e ... | turn off music and the TV. 5 What do you think you need to change about your study habits? food habits place you study distractions exercise rewards study breaks 6 Discuss your answers with a partner. REAL-WORLD APPLICATION 7 Work with a partner to survey three students on campus. Ask them these questions: 1 What is the best place for you to study? Why? 2. Do you take study breaks? If so, what do you do during breaks? 3 What advice would you give a student about how to concentrate well when they study? 8 Use the advice from the survey and your own ideas to make a poster about good ways to maximize energy and concentration levels. 9 Share your poster with your class.LEARNING OBJECTIVES ading skill Grammar ‘Academic writing skill Writing Taskne repair c ne advant:KG RW Oe Sd PREPARING TO WATCH Roncoon 1 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. KNOWLEDGE 1 How many years does the average student spend in each of the ————— following: kindergarten, elementary school, middle school, high school, college, graduate school? 2 What are the advantages and disadvantage of getting a college degree? 3 How do most students pay for college? 4 Would you consider getting a loan to pay for college? Why or why not? PREDICTING CONTENT 2 LOOkat the pictures from the video. Check (¥) the ideas that you expect USING VISUALS ive 1 C1 Getting a college degree will help your family 2 LJ Students are investing thousands of dollars in their college education. [J] students are borrowing more money for college than ever before. 4 |_] Borrowing money without understanding all the details can cause financial problems. 5 [1] The costs of higher education in the United States can cause financial stress for many students mortgage (7) an agreement that allows you to borrow money froma bank to buy a house federal (ad) related to the national government variable (ad) able to change or be changed bankeuptey (n) the inability to pay your debts harass (v) to annoy or trouble someone, often repeatedly testify (\] to tell what you know about something in an official situation, lke a court of law repeal (v) to officially make a law end fine print (r) important information that is often printed in small letters in an agreement or official documentWHILE WATCHING 3 © Watch the video. Answer the questions. MS ERSTEORC 1 Which of your predictions from Exercise 2 were correct? MAIN IDEAS 2 Which sentence best represents the main idea of the video? ee a Borrowing money for college does not always pay off. b Before borrowing money for college tuition, it is essential to understand the details of the loan. ¢ Itis better to get a mortgage than to get a student loan. © watch again. Complete the summary. SUMMARIZING Velicia Cooks completed her college degree with $80,000 worth of “____. She represents typical students graduating today. On average, students graduate with ®__of debt. However, many students like Velicia are unaware of the®__ between federal and private loans. Private loans can cost a student #_ times the amount of the original loan. This may lead a graduate to file for ®___ but education debt stays with you. Reading the (___is important in understanding the financial responsibilities that go along with taking a loan. 5 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. Give reasons to support your answers. MAKING INFERENCES 1 Does Velicia feel that her college degree was worth the cost? 2 Why are private companies willing to lend students in the U.S. so much money? 3 Why has the U.S. government become involved? DISCUSSION 6 Discuss the questions with your partner. Compare your answers with another pair. 1 Why is paying for college so difficult in the United States? Is it the same in other countries? 2 What, if anything, should be done to make college tuition more affordable? 3 Isit the government's responsibility to prevent situations like Velicias? Why or why not?READING 1 PREPARING TO READ 1 You are going to read an essay about two college majors, Read the sentences and write the correct form of the words in bold next to the definitions. UNDERSTANDING KEY VOCABULARY 1 When you want to support your opinion in an essay, it is good to provide concrete examples to support it rather than simply giving your general point of view. In October, the university will launch a new program to use more solar energy. Chemistry and physics are related, but they are taught as separate scientific disciplines. If you want to pursue a career in politics, political science is a good subject to study. Some schools are more oriented toward science learning than others. There is a large gender gap in science and engineering education. However, governments and universities are trying to attract more female students to these subjects. Some people feel that students from lower-income families are underrepresented at the best universities. As distance education evolves, more and more people may get academic degrees online. N a a ~ cy (v)to try to do or achieve (adj) based on actual things and particular examples (v) to begin or introduce a new plan (adj) directed toward or focused on (adi) not given enough presence; in unreasonably lower numbers than others eance f ____(v) to change or develop gradually g ——____ (na particular area of study h (n) the difference in opportunities, attitudes, pay, etc between men and women2. Read the sentences. The words and phrases in bold are the opposites of the words in bold from Exercise 1. Write the words from Exercise I next to the opposites below. 1 Istarted medical school, but it was not right for me, so | decided to quit the program. pursue 2. Cooking is anon-academic topic that you cannot study at a major college or university. 3 There is an equal male-to-fernale ratio at my college. 4 The university will end its marketing campaign in June. 5 Mechanical engineering classes are usually not directed toward literature majors. 6 Every physics professor at the college attended the meeting, so that department was a bit overrepresented, 7 You cannot tell what objects the artist is trying to paint in her work Her paintings are very abstract. 8 If you do not read the latest research in your field, your career may suffer and stop developing 3 Circle the answers that are true for you. Then compare with a partner. USING YOUR 1 Do you know anyone who has majored in, or plans to major in, KNOWLEDGE business? _ a yes bno € not sure 2. Do you know anyone who has majored in, or plans to major in, engineering? a yes b no € not sure 3 Which one do you think is a more difficult subject to study? a engineering _b business ¢ they are equally difficult 4 Which one do you think is better preparation for finding a job after college? a engineering _b business ¢ they are equalCOLLEGE MAJORS: 8 USINESS VS. ENGINEERING 1 Pethaps the most important decision a college student has to make is what subject to major in, Most colleges offer a wide variety of interesting subjects from which to choose, so for some students the choice can be difficult, Some students want to follow their academic interests and major in something that is not directly linked to a future career, such as history or philosophy: Others are looking for a degree in a practical subject that provides concrete skills for the working world. For these students, subjects like business and engineering are attractive options. Despite this common ground, however, there are significant differences between these two majors in terms of their popularity and the gender ratio of students Both business and engineering are viewed as majors that will help students launch their careers after graduation, but these disciplines also provide a good foundation for contimed study in graduate school. Many students who pursue an MBA‘ feel that the best ‘way to get into a good program is to study business and management in college. Students who want to get a graduate degree in engineering will have a hard time with the subject if they have not already taken engineering courses in college, which is different from degrees