15 Units Tutes - Compressed

S.L.
Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 1

myF - 01
murwptpaiy mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;
mwpKfk;:
murpay; vd;w vz;zf;fU ePz;l fhy tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;l xU

mk;rkhFk;. ,J fpNuf;f fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiu Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;w
xU nrawghLk; fw;ifJiwAkhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; nraw;ghLk;
fw;ifj;JiwAk; xd;whf Ngrg;gl;lhYk; gpwg; l;l fhyj;jpy; ,uz;L
JiwfSk; ntt;NtwhfNt Nehf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sd. ,jid
Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd mk;rk;> gpuNahf uPjpahd mk;rk; vd ,Utifahf
Nehf;fyhk;.
,t;tha;TfNs ,j;jiyg;gpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjhf Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.

fpNuf;f fhyk; njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu ,t;tpuz;L mk;rq;fSk; gy;NtW
Nfhzq;fspy; Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
1.1 murpay; vd;why; vd;d?
Muk;gj;jpy; murwptpaiy murpay; vd;Nw mioj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy;

eilKiwpay; ,J NTWgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpay; vd;gJ xU
nraw;ghlhfTk;> murwptpay; vd;gj xU fw;if JiwahfTk;
Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf murpay; vd;gJ Njrj;ij Ml;rp nra;jy;
vd;gjhFk;. ,J murpay; gw;wpa nghJthd vz;zf;fUthFk;. murpay;
mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lkhfTk; xU gpuNahfkhfTk; md;W njhlf;fk;
Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. murpaYld; njhlu;GgLfpd;w gpujhd
njhlu;Gilatu;fshf murpay;thjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.
,t;turpay; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp mjidg; ghJfhj;J gutyilar;
nra;fpd;w xU mk;rkhfNt Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.
S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 2

murpay; vd;w nrhy; fpNuf;f nrhy;yhd nghyp]; vd;w nrhy;ypUe;J
gpwe;jhFk;. ,JNt fhyg;Nghf;fpy; nghypbfs; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;ghf mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp mt;tjpfhuj;jpD}lhf kf;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;jp nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w xU nraw;ghlhfNt murpay;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. murpaiyg; nghUj;jstpy; gpuNahfj;jpy; gy;NtW
mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;L cs;slf;fpAs;sjhf Ma;thsu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;.
fpNuf;fj;jpy; gpNsl;Nlh mup];Nlhl;by; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,t;turpay; gw;wp
gy;NtW Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
murpay; vd;gij ,U tifahf Nehf;fyhk;.

 muR murhl;rp mur epu;thfk; vd;w tifapy;
 r%fg; gad;ghL vd;w tifapy;
muR murhl;rp mur epu;thfk; vd;w tifapy;
murpaiy Muk;gj;jpy; Muha;e;jtu;fs; xU tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;Nl

Muha;e;jhu;fs;. ,jid ehq;fs; FWfpa Nehf;F vdyhk;. muR Ml;rp
nra;jy;> mjid epWtfpj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;lNj
murpay; vd Muhk;gj;jpy; Ngrpdhu;fs;. Vida r%f tplaq;fs;
murpaypy; njhlu;GgLtjpy;iy vd;Wk; murpay; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l %d;W
mk;rq;fSld; khj;jpuk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; Muk;gj;jpypUe;J
xU rhuhu; fUj;J njuptpj;J te;Js;sik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,jw;fika ,e;jpah> rPdhtpYk; murpaiy muR> mjNdhL njhlu;ghd

mjpfhuq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;GgLj;jpNa tpsf;fg;gLj;jpAs;shu;fs;.
,e;jpahtpy; nfsby;ypaUk;> rPdhtpy; nfhd;G rPa];Tk; ,f;fUj;jpid
nfhz;bUe;jhu;fs;.
murpay; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lkhFk; Nkhfd; Njh Fwpg;gpLk;

NghJ murpay; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lNk xopa
Ntnuhd;Wkpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. murpay; vd;gJ nghJthf
Nehf;FNthkhdhy; muR> mur epu;thfk; kw;Wk; murhl;rp vd;gdtw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nraw;gLk; xU nraw;ghlhFk;. NkYk; gpui[fs;

Ml;rpahsu;fis epakpj;J mtu;fSf;F mjpfhuq;fis toq;fp
nraw;gLtNj murpayhFk; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
r%fg; gad;ghL vd;w tifapy;
murpay; gw;wp tiutpsf;fdg;gLj;Jfpd;wNghJ gy;NtW tifahd

fUj;Jf;fSk; jj;Jtq;fSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mup];Nlhl;by;
Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ kdpjd; ,ay;gpNyNa xU murpay; gpuhzp vd;whu;.
mj;NjhL murpDs; tho;tjd; %yNk kdpju;fs; rpwe;j tho;itg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. mj;NjhL NkYk; ,tu;
Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ tho;it Nkk;gLj;jTk; rpwe;j r%jhaj;ij
cUthf;fTk; kdpjd; Kaw;rpf;Fk; nraw;ghL murpay; vd;whu;.
Nrhy;w;Nwh Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ murpay; VNjDk; nghWg;Gzu;Tkpf;f
midtupdJk; fupridahf cs;sJ vd;whu;. mj;NjhL vy;. ypg;rd;
Fwpg;gpLifapy; nraY}f;fkpFe;j ru;r;irfs; ,lk; ngWk; nrad;Kiw
vd;whu;. N`gu;l; ];b& murpay; vd;gJ khdpj rKjhak; jkJ
gpur;rpid njhlu;gpy; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU nraw;ghL.
murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;Wjy; mjid ghJfhj;jy;> gutyilar;

nra;jy; vd;gtw;wpidf; nfhz;bUf;FK;. nghJthf murpaiy nra;jy;
vd;J gpd;tUk; Fuy;fspy; Ngrg;glyhk;. murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;> nraw;gLj;Jjy;> mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw
nfhz;ljhFk;.
mj;NjhL Nju;jypy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghLfs;

gq;Fgw;Wjy; vd;gtw;wpid nfhz;ljhFk;. NkYk; Nghuhl;lk;> kw;Wk;
vjpu;g;G ,af;f nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;wy; vd;gdthFk;.
NkYk;> Cu;tyq;fs;> vjpu;g;G eltbf;iffs;> Ntiy epWj;jq;fs;>

RahjPd rq;fq;fs; vd;gtw;wpid nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;w nraw;ghNl
murpayhFk;.

1.2 Nfhl;ghl;L murpay; vd;w tifapy;...
,jid Nfhl;ghl;L murpay; my;yJ murwptpay; my;yJ murpaiyf;

fw;wy; my;yJ ghlj;Jiwnad miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk;> ,J xU
r%f tpQ;QhdkhFk;. ,J fpNuf;f fhyj;jpy; mjhtJ> fp.K. 4k;
E}w;whz;by; (,d;iwf;F 2500 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;) Njhd;wpajhf
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. fpNuf;fj;jpy; murwpaiy fw;gpg;gNj gpujhdkhf
,uz;L rpe;jidahsu;fs; jhf;fk; nrYj;jp te;Js;shu;fs;. ,tu;fNs
gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by; vd;gtuhtu;. gpNsl;Nlh jdJ fy;Y}upahd
vflkpapy; (Academy) murpaiy Nghjpj;Js;shu;;. mNj Nghd;W
gpNsl;Nlhtpd; khztuhd mup];Nlhl;by; iyrpak; vDk; fy;Y}upia
cUthf;fpaJld; murpay; vDk; Gj;jfj;ijAk; vOjp itj;Js;shu;.
Nfhl;lghl;L murpayhdJ gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit murpay; Nfhl;ghL> murpay; rpe;jid>
murpay; jj;Jtk;> murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gdthFk;.
murwptpaypd; Njhw;wk;:
murwptpayhdJ 'Polise" vd;w yj;jPd; nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;.

Muk;g fpNuf;f efu muRfis Polise vd mioj;jhu;fs;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
,jidg; gw;wp fw;fj; njhlq;fpa ghlk; 'Political Science" vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW fpNuf;fj;jpy; Njhd;wpa murwptpayhdJ
gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; gbg;gbahf tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ.
murwptpay; gw;wp tiutpsf;fdk;:
murwptpay; gw;wp tiutpsf;fdg;gLj;Jfpd;wNghJ Kiwahd xU

tiutpyf;fdj;ij jdpj;Jtkhf Fwpg;gplKbahJs;sJ. fhyj;jpw;F
fhyk; gy;NtW tiutpsf;fdq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. murwptpay;
xU r%f tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gjdhy; mjidg; gw;wp
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JtJ rpf;fyhd xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
murwptpaiyg;gw;wp tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpatu;fs; jq;fspd; fhy
#o;epiyf;Nfw;g tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpdu;;.

 murpid gw;wp MuhAk; ,ay;
 murhq;fj;ijg; gw;wp MuhAk; ,ay;
 mjpfhuk; gw;wp MuhAk; ,ay;
murpid gw;wp MuhAk; ,ay;
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; murwptpaiy murpidg; gw;wp Muha;fpd;w ,ayhf

fUjpdhu;fs;. mjhtJ> muR gw;wpa tpQ;Qhdk; vd;Wk; murpd;
fle;jfhy> epfo;fhy> vjpu;fhy epiyg; gw;wpAk; mt;tuR rhu;e;j
mikg;Gf;fs;> epWtdq;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpa fy;tpNa murwpay; vd
miof;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf fhu;du;> nfl;ly;> Nghyf; Nghd;wtu;fs;
murwptpaiy murpid ikag;gLj;jpa fw;ifahf Muhaj;
njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. fhu;du; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ murwptpayk; vd;gJ> mjd;
fw;if muRld; Muk;gpj;J muRlNd Kbtilfpd;wJ vd;whu;. NkNy
murwptpaiy murpidg;gw;wp Muha;fpd;w ,ayhf fUjpdhu;fs;.
Mdhy;>
murhq;fk; gw;wp Muha;fpd;w ,ay;
,tu;fs; murhq;fk; mjNdhL njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs; mtw;wpd;

eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;iw ikag;gLj;jp fw;fg;gLk; fw;if Jiw
vd;whu;fs;. nghJthf rl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murhq;fk;
xd;iw ikag;gLj;jp muR xd;wpd; mYty;fspd; xU gFjpahFk;
Fwpg;ghf ];ug;gd; ypnfhf;> my;gpul; Bf;Nuhrpah MfpNahu;
murhq;fj;ij iag;gLj;jpNa murpwptpaiy Muha;e;Js;shu;fs;.
mjpfhuk; gw;wp Muha;fpd;w ,ay;
gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ,uz;L fUj;Jf;fisAk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;shj rpy rpe;jidahsu;fs; mjpfhuj;ij ikag;gLj;jpNa
Muhaj; njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. NkYk; mjpfhuk; gw;wpa fy;tpNa murwptpay;
vd;Wk; r%fnkhd;wpd; kdpj elj;ij kPjhd mjpfhuj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghL>
gq;fPL mjd; ghtid gw;wpa fw;ifahFk;. NkYk; mjpfhuj;ij gq;F

nfhs;tjw;fhd fw;ifahfTk; Muha;e;jhu;fs;. Fwpg;ghf yh];nty;
(Last well)> nkupak;> nkf;]; ntg;gu; Nghd;wtu;fs; mjpfhuk; gw;wpa
fw;ifahf murwtpaiy Muha;e;jhu;fs;.
Nkw;$wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; Muha;fpd;w

NghJ murwptpay; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzk; fhyj;Jf;F fhyk;
khWgl;lJld; gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jw;fika muR> murhq;fk;> mjpfhuk; vd;gd gw;wpa fw;ifahfNt
murwptpay; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; murwptpaypd; je;ijahd
mup];Nlhl;by; KJepiy tpQ;Qhdkhf ,jidf; fUjpdhu;.
murwptpaypd; tsu;r;rp
murwptpayhdJ xU gupdhkj;jpD}lhf fpNuf;f fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W

tiu ghupa tsu;rr; papid ngw;Wte;Js;sd. fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; murpay;
uPjpahf Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fis ikag;gLj;jp murwptpayhdJ
tsu;rr; paile;J te;jpUf;fpd;wik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jw;fika
murwptpaypd; tsu;rr; papid gpd;tUk; tifapy; fhy uPjpahf
njhlu;GgLj;jp Muha KbAk;.
 fpNuf;f fhyk;
 cNuhk fhyk;
 kj;jpa fhyk;
 etPd fhyk;
fpNuf;f fhyk;
murwptpayhdJ ,f; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp ,f;fhyg;gFjpapNyNa ghupa

tsu;rr; papid ngw;W te;Js;sd. ,jw;fika ,jd; tsu;rr; papy;
gpNsl;NlhtpdJk; mup];Nuhl;bypdJk; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fp.K. 4k; E}w;whz;by; gpNsl;Nlh mflkpapd; ClhfTk; mup];Nlhl;by;

iyrpaj;jpD}lhfTk; murwptpaiy Nghjpj;Js;shu;fs;. mj;NjhL

,f;fhyj;jpy; murwptpay; jj;Jtj;Jld; ,ize;jjhfNt
tsu;e;Jte;Js;sd.
cNuhk fhyk;
murwptpay; fpNuf;f fhyj;ijg;Nghd;W cNuhk fhyj;jpYk; ghupa
tsu;rr; piag; ngw;Wte;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf rprNuh Nghd;w
rpe;jidahsu;fspd; gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,iwapay;>
rh];j;jpuk;> tuyhW rl;lk; Nghd;w JiwfSld; njhlu;Ggl;L
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; murwptpay; tsu;rr; paile;J te;Js;sd.
kj;jpa fhyk;
fpNuf;f cNuhk fhyq;fisg; Nghd;W ghupa tsu;rr; papidg;

ngwhtpl;lhYk; murwptpaypd; tsu;rr; p ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; XusT
fhzg;gl;lnjd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf nrd; xf];jpd;> nrd;
mf;fpAdh]; Nghd;wtu;fs; murwptpay; tsu;rr; papy; ghupa gq;fhw;wp
te;Js;shu;fs;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; murwptpay; ngUk;ghYk;
,iwapaYld; njhlu;ggl;Nl tsu;r; r; paile;J te;Js;sd.
etPd fhyk;
murwptpaypd; tsu;rr; pahdJ etPd fhyj;jpy; ghupa tsu;rr; pia ngw;W

te;Js;sd. Fwpg;ghf 19> 20 k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; ,jd; tsu;r;rpahdJ
ghupa Kd;Ndw;wj;ij nfhz;bUe;jd. Fwpg;ghf kf;fpahty;yp ,jd;
tsu;rr; papy; Kf;fpakhdjhthu;. ,sturd; vDk; E}ypD}lhf Gjpa
rpe;jidfis r%fj;jpw;F toq;fpatu; vd;w tifapy; etPd
murpaypd; je;ijahfTk; Ngrg;gLfpd;whu;. ,Nj Nghd;W Njhk];
nfhg;];> N[hd; nyhf;> &Nrh > fhy; khf;];> nrukp nge;jk;> kfhj;kh
fhe;jp> N[hd; Nuh]; Nghd;wtu;fs; Kf;fpakhdtuhtu;.
murwptpay; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; nghUshjhuk; rl;lk;> r%ftpay;>
khdpltpay;> cstpay;> Gtpapay;> fiy Nghd;w JiwfSld;
njhlu;Ggl;L tsu;rr; paile;J te;Js;sd.

murpaiy fw;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
murpayhdJ xU r%fg; gad;ghL vd;gjdhy; tpUk;gpNah

tpUk;ghkNyh kdpjd; njhlu;GglNtz;bAs;shd;. ,jdhy; ,jidf;
fw;gnjd;gJ Kf;fpakhd xU mk;rkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ,Utifahf Nehf;fyhk;.
 nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

 fw;if uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
murpaiy tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjD}lhf nraw;ghl;L uPjpahf gy;NtW

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
1. jhd; tho;fpd;w murpay; #oy; gw;wp czu;e;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
2. vjpu;fhy murpay; gw;wp jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;
3. xU Kiwahd epu;thfpahf jd;id khw;wpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
4. murpay; jiyikj;Jtq;fshf jd;id cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
ghl uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
murpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjD}lhf xU Jiwnad;w tifapy; my;yJ

ghlk; vd;w tifapy; gy;NtW Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. Gyzha;Tj; jd;ikia mjpfupj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
2. Jiwrhu;e;j mwptpid tsu;j ; J
; f;nfhs;s KbAk;
3. guPl;ir nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjw;F ,yFthf mikAk;
murpaYf;Fk; murwptpaYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G
murpaYk; murwptpaYk; NtWgl;l mk;rq;fshapDk; ,uz;bw;FK;

,ilapy; kpf neUf;fkhd cwT fhzg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;py; murpwptpaiy
murpay; vd;Nw mioj;Js;shu;fs;. fhyg;Nghf;fpNyNa ,t;tpuz;L
JiwfSk; Ntwhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; njhlu;Gfis nghJthf
gpd;tUk; ,U mk;rq;fspd; fPo; Muha KbAk;.
 murpaiyr; nra;jy;
 murpaiyf; fw;wy;
,uz;bYk; murpay; vd;w mk;rk; nghJthdjhFk;. mjhtJ>

murpaiyr; nra;jy;> murpay; fw;wy; vd;gJ ntt;NtW mk;rq;fshFk;.
murpaiy nra;jy; vd;gJ murpaiyAk; murpaiy fw;wy; vd;gJ
murwptpaiyAk; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
murwptpaypy; fw;fg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slf;fq;fs; murpay; rhu;

tplaq;fshfNt cs;sd. mNj Nghd;W murpaypy; Vw;gLfpd;w
khw;wq;fs; murwptpaypy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzk;
1989 fspy; Nrhtpaj; rkTilik FbauR nry;thf;F ,oe;jikapdhy;
ghlg;gug;gpypUe;Jk; ,J ntspNaw;wg;gl;lJ. mNj Nghd;W eilKiwapy;
nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;j ngz;zpay;thjk; cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ.
murpay; murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

Nghd;w nraw;ghLfSld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhFk;. murwptpay; Nkw;$upa
tplaq;fs; gw;wp fw;fpd;w fw;if JiwahFk;. ,t;thwhf ,uz;L
JiwfSk; gy;NtW tifahd njhlu;Gfis nfhz;bUg;gij
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
murpaYf;Fk; murwptpaYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL
murpaYk; murwptpaYk; njhlu;Ggl;l mk;rq;fshFk;.

,uz;Lf;Fkpilapy; njspthd NtWghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy;
,uz;Lk; xd;whf ,ize;jpUe;jhYk; gpwg; l;l fhyg;gFjpapYk;
eilKiwapYk; ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhf Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;tpuz;bw;Fkpilapyhd NtWghl;bid gpd;tUk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

Nehf;f KbAk;.
1. nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtij itj;J

2. eilKiw murpay; Nfhl;ghl;L murpay; vd;w tifapy;
3. mjpfhug; gpuNahfk; mjpfhuf; fw;if vd;w tifapy;

4. Nkhjy; nraw;ghL> Nkhjy; fw;ifAk; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;w tifapy;
5. ru;tNjr murpay; nraw;ghL> ru;tNjr murpay; fw;if
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtij itj;J
 murpaypy; <LgLfpd;wtu;fs; murpay;thjpfshtu;. ,tu;fsplk;

jifikfs; vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLtjpy;iy. r%f mq;fPfhuk;
NghJkhdjhFk;.
 murwptpaiyf; fw;fpd;wtu;fs; murpay; khztu;fnsd
miof;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;nfd;W xU jifik
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
eilKiw murpay; Nfhl;ghl;L murpay; vd;w

tifapy;
 murpay; eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w nraw;ghLfisAk;> mjpfhug;

gpuNahfj;ijAk; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; eilKiw murpay;
my;yJ gpuNahf murpay; vd ,J miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 murwptpaypy; mjpfsT Nfhl;ghLfs; mwpQu;fspd; rpe;jidfs; gw;wp

Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; murwptpapy; Nfhl;ghl;L murpay; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjpfhug; gpuNahfk; mjpfhuf; fw;if vd;w tifapy;
 murpaypy; mjpfhug;gpuNahfk;> mjd; nraw;ghL vd;gdgw;wp

gpuNahfpf;fpd;w tplaq;fs; fhzg;gLk; murwptpaypy;
mjpfhug;gpuNahfk; md;wp mjidg;gw;wpa fw;ifahf fhzg;gLk;.
mjpfhuk; mjpfhuj;jpid cUthf;fk;> eilKiwg;gw;wp fw;fg;gLk;.