more oriented toward the humanities’, Finally, both areas require the use of mathematics. Business majors will need to be able to work with budgets and financial and accounting ideas, and engineers rely on mathematical calculations for their work On the other hand, these two majors differ quite a bit—both in terms of their popularity and the presence of a gender gap. By all measures, business is the most popular major for US. college students overall. Engineering subjects, in contrast, are much. less popular. Of the engineering degrees, mechanical engineering is the most popular, ranked 26th, Hlectrical engineering is 31st, and civil engineering is 42nd, Other engineering majors are below the top 50. In terms of gender balance, many college majors are commonly more popular with one gender than the other, but business majors are split about evenly between male and female students. When asked why they have chosen business, many women say that they want to study something that makes them employable but that also focuses on communication skills. In the case of engineering, which has less of a focus on communication skills, only 14% of students are women, according to the American Society of Engineering Education, Engineering is the Fin the acronym STEM, which stands for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. For male students, engineering is the most popular STEM major, while for female students it is biology. There are different theories about why women are so underrepresented, in engineering, and in STEM in general. Some people think that itis simply because fewer women are interested in these fields, while others think that young girls may be discouraged by parents, teachers, and society in general from pursuing STEM occupations. Bven though women make up 47% of all US. employees, only 14% of engineers are women. 1m certain fields, such as mechanical engineering, the percentage is even less than 10%. 4 Toconclude, business and engineering are both practical, career-oriented majors that are attractive to US. college students, but which differ in significant ‘ways, Business, the most popular major, has a 50-50 split between male and female students. Engineering, in contrast, is less popular with women—86% ofits, majors are male students. As perceptions of men and ‘women continue to change in the United States, and as the job market evolves, it will be interesting to see if these trends continue or change. "MBA (Masters of Business Administration) (n) an advanced degree in business “humanities (n) literature, language, history, philosophy, and other subjects that are not a scienceWHILE READING 4 Read the essay. Then read these facts and check (W) if they apply to READING FOR business, engineering, or both MAIN IDEAS ee ee ec BB will help students launch their careers BM has a gender gap EM is the most popular US. college major Ea isa STEM subject EM requires the use of mathematics (8) provides a good foundation for graduate school EA involves working with electronics and mechanics 5 Answer the questions about the text. READING FOR DETAILS 1 Which majors are mentioned as examples of ones which are not =e directly linked to careers? 2 What suggestion is given for people who plan to attend graduate school for engineering? 3 What is the most popular engineering major in the U.S.7 4 What percentage of U.S. engineers are women? READING BETWEEN THE LINES 6 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. MAKING INFERENCES. 1 Why woulda student prefer to major in a career-oriented subject? || >> 2. What are disadvantages of majoring in business or engineering? PRISMBettox DISCUSSION 7 Discuss the questions with your partner. 1 Are you interested in STEM subjects? Why? 2 Is there a gender balance in STEM education in your country? Why?READING PREPARING TO READ 1 You are going to read an article about distance learning and face-to-face learning. Before you read, review the collocations and their meanings. Then complete the sentences with your own words, UNDERSTANDING KEY VOCABULARY PRISM?atti core principles (n phr) key values credible alternative (n phr) reliable substitute distance learning (n phr) general education from online instruction modern phenomenon (n phr) recent trend online degree (n phr) an academic qualification obtained from online instruction significant difference (n phr) important distinction technological advances (n phr) developments in technology virtual classroom (n phr) online course 1 One interesting modern phenomenon in my country is 2. A subject that might not work well for distance learning is 3 One advantage of a real classroom over a virtual classroom is 4 One advantage of an online degree over a degree that requires attending classes is 5 It’s possible that a credible alternati to gasoline might be 6 Because of technological advances, it is now much easier to 7 One of the core principles of many colleges is 8 One significant difference between high school and college is UsING YOUR 2 Write T (true) or F (false) next to the statements to show your opinion KNOWLEDGE 1 Distance learning is a new idea. ——_____ 2 Distance learning requires good technological access. 3 Face-to-face learning is better than distance learning. 3 Read the article and check your answers to Exercise 2.Distance Learning vs. Face-to-Face Learning Although many people think it is a modern phenomenon, distance earning has been around for at least 200 years in one form or another. Historical examples of long-distance learning include students being sent a series of weekly lessons by mail. ‘The technological advances of the past 20 or so years, however, have meant that this form of education is now a eredible alternative to face-to-face learning. Indeed, 1996 saw the establishment of the world’s first “virtual university” in the United States, showing how far distance learning has come in a relatively short space of time. While it is now possible to obtain a large variety of online degrees, which is the best type of education to pursue? A closer examination of this topic reveals that distance and traditional educational instruction have significant differences but also some similarities. When comparing the two systems, the most obvious difference lies in the way that instruction is delivered. Distance learning is heavily dependent on technology, particularly the Internet. Ina face-to-face course, students may only require a computer for the purpose of writing an essay. In comparison, when learning remotely, technology is the principal means of communication. Face-to-face instruction must take place in real time and in one location. Conversely, distance learning can happen at any time and in any location, since the learning is not restricted by geography. The flexibility this provides ‘means that students may be better able to learn at their own pace, but it ‘may also mean that learners have to be well organized and self- disciplined. In other words, they must be more highly motivated in order to do well in distance-learning courses. Finally, with 3 face-to-face learning, the teacher and student have the opportunity to develop 1 personal relationship. In a virtual classroom, by contrast, the teacher may seldom or never actually meet the student. This may make it hard for teachers to understand their students’ specific learning needs. Although the nature of the teacher- student relationship may differ in the two methods, they do share the same core principles. Just as a teacher is the “knower” in a classroom, he of she is the one responsible for helping students understand the key sections of an online course, The teacher needs to decide how to best present the material to be learned and in which sequence the topics should be introduced. He or she must also create the assignments for the course and help the students know what resources (textbooks, websites, and so on) will best support their earning. Additionally, a teacher needs to provide student feedback in some way. For example, a language teacher in a classroom may be able