Nkhjy; nraw;ghL> Nkhjy; fw;ifAk; Kfhikj;Jtk;
vd;w tifapy;
 murpaypy; cs;s Nkjy; gpuNahfKk; nraw;ghLk; fhzg;gLk;. ,J

gaq;fukhd moptpidj; juf;$ba xU nraw;ghlhFk;.
murwptpaypy; ,k;Nkhjy; gw;wpa tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpa
fw;ifahf fhzg;gLk;. mj;NjhL Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wpa
mk;rq;fisAk; ,J cs;slf;Fk;.
ru;tNjr murpay; nraw;ghL> ru;tNjr murpay;

fw;if
 murpaypy; ru;tNjr murpaypy; nraw;ghLfSk;> mjd; gpuNahfKk;

fhzg;gLk; eilKiwapy; ru;tNjr uPjpahf ,lk;ngWfpd;w
tplaq;fisg; gw;wp NgRtJk; nraw;gLj;JtJk; fhzg;gLk;.
 murwptpaypy; ,r;ru;tNjr murpaypd; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp mjd;
Nfhl;ghLfis fw;if uPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
 NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fis itj;J mtjhdpg;Nghkhdhy;

murpaYk; murpwpaYk; kpf neUf;fkhd cwtpidf; nfhz;l
mk;rq;fshapDk; 02 f;Fkpilapy; kpf njspthd NtWghL
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
murpaiyf; fy;tpahff; fw;wy;

 murpay; fw;ifahdJ ePzl tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;l xU fw;if
JiwahFk;. ,w;iwf;F 2500 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; ,ue;Nj
,f;fw;ifapid Njhd;wp tsu;rr; pailaj; njhlq;fptpl;lJ
,jw;fika ,jd; fw;ifapd; ghlg;gug;G> mDFKiwfs;
tpuptile;J nfhz;L tUfpd;wd. fhyj;jpwF
; fhyk;
,g;ghlg;gug;ghdJ khWgl;l gy;NtWtplaq;fis cs;slf;fpajhf
tpuptile;J tUfpd;wd.

 kdpjd; Xu; murpay; capu; vd;wtifapy; murpaiy tpUk;gpNah
tpUk;ghkNyh fw;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. murpay; fw;wyhdJ 02
topKiwfspD}lhf fw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
1. murpaiy eilKiw mwpT vd;wtifapy; fw;wy;
(gpuNahfk;)
2. xU fy;tpjJ ; iw vd;w tifapy; fw;wy; (Nfhl;ghL)
1. murpaiy eilKiw mwpT vd;wtifapy; fw;wy; (gpuNahfk;)
 ,f;fw;wy; KiwahdJ Kiwrhuh topKiwahFk;. ehshe;j

thof;if mDgtq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L fw;gjhFk;. ,jpy;
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w murpay; gpuNahfq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;>
jdpg;gl;l tpWg;G ntWg;Gfs; cs;sLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; (cjhuzkhf)
ngz;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpjJ; tk; Fiwtiltjw;F vd;d
fhuzk; vd tpdTfpd;w NghJ ngz;fSf;F murpaiy
Nkw;nfhs;s gyk; ,y;iynad r%fj;jpy; $Wthu;fs;.
 eilKiw mwpT vd;w tifapy; murpaiy fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tpjk;
1. FLk;gk;
2. maytu;fs;
3. rktJf;FOf;fs;
4. Clfq;fs;
5. Nkilg;Ngr;R
6. murpay; fl;rp r%f FOf;fs;
7. r%fk;
FLk;gk;
murpay; gpuNahf mwpT vDk; tifapy; fw;Wj;jUtJ FLk;gk;> vd;gJ

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. FLk;g cWg;gpu;fshd jha;> je;ij> cld; gpwg;Gf;fs;
vd;gtUld; neUf;fkhd cwtpidg; Ngzp mtu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;
murpay; mwpitf; fw;wf;nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;.

maytu;
kdpjd; murpay gpuhzp vd;w tifapy; maytu;fSld; ,ize;J

mtu;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW tifahd murpay; rhu;
tplaq;fisAk; fw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whu;sf;. ,J r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW
tifahd murpay; khw;wq;fSf;Fk; cWJizahf mikAk;.
rktaJf; FOf;fs;
murpaiyf; fw;gjpy; rktaJf; FOf;fSk; gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wdu;.

,tu;fsplk; ,Ue;J gy;NtW tifahd mDgtk;rhu; murpay; mwpit
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whu;s;.
Clfq;fs;
eilKiwapy; murpaiy gpuNahf uPjpahff; fw;Wj;jUtjpy; Clfq;fs;

kpf Kf;fpakhdit. mr;R Clfk;> ,yj;jpudpay; CLfq;fs;> r%f
tiyj;jsq;fs; vd gy;NtW tifahd Clfq;fs; murpaiy gpuNahf
uPjpahf fw;Wj;jUfpd;wd.
Nkilg;Ngr;R
eilKiwapy; Nkig;Ngr;Rf;fspd; Clhf murpay; fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fwpg;ghf Nju;jy; fhyq;fspy; ,t;thwhd gpurhuq;s; ntspg;gilahf
fhzg;gLk;.
murpay; fl;rp mKf;f FOf;fs;
gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf ehLfspy; mtrpak; fl;rpfSk; mKf;f

FOf;fSk; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wd. ,t;tpuz;bd; ClhfTk; ngUksT
gpuNahf uPjpahd mwptpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;whu;fs;.

r%fk;
kdpjd; xU r%fg;gpuhzp vd;w tifapy; murpaiy

tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjpy; r%fk; xU Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wJ. r%fj;jpy;
gy;NtW jug;gpdu;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLtjdhy;
mj;njhlu;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpjd; murpaiy VNjh xU
tifapy; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whd;.
2. xU fy;tpj;Jiw vd;w tifapy; fw;wy; (Nfhl;ghL)
 Kiwahd ghlj;jpll; q;fisf; nfhz;L tpQ;Qhd uPjpahff;

fw;gjhFk;. mjNdhL njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs;. jj;Jtq;fs;> ghl
cs;slf;fq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;ljhf mikAk; (cjhuzkhf:
ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpjJ; tk; gw;wpf; fw;fpd;w NghJ mjd;
NfhLghLfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf tpsf;fg;gLj;Jtd; Clhf
fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fw;ifj; JiwNa murwptpay; fw;if vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gy;NtW murpay; gpuptfisAk;
cs;slf;fpajhf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1.3 murpay; fw;ifAk; murpay; gpupTfSk;
 ePzl; tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;l murpay; fw;ifahdJ Muk;g

fhye;njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu gy;NtW tifahd mk;rq;fisAk;
Nfhl;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpa ghlg;gug;ghf tsu;rr; paile;J
te;Js;sJ. fy;tpj;Jiw %yk; fw;fg;gLfpd;w murpayhdJ r%f
tho;f;ifj; jd;ikapd; gy;NtW gpupTfisf; nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fika gpd;tUk; gpupTfs; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
1. murpay; epWtdq;fs;
2. murpay; gad;ghLfs; my;yJ eilKiwfs;
3. Ml;rpKiw
4. murpay; elj;ij
5. murpay; fUj;jpay;

1. murpay; epWtdq;fs;
 ve;jnthU r%fj;jpYk; murpayhdJ epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
me;j epWtd kag;gLj;jg;gl;l mk;rq;fis fw;fpd;w xU fw;ifj;
Jiwahf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. muR> murhq;fk;> rl;lj;Jiw>
epWthfj; Jiw> ePjpjJ ; iw> cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;> murpay; fl;rp>
mKf;ff;FOf;fs; vd;w gy;NtW epWtd fl;likg;Gf;fs;
,g;ghlg;gug;gpy; fw;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. murpay; gad;ghLfs; (eilKiwfs;)

 murpay; epwtdq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;l gy;NtW mk;rq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mt;tk;rq;fspd; eilKiwg; gad;ghLfs; gw;wp
fw;fg;gLfpd;wd. [dehafk;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp> kf;fs; ,wik vd;w
mk;rq;fs; vt;thW gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij ,q;F
fw;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. Ml;rpKiw
 murwptpaypy; cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;w mk;rq;fspy; Ml;rp Kiw
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Ml;rpKiw vd;gNj murpay; kl;Lk; epu;thf
uPjpahf r%fj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;jp nra;tjhFk;. [dehaf murpay;
Kiwikapy; gpui[fs; murhq;fj;ij njupT nra;J jhk;
mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;s r%fkhfpa murpay; r%fj;ij rupahf top
elhj;JtjhFk;
 muR murhq;fj;jpD}lhf jdJ nfraw;ghlfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ
mt;thW murhq;fj;jpD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w epu;thf uPjpahd
nraw;ghL Ml;rpahFk;.
Ml;rp nraw;ghl;by; cs;slf;fg;gLk; gzpfs;

 r%fj;jpd; ey;tho;Tf;fhf rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; NgZjy;
 ehl;bd; nghUshjhu r%f mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fhff;nfhz;l
nfhs;iffis cUthf;fg;gLtJk; eilKiwg;gLj;JtJk;
 murhq;ff; nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mur epu;thf
nraw;ghLfis tbtikj;jy;
 rl;lk;> xOq;ifg;Ngzp r%fj;ij ghJfhj;jy;
 ehLfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;igg;Ngzp r%fj;ij ey;topg;gLj;jy;
4. murpay; elj;ij:
 murpay; fw;ifahdJ murpay; elj;ij gw;wpAk; Muha;fpd;w xU
fw;ifahFk;. kdpjdpd; murpay; elj;ij kpf neUf;fkhdjhFk;.
kdpjd; xU murpay; gpuhzp vd;wtifapy; tpUk;gpNah
tpUk;ghkNyh murpaYld; kpf neUf;fkhd cwitf;
nfhz;Ls;shd;.
gpui[nahUtu; etPd [dehaf murpay; KiwapDs; epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs;sf;$ba gzpfs;.
1. murpaypy; <LgLjy;
2. murpay; fl;rpapy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWjy; my;yJ ngwhky;
,Uj;jy;
3. Nju;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly; my;yJ xJq;fp ,Uj;jy;
4. ehshe;j murpay; epfo;Tfspy; <LgLjy; my;yJ <LghL
fhl;lhkypUj;jy;
 xU ehl;bd; gpui[ jdJ nraw;ghLfis murpay; uPjpahf gy;NtW

nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;. ,r;nraw;ghLfis [dehaf
muRfs; khj;jpuNk Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
5. murpay; fUj;jpay;
 murwptpay; gy;NtW tifahd fUj;jpay;fisf; nfhz;L
mike;Js;sd. murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
murpay; uPjpahf Vw;gLfpd;w ek;gpf;iffis ntspg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;LtjhFk;. murwptpay; fw;ifj; JiwahdJ fpNuf;f
fhye;njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu gy;NtW tifahd fUj;jpay;fis
gpuNahfpf;fpd;whu;fs;. eilKiwapy; gpd;tUk; fUj;jpay;fs;
murpay; nranyhOq;fpy; gpugy;ak; ngw;Ws;sd.
1. rkTilik thjf;fUj;jpay;
2. ypguy; thjf; fUj;jpay; (jhuhik)
3. [dehaff; fUj;jpay;
4. FbauRthjf; fUj;jpay;
5. eyd;Gupthjf; fUj;jpay;
6. Njrpathjf; fUj;jpay;
7. ngz;zpay; thjf;fUj;jpay;
 nghJthf murpay; fUj;jpanyd;gJ murpaYf;F mYj;jk;
nfhLg;gNjhL r%fj;jpd; murpay; nraw;ghLf; kw;Wk; ngWksT
kf;fspd; murpay; jPu;khdq;s; elj;ijfisAk; mwpT Qhdj;ijAk;
xOq;fikf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjpahFk;. eilKiw r%fj;jpy;
gy;NtW murpay; fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,f;fUj;jpay;fis ikakhff; nfhz;Nl eilKiwapy;
murhq;fq;fSk; murpay; fl;rpfSk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt
murpay; fUj;jpanyd;gJ murpay; njhlu;ghf fy;tprhu; Ma;TfSf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gLk; murpay; Kf;fpakhd gpupthFk;.
1.4 murwptpay; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

mZFKiwfs;
 tpQ;Qhdk; gpujhdkhf 02 tifahf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mit

,aw;if tpQ;Qhdk;> r%f tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gdthFk;. ,aw;if
tpQ;Qhdj;ij fw;gjw;fhd my;yJ tpsf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
gupNrhjidfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. r%f tpQ;Qhdg; ghlq;fis
fw;gpg;gjw;F my;yJ tpsf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;F mDFKiw
ifahsg;gLfpwJ. mZFKiw vd;gJ vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l xU
tplaj;ij tpsf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vspik
ahdJk; njspthdJkhd El;gKiwahFk;. murwptpaiyg;
nghUj;jstpy; fpNuf;ffhyk; Kjy; ,d;Wtiu gy;NtW tifahd
mZFKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. fhy #o;epiyf;Nfw;g
murwptpayhdJ gy;NtW tifahd mZFKiwfis jdf;Fs;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
mZFKiwapd; tiffs;
mZFKiwfshdJ gpujhdkhf mjw; nraw;ghl;bid nghUj;J

,Utifahf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

mZFKiw
kuGthj mZFKiw etPd mZFKiw

*jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiw * gd;ikj;Jtthj mZFKiw
*xg;gPl;L mZFKiw * tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw
* murpay; nghUspay; mZFKiw
* ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiw
* r%ftpay; mZFKiw
jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiw (xOf;ftpay; mZFKiw)

 murwptpay; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w kpfg; goikahd
mZFKiw ,JthFk;. ,J fpNuf;f fhyj;jpypUe;J gad;
gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;w xU Ma;T mk;rkhFk;. ,jid nka;apay;
mZFKiw my;yJ epakk; rhu; mZFKiw vd;w
ngau;fspdhYk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jj;Jthu;j;jk; vd;gJ
murwptpaypd; cz;ik epiy md;W fw;gidapy; cjpfF ; k;
epiyapid fw;gjw;fhf Ma;T nra;Ak; KiwahFk;.
 mwpQu;fspd; jj;Jt rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;L eilKiwg;

gLj;jg;gLfpd;w Ma;T KiwNa jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiwahFk;.
,J fw;gdh thjq;fisAk; ,yl;rpa rpe;jidfisAk; nfhz;L
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sd. ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F mg;ghyhd tplaq;fisAk;>
,J cs;slf;fp cs;sd. gpNsl;Nlh> mwp];Nlhl;by;
,t;tZFKiwapd; Kd;Ndhbfshtu; ,tu;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fSf;Fg; gpwg; hNl ,t;tZFKiw Njhw;wk; ngw;W
tsu;rr; pailaj; njhlq;fpd.
 fpNuf;f fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpdhYk; cNuhk kj;jpa fhyq;fspYk;

tsu;rr; pailaj; njhlq;fpd. etPd fhyj;jpYk; ,jd; jhf;fk;
murwptpaypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy;
gy;NtW rpe;jidahsu;fspdhYk; murwptpay; tsu;rr; pf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf N[hd; Nuhy;];> kfhj;kh fhe;jp

Nghd;Nwhu;f; $l jj;Jtj;ij Ma;Tfspy; gad;gLj;jpaik
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiwapd; ,ay;Gfs;.
 jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiwahdJ fpNuf;f fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W tiu

gy;NtW tifahd ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 fw;gdh thjq;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpapUf;Fk;
 ,yl;rpaq;fis Nehf;fhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
 mwpQu;fspd; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; rpe;jidiaAk; mjpfsT
nfhz;bUf;Fk;
 ele;J ele;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;w tplaq;fis tpl elf;fg;NghFk;
tplaq;fis gw;wp mjpfsT rpe;jpf;Fk; (vjpu;fhyk; gw;wp
rpe;jpf;Fk;)
 mbg;gil tpdhf;fis vOg;GtjD}lhf tpilfhd
vj;jdpf;fpd;w
 jj;Jt rpe;jidahsu;fspilapy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lNghJk;

,tu;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpd;w nghJthd Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
,uz;lhFk;.
1. ,tu;fs; murpayhtu;fsd;wp murpay; jj;Jtu;fshf

fhzg;gl;lik
2. ,tu;fs; midtUk; murpaiy ,yl;rpaf;
Nfhzj;jpNyNa Muha;e;jik
jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiw rpe;jidahsu;fs;.

1. gpNsl;Nlh
2. mup];Nlhl;by;
3. n`fy;
4. &Nrh
5. kfhj;kh fhe;jp
6. rprNuh

7. mf;fpAdh];
8. N[hd; Nuhy;];
jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiwapd; rhjkhd mk;rq;fs;
 ,yl;rpaf; Nfhzj;jpy; murpaiy Muha;fpd;wJ

 xt;nthU tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpYk; tpdhf;fis vOg;Gtjd; Clhf
tpilf;fhf vj;jdpf;fpd;wJ
 ngWkhdq;fspd; KbTfis cs;slf;fpajhf fhzg;gLfpwJ
jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiwapd; ghjfq;fs;.
 ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;zf;fUf;fis Mokhf Muha

Ntz;bAs;sJ
 fw;gdh thjq;fSf;F Kd;Dupik mspf;fpd;wd.
 ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F mg;ghyhd tplaq;fis mjpfsT cs;slf;fpAs;sd.
xg;gPl;L mZFKiw
 xg;gPL vd;gJ xd;iw kw;nwhd;NwhL njhlu;Gg;gLj;jp Muha;tjhFk;.
gpujhdkhdnthU mwpT rhu;e;j fhuzj;jpdhNyNa xg;gPl;L
mZFKiw Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. VjhtnjU
r%f murpay; uPjpahd Njhw;wg;ghL my;yJ gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ
fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;ghf kpfTk; g+uzj;Jtkhd njspnthd;wpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lkhdhy; me;j Njhw;wg;ghL gpu;rrpidfs;
njhlu;ghf xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; Ma;tpidr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
,t;nthg;gPl;L mZFKiwahdJ kpfTk; goiktha;ej
mDFKiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 xg;gPl;L mZFKiw Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;Jtpau;

mup];Nlhl;byhthu;. ,jdhy; ,tu; xg;gPl;L murpaypd; je;ij vd
mof;fg;gLfpd;whu;. mup];Nlhl;by; vOjpa murpay; vDk; Gj;jfk;.
fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l 158 murpayha;Tf;fis xg;gPL nra;Nj

vOjg;gl;lJ. ,t;nghg;gPl;L mZFKiw fpNuf;f fhyj;jpy;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lhYk; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fSf;Fl;l
tsuj;jpaile;J te;jpUf;fpd;wik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
xg;gPlL
; mZFKiwapd; gpupTfs;.
 xg;gPl;L mZFKiwapid mjd; tsu;rr; papid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L 03 gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fyhk;.
1. goik xg;gPl;L mZFKiw
2. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; xg;gPl;L mZFKiw
3. rkfhy xg;gPl;L mZFKiw
1. goik xg;gPl;L mZFKiw

 fpNuf;f fhyj;jpYk;> cNuhk fhyj;jpYk;> kj;jpa fhyj;jpYk; xg;gPl;L
Ma;T uPjpahf Nkw;f;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tg; gFjpNa ,JthFk;.
fpNuf;f fhyj;jpy; vt;thwhd murhq;f Kiwfs;
fhzg;gl;lnjd;gij mup];lN
; lhl;by; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf
tpsf;fg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. ,tu; murhq;fq;fspd; ,ay;Gfis
tifg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf 02 tifahd mstPLfis
ifahz;Ls;shu;.
1. Ml;rpahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
2. murhq;fj;jpd; Coy;
 NkYk; mup];Nlhl;by; fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l murhq;f Kiwfis

xg;gPl;L uPjpahf gy;Ntwhf tifg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. mit Kbahl;rp>
cau;Kbahl;rp> nfhLq;Nfhd;ik Ml;rp> rpy;Nyhu; Ml;rp kw;Wk;
[dehaf Ml;rp vd tifg;gLj;jpdhu;.
2. 20k; E}w;whz;bd; xg;gPlL

; mZFKiw
 1960fSf;Fg; gpwg; hL America gy;fiof;fofq;fspy;

tpUj;jpaile;j xU Ma;T KiwahFk;. murpay; Ma;tpid
tpQ;Qhd gpd;Gyj;jpypUe;J Ma;T nra;aj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,aw;if
tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w tpjpKiwfisAk;