to correct a student's grammar or pronunciation in the moment, whereas a distance- learning teacher may need to provide written or recorded feedback to be delivered later. In any case, all the usual elements of the teacher's role are necessary, no matter what kind of instruction is being used. Itis difficult to state whether one form of learning is better than another, since they are geared toward different learning situations. They are certainly different experiences. Nevertheless, there are strong similarities between the two systems, which can both produce positive results. A student who has the choice should consider the advantages and disadvantages of each method before deciding to take a course.WHILE READING Peta Gnon 4 Write the correct paragraph number next to the description. MAIN IDEAS 1 Similarities between the two methods Paragraph: 2 General summary and conclusions Paragraph 3 Differences between the methods Paragraph: 4 The history and background of the topic Paragraph: READING FORDETANs 3 Ave the statements about distance learning, face-to-face learning, or both? Check (¥) the correct column. eee a develops a strong student-teacher relationship relies heavily on technology flexible with time can be an effective way of teaching requires a high level of motivation not limited by geography can suit many types of students READING BETWEEN THE LINES MAKING INFERENCES © iota a partner. Answer the questions based on information in Eee i 1 Why do some people think distance learning is a modern idea? 2. Why can online learning be slightly impersonal? 3 How would teacher feedback differ between the two methods in a language course? 4 Does the author of the article generally approve or disapprove of distance learning?DISCUSSION 7 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. eee 1 Have you ever tried to learn something online? What were the — advantages and disadvantages of doing this? 2 Are there any problems with face-to-face teaching? 3 How do you think teaching will change in the future? 4 Use ideas from Reading | and Reading 2 to answer the following questions. Which do you think would work better with distance learning: a business course or an engineering course? Why? GUAGE DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION VOCABULARY 1 Complete each sentence with a word from the box. Use a dictionary to PRISMBeiox help you assignment degree journal _ teaching assistant plagiarism semester seminar tutor 1 The work required of students in college is a(n) —___ 2 An academic year can be divided into two periods, each called a(n) 3 _______is when students copy from or do not acknowledge their sources when writing an essay. 4 A(n) ___is a quarterly, peer-reviewed collection of research papers. 5 A(n)____ isa graduate student who teaches classes at a college or university. 6 A(n)____is a short course or meeting where people discuss a particular subject. 7 A(n) _____ works with a student one-on-one ona specific academic skill. 8 When you have completed a program of study at a college or university, you get a(n)ACADEMIC WORDS PRISM". 2 Match the academic words to the definitions. 1 alternative a the foundation or starting of an organization 2 establishment b part or feature of something 3 virtual ¢ enthusiasm for doing something 4 significant d different from something else 5 core particular or exact 6 principle f existing in a technological environment 7 specific g important or noticeable 8 motivation h the most important part of something 9 aspect i abasic idea or rule 3 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of some of the words from Exercise 2. 1 Many students prefer to study a job-related subject as a(n) —___ ‘to an academic course. 2 The flexibility offered by distance learning is seen as a(n)___ benefit by many students. 3 One beneficial __ of university education is meeting the other students in the course. 4 Tutors work with students to help them understand the key of their courses. 5. Distance learning requires students to have a high level of ____. 6 Distance learning can make it hard for a teacher to understand a student's __learning needs. 7 As well as taking____ modules, students will be able to take other optional elective classes in various areas. 8 1996 saw the establishment of the world's first ___ university, which operated only on the Internet.CRITICAL THINKING At the end of this unit, you are going to write a comparison and contrast essay. Look at this unit's Writing Task below. W’ Discuss the various similarities and differences between studying a language and studying math. 1 Inthe Venn diagram below, write the similarities and differences between distance learning and face-to-face learning. Use your notes and ideas from Reading 2 to help you distance learning face-to-face learning 2. Now think of some subjects that you think would work better for distance learning, better for face-to-face-learning, or equally well for both. Add these to the Venn diagram above. 3 Now think about learning a language versus learning math. What is similar about these experiences? What is different? Discuss this with a partner. You can check online for ideas as well. Write your notes in the Venn diagram below. You will use this information in the Writing Task at the end of this unit, language APPLY ANALYZEGRAMMAR FOR WRITING PRISM Pattocx COMPARISON AND CONTRAST LANGUAGE The ability to compare similar ideas or to contrast different ideas is an important skill in academic writing. This is especially true when writers are asked to discuss a subject before giving an opinion. Use a comma after transition words and phrases when they begin a sentence. Comparison Contrast Similarly, .._ In the same way, However, In contrast, Likewise, Conversely, ... On the other hand, Students in face-to-face courses see tutors often. Similarly, students in distance-leaming courses contact their tutors in online forums often. Universities charge high tuition fees for academic subjects. However, colleges charge much less for vocational courses. 1 Complete the sentences with a transition word or phrase from the box. More than one answer may work. conversely in contrast inthe same way _ similarly 1 If your native language is Swedish, then learning Danish is not very difficult. Mandarin will be challenging to learn. 2 Algebra is a math subject that many students learn in high school. —_____, geometry is commonly taught at the high-school level. 3. The most common second language for Americans to learn is Spanish. , the most common second language to study in some parts of Canada is French. 4 Language learning requires memorizing and practicing vocabulary. math involves memorizing and practicing formulas. 2 Complete the sentences with your own ideas to compare or contrast. 1 Academic subjects such as law lead to high-paying careers. In contrast, 2 Medicine involves both academic and professionally related aspects Similarly, 3 Theoretical courses tend not to prepare students for the real world Conversely, 4 Vocational training can be learned by taking special courses. Likewise,Adverb clauses of contrast are used mainly to contrast two things or ideas. You can show contrast in the topic sentence of a paragraph or in the thesis statement of an essay by using an adverb clause. An adverb clause has a subject and a verb, but it is not a complete sentence. It begins with the subordinators while or whereas. While teachers and. parents both have a. child's interests at heart, they are different because they may not have the same expectations of the child. The main difference between teachers and parents is that teachers are paid, whereas parents are not. An adverb clause of contrast can come before or after the main clause. If it comes first, it is followed by a comma. In academic writing, it is more common for adverb clauses of contrast to appear second. Unlike other adverb clauses, a comma can come before an adverb clause of contrast when it appears second to emphasize contrast A language teacher in a. classroom may be able to correct a student’s grammar or pronunciation in the moment, while/whereas a distance-leaming teacher may need to provide written or recorded feedback to be delivered Later. While/Whereas a distance-leaming teacher may need. to provide written or recorded, feedback to be delivered Later, a language teacher in a classroom may be able to correct a student’s grammar or pronunciation in the moment. 3 Combine the sentences using adverb clauses of contrast with while or PRISM Beto. whereas, For some items, more than one answer is possible 1 Academic courses focus on subjects like math, science, and literature Vocational courses focus on practical skills 2 Auniversity isa very large institution that offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. A college is a smaller institution that typically offers only undergraduate degrees. 3 Academic courses are theoretical. Vocational subjects are not. 4 More men tend to graduate with degrees in math or science. More women tend to graduate with degrees in language or literature.ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS AVOIDING RUN-ON SENTENCES AND COMMA SPLICES Run-on sentences and comma splices are common errors that writers must know how to avoid in academic writing Run-on sentences are incorrect because they have two independent clauses that have not been connected the right way. indey lent clause independent clause Engineering and business are both popular majors they both use mathematics. To fix arun-on sentence, you can: + add a comma and a coordinating conjunction like and, but, or so. Engineering and. business are both popular majors, and. they both use mathematics . + separate the clauses with a semicolon. Engineering and business are both popular majors; they both use mathematics + make the clauses into two separate sentences, Engineering and. business are both popular majors. They both use mathematics . Comma splices are two independent clauses connected only with a comma Business is a more popular major than engineering, it also has no gender gap. As with run-on sentences, you can correct comma splices by adding a coordinating conjunction (such as and, but, or so), separating the clauses with a semicolon, or making the clauses two separate sentences. Business is a more popular major than engineering, and it also has vo gender gap. Business is a more popular major than engineering; it also has vo gender gap. Business is a more popular major than engineering. It also has no gender gap1 Identify the run-on sentences or comma splices in the sentences. Write PRISM8eto. C (comma splice) or R (run-on sentence). Then correct the sentences. » and. 1. Many students study a second language’some students study a third language. 2. Engineering is a popular college major, itis not as popular as business. 3. Mathematics Focuses on numbers language learning focuses on words 4 Distance leaming has become very popular, you can even earn a degree this way. 5 Some students prefer to study academic subjects other students prefer vocational courses. 6 All universities charge tuition some are more expensive than others. —_ COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ESSAYS One common way to structure a comparison and contrast essay is to start with a discussion about the differences between the two subjects and then follow with a discussion about the similarities. Introductory paragraph: + gives some background on the two subjects of comparison * provides a thesis statement that explains whether the writer feels that the differences or similarities are more important, or just that they both exist Body paragraph I: states the differences between subject land subject 2 Body paragraph 2: states the similarities between subject 1 and subject 2 Concluding paragraph: * restates the thesis + ends with a comment showing the writer's opinion 2. Look back at Readings I and 2. Answer the questions with a partner. PRISM®%%ox 1 In Reading 1, does the thesis statement indicate that the author will emphasize the differences of the subjects, the similarities of the subjects, or that both differences and similarities exist? 2 In Reading 2, does the thesis statement indicate that the author will emphasize the differences of the subjects, the similarities of the subjects, or that both differences and similarities exist? 3 In the explanation of comparison and contrast essays that was just presented, the suggested structure of the body paragraphs is that the first discusses differences and the second discusses similarities. Which reading (I or 2) follows this structure?Maly SJ PRISM#i.. W Discuss the various similarities and differences between studying a language and studying math. PLAN 1 Look back at the Venn diagram in Critical Thinking with your notes on the similarities and differences between learning a language and learning math. Now take those ideas, plus any new ones you can think of, and write them in the essay outline below. Pree ais Pad Dee ea Oem Sees emery iCute Peers Beha od Pentre your opinion 2 Write a thesis statement for your essay. You can use an adverb clause with while or whereas to show contrast. 3 Refer to the Task Checklist on page 55 as you plan your essay.WRITE A FIRST DRAFT 4 Write your essay using the outline. REVISE 5 Use the Task Checklist to review your essay for content and structure. TASK CHECKLIST Did you give background information and a thesis statement in your introduction? Do you have one body paragraph about the differences and another body paragraph about the similarities? Did you use examples to strengthen your arguments in the body paragraphs? Did you restate the thesis statement and give your opinion in the conclusion? 6 Make any necessary changes to your essay. EDIT 7 Use the Language Checklist to edit your essay for language errors LANGUAGE CHECKLIST Did you use comparison and contrast language correctly? Did you use adverb clauses to show contrast correctly? Did you use a range of academic words? Did you use collocations correctly? Did you avoid run-on sentences and comma splices? 8 Make any necessary changes to your essay.'S DISCUSSION BOARDS PREPARING TO READ 1 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. 1 Whaat is your experience writing on di iscussion boards for class? 2 What challenges do you have when contributing to discussion boards? 3 When you disagree with a comment, what do you usually do? not comment disagree in an indirect way say that you agree anyway disagree in a direct way 4 What are some ways to disagree politely, or indirectly? WHILE READING 2. Read a discussion from a class on public describe each writer’s post. health. Check () the boxes that Ricardo | Feride | Dylan agrees with the discussion statement disagrees with a classmate Uses sarcasm in his/her response states an opinion as a question gives clear reasons for his/her opinion Uses personal examples that support his/her argument uses examples from class readings that support his/her argument does not support his/her argument uses academic language2 DISCUSSION STATEMENT FOR WEEK 3 Colleges and universities should include physical education Ricardo: Let me start by saying that | love sports. | ski in the winter and play basketball and soccer games regularly. But there are two key reasons | don't think that PE’ should be required in college. Fist, tuition is really high and I would like my expenses to go toward academics and books, not sports. Second, many students don't have enough time to study for their academic classes. To add a sports course would take away from ‘their studies, Feride: You make some good points, Ricardo, but 'm afraid | don’t quite agree. The research we read last week shows that people who are physically active do better in school. Don't you think students should be encouraged to do sports? f sports are always something extra, | worry that many students wor't participate. In the 1920s, 97% of students took PE in college; today that number is only 39%. Also, we have a serious obesity epidemicin this country, and that includes this college. Making exercise part of a curriculum seems like a goodidea. Dylan: | think you're wrong, Feride. First, this isn't the 1920s. Second, a sports class isn’t going ‘to change the obesity rate. That doesn't make any sense. | hated PE in high school. It a complete waste of time. (If they made skateboarding a class, I might change my mind.) People who want to do sports should do them, and if people want to sit around and play video games, let them decide, not you! What's next? Everyone has to take piano lessons? This isn’t high school. We're adults. PRACTICE 3 Read the sentences from the text. Write P for polite phrases. Write R for phrases that sound too direct and rude. 1 You make a good point. 