Nfhl;ghLfisAk; gad;gLj;JtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ju;ff;
uPjpahf KbntLg;gijtpl xg;gPl;L uPjpahf KbTf;F tUtNj
rpwe;jnjd Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;fs;. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs;
Ma;T uPjpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 murapy; etPd kakhjy;
 murpay; mgptpUj;jp
 murpay; fyhrhuk;
 murpay; elj;ij Nghd;w mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
20k; E}w;whz;by; xg;gPl;L mZFKiwg;gw;wp gad;gLj;jp

ntspahd murpay; fl;Liufs; my;yJ E}l;fs;
 nfg;upay; Vy;nkd; - xg;gPl;L murpay; Kiw (1956)
 nfg;upay; Vy;nkd; kw;Wk; N[k;]; v]; Nfhy;kd; - mgptpUj;jp

mile;JtUk; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; murpay; (1960)
 C %tu;> khu;bd; ypg;rl; - murpay; kdpjd;> murpaypd; r%f

mbg;gil (1960)
 fg;upay; Vy;nkd;> rpl;dp ntg;gu; - gpui[fspd; murpay; fyhrhuk;>

Ie;J ehLfspd; murpay; kdg;ghq;F kw;Wk; [dehafk; (1968)
 rhKNty; P. fz;bq;ld;l; - khw;wKWk; r%fj;jpy; murpay;

xOq;FKiw (1968)
rkfhy xg;gPl;L mZFKiw
 eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; murpay; rhu; tplq;fs; xg;gPL

nra;tjw;fhf ,t; mZF Kiw ifahsg;gLfpwJ. rkfhyj;jpy;
Vw;gl;bUf;Fk; gy;NtW tsu;rr; pfspd; gadhf ,t;tZFKiw
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

 rkfhy mDFKiwapd; tuyhw;iw Nehf;FNthkhdhy; gpd;tUk;
gz;Gfis mtjdhdpf;fyhk;.
 Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jf;$ba ghlg;gug;G ngUk;ghYk; nefpoT

; j;jd;ik
kpf;fjhf ,Uj;jy;
(Kuz;ghL> rkjhd eltbf;if> [dehafk;)
 Muk;gj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l te;j murpay;> mgptpUj;jp>
[dehafk; vDk; mstPLfis gad;gLj;jhik
 xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; murpay; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J xg;gPl;L
Ma;it gpupjn; jLj;J gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
xg;gPlL
; mZFKiwapd; gz;Gfs;.
 xd;Wld; xd;W Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jp njhlu;GgLk;

 gz;Grhu; gFg;gha;T Kiwahf fhzg;gLk;
 mwpT rhu; fhuzq;fisNa mjpfsT xg;gPL nra;a KbAk;
 fle;jfhy> epfo;fhy mDgtq;fis xg;gPL nra;tjD}lhf
murwptpaiy tpsf;fg;gLj;Jfpd;
xg;gPlL
; mZFKwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 gpujhdnjhU mwpTrhu;e;j fhuzj;jpidNa xg;gPL nra;tjdhy;

 xU r%fj;jpd; murpay; Njhw;wg;ghL> gpur;r; pid> fUj;jpay;
njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;jpidAk; njsptpidAk; jUtjhy;
 rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tpiyjpwd; kpf;f Ml;rpKiw vJ vd;gij ,t;
mZF Kiw tpsf;fg;gLj;Jtjdhy;
 Kuz;ghL cr;repiyia ngw;w ehl;bYk; rkhjhdj;ij
cWjpg;gLj;Jk; ehl;bYk; ,t; xg;gPl;lha;T Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 murpaiy Vd; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F n`dd;

epa+l;ld; kw;Wk; N[hd; nkd;l]; vd;Nghu; rpy fUj;Jf;fis

Kd;itj;Js;sdu;. ,tu;fs; vOjpa xg;gPl;L murpaYf;fhd
mbg;gil vDk; fl;Liuapd; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.
 ekJ ehl;bd; murpaiy rpwg;ghf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s NtW ehLfspd;

murpay; gw;wpa mwpit ngWjy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 xt;nthU ehl;bdJk; murpay; tuyhW> murpay; gpd;Gyk;> murpay;

epWtdq;fs; gw;wpa xg;gPl;L uPjpapyhd mwptpd;ikapdhy;
me;ehLfspd; murpay; gw;wpa rpwg;ghd njspthd ngw;Wf;nfhs;
KbahJ.
xg;gPlL
; mZFKiwapd; rhjfq;fs;
 xd;iw kw;nwhd;NwhL xg;gPL nra;tjD}lhf mjd; rhjf>

ghjfq;fis tpsq;fp nfhs;s KbAk;.
 nrad;Kiwfspd; Clhf KbTfis ngw;W jPu;khdq;fis
toq;FfpwJ.
 fle;jfhy epfo;fhy mDgtq;fis itj;J xg;gPL nra;a KbAk;.
xg;gPlL
; mZFKiwapd; ghjfq;fs;.
 xU rk;gtj;jpd; nraw;ghL vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; nghUj;jkhd

mikahJ.
 xg;gPL nra;ag;gLk; mk;rq;fs; tprhykhd gue;j mk;rk; vd;gjdhy;
KbTfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; gy;NtW Kuz;ghLfs; fhzg;gLk;.
 xg;gPl;L mZFKiw Ma;T fhyj;Jf;F khWgl;L nry;tjdhy;
KbTfSk; khWgl;Ls;sJ.
gy;Jiw mZFKiw my;yJ ,ay; ,il mZFKiw

my;yJ gz;ikj;Jt mZFKiw
 murwptpay; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w kw;WNkhu; mZFKiw
gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiwahFk;. gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiw vd;gJ
murwptpaYf;F mg;ghy; cs;s Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w.
Nfhl;ghLfs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs; kw;Wk; mJNt gy;Jiw
mZFKiw MFk;. mjhtJ> murwptpaYf;F mg;ghy; ,iwapay;>
tuyhW> jj;Jtk;> nghUshjhuk; vd;w gy;NtW JiwfSld;
murwptpaiy njhlu;GgLj;jp Muha;tNj gd;ikj;Jt
mZFKiwahFk;.
murwptpayhdJ fhy uPjpahf JiwfSld; njhl;Ggl;l tpjk;.
1. fpNuf;f fhyk;
2. cNuhk fhyk;
3. kj;jpa fhyk;
4. etPd fhyk;
fpNuf;f fhyk;
 fpNuf;f fhyj;jpy; murwptpay; gy;NtW fl;lq;fspy;
tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jid tpgupg;gjw;fhf jj;Jtk; Kf;fpakhdjhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fika fpNuf;fj;jpy; murwptpaiy
tpsf;fg;gLj;j jj;Jtk; vDk; Jiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
cNuhk fhyk;
 cNuhk fhyj;jpy; fpNuf;f fhyj;ij Nghd;Nw murwptpaYk;
tsu;r;rpaila njhlq;fpd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,iwapay;> rh];jpuk;>
tuyhW> rl;lk; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;Ggl;L murwptpay;
tpsf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
kj;jpa fhyk;
 cNuhku;fs; nry;thf;fpof;f kj;jpafhyk; cUthfpwJ. kj;jpa
fhyj;jpy; ,iwapay; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjdhy; ,iwapaYld;
njhlu;Ggl;L murwptpay; tsuj;njhlq;fpaJ.

etPd fhyk;
 16k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy; kj;jpa fhyk; nry;thf;F ,of;f
etPd fhyk; cUthfpaJ. ,f;fhyk; ,d;W tiu
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; fhyg;gFjpapy; murwptpaypd;
tsu;rr; pia Vida JiwfSld; njhlu;GgLj;jp Ma;Nthkhdhy;
02 fhyf;fl;lq;fshf tFf;f KbAk;.
1. 19k; E}w;whz;L (tuyhW> rl;lk;> murpay;> nghUshjhuk;)
2. 20k; E}w;whz;L (cstpay;> Gtpapay;> Rfhjhuk;> r%ftpay;>
khdpltpay;> fiy)
 gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiw murwptpaYf;F Njitg;gl;likf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;.
1. murwptpay; xU r%f tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gjdhy; r%fj;jpy; cs;s

gy;NtW tplaq;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpa Ntz;b ,Ug;gjdhy;
Vida JiwfSld; njhlu;Ggl Ntz;bAs;sJ.
2. r%fj;jpy; mt;tg;NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fis cs;thq;fp

fw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s ,j;njhlu;G Kf;fpakhdJ.
3. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfis mwpe;J nraw;gl

,j;njhlu;G Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
cjhuzk;: xU ehl;by; [dehafj;jpw;Fk; rhjp

Kiwf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpid tpsf;fg;gLj;j ,j; njhlu;G
Kf;fpakhdJ. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; r%ftpay;>
khdpltpay; Nghd;w JiwfSld; njhlu;Ggl Ntz;Lk;.
gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiwapd; gz;Gfs;.
 Vida JiwfSld; njhlu;Gg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.

 Vida Jiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; Nfhl;ghLfs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;>
tpjpKiwfs; vd;gij gad;gLj;jp murwptpaiy tpsf;Fk;.

 r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Vida JiwfSld; njhlu;GgLtJld;
mjd; Njhw;wg;ghL> tsu;rr; p vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk;.
gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiwapd; rhjfq;fs;.
 gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Nfhl;ghLfs;> rpe;jidfSk; murwptpaypy;

xd;W NrUk;.
 r%fj;jpy; Vida JiwfSld; ve;jsT njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ
vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 r%f khw;wq;fSf;Fk; tsu;rr; pf;Fk; Vw;g ,t; mZFKiw
tsu;rr; pailfpwJ.
gd;ikj;Jt mZFKiwapd; ghjq;fs;.
 murwptpay; jdJ jdpj;Jtj;ij ,of;f Ntz;ba epiy

cUthfpAs;sJ.
 gd;ikj;Jtthjk; vz;zf;fU uPjpahf njhlu;gpid

tpupTgLj;jpdhYk; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 xt;nthU JiwfSk; jdpjJ ; tkhd gue;j Jiwfs; vd;gjhy;

njhlu;GgLj;jp Muha;tjpy; rpf;fy; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tpQQ
; hd mZFKiw
 murwptpay; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;w etPdj;Jt

mZFKiw ,JthFk;. tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; tsu;r;rp vy;yhj;
JiwfspYk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp cs;sd. ,k;khw;wk;
murwptpaiyAk; tpl;Ltpltpy;iy. murpwptaiy nghUj;jstpy;
1930 fSf;F Kd;du; jj;Jtq;fis ifahz;L
tpsf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1930d; gpwg; hL tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Ma;Tfs;
cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ.

 murwptpaypy; tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwia Kjd; Kjypy;
ifahz;lhu;fs;. mnkupf;f Ma;thsu;fshtu;. ,tu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb
r%f> nghUshjhu jd;ikiaAk; rupahd mwptpidAk; fl;b
vOg;g tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. murwptpaypy;
Gjpa ghij vd;gJ 'J}a tpQ;Qhdq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
nka;g; ;gpf;ff;$ba tpjpKiwfis cUthf;FtjhFk;"
tpQ;Qhd mZFKiapd; %yf nfhs;if.
1. nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;Tfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;ljhf

mikAk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpsf;fk; gw;wp juTfis
mbg;gilahf nfhz;l mwptpid cUthf;fp fz;fhzpg;G
kl;Lk; Ma;T nra;af;$ba tplaq;fis ikakhf itj;J
nka;g;gpf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Nehf;fk; rhu;e;jjhf

,Uj;jy;.
murpay; tpgupg;Gf;fis Nkw;f;nfhs;Sk; NghJ jdpg;gl;l
tpUg;gq;fSf;F mg;ghy; my;yJ Ra ek;gpf;if> KbTfspypUe;J
tpLgl;L nghJ Nehf;fj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L nraw;gl
Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;.
3. KbTfs; njspthjdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

VNjDk; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf MuhAk; NghJ rup> gpio>
ed;ik> jPik vd;w KbTfis Kd;itf;f $lhJ.
mk;KbTfs; Kiwahd jdpjj; d;ikthdjhf mika
Ntz;Lk;.
4. ngUkhdq;fs; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l mwpT ,aw;if

tpQ;Qhdj;jpypUe;J r%f tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;F nfhz;L tug;gl;l
gpujhd %yf; nfhs;if ,JthFk;.

tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwAk; elj;ijthjKk;.
murwptpay; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW tpQ;Qhd

mZFKiwfspy; elj;ijthjk; kpf Kf;fpakhd mZFKiwahFk;.
kdpjdpd; murpay; elj;ijia tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf Ma;T nra;J
nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp ,t; mZFKiw
nraw;gLtjdhy; tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw FLk;gj;jpy; ,J
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
elj;ij thjj;jpd; Njhw;wk;.
tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwfspy; Kf;fpa mZFKiwfspy; xd;whf

elj;ij thjk; mnkupf;fhtpd; rpf;fhf;Nfh gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd;
khztu;fshy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L 1930fspy; Charls e marium
vd;gtupdhy; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; gpugy;ak; milar; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,t;
elj;ij thjj;jpd; cUthf;fkhdJ 20k; E}w;whz;by; murwptpay;
elj;ij rhu; tpLjiyia Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ.
elj;ij thjj;jpd; gz;Gfs;.
1. kdpjdpd; murpay; elj;ijfis gw;wp Muha;fpd;w

mZFKiwahFk;.
2. nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba mk;rq;fis Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;Jk;.
3. jdpegu;fspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfisAk; elj;ijfisAk; gw;wp
,t; mZFKiw Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;Jk;
4. nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba Ma;tpd; %yk; NghJkhd juTfis Nrupj;J
KbTf;F tUk;.
elj;ijthj mZFKiwapd; rhjq;fs;.
1. murpaypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w cz;ikj;jd;ikia fhz;lwpa Kaw;rp

nra;fpwJ.
2. gpui[fspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;Wjy; gw;wp Muha;fpwJ.

3. nka;g;gpf;f $baJk; msT uPjpahd juTfis ,yFthf
ngwKbAK;.
4. et khf;]p]thjk;> ypguy; thjk;> vd;gtw;wpdhy;
Vw;gl;lrthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLj;J Ma;T nra;Ak; mZFKiwahf
khwpAs;sJ.
elj;ijthjj;jpd; ghjfq;fs;.
1. elj;ij thjj;jpd; KbTfis J}a tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; KbTfs;

Nghd;W vjpu;ghu;f;f KbahJ.
2. kdpjdpd; murpay; elj;ij xU gFjp khj;jpuk; vd;gjhy; Vida
tplaq;fis ,J Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.
3. murpay; elj;ijia khj;jpuk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;tJ gFg;gha;T
nra;tjpy; rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
elj;ijthj mZFKiw mz;ikf;fhy Nghf;Ffs;.
elj;ijthjk; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lhYk;

gpui[fspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;wy; njhlu;gpy; Ma;T nra;tNj
elj;ijthjj;jpd; Kf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mj;NjhL
nka;g;gpf;ff;$ba mk;rq;fisNa mjpfsT Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLfpdwd.
,jdhy; mnkupf;fh Ma;thsu;fs; ,jid gad;gLj;Jtjpy; mjpf
fuprid fhl;b tUfpd;whu;.
elj;ijthj 1970 fSf;F gpwg; hL gy;NtW tpku;rdq;fSf;F

cs;shf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf kdpjdpd; murpay; elj;ijia khj;jpuk;
,J Muha;tjhFk;. khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vd;W mz;ik
fhyq;fspy; tpku;rdq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. cyfshtpa uPjpapy;
Vw;gl;l Gjpa fUj;jpaypd; khw;wq;fs; elj;ijthjj;jpy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Fwpg;ghf et khf;]p]thjk;> et ypguy; thjk; Nghd;w
fUj;jpay;fs; ngUk; rthyhfpd;wd.
elj;ijthjk; gy;NtW rthy;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; jd;id khw;wpf;nfhs;s

Ntz;ba #o;epiyf;F cUthfpAs;sJ. ,k;khw;wNk gpd; te;j elj;ij
thjk; MFk;.
gpd;te;j elj;ij thjk;
1970 fspd; gpwg; hL elj;ij thjk; gy;NtW rthy;fSf;F

Kfq;nfhLf;fNTz;b Vw;gl;lJ. ,r; rthy;fis ntw;wpf;nfhs;s
cUthf;fpa mk;rNk gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; MFk;. gpd;te;j
elj;ijthjk; mnkupf;f Ma;thsuhd Nltpl; <];ld; vd;gtupdhy;
eilKiw uPjpahf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
elj;ijthjk; 1970fspy; tpQ;Qhdj;ij khj;jpuk; ifahs;tjhf

tpku;rdj;Jf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;lJ. mt; tpku;rdj;ij gpd;te;j elj;ij
thjk; XusT fUj;J epWj;jpaJ.
gpd;te;j elj;ijthjk; vd;gJ tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd mk;rq;isAk; jj;Jt

uPjpahd mk;rq;fisAk; fye;J gpuNahfpf;f;ggLk; mk;rkhFk;.
1930fSf;F Kd;du; jj;Jtk; kl;LNk gad;gl;lJ. tpQ;Qhdk;
ifahsg;gltpy;iy. 1930 fspd; gpwg; hL jj;Jtk; Gwe;js;sg;gl;L
tpQ;Qhdk; khj;jpuk; ifahsg;gl;lJ. ,t; 02 Ma;T mk;rq;fSk;
tpku;rdj;Jf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l NghNj gpd;te;j ej;ij thjk;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiw
murwptpay; Ma;tpy; nghUshjhuk; ve;jsT jhf;fk; nrYj;JfpwJ

vd;gij njhlu;GgLj;jp Muha;tNj nghUshjhu mZFKiwahFk;.
nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpAk; gq;fPLk; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Kf;fpak; ngWtJ
Nghy xU el;Gld; murpaypYk; neUf;fkhd njhlu;gpid
nfhz;Ls;sJ. nghUshjhu fhuzpfis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L muR>
mjd; jd;ik vd;gtw;iw ngWk;ghyhd murpay; jj;Jtq;fs; tpsf;f
Kw;gLfpwJ.
murpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nghUj;j tiuapy;gy;ntW

tifahd fUj;jpay;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mit jhuhz;ik thjk;> Nrh]ypr thjk;> fk;a+dp]; thjk;
vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,it midj;Jk; nghUshjhuj;Jld;
njhlu;g;Gg;gl;litahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiwapy; ngUk;ghYk; khf;]p]thj
rpe;jidfs; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,jdhy; kf;fs; khf;]p]
thjj;Jld; njhlu;GgLj;jpa nghUshjhu mZFKiwia Muha
Ntz;bAs;sJ. khf;]p]thjk; 19k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wg;
ngw;w xU rpe;jidahFk;. ,J jj;Jtk; murpay; kw;Wk; r%f
tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w gpupTfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
nghUshjhu mZFKiwAld; khf;]p] thjk; njhlu;Ggl;lhYk;>

murpay; nghUspay; vDk; vz;zf;fU 18k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy;
Njhd;wpaJ. nghUSl;gj;jp> re;ijg;gLj;jy;> Njrpa tUkhdk; Nghd;w
nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwfs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;ifNahL njhlu;GgLk;
Kiw kw;Wk; nghUshjhu nrad;Kiwf;F murhq;f nfhs;iffspd;
jhf;fj;ij Ma;T nra;tNj 18k; E}w;whz;by; epfo;e;Js;sJ.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ,t;thwhd rpe;jidfis Kd;itj;jtu;fs;.
 mlk;]; ];kpj;
 Nltpl; epfhNlh
 N[hd; ];tul;kpy;l;
 Njhk]; nky;j;];
Nghd;Nwhiu Fwpg;gplyhk;. Muk;gfhy rpe;jidfspy; ,Ue;Jk; khWgl;l

rpe;jidfis murpay; nghUshjhu mk;rq;fspy; fhy; khf;]; Kf;fpa
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhu;. ,tupd; tpgupg;gpy; tuyhw;W>
tuyhw;Wg;nghUs;> Kjy;thjk; Kf;fpakhdjhf mike;jJ.
,f;fUj;jpid fhy;khf;]; Kd;itg;gjw;fhf kdpj tuyhW r%f
fl;likg;G nghUshjhuk; murpay; kw;Wk; rpe;jidfs; vd;w
midj;jpdJk; xl;Lnkhj;jj;jpid fUj;jpy; nfhz;L ,t;tZF
Kiwia Kd;itj;jhu;.
tuyhw;Wg; nghUs; Kjthjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;by; gpujhd

mq;fq;fs;.
fhs;khf;]; n`fy; Kd;itj;j ,af;ftpay; nghUs; Kjy;

thjj;jpypUe;J jdJ tuyhw;W nghUs; Kjthj fUj;ij Kd;itj;jhu;.

1. KO r%fj;jpdUk; xl;L nkhj;j mk;rq;fis fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
Ma;Tf;Fl;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
2. r%f xOq;fikg;ghdJ gpujhdkhf 2 jsq;fspy;
mikf;fg;gl;Uf;Fk;
(1) r%f> murpay;> fyhr;rhuq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ
(2) nghUshjhu mbg;gil
3. r%f fl;likg;gpy; r%f murpay; fhuzpfs; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpdhYk;
nghUshjhuk; mjpy; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
4. tu;f;fg;Nghuhl;lk; nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; gupkhw;wj;jpd;
mbg;gil mk;rkhFk;.
murpay; nghUshjhu mZFKiwapd; NghJ mtjhdk;

nrYj;jp Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tpku;rdq;fs;.
1. murpaypy; fhzg;gLk; rupahd> Mokhd fUj;jpay;fs; my;yhky;

mjd; NkNyhl;lkhd ntspg;ghLfisNa tpQ;Qhd uPjpahf
Muha;fpwJ.
2. elj;ij thj nraw;ghLfs; murwptpaypy; njhz;L njhl;L

tUfpd;wd.
3. r%fj;jpd; murpay; fl;likg;gpid my;yJ kWrPuikg;gpid

khw;whky; mt;thNw ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.
khf;]p] thj fUj;jpdhy; <u;f;fg;gl;l murpay; nghUshjhu

rpe;jidahsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l khw;W murpay;
rpe;jidfs;
1. murpay; cyfj;jpid tpgupf;Fk; NghJ mjpy; fhzg;gLk;

nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; tFg;G %yq;fis milahsk; fz;L
mjd; xl;L nkhj;jj;ijAk; tpgupj;jy;.
2. murpayhdJ nghUshjhuk; kw;WK; r%f tu;f;f rhjdq;fspdhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

3. murpaypd; Kf;fpa fUj;jpayhf muR> ,wik> tu;f;f Kuz;ghLfs;
tFg;G ghFghLfs; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;jy;.
4. r%f> murpay; gupkhw;wj;jpwF; tpku;rd murpayha;T cjt
Ntz;Lk;.
nghUshjhu mZFKiwapd; rhjfq;fs;.
1. nghUshjhuk; murpay; nrad;Kiwapy; vt;thwhd jhf;fq;fs;

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
2. tuyhw;W uPjpahd r%f fl;likg;gpYk;> murpay; nranyhOq;fpYk;
nghUshjhuj;jpd; jhf;fk; gw;wp tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
3. r%f fl;likg;Gf;fs; murpay; nranyhOq;fpy; mt;thwhd
jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
nghUshjhu mZFKiwapd; ghjfq;fs;.
1. nghUshjhuj;ij khj;jpuNk Kjd;ik gLj;JfpwJ.

2. fhy; khf;]pd; jdpj;Jt rpe;jid Mjpff; k; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
3. vy;yh r%f fl;likg;GfisAk; xNu Nfhzj;jpy; Nehf;FfpwJ.
r%ftpay; mZFKiw
r%ftpay; murwptpaYld; kpf neUf;fkhd njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;l

fw;ifj; JiwahFk;. Muk;gfhyk; Kjy; 19k; E}w;whz;L tiu
murwptpaYk; r%ftpaYk; xd;whfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. 19k; E}w;whz;by;
America University y; ,J Ma;T uPjpahf gpupf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thW
gpupf;fg;gl;lhYk; ,uz;Lf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G ,d;Dk;
fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
r%ftpay; mDFKiw vd;gJ r%jha epWtdq;fisAk;

jdpkdpju;fisAk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jp Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk; murpay;
Kiwfis tpsf;f ,t; mDFKiw Kay;fpwJ. ,t;
mDFKiwahdJ murpay; r%fkakhf;fs;> murpay; fyhrhuk;>
murpay; mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;iw gpujhdkhf Ma;T nra;fpwJ. rKjha
kl;lj;jpYs;s rfy epWtdq;fSk;> FOf;fSk;> jdpegu;fSk; vt;thW

me;ehl;bd; murpaypy; gq;nfLf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij Ma;T nra;fpwJ.
ehnlhd;wpd; murpaYf;fhd r%f nghUshjhu mbg;gilfisAk;>
murpay; epWtdq;fisAk; njhopwg; hl;bw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk;
Muha;tjd; %yk; murwptpaypd; jd;ikia ,t; mZFKiw
tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
r%ftpay; mZFKiwia ifahz;l rpe;jidahu;fs;

1. Mike Kaiver
2. David Eastern
3. Elment
4. David Roomen
5. Meths Vepper
19k;> 20k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Kjw;gFjpapy; ,t;tplag;gug;Gf;fs;

,uz;Lk; njhlu;G gl;bUe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
 Muk;gj;jpy; ,t; ,uz;L mk;rq;fSk; njhlu;Ggl;lbUe;jhYk; 20k;

E}w;whz;by; America Ma;t; hsu;fs; ,jid gpupf;f vj;jdpj;jdu;.
,Ug;gpDk; ,tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlu;G njhlu;e;Jk;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; fhy;khf;]; kw;Wk; nkf;];ntg;gu;
Nghd;w rpe;jidahsu;fs; r%ftpaiyAk; etPd murwptpaiyAk;
,izj;J Muha;e;jdu;. mj;NjhL 20k; E}w;whbd; eLg;gFjpapy;
Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ ,uz;Lk; neUf;fkhd
njhlu;Gfis nfhz;bUe;jij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
Fwpg;G:
r%ftpay; kw;Wk; khdpltpay; Jiwfspy; nry;thf;fpd; fhuzkhf
murwptpay; cs;thq;fg;gl;l 02 mk;rq;fs;
1. tpjpKiwfs;
2. Nfhl;ghLfs;

r%ftpay; mZFKiwapd; ,ay;Gfs;.
1. r%fj;jpd; murpay; elj;ijfisAk;> nraw;ghLfisAk;

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L MuhAk;.
2. r%f epWtdq;fs;> jdpegu;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; murpay; elj;ijfs;
gw;wp MuhAk;.
3. JiwfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
MuhAk;
4. gy;NtW Ma;T El;g Kiwfis gad;gLj;jp murwptpaiy Ma;T
nra;Ak; (gq;F gw;wy; Nrhjid> Neub mtjdpg;G> Neu;Kfk;>
tpdhf;nfhj;J tptfhu Ma;T Kiw)
r%ftpay; mZFKiwapd; rhjfq;fs;
1. r%ff;gl;likg;G> r%f mikg;Gf;fs;> r%f myFfs;

vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis Muha;fpd;wJ.
2. r%ftpaypd; cg gpupthd khdpltpaypd; tsu;rr; pf;F Jizahf
mikfpwJ.
3. r%fj;ij ikag;gLj;jpajhd gue;j tplaq;fis Muha;tjw;F
kpfTk; gad;kpf;fJ. (fl;rpfspd; Ntiyj;jpll; q;fs;)
r%ftpaypd; mZFKiwapd; ghjfk;
1. r%fk;tpupthd gue;Jgl;l mk;rk; vd;gjdhy; mjd; Ma;T

KbTfs; ,lj;Jf;fplk; NtWgl;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2. r%ftpay; Ma;tpD}lhf khdpltpaypd; tsu;rr; pNa mjpfupg;gjhf
tpku;rpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
3. nrhj;J> rhjp> FLk;g gpz;zdp> ghy; epiy vd;gtw;wpid
ikag;gLj;Jtjdhy; r%fj;ij gpupjJ; Mo;tjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiw

 murpay; kw;Wk; r%f Ma;Tfspy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa
ngz;zpay;thj fw;if xU fw;if newpahf 1970fspidNa
cUthfpaJ.
 ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiw vd;gJ murwptpaiy tpsf;fg;gLj;j
ngz;zpay;thj fUj;Jf;fis ikag;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;tjhFk;. ,g;
ngz;zpaythjk; etPd mZFKiw vDk; tifapy;
nraw;gLtjd; Gjpa gy tplaq;isAk; cs;thq;fpAs;sJ.
ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiwapd; ,ay;Gfs; / gz;Gfs;
1. murpay; njhlu;gpy; mjpKf;fpa tpdhf;fis vOg;gpaJ kl;Lkpd;wp

murpay; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpd; tpsf;fj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;fpwJ.
2. murpay; tpgupg;gpid NghJ ngz;zpay;thjk; njhlu;gpy; vOg;gl;l

tpdhf;fs; ghuk;gupa murwptpaypd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfspy; ,Ue;J
ngupJk; NtWgLfpwJ.
cjhuzk;:
1. murpay; Jiwapy; ngz;fs; Vd; Gwe;js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;?
2. Vd; murpaiy vz;fspd; Jiwahf fUJfpd;wdu;?
r%f tuyhw;wpy; ngz;fs; ,uz;lhk; epiyf;F xJf;fg;gl;ljd;
fhuzk; vd;d?
3. ngz;fis Jd;gj;Jf;Fs;shf;Fk; r%f> murpay;> fyhrhu
uPjpahd fUj;jpay;fs; vit?
4. r%f kw;Wk; kdpj tpLjiy njhlu;gpy; ypguy; thjk;> rkTlik
thjk; nfhz;Ls;s mk;rq;f; NghJkhdjh?
3. ngz;zpay; thjk; murpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpgupg;GfSf;F Gjpa

Nfhl;ghLfisAk; vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; cs;thq;fp cs;sJ.
cjhzuk;:
 ghy; epiy
 Mz;> ngz; njhopy; NtWghLfs;
 Mz; jiyikj;Jtk;
 ngz; Jd;GWj;jy;
 Mz; ikathjk;
 Mzhjpf;fk;
 ngz; tpLjiy
ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiwapdhy; khw;wkile;j murpay;

Ma;T kw;W tpku;rdf; Nfhl;ghLfs;
1970d; gpw;ghL ngz;zpay; thjk; Muk;gkhdJ. Muk;g

Nfhl;ghLfspYk; Ma;TfspYk; gy;NtW khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
,jw;fika gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 muR> murpay; Rje;jpuk;> [dehafthjk;> rkTlikthjk;>

Rje;jpuk;> cupik> Ruz;ly;> gpu[hTupik Nghd;w
murwptpaypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mjpKf;fpa vz;zf;fUf;fspy;
ghy;epiy vDk; tpgupg;G njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 tFg;G> ,dk;> r%fk;> gpui[ Nghd;w murwptpaypy; mjpKf;fpa

milahs vz;zf;fUf;fspy; Mz;> ngz; ghy;epiyia
,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
 murpay; vd;gJ nghJkf;fs; mikg;gpd; %yk; eilngWk;

nraw;ghL MFk; vd fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay;
jj;Jttpayhsu;fspdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fUj;jpid khw;wp
jdpahu; gq;Fgw;wypy; murpay; eilngWK; Jiwahf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
 kdpjd; kw;Wk; r%f tpLjiy njhlu;gpy; ghuk;gupakhd

tplaj;ij iftplL
; ngz; tpLjiy vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sy;.

ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiwapd; ghjfq;fs;.
1. murwptpay; Ma;Tf;fhd Gjpa mk;rq;fis cUthf;fp

toq;fpAs;sJ.
cjhuzk;: ngz; tpLjiy> murpay; jdpahs; nraw;ghLf.
2. murpay; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpid tpUj;jp nra;Js;sJ.
3. Gjpa Nfhl;ghLfisAk;> vz;zf;fUf;fisAk; murwptpaypy;
,ize;Js;sJ.
cjhuzk;: ghy;epiy> Mz; ngz; njhopy; NtWghL>
Mzhjpff; k;.
ngz;zpay;thj mZFKiwapd; ghjfq;fs;
1. goikahd vz;zf;fUf;fSf;Fk;> Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk;

vjpuhdjhfNt rpe;jpf;fpwJ.
2. ngz;fis jdpikg;gLj;jpa rpe;jdhthjk; xd;wpid GFe;Js;sJ.
3. ghy;epiyapid ikag;gLj;jpa mk;rq;fis mjpfsT
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
4. tFg;Gthjk;> ,dthjk; Nghd;wtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jp Ma;Tfis
nra;fpwJ.
fle;jfhy tpdhf;fs;
01. gpuNahf murpaypypUe;J Nfhl;ghlL murpaiy ePu; vt;thW

NtWgLj;JtPu;? (2015)
02. (1) murpaYk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpw;FkpilapYs;s
NtWghL
(2) kf;fs; murpaiy gbf;Fk; topKiwfs;
(3) murpay; fw;gjw;fhd elj;ijthjk; my;yJ r%ftpay;
mZFKiwapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;
(4) murpay; gq;Nfw;ig epu;zapf;Fk; fhuzpfs;
03. xg;gPl;L mZFKiwapid guprPyid nra;f.

Fwpg;G:
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murwptpaypy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; cg Jiwfs;
murpay; jj;Jtk;
Guhjd fhyj;jpypUe;J jw;fhyk; tiu murpay; Ma;T cs;slf;Fk; cg
gpupthf murpay; jj;Jtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jj;Jtk; vd;gJ ,Wjp ,yf;fpid
Kjypy; jPu;khdpj;Jtpl;L mt;tpyf;fpid milAk; Nehf;fpy; mJ rhu;e;j
fUj;Jf;fspid Kd;itg;gij Fwpf;fpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; murpay; jj;Jtk;
vd;gjid murpay; tpjpfs; my;;yJ nfhs;iffspd; njhFg;G vdyhk;.
murpaypid Ma;T nra;a jj;Jthu;j;jk; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. mNj Neuk;
KOikahd murpaypid jj;Jtj;jpDs; kl;Lk; cs;slf;fptpl KbahJ.
vdpDk; ,J murwptpay; fw;ifapy; Kjd;ikahd xU tplakhFk;.
murpaYf;Fk; jj;Jtj;jpw;Filapyhd ,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;
murpay; mwpQu;fspd; gq;fspg;G Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf fpNuf;fj;jpid
jj;Jt fhyk; vDk; miof;Fk; mstpw;F gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;
gq;fspw;G mike;jpUe;jJ. ,J jtpu &Nrh> nkf;];ntgu;> nkhz;l];fpA+
gTy; n[dl; Nghd;Nwhupd; gq;fspg;gpidAk; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
mNjNghd;W rPdhtpy; nfhd;gpA]pa]; > ,e;jpahtpy; nfsby;ypau;> <uhdpy;

Maj;Js;sh nfhikdp Nghd;Nwhupd; gq;fspg;Gk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpid murpay; jj;JtQhdpfNs tFf;f Kad;W
tUfpd;wdu;. Fwpg;ghf fd;g+rpaRila jj;Jtq;fs; fd;g+rparprk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vy;yh rkaj;ijAk; rkkhff; fUjp jkJ jj;Jtj;ij
ntspal;l NghjpYk; ,tuJ murpay; jj;Jtk; gpd;tUkhW tbtikf;fg;gl;Lf;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,tu; ed;newp tpsf;fq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpid Kd;itj;jpUe;jhu;. murhq;fk; vd;gJ ePjp topfspy;
,lk;ngw;wjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhu;. kf;fs; rl;lq;fspd;
Clhf md;wp ePjp newpahy; topelhj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;jpdhu; .
kdpjd; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w xt;nthU JiwfspYk; jj;Jtk; jtpf;f
KbahjJ. ,jdhy; jj;Jtk; kdpj tho;f;ifapypUe;J ,Ue;J gpupf;f
KbahjJ. nghJthf nka;apay; JiwahdJ murpay; nka;apay; vDk;
gFjpapd; Clhf murwptpay; vz;zf;fUf;fis jj;Jt tprhuizf;F
cl;gLj;JtJ ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
murpay; jj;Jtk; vd;gJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
1. murpay; Ma;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w vz;zf;fUf;fspd; nghUis
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf ,it njhlu;ghd jj;Jt tprhuizapy;
<LgLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; : muR> murhq;fk;> FbAupik> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;>
cupikfs;
2. murpay; gw;wpa mbg;gil gpur;rpidfis vOg;gp jPu;T fhzy;.
cjhuzk; : murpay; vd;why; vd;d? muR vd;why; vd;d? muR vt;thW
Njhd;wpaJ? muR Vd; mtrpak;? murpd; gzpfs; vit?
3. murpay; nraw;ghL > murpay; epWtdq;fs;> nghJf;nfhs;iffs;
vd;gtw;wpw;F topfhl;Lk; epakf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jy; cjhuzk; :
Rje;jpuk; > rkj;Jtk;> epahak;> nghJ ed;ik> r%f tpLjiy> cupik
Jareesh Page 2
murpay; jj;Jt QhdpfspilNa nghJikg;Lj;jg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs;
epythikNa murpaypy; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; gy;NtW jj;Jtq;fs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl fhuzkhf mike;jJ. Fwpg;ghf xU jj;Jtj;jpid
Kd;itf;Fk; NghJ mjd; mbg;gilf; fUg;nghUs; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
cjhuzkhf muR njhlu;ghd jj;Jt thjk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; NghJ muR
vDk; fUg;nghUs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,J njhlu;ghd
fUj;Jf;fs; ghuk;gupa kw;WK; etPd Nehf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy;
NtWgLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf muR njhlu;ghf ghuk;gupa mwpQu;fshd
fpNuf;f fhy mwpQu;fs; (mup];Nlhl;by;> gpNsl;Nlh) Kd;itj;j
jj;Jtq;fSf;Fk; etPd fhy mwpQu;fshd nfhg;];> nyhf; Nghd;Nwhu;
Kd;itf;Fk; jj;Jtq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYk; ghupa NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. MapDk; muR vDk; fUg; nghUs; xd;Wjhd; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nghJthf ,j;jifa murpay; jj;JtkhdJ fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; mwpQUf;F
mwpQu; vd;w tifapy; khw;wkile;J te;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf fpNuf;f fhy
mwpQuhd gpNsl;Nlh kw;Wk; mup];Nlhl;by; MfpNahUf;fpilNa [dehaf
muR njhlu;ghf ghupa Kuz;ghL fhzg;gl;likiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
mNjNghd;W murpaypid Ma;T nra;tjw;F jj;Jthu;j;j mZFKiw

gad;gLj;jg;gLtJk; murpay; jj;Jtk; vDk; fw;if newp Njhw;wk;
ngw;wpUg;gJk; vLj;Jf;fhl;lf;$ba xd;whFk;.
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf; fhyk;
,t;thW 19k; Ehw;whz;L tiu murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jp mjid
,af;fpr; nry;Yk; fl;likg;ghf jj;Jthu;j;jk; tpsq;fpaJ. Fwpg;ghf ,j;jifa
jj;jthu;jj;jf; fhw;iw jhuhsthjk;> Nrhryrk; vd;w NtWghbd;wp rfy
murpay; nfhs;iffSk; Rthrpj;jd. vdpDk; elj;ijthjj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;
vOr;rpAk; murpay; jj;Jtk; vDk; fl;likg;gpid gytPdk; milar;nra;jJ.
kdpj elj;ijfs; khj;jpuNk murpaypy; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;LtUtjhf
thjplg;gl;lJld; ghuk;gupa jj;Jthu;j;jk; vt;tifapYk; jw;fhy murpay;
tsu;r;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkw;wJ vd thjplg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; murpaiy
tpQ;Qhdkhf;Fk; Kaw;rp ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wjd; fhuzkhf jj;Jthu;j;jk;
fhyk; fle;j fiy vd;W $wg;gl;L Gwe;js;sg;gl;lJ.
murpay; jj;Jtj;jpd; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk;
mjw;F gpd; Njhw;wk; ngw;w “gpd;elj;ijthjk;” vDk; rpe;jidahdJ kuG
rhu;e;j rpe;jidfspid Vw;Wf;nfhz;likahdJ kPz;Lk; jj;Jthuj;jk;
murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j fhuzkhfpaJ. 1971 k; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy;
N[hd;Nuhy;]; vd;w mwpQu; vOjpa ePjprhu; Nfhl;ghLfs; (a theory of Justies)
vDk; EhyhdJ murpay; jj;Jthj;jj;jpw;F tY Nru;g;gjhf mike;jJ. ,jpy;
,tu; jj;Jtk; rhu; vz;zf;fUf;fis kdpj elj;ijAld; xd;wpizj;J
Ma;T nra;a Kw;wgl;ljd; tpisthf kPz;Lk; jj;jthu;j;jk; Gj;Japu;g;Gg;
ngw;wJ vdyhk;.
murpay; jj;Jtk; fuprid nfhs;Sk; fUg;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; mjid Ma;T
nra;j jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; njhlu;ghd ,yFthd tpsf;fj;jpid fPOs;s
ml;ltizapid mtjhdpg;gjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Jareesh Page 3
Njhw;wk; / kj;jpafhy rkfhy murpay;
fUj;jpay; kw;Wk; jw;fhy jj;Jttpayhsu;fs;.
jj;Jttpaysu;fs;
gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;>
Gdpj xf];jPd;> Gdpj
mf;Fthdh];> Njhk]; N[hd; Nuhy;];> nuhgl;
n`hg;];> Nltpl; fpAk;> Neh]pf;>
1. ePjp / epahaj; ,khDNty; ikf;fy; nrz;ly;>
jd;ik fhz;l;> &Nrh> N[hd; khu;j;jh e];gTd;>
];Lthl; kpy;> fhu;s; kfhj;kh fhe;jp
khf;];
mup];Nlhl;by;> n`hg;];>
N[hd; nyhf;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp>
&Nrh> kpy;> khf;];> vyf;]p
ikf;fy;
b njhf;tpy;>
2. rkj;Jtk; Nù;gl; ];ngd;ru;> N`hy;l;lu;> rhu;s;];
nla;yu;>
`pANfh FNuhrpa];>
,khDNty;l; fhz;l;> kpy;> nuhdhy;l; bNthfpd;
khf;];
Map\h Ngu;ypd;>
fhz;l;> njhf;tpy;> nyhf;>
nuhdhy;l;
3. cupikfs; `pAk;> bNthfpd;> N[hd;
mlk;];kpj;> khf;];>
Nuhy;];>
nkhz;l];fpA+ rhu;s;]; nla;yu;
gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;> Map\h Ngu;ypd;>
nuhdhy;l;
n`hg;];>
4. Rje;jpuk; bNthfpd;> N[hd;
nyhf;> khf;];> n[ukp
nge;jk; Nuhy;];>
rhu;s;]; nla;yu;
gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by;>
nrd; xf];jpd;> rp. iul;kpy;> NaN`d;
5. murp
aypd; `gu;k];>
,ay;G khf;fpaty;yp> n`hg;];> rhu;s;]; nla;yu;>
nyhf;> &Nrh> fhz;l;>
kpN\y; G+Nfh
n`fy;> khf;];
n`hg;];> nyhf;> &Nrh> N[hd; Nuhy;];>
NaN`d;>
6. murpd; ,ay;G khf;fpaty;yp> `gu;kh];> rhu;s];
khf;]; nla;yu;
murpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;
murpay; vd;gJk; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJTk; ,U ntt;Ntwhd JUtq;fshFk;.
,it ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk; ifq;fupaj;ij murpay; Nfhl;ghL
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. nghJthf murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ murpaNyhL njhlu;ghd
vz;zf;fUf;fspd; rhuhk;rj;ij vkf;F toq;Ffpd;wJ. Nltpl; n`y;l; vd;gtu;
murpay; Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhw Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. murhq;fk;> muR>
r%fk; vd;gdtw;Wld; njhlu;GWk; fUJNfhs;fs;> rpe;jidfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
nghJthd tpjpKiwahFk;;.
Jareesh Page 4
nghJthf r%fj;jpy; eilngWk; Njhw;wg;ghLfs; vt;thW Vw;gLfpd;wJ
vd;gij njspTg;gLj;jTk; tpgupf;fTk; mwpQu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk;
tpjpKiwfSf;fhd fUtp xd;whfNt “Nfhl;ghL” vd;w vz;zf;fU
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cjhuzq;fspd; %yk; ,jid
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
epfo;T Nfhl;ghL Jiw