2 I think you're wrong. 3 Let them decide, not you! 4 I'm afraid | don't quite agree, 5 It seems like a good idea. 6 That doesn't make any sense. 4 Work witha partner. Do you agree or disagree with each person? What would you say to him or her? REAL-WORLD APPLICATION 5 Write a response to one of the posts in the text. Use two phrases that soften your opinion. 6 Exchange responses with your partner. Write a response to your partner's discussion comment.MA WYO) i Reading skill \ Academic writ Writing Task oa (On CampusWork with a partner. Discuss the questions. What is the best treatment for: * acold? * obesity? * aheadache? * depression? * acut on your hand? ® stress? * atoothache? Do you think medicine from a doctor is the best remedy for the ve? medical problems ab What other types of treatment are there besides conventional medication available from a doctor? Would you use alternative medicine to treat a serious illness? Why or why not?NRG aU On Sd PREPARING TO WATCH Racor 1 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions KNOWLEDGE 1. What kinds of allergies can people have? —————__ 2 Do you know anyone with an allergy? What happens when they have an allergic reaction? 3 How would you feel if you had to get a shot or injection every week? 4 Isalternative medicine a good choice for people with allergies? Why or why not? PREDICTING CONTENT 2 L©Okat the pictures from the video. Make predictions with your partner. USING VISUALS 1 What do you think is special about the toothpaste? 2 What do you think the scientist is putting in the toothpaste? 3 What medical condition could the man have? 4. How might the toothpaste help him? meds (n) a set of medicines that someone takes regulary (slang) dose (r) ameasurement of medicine that is taken at one time or during a period of time extract (0) a substance taken from a plant and used especially in food or medicine custom-made (adi) made for a particular person or purpose side effect (n) a second, usually negative, effect that a drug has on your body in addition tothe main, intended effect tingle (v) to have a slightly uncomfortable, stinging feeling ina part of your bodyWHILE WATCHING 3 © Watch the video. Number the statements in the order they are mentioned. a Some people forget to treat their allergies at home. b Derek is treating his allergies while he is brushing his teeth. __ ¢ Dr. Reisacher created Allerdent. d The toothpaste, Allerdent, contains extracts of allergens. _ e Allerdent has helped Derek. f Derek is part of a study testing the new toothpaste. © Watch again. Answer the questions. 1 What is Derek allergic to? 2 How many patients are testing the new toothpaste? 3 What two traditional treatments can Allerdent replace? 4 How many allergies can Allerdent treat at one time? 5 Work with a partner. Put a check (W) next to the statements that you can infer from the video. Give reasons for your answers. 1 L Customizing medicine is beneficial for patients. 2 [_] More people are likely to prefer toothpaste to weekly shots. 3 Using extracts from plants is better for one's health. 4 [| Allergens are increasing. DISCUSSION 6 Discuss the questions with your partner. Compare your answers with another pair. 1 If you had a serious allergy, what do you think would be its biggest impact on your life? How would your life be different if the allergy could be cured? 2 Apart from allergy treatment, in what other new ways might toothpaste or other personal care items be used in the future? 3 Can you think of any disadvantages to using toothpaste to deliver a person's medication? UNDERSTANDING MAIN IDEAS UNDERSTANDING DETAILS MAKING INFERENCESREADING 1 PREPARING TO READ UNDERSTANDING 1 Read the sentences and choose the best definition for the words in bold. KEY VOCABULARY 1 After my knee surgery, my leg was sore for several weeks. = a taking medicine for a period of time after you are sick b the cutting open of the body to repair a damaged part 2. Two symptoms of the common cold are coughing and sneezing, a types of illnesses b reactions or feelings of illness that are caused by a disease 3 Doctors are usually big proponents of regular exercise for their patients. a people who support a particular idea or plan of action b people who argue against an idea 4 The new treatment is controversial. Some people think it has not been tested enough, while others believe init. a causing disagreement or discussion b causing agreement 5 The government has funded the hospital in my neighborhood, a given land for a new building b provided money to pay for something 6 Its dangerous to consume illegal substances because they have not been approved by the country’s medical authorities. a foods that are unhealthy b materials with particular physical characteristics 7 My grandmother is afraid to use conventional treatment for her illness. Instead, she drinks a tea made from a variety of plants a following the usual practices b alternative and non-traditional 8 Heart disease is the chief cause of death for people in the United States a most important or main b most uncommon2 You are going to read an article about the homeopathy debate. Look quickly at the article. Look at the title, subheads, and introduction. Decide which statement best describes what the article is about. SKIMMING 1 The article presents the arguments for and against conventional types of medicine. 2 The article discusses why some alternative medical treatments are free. 3 The article gives two people's opinions on the effectiveness of using homeopathy. 4 The article discusses a range of alternative medical treatments. WHILE READING 3 Read the article on the homeopathy debate. Highlight each writer's opinion in a different color and underline the support each writer provides. Write notes in the margin as you read. PRISM... ANNOTATING 4 Read the article again. Write T (true), F (false), or DNS (does not say) next to the statements. Correct the false statements. READING FOR DETAILS 1 The majority of countries use alternative rather than conventional medicine, 2 Supporters of homeopathy believe that patients should have choices in their treatment. 3 More than two-thirds of doctors in the United States are against homeopathic treatment. __— 4 Traditional Indian doctors frequently use homeopathy. 5 Jessica Nogueira thinks that homeopathic remedies only work because of the placebo effect. 6 Medicare and Medicaid do not fund homeopathic remedies. ____. 7 Homeopathic health care is not available in the United States. 