Mfhaj;jpy; vwpag;gLk; nghUs; Vd; GtpaPu;g;Gf; Gtpapay;
G+kpia te;jilfpd;wJ? Nfhl;ghL
re;ijapy; nghUl;fSf;fhd jl;Lg;ghL Nfs;tp
Vw;gLk;NghJ mtw;wpd; tpiy cauf; epuk;gy; nghUspay;
fhuzk; vd;d? Nfhl;ghL
r%f nghUshjhu gupkhw;wk;
eilngWk; nghOJ rpy r%fg; xg;gPl;L eaf;
gpupTTfSf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghL Nfhl;ghL murwptpay;
Vw;gLtJ Vd;?
Fy;l; kw;Wk; Nfhy;g; MfpNahupd; tiuaiwapd; cjtpAld; murpay;

Nfhl;ghl;il ehk; rpwg;ghf Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. mtHfisg; nghWj;jtiu
murpay; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ murpay; mwptpaypd; xU gFjpahFk;. ,jpy;
gpd;tUk; gFjpfs; mlq;Fk;
1. murpay; jj;Jtk; - murpay; rpe;jidapd; tuyhWk; kw;Wk; mJ

njhlu;ghd xOf;f kjpg;gPLfSk;.
2. tpQ;Qhd Kiwik
3. murpay; rpe;jidfspd; nkhop njhlHghd gFg;gha;T
4. murpay; elj;ij kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; njhlHr;rpahd tsHr;rp.
murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ Fwpj;j xU tplak; njhlu;ghf Ma;Tfis

Nkw;nfhz;L mit njhlu;ghd Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F Vw;w xU
nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l fUj;ij Kd;itf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf> muR njhlu;ghd
Nfhl;ghL.
mt;thNw murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ r%fj;jpdJ khw;wk; njhlu;ghd tuyhw;iw
Ma;T nra;J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
01. r%fk; vt;thW tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
02. r%fk; vt;thW nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
03. r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil %yf;$Wfs; ahit
04. r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfSf;F mbg;gil fhuzp ahJ
Nghd;w tplaq;fis murpay; Nfhl;ghL Ma;T nra;J nghJ Kbnthd;Wf;F
tu Kidfpd;wJ.
murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ murwptpaNyhL njhlu;ghd Ma;thsu;fshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mtu;fs; jj;JtQhdpfshfTk;
tuyhw;wha;thsu;fshfTk;> nghUspay;thjpfshfTk;> rkathjpfshfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf Fwpj;j murpay; Nfhl;ghL xd;W
mtu;fsJ fUj;Jr;rhaq;fSf;F Vw;gNt ntspg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij vk;khy;
kWf;f KbahJ.
cjhuzkhf: murpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfps;
01. nja;tPf cupikf; Nfhl;ghL - rkathjpfspd; jhf;fk;
02. r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghL - r%ftpayhsu;fspd; jhf;fk;
Jareesh Page 5
03. gbKiw tsu;r;rpf; Nfhl;ghL - tuyhw;wha;thsu;fspd; jhf;fk;
04. jhuhsthj Nrhryprthj Nfl;ghL - nghUspayhsu;fspd; jhf;fk;
murpay; Nfhl;ghlhdJ xUNghJk; murpay; ajhu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjpy;iy
khwhf r%fj;jpDila khw;wj;jpw;fhd fhuzj;ij tuyhw;Wr;
nrad;KiwA+lhff; Fwpg;gpLk;. ,jid y];fp gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;
"murpay; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gzp cz;ikfis tptupg;gJ kl;Lky;yhky;>
vd;dthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,Wjp nra;tJk; MFk;”
tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; “Nfhl;ghL” vdg;gLtJ rpW vz;zf;fUthf

#j;jpug;gLj;jf;$ba> fhuz fhupa njhlu;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd ntspg;ghlhFk;. cyfpd;
,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ r%f my;yJ murpay; uPjpahfNth cyfj;jpy; ehk;
fz;fhzpf;Fk; epfo;Tfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpgupg;G
kw;Wk; ntspg;gLj;JtNj tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
nraw;ghLlhFk;. ,jd;gb Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ cyfpy; Vw;gLk; nghJ
Njhw;wg;ghLfs; gw;wpa njspTg;gLj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s tpQ;Qhdpfs;
gad;gLj;Jk; fw;wy; fUtpahFk;. Nfhl;ghL cUthf;fg;gly; ,ay;ghdJk;
r%ftpayhsu;fspd; xU Kf;fpa tplaKkhFk;. murwptpaypy; Nfhl;ghL
vd;gjw;F ,U tpsf;fq;fs; cs;sd.
1. ,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghL (epajpthjk;) (Normative Theory)

2. tpQ;Qhd (ju;f;f) uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL (Scientific Theory)
,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghL (epajpthjk;) (Normative Theory)

,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ murpay; jj;Jtk;> murpay; rpe;jidAld;
xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,J gpNshl;Nlh Kjy; ,d;Wtiu
fhzg;gLk; murpay; jj;Jtq;fis rk;gpujhaq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.
,e;j rk;gpujhaq;fs; gpujhdkhf murpay;> muR> murpay; mjpfhuk;>
Ml;rpnra;jy; kw;Wk; r%ff; nfhs;iffs; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
Kd;itf;Fk; rpj;jhe;j %yf;nfhs;iffNs (Axiomatic Principles) murpay;
Nfhl;ghLfshf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
muR njhlu;ghd mup];Nlhl;lypd; Nfhl;ghL> r%f xg;ge;jk; njhlu;ghd

n`hg;]; kw;Wk; nyhf; vd;Nghupd; Nfhl;ghL> mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghd
ypguy;thjpfspd; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wd ,yl;rpathj Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghf
Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;s Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
rl;lk; njhlu;ghd N[hd; Nuhy;]pd; Nfhl;ghL> FbauRthj Rje;jpuk;
njhlu;ghd gpypg; ngl;bapd; Nfhl;ghL> r%f gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghf
n`gu;kh]pd; Nfhl;ghL Nghd;wd ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; epajpthjf;
Nfhl;ghLfSf;F cjhuzq;fshf Fwpg;gplyhk;.
tpQ;Qhd (ju;f;f) uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL (Scientific Theory)

murwptpaypy; tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fs; 1930fspy;
,ize;jJ. mJ r%ftpayhsu;fspd; “tpQ;Qhd uPjpapyhd ghu;it” vd;w
Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,e;j tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd
r%ftpay; rk;gpujhaj;jpDs; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ> ,aw;if tpQ;Qhd
rk;gpujhaj;jpDs; Nfhl;ghL vz;zf;fUthf;fg;gl;l KiwapNyNa
tpsf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ cyfj;jpy; eilngWtdtw;iw Vd; mt;thW
Jareesh Page 6
Vw;gLfpd;wJ? vd;gij rl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g njspTg;gLj;JtNj Nfhl;ghl;bd;
gzpahFk;.
Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ,t;thwhd rl;lq;fis fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;. ,jd;gb
Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ ,aw;ifahfNth my;yJ r%f my;yJ cyfj;jpy;
eilngWtdtw;iw njspTg;gLj;Jk; rl;lkhFk;. nka;gpf;ff;$ba juTfs;
kw;Wk; rhd;Wfis fz;fhzpj;jYf;Fk; gFg;gha;Tf;Fk; cl;gLj;jp
cUthf;fg;gLk; “rl;lj;” njhFjpfisNa tpQ;Qhdpfs; jkJ Ma;Tfs; %yk;
Nfhl;ghLfs; vd fl;bnaOg;gpAs;sdu;.
r%ftpaypy; ,J Neu;fzpa fl;likg;Gf;Fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahy;
murwptpaypy; ,t;tifahd Nfhl;ghl;L tplaq;fis “Neu;fzpa murpay;
Nfhl;ghLfs;” (Positivisit Political Theory) vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
elj;ijthjk;> xg;gPl;L murpay; tpQ;Qhd tpgupg;G> murpay; etPdkakhjy;
kw;Wk; murpay; Kiwik fl;likg;Gfs; vd;gd 1930 jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;du;
Njhw;wk; ngw;w murwptpay; mZFKiwfs; ,e;j Njhw;wg;ghl;bd;
mbg;gilapNyNa murpay; Nfhl;ghLfshf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jw;fhy murwptpaypy; ehk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,yl;rpathj kw;Wk;
tpQ;Qhdg;G+u;tk; vd;w ,U mZFKiwfSk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,jw;fpilapy;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L kw;Wk; rkfhy murwptpay; Nfhl;ghl;Lj;Jiw>
mZFKiwfs; gytw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ vd;gij vq;fshy;
mthjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd gpujhd Nfhl;ghl;L gpupTfs; fPNo
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd>
1. jhuhz;ik murpay; Nfhl;ghL
2. FbauRthj murpay; Nfhl;ghL
3. khf;];thj murpay; Nfhl;ghL
4. gpd; khf;];thj Nfhl;ghL
5. murpay; etPdkakhjy; Nfhl;ghL
6. ngz;zpay;thj murpay; Nfhl;ghL
7. gpd; etPdj;Jt / gpd; fl;likg;Gthj murpay; Nfhl;ghL
8. gpd;fhydpj;Jt murpay; Nfhl;ghL
murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;
murpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; Muhag;gLfpd;w gy;NtW vz;zf;fUf;fSs; Kjd;ik
tha;e;jjhf fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. etPd murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd;
fl;likg;Gf;fshd murpay; nka;apay;> murpay; rpe;jid> murpay; Nfhl;ghL
NghyNt murpay; fUj;jpay; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;w NghjpYk; mtw;wpypUe;J
Ntwgl;ljhf Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. kdjpy; Njhd;Wfpd;w vy;yh tpjkhd
vz;zq;fSs; njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy vz;zq;fs; fUj;jhf ntspaplg;gl;L
r%fj;jpw;F nghJthd fUj;jhf fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ mJ gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fis gy mwpQu;fs; Kd;itg;ghu;fshapd; mJ fUj;jpay; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Xu; r%fj;jpYs;s murpay; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; gpui[fspd; Ml;rp
nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iw cUtikf;Fk; fhuzpfNs murpay;
fUj;jpay;fshFk;. ,it xd;NwhL xd;W ,ize;j fUj;Jf;fspd;
njhFjpahFk;. ,it r%fj;jpYs;s rpw;rpy FOf;fspd; murpay; ,yl;rpak;>
ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gtw;iw xOq;FgLj;Jgitahf cs;sd. NkYk;
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rKfj;jpYs;s FOf;fis murpay; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jf;$baitahfTk;
cs;sd. murwptpaypd; Muk;gfhyj;jpNyNa murpay; fUj;;jpay; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs; gw;wpa Njhw;wk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ld. vdpDk; 18k; 19k;
Ehw;whz;bd; gpd;du; gpugy;ak; ngw;w mk;rkhf khwpaJ.
fUj;jpay; vDk; gjj;jpid 1796y; bNurp (Tracy) vd;gtNu Kjd; Kjypy;

gad;gLj;jpatuhthu;. The Elements of Ideology vDk; VolumeapD}lhf fUj;jpay;
gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhu;. ,r;nrhy;> vz;zf;fU my;yJ fUj;J
vDk; gz;ila fpNuf;fr; nrhw;fshfpa ἰδέα vd;gijAk; (-logy) ( -λογία)
vDk; nrhy;iyAk; ,izj;J cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpay; fUj;jpay; gw;wpa Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;l Andrew Hewood jdJ An

Introduction to Political Ideology vDk; E}ypy; murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ
murpay; ek;gpf;if> MSk; tu;f;fj;jpd; rpe;jidfis ikag;gLj;jpaJ vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. nghJthf murpay; fUj;jpay; vd;gJ kf;fs; murpay; uPjpahf
vt;thW tho Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFjpAk;> me;jf;
fUj;Jf;fis epiwT nra;tjw;fhd nraw;ghl;L jpl;lkhFk;. murpay;
fUj;Jf;fspd; tpQ;Qhdk; murpay; fUj;jpayhf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fUj;jpay; vd;gJ> ek;gpf;iffs;> ,yf;Ffs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs; Mfpatw;wpd;
xU njhFjp. nghJthf murpaypy; ,J gad;gLj;jgLfpwJ. fUj;jpay;
vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf fUj;Jepiy> rpj;jhe;jk; Nghd;w nrhw;fSk;
tof;fpy; cs;sd. r%fk; tsu tsu kdpjHfs; nghJthd vz;zf;
fUj;Jf;fisAk;> cyfk;;> r%f tho;f;if> nja;tk;> nrhj;J> jHkk;> ePjp
Mfpait gw;wpaitAkhd Nehf;Ffis tsHj;Jf; nfhs;fpwhHfs;. ,t;thwhf
,it r%fk;> murpay;> rl;lk;> kjk;> fiy> nka;apay; Nehf;F Mfpait
njhlHghd fUj;Jepiyg;gl;l vz;zq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdH.
,itNa fUj;Jepiy vd;W ngUk;ghYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ." vd N[k;];
fpsf;khd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
fUj;jpaypd; Kf;fpakhd Nehf;fk; newp rhHe;j rpe;jidfs; Clhf

khw;wq;fis cz;lhf;FtjhFk;. fUj;jpay;fs; nghJ tplaq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ez;zpiyr; rpe;jid (abstract thought) Kiwikfs;
vdyhk;. ,jdhy; fUj;jpay; vd;Dk; fUj;JU murpaypy; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ.
ntspg;gilahfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; nrhy;yg;glhtpl;lhYk; vy;yh murpay;
Nghf;FfSk; cs;shHe;j epiyapy; xU fUj;jpay; epiyiaf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
fUj;jpayhdJ nghJr; nrhy;yhf gy;NtW murpay; fUj;JiufspYk; r%ff;
FOf;fspd; ghHitfspYk; khw;wq; fz;lJ. fhHy; khHf;]; ,r;nrhy;iy
tFg;Gg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;j> kw;wtHfs; ,ijr; r%ff; fl;likg;Gr;
nray;ghl;bd; gFjpahfTk; r%f xUq;fpizg;ghfTk; ek;gpdhH.
jw;fhy murpay; fUj;jpay; ,ay;ghdJ r%f> nghUshjhu> uPjpahf gpd;tUk; 4
tifg;gLk;. r%fj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;thjpfhuk;.> [dehafk;
vdTk; nghUshjhu jd;ikiaf; nfhz;L ,lJrhup> tyJ rhup vd;Wk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
01. ru;thjpfhuj; jd;ikAs;s ,lJrhup.
(c – k;) : u~;ahtpd; ];lhypd; nfhs;if
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02. jhuhsj; jd;ikkpf;f [dehafk;.
(c – k;) : rPdhtpd; khNthNrJ nfhs;if
03. ru;thjpfhu tyJrhup
(c – k;) : `pl;yu;> KNrhypdp nfhs;if
04. 04. [dehaf tyJrhup
(c – k;) : Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspd; nfhs;if
murpay; uPjpahf kpf Kf;fpakhd gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpAs;s murpay;
fUj;jpay;fs; rpy gpd;tUkhW>
01. jhuhz;ik thjk;
02. rkTlik thjk;.
03. FbauR thjk;.
04. r%f [dehaf thjk;
05. ghrpr thjk;
06. Njrpa thjk;.
07. kj rhu;gpd;ik thjk;
08. ngz;zpay; thjk;
murpay; fUj;jpay; gzpfs;

01. cyf xOq;F vt;thW cs;sJ vd;gij tpgupj;jy;
02. cyf xOq;if tpsq;fg;gLj;jYk; kjpg;gpLjYk;
03. top fhl;Ljy;
04. epfo;r;rp epuy; jahupj;jy;
murpay; fUj;jpay;fspd gz;Gfs;

01. Fwpj;j xU fUg;nghUis ikakhff;nfhz;lJ
02. r%fj;jpd; fl;Lkhd mbg;gilapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ
03. vjpu;fhyk; Nehf;fpa tbtkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ
04. murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;;Jk; egu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ
05. eilKiw rhu; Ml;rpapaypid jPu;khdpj;jy;
murpay; fUj;jpay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