8 Weak, highly diluted liquids are a common form of homeopathic treatment.The Homeopathy Debate 1 ‘Most national health care programs use conventional medicine, meaning that illnesses are treated using drugs and surgery. However, there is also a range of alternative medical treatments to choose from. One controversial treatment is homeopathy. Homeopathic remedies are highly diluted’ mixtures of natural substances, such as plants and minerals, that may cause the symptoms of a disease in healthy people. The idea is that they will cure similar symptoms in sick people. Supporters of homeopathy believe that it can be effective. Others argue, however, that homeopathy does not work and agree that it should not be funded by government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid in the United States (national health insurance programs for seniors, people with disabilities, and low-income families). Here, one proponent and one critic present their cases. Homeopathy Should Be Covered by Government Health Care Programs by Jessica Nogueira (Professional Homeopath) Im 1810, a German physician named Samuel + Hahnemann published an overview of his medical theories and research in a book titled The Organon of the Healing Art, which stated that consuming a substance that causes the symptoms of an illness could cure that illness. This was the birth of homeopathy. Ever since then, many people have tried this alternative treatment and found success ‘with it. Often, homeopathic treatment is less expensive than conventional medicine is, since it is made from plants and other natural substances Also, but perhaps less importantly, over 400 doctors in the United States regularly recommend homeopathic treatments. Since they are cheap and popular, I find it difficult to understand why Medicare and Medicaid do not fund them.Why 5 shouldn't people be allowed to make their own health choices? They have this freedom in other aspects of their lives—for example, which school to send their children to—so why not in terms of their health care? As for the critics who argue that homeopathy doesn't work, Icould give hundreds of examples of patients who have been cured by my treatment. On top of that, there’s plenty of research that shows the benefits it can bring Homeopathy wouldn't have survived so long if it were complete nonsense. Ithas much more than just a placebo effect*.Too ‘much emphasis is sometimes put on providing “proof” of why something works, Belief is just as powerfil. Homeopathy Should Not Be Covered by Government Health Care Programs by Dr Piers Wehner (Primary Care Physician) We don't really know whether homeopathy helps people feel better because of the remedies themselves or because people believe they will work. Some people just feel better when they get personal care and attention from their homeopathic practitioner. For me and many others in my profession, there is absolutely no proof that says homeopathic treatment works.The government's chief scientist confirmed this when he said there was “no real evidence” to support homeopathy. We live in difficult economic times, and every health insurance penny the government spends should be checked to ensure that itis not wasted. In fact, 75% of US. doctors are against the use of Medicare and Medicaid for funding of homeopathy. One of the main arguments put forward by supporters of homeopathy is that this therapy doesn’t cause any damage. However, people may think they are treating their illness by taking homeopathic remedies when there is actually no scientific evidence that this is true. Even more seriously, patients who rely on homeopathy alone for treating life-threatening illnesses like cancer could be taking a big risk. The cancer might no longer be treatable by proven methods if the patient has waited too long trying homeopathy. This can cost lives ‘diluted (adj) made weaker by mixing with something else such as water *placebo effect (n) an improvement in a patient's condition caused only by his or her belief in the benefit of the treatment> IDENTIFYING 5 Which of the two people in the article would agree with the statements anions cy ie Ne stcicN Mca BM The doctor says it’s too late to help her now. If only sheid gone to see him earlier. Look, if| don't want to risk the side effects of conventional drugs, why should I have to? EM When I see proper clinical trials that prove the effectiveness of homeopathy, then I'l change my mind EB The mind has incredibly strong healing powers EM IF it means we could stop paying all that money for drugs. then Im for it EB It worked. I don't know why. It doesn’t seem possible, but I'm just happy that it worked. BM This is serious. You can keep taking the homeopathic treatment as well, if you want, but you've got to see a doctor. S If three-quarters of professionals are against it, m against it. READING BETWEEN THE LINES 6 Work with a partner. Discuss possible reasons for the statements MAKING INFERENCES 1 Homeopathic treatment is much cheaper than conventional medicine. 2 Belief is as powerful as medicine. 3 Personal care and attention make people feel better. 4 There is no real proof that homeopathy works. 5 Doctors need to see scientific evidence. DISCUSSION 7 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. 1 Why do you think alternative medicines are popular with some people? 2. Do you think alternative medicine only creates a placebo effect? 3 Do you think some medicines that are considered alternative in one society might be considered conventional in another? If so, what are some examples?LY NP) New PREPARING TO READ. 1 You are going to read an article about different types of health care systems. Read the definitions. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in bold UNDERSTANDING KEY VOCABULARY PRISM? burden (n) a duty or responsibility that is hard to bear consultation (n) a meeting with a doctor who is specially trained to give advice to you or other doctors about an illness contribution (n) money, support, or other help labor (n) practical work, especially work that involves physical effort regardless (adv) despite; not being affected by something safety net (n) something used to protect a person against possible hardship or difficulty treatment (n) the use of drugs, exercise, etc. to improve the condition of a sick or injured person, or to cure a disease 1 When elderly people get sick, it sometimes places a financial on their adult children, who have to help pay for expensive treatments. 2 After three months of _______, the patient can now walk well 3 Everybody must pay their share, ___ of how much they earn. 4 Its a good idea to save some money as a(n)__, just in case you lose your job. 5 The doctor examined me when | went to her for a(n) about my symptoms. 6 We each gave a(n) ___ of money to send our sick coworker some flowers. 7 When you calculate the price of building a new hospital, you have to consider materials and also the cost of Ween 2. Work with a partner. Answer the questions. KNOWLEDGE 1 Do you have to pay for health care in your country? 2 What health care provision, if any, does your government pay for? 3. Should everybody be able to access free health care?3 Skim the article. Read the title, introduction, and topic sentences. SKIMMING Decide which statement best describes what the article is about. 1 The article examines different kinds of public health care in different countries. 2. The article focuses on private funding as it relates to health care. 3 The article criticizes government policies. 4 The article discusses the role of medication in health care. Should Health Care Be Free? 1 Who pays for health care? The answer varies from country to country. In the United States, people often receive their health insurance through their employer. In other places, health care is completely free forall residents. There are also places where you can only see a doctor if you pay. Often, a patient is faced with the choice of medium-quality but cheap care versus, high-quality but expensive care. Unfortunately, providing health care to an entire nation of citizens is a complicated matter. While different health care systems, have various advantages and disadvantages, no system is ideal Free or Public Health Care Within the countries that provide free public health care, there are many models. In some countries, consultations, treatment, and medicines are free toall citizens. This may be paid for directly by the government, perhaps funded by the country's valuable natural resources that the government owns. Other countries collect money from citizens through taxes based on their income. Workers pay according to how much they eam, and employers also make a contribution. Hospitals and other medical services are then provided and run by the government. There may. also be some private medical services that people can choose to buy. The advantage of systems such as these is clear: free basic health care for all, regardless of income. However, it isa very expensive system and, as life expectaney and costs rise, many countries are facing either an unsustainable financial burden, or a drop in the quality of services and facilities provided. Private Health Care In countries where citizens use private providers, health care is only available to patients who pay for it, and health care providers are commercial companies. In wealthier countries, most citizens take out health insurance to cover their potential medical costs. However, not everyone can afford this, and some governments have a program that gives financial assistance to those who need urgent medical care but are unable to afford it. In other nations, there is no such safety net, and those who cannot pay simply do not get the health care they need, unless they can get help. The disadvantages of this system are obvious: not only are individuals deprived of the medical attention they need, but also the lack of preventative medicine means that infectious diseases can quickly spread. One advantage, however, is that commercial organizations can sometimes provide higher-quality care than struggling government-funded ones. ‘A Mixed System In many countries, there is a mix of public and private funding. This system requires all its citizens to take out health insurance. This is deducted from salaries by the employer, who also has to make a contribution for each worker. Citizens are able to choose their health care providers, which may be public or private. However, in some systems, private companies are not permitted to make a profit from providing basic health eare. This model provides more flexibility than either the public or private models, and ensures access to health care for all However, it has been criticized for driving up the cost of labor, which can lead to unemployment. Conclusion Most of us will likely agree that no health care system is perfect, Several countries are now considering a combination of the models for their national health systems. The challenge isto find a system that provides high-quality level of health care to all citizens, but which is also affordable and practical. Whether or not stich as system can work remains to be seen,WHILE READING PEIINGron 4 Answer the questions. MAIN IDEAS 1 Which of the three systems described is most similar to the one your ————————————— _ country follows? Are there any differences? 2 Which system gives people the best access to health care? The best quality health care? READING FOR DETAILS > Read the essay again. Identify which system (public, private, or mixed) in the essay these countries use. 1 The United Kingdom Under this country’s National Health Service (NHS), all workers pay National Insurance according to how much they earn. This is collected by the government and is used to pay for hospitals and other medical treatment. Most of this is free, except for prescriptions, eye care, and dental care. Most hospitals are owned and run by the government. 2 The Democratic Republic of Congo Here, many people do not have access to a doctor and in some areas there is an insufficient supply of medicine. Doctors are typically paid in cash, and even those who do manage to see a doctor often cannot afford the treatment. 3 Qatar This country spends more on health care per person than any other country in the Gulf region. Health care is free (or almost free) for everyone. This is paid for by the government. 4 The United States Here, health care is expensive. Over 11% of Americans do not have health coverage. Those who are not enrolled in government programs like Medicare or Medicaid usually have to pay for some kind of health insurance. 5 Germany Here, most workers have to pay for government health insurance from their salaries or buy insurance on their own SCANNINGTO FIND © Scan the essay quickly to find words to complete the table. KEY WORDS synonyms of people synonyms of money related to health care READING BETWEEN THE LINES 7 Work with a partner. Answer the questions based on information in MAKING INFERENCES, ————_ the article. 1 Which health care system might a person with a long-term illness prefer? Why? 2. Which system might a person with a high income prefer? Why?DISCUSSION 8 Work with a partner. Discuss the questions. SYNTHESIZING 1 Why do you think different countries have different health care systems? 2 Do you know of any health care treatments that people sometimes use in your country that might be considered alternative or unconventional? 3. Use ideas from Reading | and Reading 2 to answer the following questions. In countries where the government pays for everyone's health care, do you think alternative treatments such as homeopathy should be covered? Why or why not? @® LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT MEDICAL VOCABULARY 1 Read the definitions. Complete the sentences with the correct form of PRISMB ex ‘the words in bold. drug dependency (n) being unable to function normally without a particular type of medicine epidemic (n) an illness that affects large numbers of people at the same time patent (n) the official legal right to make or sell an invention for a particular number of years preventable illness (n) a disease that can be avoided, often by a person looking after themselves better sedentary lifestyle (n) a way of life that does not involve much activity or exercise underfunding (n) lack of money provided for something, often academic or scientific research 1 Following a national emergency such as an earthquake, clean water must be restored quickly to prevent the spread of a(n) 2. A decrease in spending by the government means hospitals suffer from 3__________canoccur when people are prescribed a medicine for a long time. 4 The rise in obesity, particularly among young people, is often the result of afp) 5 Alack of exercise and eating the wrong food can lead to the development of a(n) __________such as diabetes. 6 Pharmaceutical companies have_________on their new drugs, but once these have expired, other companies can manufacture and market the same drugs.PRISM@m. ACADEMIC VOCABULARY 2 Write the correct adjective forms of the academic nouns in the table. Tia iL having a negative or harmful effect on something | adversity 2 having the qualities that you connect with profession trained and skilled people 3 against the law illegality 4 connected with the body physicality 5 difficult to understand or find an answer to complexity because of having many different parts 6 enough or satisfactory for apparticular purpose | adequacy 7 traditional and ordinary convention 8 exact and accurate precision 9 related to the treatment of illness and injuries | medicine 3 Circle the correct word to complete each sentence 1 Many countries are fighting against the growing use of complex / ilegal drugs Doctors and nurses are two examples of precision / professional health care practitioners. People have the right to expect ilegal / adequate service from doctors and nurses. Conventional / Professional medicine involves the use of drugs, unlike alternative forms of medicine. Several surgeons may be needed in complex / adverse medical operations. Health systems should focus on the treatment of mental conditions, as wellas physical / conventional health care. Hospitals can suffer illegal / adverse conditions such as underfunding or overcrowding. 8 It takes many years of medical / professional study to become a doctor. 9 When giving drugs to patients, itis crucially important that the quantity provided is adequate / precise. a aw ~CRITICAL THINKIN At the end of this unit, you will write an opinion essay. Look at this unit's Writing Task below. Wis discase prevention the responsibility of individuals and th families, or of the government? 1. Work with a partner. Look at Reading 2 again. Find the ideas that either ‘APPLY support or oppose free government health care and write them in the table. 2 Now brainstorm ways to prevent illnesses. 