01. murpay; nraw;ghLfis epu;zapj;jy;
02. r%f tuyhw;Wr; #o;epiyfshy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
03. murpay; elj;ijfSf;F topfhl;Ljy;.
04. cyf tho;f;if> murpay; nraw;ghLfSf;F J}z;Ljy; toq;Fjy;.
05. r%f xOq;if ntspg;gLj;Jk; Xu; rf;jp
06. murpay; Kiwik jd;ikia tbtikj;jy;.
07. murpay; fl;rpfspd; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpw;F cjTjy;.
murpay; epWtdq;fs;
r%fj;jpy; murpay; gy;NtW Kiwfspy; epWtd kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik>
ngUk;ghyhd murpay; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; murpay;
epWtdq;fis rhu;e;J xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapdhYk; murpaiy
MuhAk;NghJ ehq;fs; murpay; epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf fuprid
fhl;Lfpd;Nwhk;. nghUspay;> r%ftpay;> fy;tpay;> murwptpay; kw;Wk; rl;lk;
Nghd;w fw;ifj;Jiwfs; gytw;wpYk; “epWtdk;” gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; jkJ
fw;wYf;F Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
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epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf fw;Fk;NghJ> fz;Lf;nfhs;sf;$ba tplaq;fs; mit
rl;luPjpahd tpjpKiwfs;> elj;ijfs; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpa
mikg;ghfNt fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,jw;fpilapy; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
epWtdq;fs; rpw;rpy Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l epWtdq;fshTk;
,Uf;Fk;. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fis
1. Kiwrhu; (Formal)
2. Kiwrhuh (Informal) vd tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofk;> efurig> ghuhSkd;wk; Nghd;w epWtdq;fs;
Kiwrhu;e;jitahFk;. ,it Kiwahd rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;> egu;fs; kw;Wk;
fl;blq;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; $ba Gyg;gLk; epWtdkhFk;.
FLk;gk;> cwTKiw> Fyk;> rhjp> je;ij jiyikj;Jtk; Nghd;wd
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa epWtdq;fshdhYk;> ,it Kiwrhuh
,ay;gpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J vq;fs; Kd; Gyg;glhtpbDk; mjd; ,Ug;G
nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ngWNgWfis fz;Lf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Xu; murpay; epWtdk; vd;w tifapy; muRk; murhq;fKk;

ve;jnthU r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil kw;Wk; ikakhd murpay;
epWtdq;fs; muRk; murhq;fKkhFk;. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Vida
ngUk;ghyhd murpay; epWtdq;fs; muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpdhNyNa
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
cjhuzk; :- ghuhSkd;wk;> mikr;ruit> ePjpj;Jiw> cs;Suhl;rp

epWtdq;fs;> MAjg;gilfs;> nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiy> ghlrhiy>
gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpizf;fsq;fs; Nghd;wd.
muRk; murhq;fKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gg;gl;lhYk; ,it ,uz;Lk;
xd;wy;y. etPd [dehaf murpay; Kiwapy; muR vd;gJ xg;gPl;L uPjpahf
ePz;lfhyk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpKf;fpa murpay;
epWtdkhFk;. murhq;fk; vd;gJ mur nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf kf;fshy; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdkhFk;.
muR nghJthf murhq;fj;Jld; ,izj;Nj milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,j;jLkhw;wk; ngupa gpupj;jhdpahtpid Ml;rp nra;j rpy nfhLq;Nfhz;ik
Ml;rpahsHfshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpuhd;rpa kd;dd; 14k; Y}ap “ehNd
muR" vd ntspg;gilahff; $wpapUe;jhd; nfhg;];Rk; mtiug; Nghd;w gy
murpay; jj;JttpayhsHfSk; muR> murhq;fk; vd;w ,uz;L gjq;fSf;Fk;
xNu nghUspy; tpsf;fkspj;jdH. gd;ikthjf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsuhfpa lf;tpw;
(Dugwit) vd;gtUk;$l muR> murhq;fk; Mfpa ,uz;L gjq;fSf;Fkpilapy;
NtWghl;il cUthf;ftpy;iy. MapDk; muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk; Kjd;
Kjyhf NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;batu; N[hd; nyhf; Mthu;.
murhq;fk; murpDila xU cWg;ghFk;. murpd; tpUg;gq;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;

Kftufkhf murhq;fk; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. murhq;fk; murpd; KftufkhFk;.
murpDila ,Ug;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fkhFk;.
murhq;fk; fl;lhag;gLj;jp my;yJ Rje;jpukhf jdJ caH mjpfhuj;jpid
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. murpd; epHthfj;jpid mjd; tpUg;gpw;F Vw;g
,yFthf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd nghwpKiwNa murhq;fkhFk;. murpd; Nehf;fk;
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rpwg;ghf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf murhq;fj;jpw;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
1885 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa mnkupf;f caHePjpkd;wk; muR> murhq;fk;
njhlHghfg; gpd;tUkhW $wpapUe;jJ. “muR Gydwptpw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
fz;zhy; ghHf;f Kbahj> khw;w ,ayhj fUj;jhFk;. murhq;fk; xU
KftufkhFk;. njspthd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;Fl;gl;l tifapy; ,jd; vy;iy
fhzg;gLk;. ,t; vy;iyf;F mg;ghy; ,jd; nraw;ghLfs; rl;ltpNuhjkhdjhf
fhzg;gLk;."
muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk; NtWgLj;Jk; Kiwik INuhg;ghtpy; khdpa
Kiw tPo;r;rpaile;jijj; njhlu;e;J cUthfpaJ. ,j;jifa NtWgLj;jy;fs;
ypguy;thj murpay; Kiwapd; gz;ghf khwpa mNj Ntis muirAk;
murhq;fj;ijAk; xd;whff; fUJk; murpay; KiwkifSk; 20k;
E}w;whz;Lfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. cjhuzk;: 1917d; gpd;duhd Nrhtpaj;
u\;ahtpd; muRk; murhq;fKk;.
murpay; epWtdkhf muRNghd;w kdpj epWtdq;fSk; cs;sd. etPd

murhdJ> epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gy gpuNjrj;jpNyNa xOq;fike;Js;sJ.
muRf;F epr;rakhd gpuNjr vy;iy cz;L. epr;rapf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gy
gpuNjrj;jpDs; murpay; uPjpahf xOq;fike;Js;s gpuirfs; kPJ jkJ
Mjpgj;jpak; (,iwik) kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; vd;gtw;iw gpuNahfpf;Fk; cupik
muRf;F cz;L. ,J murwptpaypy; “,iwik mjpfhuk;” vd
milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mjpfhu gyj;jpid epiyepWj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf ,d;Dk; gy epWtdq;fs; muRf;F cz;L. murhq;fk; mjpy;
xU epWtdkhFk;.
murpay; epWtdkhd muRf;F mbg;gil rl;lf; fl;likg;Gk; cz;L. mJ
murpayikg;ghFk;. murpd; ,ay;G> fl;likg;G> epWtd xOq;f ikg;G
Nghd;wd murpayikg;gpdhNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL jkJ
mjpfhu gyj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf muR nfhz;Ls;s gpujhdkhd
epWtdq;fshf rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> MAjg;gilfs;
kw;Wk; nghJ epu;thfj;Jiw vd;gd cs;sd. ,e;j vy;yh cg
epWtdq;fSf;Fk; epr;rakhd rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;> kdpjtsk; Nghd;wd
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
murpay; epWtdkhf murhq;fk; murpd; mjpfhuq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
gpujhd Kftu; epWtdkhfNt nraw;gLfpd;wJ. fPo;tUtd murhq;fj;jpd;
gpujhd gzpfshFk;.
1. rl;l cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
2. nfhs;if cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;>
3. nghJkf;fSld; njhlu;Gfis Ngzy; kw;Wk; Vida muRfSld;
njhlu;Gfis Ngzy;;.
muRk; murhq;fKk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;lhYk; mt;tpuz;Lk; jkf;fpilNa
xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;Gila epWtd njhFjpahf nraw;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
,jd;gb muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd; epWtdq;fs; xOq;fike;Js;s
Kiwapid gpd;tUk; ehd;F fUj;jpay;fshf tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
1. rl;lthf;f epWtdk; - ghuhSkd;wk;> rk\;b rl;lr;rig>

khfhzrigfs;
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2. epiwNtw;W epWtdk; - mikr;ruit> mikr;Rf;fs;>
jpizf;fsq;fs;> mur $l;Lj;jhgdq;fs;> gzpepiy Kiwik
3. ePjpj;Jiw epWtdk; - cau; ePjpkd;wk; Kjy; fPo;epiytiu
gue;jpUf;Fk; ePjpkd;wf; fl;likg;Gfs;
4. ghJfhg;G> rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;F njhlu;ghd epWtdk; -
MAjg;gilfs;> nghyp];> rpiwr;rhiyfs;
muR murwptpaypy; mjpKf;fpa ika fUj;jhfTk;> gioikahd fUj;jhfTk;
cs;sJ. fpNuf;f jj;Jttpayhsu; gpNsl;Nlh Kjy; ,d;Wtiu murwptpaypy;
“muR” vd;gJ gw;wpa Ma;Tfs; KbTWj;jg;glhj fUj;jpayhFk;.
murpay; jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; muR njhlu;ghf
gpujhdkhf mtjhdk; nrYj;jpAs;s fUj;jpay;fs; gpd;tUkhW.
1. murpd; ,ay;G
2. murpd; Njhw;wk;
3. murpd; Nehf;fk;
4. murpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; ,iwik mjpfhuk;
5. muR kw;Wk; gpuir / r%fk;
6. mur mjpfhuj;jpd; vy;iy
7. murpd; gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; khjpupfs;
,jpy; ehk; ,d;W tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk; mu;j;jj;jpy; “murhq;fk;” gw;wpa

fye;Jiuahly;fs; Muk;gfhy murpay; rpe;jidapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
ngUk;ghYk; muRk; murhq;fKk; xNu mu;j;jj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jw;F fhuzk; ehk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJNghd;W muR kw;Wk; murhq;fj;ij
NtWgLj;jy; vd;gJ 18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F gpd;du; tsu;r;rpaile;jikNa
,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
murwptpay; tuyhw;wpy; “murhq;fk;” vd;w fUj;J gy;NtW murpayikg;G

khjpupfis mwpe;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;j murpayikg;Gfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf
fw;gjw;Nf gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. murwptpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L
Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;s mt;thwhd murhq;fq;fs; fPo;tUkhW
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1. [dehaf murhq;fk;
2. [dehafkw;w murhq;fk;
3. ghjp (mu;j;j) [dehaf murhq;fk;
4. FbauRthj murhq;fk;
5. xw;iwahl;rp murhq;fk;
6. rk];b murhq;fk;
7. Njrpa murhq;fk; ($l;L murhq;fk;)
8. Kjyhspj;Jt murhq;fk;
9. rkTilik murhq;fk;
10. gpd; rkTilik murhq;fk;
muR – murhq;fk;
Jareesh Page 12
murk; murhq;fKk; vd;w ,U vz;zf;fUf;fSk; rhjhuz kf;fshy;
xd;whfNt fUjg;gl;L tUtijf; fhz;fpd;Nwhk;. cz;ikapy; fpNuf;f fhy
mwpQu;fSk; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; xd;whfNt fUjp te;jdu;. gpuhd;rpa kd;dd;
14k; Y}ap “ehNd muR” vd;W $wpaik muR – murhq;fk; vd;w
fUj;Jf;fSf;F nghJ tpsf;fk; nfhLg;gjhfNt mike;jJ.
Kjd;Kjyhf muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk; NtWgLj;jpatu; gpupj;jhdpa
ehl;ltuhd N[hd; nyhf; Mthu;. vdNt muRf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;G
fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; ,it ,uz;Lk; ntt;Ntwhdit vd;gij ehk; czu;e;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
1. muR vd;gJ cUtkw;wJk; fl;GydhfhjJkhd fUj;Jg; nghUshFk;.
murhq;fkhdJ fl;Gydhff;$baJ. fz;fshy; murhq;fj;ijg; ghu;f;fKbAk;.
2. ,iwik vDk; jdpKjd;ik mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;l epWtdkhf muR
njhopw;gLk;. Mdhy; murhq;fk; ,iwik nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;ljy;y.
murpd; ,iwik mjd; tpUg;gpd; ngaupNyNa murhq;fj;jpdhy;
gadgLj;jg;gLk;.
3. murpd; gpujhd gz;Gfshd tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;G> kf;fs; njhif>
,iwik> murhq;fk; vd;gdtw;;iwf; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk;. Mdhy;
murhq;fk;murpDila ¼ gFjp khj;jpuNk. vdNt muR KOikahdJ.
murhq;fk; gFjpastpyhdJ.
4. murpd; Ms;Gyj;jpDs; thOk; midtUk; murpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; Mthu;fs;.
Mdhy; mt;turpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk; murhq;fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
my;y.
5. muR vg;NghJNk epiyahd MAisf; nfhz;lJk; rhfhtuk; ngw;wJk;
MFk;. Mdhy; murhq;fk; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; kf;fspd; tpUg;gpw;F Vw;g
khw;wikiltJld;; mjd; cUtKk; khWk;. cjhuzk;: [dhjpgjp
murhq;fKiw> ke;jpup rig murhq;fKiw
6. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpDs; xU muR khj;jpuNk fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l epyg;gug;gpDs; vj;jid murhq;fk; Ntz;LkhdhYk;
,Uf;fyhk;. cjhuzk;: rk\;b Kiwfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w kj;jpa khepy
murhq;fq;fs;.
7. murhq;fk; murpDila xU Kftu; khj;jpuNk MFk;. murpDila

,Ug;gpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;JtJ murhq;fkhFk;. murhq;fk;
fl;lhag;gLj;jp my;yJ Rje;jpukhf jdJ cau; mjpfhuj;jpid
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. muR jdJ epu;thfj;jpid ,yFthf
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;;fhd xU nghwpKiwNa murhq;fkhFk;. ,jidNa 1885y;
If;fpa mnkupf;f cau; ePjkd;wk; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;lJ. “muR Gydwptpw;F
mg;ghw;gl;l> fz;fshy; ghu;f;f Kbahj khw;w ,ayhj fUj;jstpdjhFk;.
Mdhy; murq;fk; xU KftuhFk;. njspthd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gl;l
tifapy; ,jd; nry;thf;nfy;iy fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;F mg;ghy; ,jd;
nraw;ghLfs; rl;ltpNuhjkhdjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
8. muR xNu khjpupahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; murhq;fk; ehl;Lf;F ehL
NtWgLk;. cjhuzk;: [dhjpgjp murhq;fKiw> ke;jpup rig murhq;fKiw
Jareesh Page 13
9. kf;fs; murpid tpku;rpf;fNth mjw;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp nra;aNth KbahJ.
mt;thW nra;jhy; mJ Njrj;JNuhff; Fw;wkhFk;. Mdhy; murhq;fj;ij
tpku;rpf;fTk;> mjw;F vjpuf Mu;g;ghl;lk; nra;aTk; kf;fSf;F cupik cz;L
mt;Tupik kWf;fg;gLkhapd; mt;turhq;fkhdJ muh[f murhq;fk; vd;W
tpku;rpf;fg;gLk;.
10. kf;fs; fl;lhak; murpw;F mbgzpjy; Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; kf;fs;
murhq;fj;jpw;Fj; jdJ mbgzpitf; fhl;;lNtz;bajpy;iy.
murpay; fl;rpfs;
murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ 200 Mz;Lfl;Fl;gl;l xU etPd epfo;thFk;. mnkupf;f
If;fpa ehLfis cUthf;fpatHfSf;F fl;rp mikg;G Kiwapy;
ek;gpf;ifapy;iy. ,jDila jhf;fk; kpfTk; NkhrkhdjhfapUf;Fnkd
mtHfs; vz;zpdhHfs;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gh> tlmnkupf;fh kw;Wk;
[g;ghd; Nghd;w ehLfspy; jhd; Kjd; Kjyhf fl;rpAk;> fl;rp mikg;GfSk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjd;gpd;Gjhd; kw;w ehLfspy; ,it KOtPr;rpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. murpay; fl;rpfs; Fbahl;rp Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLk; ehl;bw;F
kpfTk; mtrpakhdit. jw;Nghija cyfpy; Fbahl;rpfs; gpujpepjpj;Jt
jd;ikia nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Fbahl;rp mikg;Gfspy; murpay;
fl;rpfs; kf;fSf;F murpaypy; MHtj;ij Cl;b gq;Nfw;f fw;Wj;jUfpd;w d.
jw;fhy muRfspy;> murpay; fl;rpfs; jtpHf;f Kbahj mk;rkhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; thf;Fupik>
gpujpepjpj;Jt Ml;rpapay; vd;gd tsHr;rpaile;j NghJ mjDld; ,ize;j
tifapy; murpaw; fl;rpfSk; tsHr;rpaila Muk;gpj;jd. mJTk; fl;rpKiw
rhHe;j murhq;f Kiwahd ke;jpuprig murhq;f Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lijj; njhlHe;J murpay; fl;rpfs; vd;gJ jtpHf;f
KbahjJk;> ,d;wpaikahjJkhd mk;rkhf tpsq;f Muk;gpj;jd. xU
fl;lj;jpd; gpd;dH gpujpepjpj;Jt murpaypd; capHehbahfNt fl;rpfs;
,Uf;fpd;w epiyik Njhd;wpAs;sJ. ,jdhNyNa rpf;kd; epa+kd; vd;gtH
"etPd murpaypd; GtpaPHg;G ikakhf murpaw; fl;rpfs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd"
vd;whH.
murpay; fl;rpfs; gw;wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fs;:
 ];Btd; yPnyhf; – XH ,ize;j murpay; r%fkhf nraw;gLtJk;
Xustpw;F newpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJkhd XH mikg;G Fbkf;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gLkhdhy; mJNt murpay; fl;rp
 rpf;kd; ePa+kd; – etPd murpaypy; GtpaPHg;G ikakhf murpay; fl;rpfs;

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.
 ikf; ItH – murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; gb rpy nfhs;iffs; %yk;

murhq;fj;ij elhj;j tpisAk; $l;lNk murpay; fl;rp
 nkf;];ntgH – rHtrd thf;Fupik > nghJkf;fs; mgpg;gpuhak;>

[dehafk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Foe;ijNa murpay; fl;rpfshFk;.
 vl;kd; NgHf; - jq;fsJ $l;L Kaw;rpfspD}lhf Njrpa eyid tsur;

nra;Ak; egHfspd; $l;lNk fl;rpahFk;
Jareesh Page 14
 b];Nuyp (Disraeli) - xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mgpg;gpuhaq;fis nfhz;Ls;s
epWtdNk fl;rp MFk;.
,t;thW gy;NtWgl;ltHfs; gy fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;lNghJk; nghJthf
murpaw; fl;rpfSf;F gpd;tUkhW tiutpyf;fzk; $wyhk;.
"jq;fspypUe;J NtWgl;l fUj;Jila $l;lq;fNshL Nghl;bapl;L> XH
murpay; mq;fkhf gzpGupe;J> kf;fspd; thf;Fupikr; rf;jpahy; murhq;f
mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp> jq;fSila nghJf; nfhs;iffis epiwNtw;w
vj;jdpf;Fk; kf;fspd; mikg;Ng" murpaw; fl;rpfshFk;.
md;& N`Tl; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; murpay; FO kw;Wk; r%f