3 Put your ideas for prevention in the table according to whether you think EV, , /ALUATE they are the responsibility of individuals or of the government. een government4 Look at the table you completed in Exercise 3 and answer these questions 1 Which ist is longer, the individuals list or the government list? 2 Will the items you have listed be practical or easy to achieve for the individuals? for the government? 3 Ingeneral, which side do you feel should be more responsible for health care? Why? 5 Work in groups. Look at the list of actions that people can take to avoid becoming sick. Try to agree on the five most important actions avoiding sunburn brushing your teeth doing what makes you happy drinking enough water eating healthy food getting enough fresh air getting recommended vaccinations getting regular exercise not smoking reducing stress _ sleeping enough washing your hands frequently 6 Look at your list of the five most important actions and answer the questions. ANALYZE 1 How can individuals and families help themselves to take these actions? 2. How can the government help people to take these actions? 7 Read the statements. Which statements are in favor of individual responsibility for preventive health care? Which are against? 1 Health care is extremely expensive for governments, and medical evidence strongly suggests that lifestyle is a major indicator of health 2 People should be able to choose their own lifestyle. 3 People have different situations, so they need to decide what is most beneficial for them. 4 Many people want to eat healthily, but they get tempted by advertising for junk food. 5. Some people cannot afford to use gyms and other sports facilities. 6 Health advice changes so frequently that people need help to know what they should and should not do. 7 The easiest thing is to do nothing, which means many people do not take the steps needed to improve their health. 8 Health education is needed, and not only in schools. 9 If people do not take personal responsibility, they will lose the ability to make good choices.GRAMMAR FOR WRITIN ARTICLES Articles are essential in both spoken and written English. Knowing how to use them property is, therefore, important to the accuracy of academic writing, The way that English uses articles is different from some other languages, but there are some rules you can follow. a Theis used to refer to something specific that has been mentioned before: Influenza is a viral infection. The symptoms include sore throat, fever, aches, congestion, and. coughing. b Theis used for nouns when there is only one example of something The WS. health care policy changed in 2014. The Ebola virus spread. trough West Africa. and around. the world in 2015. ¢ Theis used for ordinal numbers: Tris is the second. operation that she has had.. d Theis used with superlative adjectives: Heart disease is the most common health problem in our society. e Aand an are used to introduce single, count nouns for the first time: A virus is an infection that replicates inside the living cells of other orgarisms. f Noarticles are needed for noncount nouns when talking about things in general Water and. oxygen are vital. for Uife. g Noarticles are needed for count nouns when talking about things in general: Nurses generally work hard. h No articles are needed for some proper nouns such as the names of most countries or people: Doctor Ahmadi is from Jordan, but he lives in Canada, now. i When you begin an academic essay or paragraph, itis common to start with a generalization, Use a/an for singular nouns and no article for noncount and plural nouns: A healthy diet is the key to long life. Good. health is important for everyone. jf you refer to a specific noun that is familar to your reader, use the: People with that disease know that the drugs are cheaper abroad. than they are here. (The reader understands which drugs are referred to by the context)PRISM 3m 1 Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or no article (2), 1 When traveling, it’s usually easier to carry ____piills than bottle of medicine 2 Alternative medicine is popular in___ China. 3 ____ first time I was in the hospital was 2010. 4 ____ best health care facility isin __ capital. 5 Medication should be available to all citizens. TRANSITIONS TO SHOW CONCESSION PRISMP3itox 2 Make sentences using the prompts. You may need to add other words. 1 Conventional medicine / effective / even though / unpleasant side effects. 2 Many people argue / homeopathy should be part of / our health care system. However, / critics argue / denies other people / proven treatments. 3 Homeopathy / popular choice for many / in spite of the fact that / no scientific evidence / it works. 4 Bathing in salt water / still commonly practiced in the twenty-first century / despite the fact that / over 4,000 years old.ACADEMIC WRITING SKILLS SENTENCE VARIETY Your academic writing will be stronger if you can vary the types of sentences that you write. You can combine longer, more complex sentences with shorter, more straightforward ones to create a text that is more interesting and has a stronger overall flow. Notice the difference between these two texts A Many people do not have access to health care. This may be because their country’s government does not provide it. It could also be because they cannot afford it. This is a problem B Because their government does not provide it, or because it is too expensive, many people do not have health care. This is a problem. Text B comes across as better writing and has a better flow. Now look at these two sentences. Text D uses sentence variety. C The health care system in my country is not ideal. It works adequately for the rich and the poor. It does not work adequately for middle class citizens. This is unacceptable. D In my country, the health care system—which works adequ the rich and, the poor—does not work well for middle-dass citizens. This is unacceptable. Notice the five techniques used above: + Varying the length of sentences in a text * Beginning sentences with subordinate clauses + Using conjunctions to make compound sentences + Beginning sentences with prepositions Using relative clauses to combine information 1 Follow the instructions to write sentences with the words provided. 1 Write two sentences: a longer one, and then a shorter one. People / should / not / take / medicine / prescribed / someone / else / is / dangerous People should not take medicine that is prescribed for someone else, This is dangerous. 2 Write a sentence that begins with a subordinate clause. Although / my / country’s / health care / system / not / perfect / better / than / many / others 3 Write a sentence that contains a relative clause. This / medication / that / 1/ need / take / for / my / illness 4 Write two sentences: a longer one, and then a shorter one. All/ people / our / society / access / affordable / health care / their / rightWRITING TAS PRISMS. Wis disease prevention the responsibility of individuals and their families, or of the government? PLAN 1 Look back at your ideas in Critical Thinking. Use your ideas to complete the essay outline below. Feet eds ny Porta ear al Et eee eee VA) Pc Ed Ee Et te ee, eee VA) eee 2. Refer to the Task Checklist on page 77 as you prepare your essay.WRITE A FIRST DRAFT 3 Write your essay using the outline. REVISE 4 Use the Task Checklist to review your essay for content and structure. TASK CHECKLIST Did you give your opinion in your writing and make it clear what your response to the question is in the introduction? Did you use sentence variety? Did you mention opposing ideas? 5 Make any necessary changes to your essay. EDIT 6 Use the Language Chechlist to edit your essay for language errors. LANGUAGE CHECKLIST Did you use articles (the, a/an, no article) correctly? Did you use transitions for concession (despite, although, however, etc) to show opposing views to your own arguments? Did you use an appropriate range of medical and academic vocabulary? Did you use the adjective forms of academic nouns? 7 Make any necessary changes to your essay.