,af;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J murpay; fl;rpapid NtWgLj;jp mwpe;Jf;nfhs;sf;$ba
gpujhd gz;Gfs; ehd;fpid Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. murpay; fl;rpfs; murpay;
mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;jNt Kaw;rpf;Fk;.
1. murpay; fl;rpfs; “mq;fj;Jt ml;ilfisf; nfhz;l” xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l

gpupthFk;.
2. murhq;f nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;Gila tplaq;fs; gytw;wpy; mtjhdk;

nrYj;Jk; nfhs;iffspd; njhFjp xd;W ,Uj;jy;. (rpyNtisfspy; jdpf;
nfhs;if xd;wpid kl;LNk Kd;itf;Fk; rpwpa fl;rpfSk; cz;L)
3. murpay; fl;rpfSf;F nfhs;if uPjpahf kw;Wk; fUj;jpay; milahsq;fs;
fhzg;gly; (tyJrhup> ,lJrhup> kj;jpa kag;gl;l> Njrpathj>
eyd;Gupthjk; Nghd;wd)
murpaw; fl;rpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; my;yJ murpaw; fl;rpfspd;

gzpfs; my;yJ fl;rp Kiwikapd; ed;ikfs;
jw;fhy muRfspy; murpay; fl;rpfspd; flikg; gq;F mjpfkhf cs;sJ.
mit muRfspy; gy;NtW gzpfisAk; NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk;
Mw;Wfpd;wd. ,e;j tifapy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; murpaw; fl;rpKiw
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilajhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ:
1. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsHj;jy;.
2. kf;fspd; murpay; mwptpid tsHj;jy;.
3. cWjpahd murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
4. gykhd vjpHf; fl;rpapid cUthf;Fjy;.
5. nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpid cUthf;FjYk; rpjwpAs;s kf;fs;
mgpg;gpuhaj;ij xd;W jpul;LjYk;
6. mikr;ruitia $l;Lg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;glitj;jy;.
7. murpaw; jiytu;fis cUthf;FjYk;> jiytHfSf;F gapw;rp
mspj;jYk;.
8. [dehafj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; fhtyhspfshfr; nraw;gLjy;.
1. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il tsHj;jy;

nghJthf ,d;iwa muRfs; gy;NtW ,d>kj>r%f> gpuNjr NtWghLfisf;
nfhz;litahfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,k; Kuz;ghLfSf;fpilapy;
Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wikia tsHf;Fk; rhjdkhf murpay; fl;rpfs;
Jareesh Page 15
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Njrpa uPjpahf nghJthd nfhs;ifiaf; nfhz;bUg;gjd;
%yNk ,jid mit rhj;jpakhf;Ffpd;wd.
ehl;by; ,d> kj> r%f> gpuNjr uPjpahd Kuz;ghLfSk;> xLf;F KiwfSk;
tsu tplhky; jLg;gjw;F ,j; Njrpa xUikg;ghL kpf kpf mtrpakhdjhFk;.
,y;yhtpby; ,d> kj> uPjpahd rpe;jidfs; tsHr;rp mile;J> mtw;wpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;Wtjw;Fk; mjd; top NghHfSk;
mikjpaPdKk; Vw;gLtjw;Fk; top Vw;gl;LtpLk;. gpupj;jhdpahtpy; fd;rHNtbt;
fl;rp> njhopw;fl;rp> mnkupf;fhtpy; FbauRf;fl;rp> [dehaff; fl;rp@
,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpuh fhq;fpu];@ vd;gdtw;iw Njrpa xUikg;ghl;il
fhl;bAs;s fl;rpfSf;F cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;.
2. kf;fspd; murpay; mwpit tsHj;jy;

kf;fspd; murpay; mwptpid tsHg;gjpYk; murpaw; fl;rpfs; gpujhd gq;fpid
tfpf;fpd;wd. gj;jpupif> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gd murpay; mwpit
Cl;Lk; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;F gw;wpdhYk; mtw;wpdhy; Gfl;lg;gLk; mwpT
vy;yh kf;fisAk; nrd;wilAk; vd vjpHghHf;f KbahJ. mtw;Ws;
ngUk;ghyhdit murhq;f rhHGilajhfTk;> xU fl;rp rhHghdjhfTk;
cs;sjhy; cz;ikahd tplaq;fis kf;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbahj epiy
cUthfyhk;. ,e;epiyapy; murpaw; fl;rpfs; Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> gpur;rhuf;
$l;lq;fs;> ghuhSkd;w tpthjq;fs;> murpaw; Nghuhl;lq;fs;>
fl;rpg;gj;jpupiffs; vd;gdtw;wpD}lhf Kiwrhuh murpay; fw;iffs;
vd;wtifapy;> kf;fspd; murpay; mwpT tsHr;rpf;F cjTfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf khf;rp]k;> [dehafk;> jhuhz;ikthjk;> Njrpathjk; Nghd;w
murpay; nfhs;iffs; $l murpay; fl;rpfspDlhfNt mjpfstpy; kf;fis
nrd;wilfpd;wd. EZf;fkhf mtjhdpg;gpd; gy ,lq;fspy; ,t; murpay;
rpj;jhe;jq;fs; njhlHghf fy;tpapDlhf njupe;J nfhz;ltHfis tpl
murpay; fl;rpfspD}lhf njupe;J nfhz;ltHfs; mjpy; rpwe;j Gyikj;Jtk;
tha;e;jtHfshf cs;shHfs;.
3. cWjpahd murhq;f Kiwik

murpaw; fl;rp Kiwapd; mLj;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mJ cWjpahd murhq;f
Kiwia cUthf;FtjhFk;. ,d;W ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs; ke;jpuprig
murhq;f Kiwia nfhz;l ehLfshfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,k;Kiwapd;gb
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; $Ljyhd Mjutpidg; ngw;w fl;rpNa murhq;fj;ij
mikf;fpd;wJ. ,t; murhq;ff; fl;rpf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; MjuT cs;stiu
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;F mf; fl;rp mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy;
murpaw; fl;rp Kiw Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiu XH cWjpahd murhq;fk;
mKypy; ,Ug;gjw;F cjTfpd;w xd;whf cs;sJ. cWjpahd murhq;fk;
ehl;bd; r%f nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F kpfTk; mtrpakhd xd;whFk;.
4. gykhd vjpHf;fl;rp cUthFjy;

murpaw; fl;rp jdpNa cWjpahd murhq;fj;ij kl;Lk; nfhLf;ftpy;iy.
khwhf gykhd vjpHf;fl;rp cUthFtjw;Fk; tha;g;gpidf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ.
ke;jpup rig murhq;f Kiwapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; tiu cWjpahd
murhq;fkhf nraw;glf; $ba epiy ,Ug;gjdhy; mt; murhq;fk;
vNjr;rhjpfhukhd Kiwapy; nraw;gl Kaw;rpf;fyhk;. mt;Ntis mjd;
vNjr;rhjpfhuj;jpid jLf;ff;$ba tifapy; vjpHf;fl;rpfs; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
ghuhSkd;w eltbf;iffspD}lhfTk; mjw;F ntspNaahd
Jareesh Page 16
gpur;rhuq;fspD}lhfTk;> murhq;fj;jpd; vNjr;rhjpfhu Kaw;rpfis mit
jLf;fpd;wd.
NkYk; ke;jpuprig murhq;f Kiwapy; gjtpapd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; murhq;fk;
gjtp tpyFkhapd; vjpHf;fl;rpfis murhq;fj;ij mikf;Fk;gb
Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sTk; Kbfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy; tp.gp.rpq; jiyikapyhd Njrpa
Kd;dzp murhq;fk; gjtp tpyfpa NghJ ,e;jpuh fhq;fpurpd; MjuTld;
re;jpuNrfH murhq;fj;jpid mikj;jhH. ,jid ,jw;F cjhuzkhff;
nfhs;s KbAk;.
5. nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpid cUthf;FjYk; rpjwpAs;s

kf;fs; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij xd;W jpul;LjYk;
murpay; fl;rp nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;ij gpujpgypf;ff; $bajhfTk; cs;sJ.
fl;rpfs; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis ikakhf itj;N j nfhs;iffis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,f;nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,it
eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. ,jdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk;>
ntspapYk; fl;rpfspd; eltbf;iffs; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd;
gpujpgypg;GfshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; NjHjy; Kiwfs; $l fl;rpfs;
njhlHghf nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd; gpujpgypg;GfshfNt cs;sd.
Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlHghf fl;rpfs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tpthjj;jpy;
<LgLfpd;w NghJk;> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa gpur;rhu tplaq;fspy;
<LgLfpd;w NghJk;> mt;tplak; njhlHghf nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghJkf;fs; jq;fs; mgpg;gpuhaq;fis njhlHG
rhjdq;fspD}lhf ntspg;gLj;j Kw;gLfpd;wdH. ,e;j tifapy; xUtplak;
njhlHghd mgpg;gpuhaj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; murpay; fl;rpfs;
nghJkf;fSf;F cjTfpd;wd. nghJkf;fs; murpay; fl;rpfSf;F cjtp
Gupfpd;wdH. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; ,dg; gpur;rpidf;fhd murpay; jPHT
Nahridfis cUthf;Ftjpy; ,t; ,U mzpfSk; ngUk; gq;F
nrYj;jpapUf;fpd;wd.
,J khj;jpukd;wp ehl;bd; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; ntt;NtWgl;l fl;rpfSf;F
thf;fspf;fg;gLfpd;wNghJ mt;thf;Ffis xd;wpizj;J $l;lhf fl;rpfs;
,ize;J Ml;rpaikg;gjd; Clhf kf;fsJ nghJ mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; xd;W
gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
6. mikr;ruitia $l;Lg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;glitj;jy;

,d;W ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs; ke;jpuprig murhq;f KiwAs;s ehLfshf
,Ug;gjhy; ,k;Kiwapd; rpwg;ghd ,af;fj;jpw;F ke;jpup. rigapd; $l;Lg;
nghWg;G kpf kpf mtrpakhdjhFk;. ,f;$l;Lg; nghWg;gpid murpaw;
fl;rpfNs rpwg;ghf toq;Ffpd;wd. murhq;fj;ij mikg;gtHfs; xNu
fl;rpiar; NrHe;jtHfshf ngUk;ghYk; ,Ug;gjhy;> ke;jpuprigapYk; xNu
fl;rpiar; NrHe;jtHfNs cWg;gpdHfshf ,Ug;gH. ,e;epiy mikr;ruitia
$l;Lg;nghWg;Gld; nraw;glitg;gjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. mNjNtis fl;rpapd;
jiytNu ke;jpup rigapd; jiytuhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wikahdJ $l;Lg;
nghWg;gpid kpfTk; ,yFthf;fpd;wJ.
murhq;fk; gy fl;rpfspd; $l;L murhq;fkhf ,Ug;gpd; ,ize;J nfhz;l
fl;rpfSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ $l;Lr; nraw;ghl;bYk; jilfs;
Vw;glyhk;. ,q;F $l;Lg;nghWg;G vd;gJ $l;lhf KbntLj;jYk;
tpisTfSf;F $l;lhf nghWg;ngLj;jYk; MFk;. ,yq;ifapy; nlhd%H
Jareesh Page 17
murpay; jpl;l fhyj;jpy; fl;rpKiw mKypy; ,y;yhjjpdhy; ke;jpuprig
$l;Lg; nghWg;Gld; nraw;gl Kbatpy;iy. ,J $l;Lg; nghWg;gpw;F murpay;
fl;rp Kiw mtrpak; vd;gijNa vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
7. murpaw; jiytu;fis cUthf;FjYk;> jiytHfSf;F

gapw;rp mspj;jYk;.
murpaw; fl;rpahdJ jdJ cWg;gpdu;;fis Nju;jypy; Fjpf;fr; nra;tjd;
%yk; mtu;fis kf;fs; gpujpepjpahf;FtJld; mtu;fSf;F murpay; kw;Wk;
jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rpfis toq;Ftjd; Clhf mtu;f is vjpu;fhy
joytu;fshf;Ftjpy; murpaw; fl;rpfspd; gq;F msg;ngupaJ vdyhk;. xU
rhjhuz gpui[ xUtiu cs;Suhl;rp kd;w> kfhzrig> ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fshf khw;Wtjw;F murpaw; fl;rpfs; top nra;tJld;> mtiu
mikr;ruhfTk; gpujkuhfTk;> [dhjpgjpahfTk; khw;wp ehl;bid mgptpUj;jpg;
ghijapy; nfhz;L nry;tJ Fwpj;J murpaw; fl;rpfspd; Nrit msg;ngupaJ
vdyhk;. mj;Jld; fl;rpfSf;F jiyik tfpf;Fk; msTf;F mtu;fSf;F
jiyikj;Jt MSikiaSk; toq;FtJ murpaw;fl;rpfNs vd;why;
kpifahfhJ. vkJ ehl;bd; [dhjpgjpfs; kw;Wk; murpaw; jiytu;fs;
,t;thW cUthdtu;fNs.
8. [dehafj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; fhtyhspfshfr; nraw;gLjy;.

murpaw; fl;rpfs; [dehafj;ij ghJfhf;Fk; fhty; ehahfj;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> rl;lthf;fr; nrw;ghL> epu;thfr; nrad;Kiwfs;>
nghJf;nfhs;if cUthf;fk; vd;gdtw;wpd; NghJ murpaw; fl;rpfs; kf;fsJ
cupikfs;> Rje;jpuk; vd;gdtw;wpy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhfr; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
mj;Jld; vjpu;fl;rpahfr; nraw;gLifapy; ,J njhlu;ghf murhq;fj;Jld; Ngrp
mt;Tupikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; ifq;fupaj;ij murpaw;fl;rpfNs
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
fl;rp Kiwikapd; FiwghLfs;

1. murpaw; fl;rpfs; murhq;fj;jpd; vNjr;rjpfhug; Nghf;fpw;F
Jizahf tpsq;Ffpd;wik.
fl;rp Kiw ghuhSkd;wj;ijAk; mikr;ruitiaAk; njhlHGgLj;Jfpd;w
xd;whf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fl;rp cwT fhuzkhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdHfspd; MjuT ngw;Ws;s mikr;ruit
ghuhSkd;wj;ij jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; itj;jpUf;f KbfpwJ. ,jdhy;
mikr;ruit jdf;F rhjfkhd Kiwapy; rl;lq;fis ePf;FtJk;
murpayikg;ig jpUj;JtJk; ,yFthfp tpLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpahtpy;
,e;jpuhfhe;jp murhq;fk; 1970fspy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp gy
vNjr;rhjpfhukhd rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpapUe;jJ. ,yq;ifapYk;
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhd gy rl;lq;fs; ,t;thW ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
gpu[hTupikr; rl;lk;(1948)> jdpr; rpq;fsr; rl;lk;(1956)> rpwpkh-rh];jpup
xg;ge;j mKyhf;fr; rl;lk; (1967) vd;gdtw;iw ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshf
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
2. kf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fl;rpfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtkhf

khwpaik: ,d;W fl;rp Kiw tsHr;rpapdhy;> kf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
vd;gJ fl;rpfspd; gpujpepjpj; Jtkhf khwpAs;sJ. xt;nthU fl;rpAk;
jdf;nfd xU Nfhl;ghl;ilAk;> rl;ljpl;lq;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf
,Ug;gjdhy;> gpujpepjpfs; kf;fSila mgpg;gpuhaq;fis murhq;f
epWtdq;fspy; gpujpgypg; gjw;F gjpyhf fl;rpfspd; mgpg;gpuhaq;fisNa
Jareesh Page 18
gpujpgypf;f Kw;gLfpd;wdH. Fwpg;ghf ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if>
nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if Nghd;wtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;j Kw;gLtjd;
fhuzkhf ,e;epiy Vw;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf 1970fspy; =yq;fh
Rje;jpuf; fl;rp kw;Wk; ,lJ rhupf; fl;rpfs; ,ize; J Nrhryprf;
nfhs;ifia mwpKfg;Lj;jpaik.
3. murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ RatpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;fhf Njrpa

eyd;fisf; fPo;g;gLj;Jjy;: murhq;fk; xd;wpy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk;
murpay; fl;rpahdJ jkJk; jk;Kld; $l;Lr; Nru;ejpUf;Fk; murpay;
fl;rpfspdJk; eyd;fisAk; Njitg;ghLfisAk; Kd;dpWj;jpr; nraw;gl
Kw;gLtjd; fhuzkhf muRfspd; Njrpa eyd; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: 1970> 1977fspy; Ml;rpf;F te;j murhq;fq;fs; ehl;L eyidf;
fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ jkJ fl;rpf;F Vw;g murpay; jpl;lq;fis
cUthf;Ftjpy; Kidg;ghf epd;w mNj Ntis xU gb NkNy nrd;W
1977 njhlf;fk; 1994 tiuf;Fk; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j murhq;fkhdJ jdJ
fl;rpia njhlu;e;Jk; itj;jpUf;Fk; tifapy; murpay; ahg;Gj;
jpUj;jq;fspNyNa fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf ,Ue;jd. ,f;fhyg;gFjpay;
,yq;ifapy; cUthd gaq;futhjj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;f Kidg;Gfs;
vjidAk; fhl;ltpy;iy.
4. kdpjHfspd; jdpahl; jd;ikia mopTwr; nra;jy;: murpay;

fl;rpahdJ cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk;
FOthFk;. vdNt jdJ cWg;gpdu;fSf;F gy;Ntwhd murpay;
gapw;rpfisf; nfhLj;J jkJ nfhs;iff;F Vw;g tsu;j;njLj;J Njrpa
murpay; ePNuhl;lj;jpy; tpLfpd;wJ. ,jd; NghJ jdpg;gl;l egu; xUtu;
jkJ MSik> mwpT> me;j];j;J vd;gdtw;iw jpahfk; nra;Nj fl;rpf;
nfhs;iff;Fk; fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; mbgzpfpd;whu;. ,jd;NghJ
mtuJ me;j];j;J kw;Wk; MSik kOq;fbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf
Nguhrpupau; [P.vy;. gPup];.
5. rpyNtis kf;fSf;F Kiwaw;w murpay; fy;tpia

toq;Fjy;: jkJ rQ;rpiffs;> khehLfs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs; thapyhf
murpay; fl;rpfs; kf;fSf;F mwpT+l;Lfpd;wd. ,jd;NghJ kf;fisf;
fpsu;r;rpA+l;b mjpy; murpay; ,yhgk; NjLk; Nehf;fpy; ,dthjk;>
gpuNjrthjk; Nghd;wtw;iw tsu;f;Fk; tpjkhf murpaw; fl;rpfs;
kf;fSf;F mwpt+l;b tUtjhdJ ehl;bd; Njrpathjj;jpw;F ghupa
rthyhf mike;Js;sJ. cjhuzkhf 2019 Vguy; 21y; ,lk;ngw;w
capu;j;j QhapW gLnfhiyr; rk;gtq;fisg; NgRnghUshff; nfhz;Nl
murpay; fl;rpfs; 2019 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jiy elhj;jp Kbj;jd.
6. Coy; nraw;ghLfSf;F toptFj;jy;: murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ

cWg;gpdu;fis ey;y Kiwapy; gapw;Wtpj;jhYk; mt;TWg;gpdu;fspd;
jdpg;gl;l mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; fl;rpf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; caupa; me;j];j;J
Nghd;wtw;wpd; fhuzkhf gy;Ntwhd Coy; Nkhrb kw;Wk; mlhtbfspy;
<LgLfpd;wdu;. ,r;nraw;ghLfSf;F fl;rpr; rhaKk; g+rg;gLtjhy; fl;rpfs;
mt;thW eilngwhjJ Nghd;W ghtid nra;J Coy; Nkhrb kw;Wk;
mlhtbfspy; <Lgl;Nlhiuf; fhg;ghw;w Kidfpd;wJ. fle;j ey;yhl;rp
murhq;fq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w kj;jpa tq;fp epjp Nkhrb Nghd;wtw;iw
cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Jareesh Page 19
7. ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; xw;Wikapd;ikia Vw;gLj;j jhf;fk;
nrYj;jy;: murpay; fl;rpfs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nra;wgLk; NghJ jkJ
thf;F tq;fpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L fl;rpfs; jhk; rhu;e;j
,dq;fSf;F rhu;ghfg; Ngr Kw;gl;L ,dthjj;jpid Cl;b tpLfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf 1956k; Mz;L Nju;jypy; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp
jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lk; njhlu;ghf Ngrp jdJ thf;F tq;fpia tpupT gLj;j
,d Kuz;ghl;lilj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. mj;Jld; 1988fspd; gpd;du;
,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs> jkpo; kw;Wk; K];ypk; ,dthjf; fl;rpfs; Njhd;wp
jj;jkf;F thrpahd tifapy; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;J ,d
KWfiyj; Njhw;Wtpj;jd. ,f;Nfhupf;ifapy; jkpoPof; Nfhupf;if>
njd;fpof;F Nfhupf;if vd;gd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
murpay; fl;rpfspd; tifg;ghLfs;
fl;rpfis mitfspd; Nehf;fk;> nfhs;if kw;Wk; jq;fspd;
yl;rpaq;fisailaf; filgpbf;Fk; topKiwfisf; fzf;fpy; nfhz;L
ehd;F tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
1 goikthjpfs;
2. kpjthjpfs;
3. gpw;Nghf;Fthjpfs;
4. jPtputhjpfs;
Nghd;witahFk;. ,it jtpu> ,lJrhupfs; kw;Wk; tyJrhupfs; cs;sdH.
mbg;gil khw;wq;fisAk; rPHjpUj;j rl;lq;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;j tpUk;Gk;
fl;rpfs; ,lJrhupfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
nkJthf> epjhdkhf> nkd;ikahf khw;wq;fis tuNtw;gtHfs; tyJrhupfs;
vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdH. rpy rkaq;fspy; xNu fl;rpf;Fs; ,lJrhupfs;
kw;Wk; tyJrhupfs; cs;sdH. cjhuzj;jpw;F> ,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpapy;
,e;jpa fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (,lJrhup) kw;Wk; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp (tyJrhup) vd
,U gpupT cs;sdH.
murpay; fl;rpfs; murpay; Kiwikapy; nraw;gLk; fl;rpfspd;
vz;zpf;iffis mbg;gilahf nfhz;L murpay; fl;rpfis gpd;tUkhW
gpupf;fyhk;.
 xU fl;rp Kiw
 ,U fl;rp Kiw
 gy fl;rp Kiw
 Mjpf;fKs;s jdpf;fl;rp Kiw
 Mjpf;fKs;s ,U fl;rp Kiw
,J khj;jpukd;wp gpd;tUk; tifg;ghLfSk; murpaw; fl;rpfs; njhlu;gpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 cau;Fohik (fhlu;) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs; (Cadre Parties)
 nghJkf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs; (Mass Parties)
 nghJ kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; fl;rpfs;
(Representative)
 nghJkf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; (Intergrative Parties)
 murpayikg;Grhu; fl;rpfs; (Constitutional)
 Gul;rpfuf; fl;rp (Revolutionary)
Jareesh Page 20
 tyJrhup fl;rpfs;
 ,lJrhup fl;rpfs;
cau;Fohik (fhlu;) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs;

(Cadre Parties)
nkhup]; ^tau; murpaw; fl;rpfis mjd; mq;fj;jtu;fisf; itj;J
,Utifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
01. fhu;lu; fl;rp.
02. nghJkf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fl;rpfs;.
,J r%fj;jpy; cau;thf kjpf;fg;gLk; cau; Fohkpdu;fisf; nfhz;l
fl;rpahf tu;zpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fhlu; fl;rpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk; ,itfs;
rpwpa fl;rpfshff; fhzg;gLk; mNj Ntis ,jd; jiytu;fs; nghUshjhu
gyk;kpf;ftu;fshfTk;> Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L mjpy; ntw;wpaPl;Lk; jpwik
ngw;wtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLtu;. fhlu; fl;rpahdJ> xU rpwpa fl;rp
mikg;igf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,jd; thapyhf mjd; mbg;gil myF fl;rpf;
$l;lkhfNt ,Uf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLk; nkhup]; ^tau; kf;fs; fl;rpapd;
mbg;gil myF fl;rpapd; fpisfshf ,Uf;Fk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
nghJthff; fhlu; fl;rpfshdJ> fy;tp fw;w kw;Wk; nry;t tsKila
kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhf fhlu; fl;rpahdJ midj;Jg; nghJ kf;fisAk; cs;thq;Fjy;
njhlu;ghf ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy;iy.
,J khj;jpukd;wp fhlu; fl;rpfshdJ> goikthj kw;Wk; eLepiythj
nrad;Kiwfis ikakhf itj;J njhopw;gLtjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fUj;jpay;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl fhu;lu; fl;rpapd; nraw;ghLfs;
mike;Js;sd.
kf;fs; fl;rpfis tpl ,jd; gpur;rhuKk; ,jd; vjpnuhypAk; kpff;
FiwthdjhFk;. MapDk; ghrprthjk; rhu; fl;rpfSk;> kf;fs; fl;rpfSk;
mjpfkhd r%fj;jpy; mjpf vjpnuhypia toq;Ffpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf
,f;fl;rpfs; fhlu; fl;rpfis tpl mjpf [duQ;rfkpf;fjhfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wd.
,jd; gpufhuk; fhlu; fl;rp vd;gJ [duQ;rfj; jd;ik Fiwe;jJ vd
thjplg;gLfpd;wJ.
fhu;lu; fl;rpfshdJ nry;te;ju;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghf (Oligarchic) njhopw;gLk;

jd;ik cilajhFk;. ,J khj;jpukd;wp ,f;fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdu;fsJ
vz;zpf;ifahdJ kpff; FWfpa mstpy; ,Ug;gJld;> ke;jfukhd
nraw;ghl;bidf; nfhz;l cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;ljfTk; ,f;fl;rp
fhzg;gLk;. khwhf kf;fs; kw;Wk; ghrprf; fl;rpfs; ghupa mstpdJk;>
cw;rhfk; kpf;fJkhd nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;l mq;fj;jtu;fisj;
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gJld;> ,jd; fhuzkhf kf;fs; kw;Wk; ghrprf;
fl;rpfs; ghupa msT nraw;jpwd;kpf;fitfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; fhu;lu; fl;rpahdJ ntWkNd murpay; Nehf;fk; nfhz;litahfj;
njhopw;gLtJld;> Vida fl;rpfisg; Nghd;wy;yhJ murpaw; fhyj;jpy;
khj;jpuk; ,aq;Fk; ,ae;jpukhfTk; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fhlu; fl;rpfspd;
Jareesh Page 21
Nehf;fk; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; tUfpd;w Nju;jy;fspd; NghJ> ntw;wp ngw;W
murhq;f nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fgw;WtNj md;wp kf;fs; eyd;fisf; fUj;jpy;
vLg;gjpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf fhu;lu; fl;rpfs; Raeythjj; jd;ikAila
fl;rpfs; vd tpku;rdk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
jdpfl;rp my;yJ xU fl;rp Kiw

xU ehl;by; xU jdpf;fl;rp kl;Lk; nraw;gbd; mJ jdpf;fl;rp Kiw vd;W
miof;fg;gLk;. vjpH murpay; fUj;Jf;fis rfpj;Jf; nfhs;shjJk;
mtw;Wf;F ,lkspf;fhjJkhd murpay; Kiwikapy; jdpf;fl;rp Kiwiaf;
fhzyhk;. cjhuzk;: rPdh> u\;ah
xU fl;rp Kiwapd; epiwfs;:-

1. jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; fhy jhkjk; jtpHf;fg;gLk;
2. cWjpahd murhq;fk; miktjw;F top Vw;gLk;.
3. rpj;jhe;j uPjpahf>nfhs;if uPjpahf kf;fs; gpsTgLk; jd;ik
jtpHf;fg;gLk;.
4. NjHjy; td;Kiwfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLk;.
5. Ml;rpapy; tPz;tpuak; jtpHf;fg;gLjYk; > nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
Vw;gLjYk;
6. r%fr; rPHNfLfs;> fy;tpr; rPHNfLfs; Nghd;wd jtpHf;fg;gLk;.
xU fl;rp Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;
1. nfhs;iffs; jPHkhdq;fs; vd;gd rupahdjhf mikAk; vd;gjpy;
epr;rakpy;iy.
2. kf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfs; kWf;fg;gLjy;.
3. rHtjpfhug; Nghf;F fhzg;gLk;.
4. nghJf; nfhs;iffs; Gwe;js;sg;gLk; epiy Vw;glyhk;.
5. murpaypy; caH Fohkpdupd; nry;thf;F mjPjkhff; fhzg;gLk;
6. fPo; kl;l kf;fspd; Njitfs; mwpag;glhjhfTk; jPHf;fg;glhjjhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;.
,Ufl;rp Kiw
XH murpay; KiwikAs; fhzg;gLk; murpay; fl;rpfSs; mjd; nraw;ghl;bd;
kPJ epHzakhd jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jf; $ba ,U fl;rpfs; kl;Lk; ,Ug;gpd;
mJ ,U fl;rpKiw vdg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: gpupj;jhdpah> mnkupf;fh>
epa+rpyhe;J> fdlh> njd;dhgpupf;fh.
,Ufl;rp Kiwapd; epiwfs;:-
1. ,Ufl;rpKiwapy; jdpf;fl;rp kl;Lk; murhq;fj;ij mikg;gjhy;
epiyahdJk; gykhdJkhd murhq;fk; cUthFk;.
2. ,Ufl;rpKiwapy; vjpHfl;rpapy; xU jdpf;fl;rp kl;Lk; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;Jtjhy; gykhd vjpHfl;rp cUthFk;.
3. kf;fs; Kd;dhy; ,uz;L mgpg;gpuhaq;fs; kl;Lk; ,Ug;gjhy; jhk; tpUk;Gk;
fl;rpf;F thf;fspj;J Neubahf murhq;fj;ij jhgpf;Fk; tha;g;ig
ngWfpd;wdH.
,Ufl;rp Kiwapd; Fiwfs;:-
1. rpwpa fl;rpfSf;F tha;g;gpd;ik
2. rpWghd;ikapdupd; mgpyhi\fs; g+Hj;jpr; nra;ag;glhik
3. murhq;f fl;rpapd; mjpfhuk; Nkhrkhd tifapy; tsHr;rpAwy;.
Jareesh Page 22
4. rl;lrigapd; epiy tPo;r;rpAwy;.
gyfl;rp Kiw
XH murpay; Kiwikapy; ,U fl;rpfis tpl $Ljyhd fl;rpfs; ghjpg;G
nrYj;Jk; epiy gyfl;rp Kiw vdg;gLk;.
gyfl;rp Kiwapd; epiwfs;:-
1. thf;fhsHfs; ,U fUj;jpay; FOf;fshfg; gpupahjpUj;jy;.
2. rl;lj;Jiw xU jdpf;fl;rpapd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;glhjpUj;jy;.
3. rfy mgpg;gpuhaq;fSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLjy;.
4. thf;fhsupd; njupT gutyiljy;.
5. gpuNjr uPjpahd mgptpUj;jp Vw;gLk;
gy fl;rp Kiwapd; Fiwfs;:-
1. Ml;rpia ifg;gw;Wk; Nehf;fNkad;wp Njrpa Nehf;fk; fl;rpfsplk;
fhzg;glhJ.
2. ,d kj nkhop rhjp kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpapyhd gpuptpidf;F tha;g;ghf
mikAk;.
3. murhq;f jiytupd; epiy gytPdKWjy;.
4. gytPdkhd murhq;fk; cUthFjy;.
murpay;fl;rpfspd; ed;ikfs; :-
1. [dehafj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjpYk; nfhz;L elj;jYk; murpay;
fl;rpfshFk;.
2. kf;fs; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F tha;g;ig toq;Fjy;.
3. kdpjd; gpwg;gpNyNa murpay; gpuhzpahapDk; etPd murpay;
Kiwikapy; kf;fis cz;ikahd nraw;ghl;L murpay; gpuhzpahf
khw;WtJ murpay; fl;rpfshFk;.
4. gjtpapy; cs;s murhq;fk; jd;dpr;irahf khWtijj; jLf;fpwJ.
murpay; fl;rpfspd; jPikfs;:-
1. murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ RatpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;fhf Njrpa
eyd;fisf; fPo;g;gLj;Jjy;.
2. kdpjHfspd; jdpahl; jd;ikia mopTwr; nra;jy;.
3. rpyNtis kf;fSf;F Kiwaw;w murpay; fy;tpia toq;Fjy;.
4. Coy; nraw;ghLfSf;F toptFj;jy;
5. gy fl;rp Kiwapd; %yk; ehl;bd; murpay; <Lghl;il mopTf;F
cl;gLj;jy;.
6. ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; xw;Wikapd;ikia Vw;gLj;j jhf;fk; nrYj;jy;
fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghLfSk; cgha KiwfSk;

1. murpay; fl;rpf;fspd; fUj;jpay;fs;
2. Nju;jy; tpAfk; kw;Wk; cghaq;fs;
3. cWg;gpdu;fis Ml;Nru;j;jYk; epjp jpul;Lk; tpjpKiwfSk;
4. murpay; fl;rpfspd; r%f mbg;gil
5. fl;rpfspd; xOq;fikg;G Kiwfs;
Jareesh Page 23
6. Nrit toq;Fdu; - Nrit ngWdu;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;Gfis
Vw;gLj;Jj;Jk; r%f tiyaikg;G
mKf;ff; FOf;fs; (Pressure Groups)

mKf;ff; FOf;fs; [dehafj;Jld; njhlHGila r%f epWtdq;fshFk;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;dH ,e;epWtdq;fspd; tsHr;rpia mtjhdpf;f
Kbe;jJ. kdpj elj;ijfs; murpay; eilKiwapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;JtJ
njhlHghd fUj;J ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Kd;dzpf;F te;jijj; njhlHe;J>
FOf;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;jpid ngwj;
njhlq;fpaJ.
FOf;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T 1918Mk; Mz;L MjH ngd;l;yp (Arthur Bentley)

vd;gtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. MjH ngd;j;yp murhq;fj;jpd; nrad;Kiw
(The Process of Government) vd;w E}ypy; murhq;f nrad;Kiwfis Kjd;
Kjypy; FOf;fspd; eltbf;iffSld; ,izj;J Ma;T nra;jpUe;j hH.
murpaypy; gy FOf;fs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,f;FOf;fis
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;shJ murpay; nray;Kiwfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ
fbdkhdjhFk; vd ,tH $Wfpd;whH.
mKf;f FOf;fshdJ nghJthd nfhs;iffs;> jd;ikfspd; mbg;gilapy;
xd;W NrHfpd;w FOf;fshFk;. mjhtJ vy;yh cWg;gpdHfSk; jkJ
nghJthd Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf nraw;gLtjidf; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf>
tptrhapfs;> tHj;jfHfs; Nghd;Nwhiuf; nfhz;l njhopw;FOf;fisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,q;F nghJthd Nehf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
eyd;Ngz;FOf;fs; nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;NghJ tptrhapfs;> tHj;jfHfs;
Nghd;Nwhupd; gy;NtW eyd;fs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
mKf;f FOf;fs; vd;w nrhw;gjkhdJ kpfg; gue;jnjhd;whFk;. mKf;f

FOf;fs; (Pressure Groups) kw;Wk; eyd; Ngz;FOf;fs; (Interest Groups)
Mfpa ,U gjq;fSk; xd;wpw;fhf kw;nwhd;W xNunghUspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,t;tpuz;L gjq;fSk; xd;wpypUe;J
kw;nwhd;W NtWgl;litahFk;.
,it INuhg;gh kw;Wk; mnkupf;f murwptpaypd; Kf;fpakhd Ma;TfSf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; r%ff; FOthFk;. mnkupf;fhtpy; ngUk;ghYk;
Mirf;FOf;fs; (Interest Groups) kw;Wk; epahag; gpur;rhuf; FOf;fs;
(Lobbying Groups) vd;w ,U nrhw;gpuNahfq;fis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,J mOj;jf; FOf;fs; vd;Nw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
%d;W nrhw;fspdJk; mu;j;jq;fis gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
mOj;jf;FOf;fs;: mOj;jf;FOf;fs; vd;gJ FOthf xd;wpize;J
rl;lk;> muR> nfhs;if> murj; jPu;khdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F mOj;jk;
nfhLf;Fk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l gpuirfs; FOthFk;. ,tu;fs; jhk; rhu;e;j
r%fk; my;yJ Njrpa Nehf;fpid ikakhf itj;J murhq;fj;jpw;F
mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjpy; Kd;dzp tfpg;gu;. cjhuzkhf. ,yq;ifapy;
nraw;gl;L tUfpd;w nghJghy Nrd mikg;ghdJ K];ypk;ffspd; `yhy;
nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghf Nfs;tp vOg;gp mJ njhlu;ghf mOj;jk; x;diw
muRf;Ff; nfhLj;J nghJf; nfhs;if xd;iw cUthf;fg; ghLgl;L mjpy;
ntw;wpAk; fz;lJ. mt;thNw jpUkzr; rl;lk; njhlu;ghd nghJf; nfhs;if
Jareesh Page 24
xd;iw cUthf;fTk; mJ njhlu;ghf mOj;jk; x;diw muRf;Ff; nfhLj;J
ghLgl;L tUfpd;wJ.
Mirf;FOf;fs;: Mirf;FOf;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l mgpyhir / Nehf;fk; /

ngWNgw;wpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jkJ mq;fj;jtu;fspd; Njit kw;Wk;
mgpyhirfis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhf nraw;gLk; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
gpuirfs; FOthFk;. ,f;FOf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; njhow;rq;f mikg;igf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,tu;fs; jq;fsJ mgpyhirfis mile;J nfhs;s
murhq;fj;Jld; Ngr;Rthu;jij elhj;Jjy;> cld;gbf;iffis nra;jy;
Nghd;wtw;Wld; jkJ Nfhupf;iffs; epiwNtw;wg;glhjtplj;J Ntiy
epWj;jq;fisAk; nra;aj; jaq;fkhl;lu;. cjhuzk;: itj;jpau; rq;fk;>
gyfiyf;fof fy;tprhuh Copau;fs; rq;fk;.
epahag; gpur;rhuf;FO: epahag; gpur;rhuf;FO vd;gJ rl;lk;> mur nfhs;if
kw;Wk; mur jPu;khdq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;F kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;>
murpay;thjpfs;> cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis re;jpj;J> mtu;fspd; jPu;khdq;fspy;
jkf;F Njitahd mOj;jq;fisf; nfhLf;Fk;. rpy Ntisfspy; NtW
r%ff; FOf;fSf;fhfTk; murhq;fj;jpw;fhfTk; gzj;jpw;fhfTk; ,f;fhupaj;ij
nra;Ak; xOq;fike;j FOthFk;. epahag;gpur;rhu FO gpuirfs; FOthfNth
my;yJ NtW FOthfNth ,Uf;fKbAk;. cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapy; khyhNg
jdpahu; kUj;Jtg; gy;fiyf;fofk; njhlu;ghf ,yq;if itj;jpau; rq;fk;
muRf;F nfhLj;j mOj;jk; mit Nkw;nfhz;l nraw;ghLfs; ,jw;F rpwe;j
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. mt;thNw mnkupf;f gpuirfs; FO my;yJ ntspehl;L
murhq;fj;jpw;fhf epahag;gpur;rhuk; nra;fpd;w> mjd;%yk; tUkhdk; <l;Lk;
tu;j;jff; fk;gdpfSk; ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
rl;lthf;fk;> mur nfhs;if cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpd;
jPu;khdq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; murpay; fl;rpfSf;Fk; mg;ghy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; FOf;fshf mOj;jk;> mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; epahag;
gpur;rhuf; FOf;fs; murwptpaypy; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
,it xOq;fike;j epWtdq;fshf miktNjhL Nkw;fj;Nja ehLfspYk;
,yq;ifapYk; rq;fq;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;Wf;F mq;fj;jtu;fSk;
cj;jpNahfj;ju; rigAk; fhzg;gLk;. ahg;G> fhupahyak; kw;Wk; Cjpak;
ngWk;; gzpahsu; njhFjpAk; fhzg;gLk;.
tu;j;jfu;fs;> ifj;njhopyhsu;fs;> tptrhapfs;> epUthf mjpfhupfs;> kjf;
FOf;fs;> njhopy; FOf;fs;> ngz;fs; Nghd;w gy r%fg; gpuptpdu;fshy;
mKf;f / Mirf; FO / epahag; gpur;rhuf; FOf;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
,yq;ifapd; cjhuzq;fs;
 rpW Njapiy Njhl;l cupikahsu;fspd; rq;fk;
 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiukhu;fspd; rq;fk;
 ,yq;if tu;j;jfr; rig
 m];fPupa gPl k`hehaf;fu; rq;fk;
 khkd;aGu kfhehaf;fu; rq;fk;
 ky;tj; gPl kfhehaf;fu; rq;fk;
 ,yq;if mur itj;jpau;fs; rq;fk;
 mfpy ,yq;if ngsj;j khfh rk;Nksdk;
 jdpahu; Ng&e;J cupikahsu;fspd; rq;fk;
Jareesh Page 25
murwptpay; tuyhw;wpy; njhopw;rq;fk; kw;Wk; r%f ,af;fq;fs;> mKf;f
FOf;fshf fUjg;gLtjpy;iy. ,it Ntwhd murpay; epWtdq;fshf
fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
rpy mKf;ff; FOf;fs; jdp fUj;jpay; vd;w mbg;gilapy;
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. cjhuzk; :- #oy; ghJfhg;G>
Xa;T+jpaf;fhuu;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;> Ng&e;J gpuahzpfspd;
cupikfs; ghJfhg;G> Vw;Wkjp tpahghuj;jpy; cs;s fk;gdpfspd;
cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;> kuz jz;lidia vjpu;j;jy;.
rpy mKf;ff;FOf;fs; gue;j Nfhl;ghl;L ,yf;Ffis nfhz;litahFk;.
cjhuzk; :- [dehafk;> kdpj cupikfs;> ngz;fs; cupikfs;> rptpy;
cupikfs; Nghd;wd
murpaw; fl;rpfSf;Fk; mKf;ff; FOf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

NtWghLfs;.
1.
 murpay; fl;rpfs; murhq;fj;jpDs; nrd;W mjD}lhf mur nfhs;if
jPu;khdnkLj;jypd; NghJ mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;Ak;.
cjhuzkhf epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpKiwia xopj;jy; njhlu;ghd fUj;jpy;
=yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; epiwNtw;W Kiwf;F Mjuthf Ngrpaik.
 Mdhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; murhq;fj;jpw;Fs; nry;yhky;

murhq;fj;jpw;F ntspapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if kw;Wk;
jPu;khdq;fSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLg;gNj mKf;f FOf;fspd; %y cghakhf
mikfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j fhq;fpu]; ll;yp nry;th
cld;gbf;iff;F vjp;u;g;Gj; njuptpj;jik.
2.
 murpaw; fl;rpfs; mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;Wtjd; Clhf jkJ
nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;Fk;. ,jw;fhf ,it Nju;jy;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;wd.
 Mdhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;w epidf;fhJ.
khwhf muRld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fSld; uh[je;jpu my;yJ Nghuhl;lk;
vd;w mbg;gilapy; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;L jkJ nraw;ghLfis
Kd;ndLf;Fk;.
3.
 murpay; fl;rpfs; gue;j nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; jkJ
nraw;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. Fwpg;ghf Njrpa mgptpUj;jp> Ntiyapy;yh
gpur;rpidia xopj;jy;> r%f ey;ypzf;fk; Nghd;w ,yf;Ffis cUthf;fp
,tw;iw miltjw;F ghLgLk;.
 khwhf mKf;ff; FOf;fs; jk;Kld; njhlu;ghd xU rpy
gpur;rpidfis khj;jpuk; ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
4.
Jareesh Page 26
 murpay; fl;rpfs; Nju;jy;fs;> kf;fs; jPu;g;G nraw;ghLfs; Mfpa
[dehaf Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 Mdhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; [dehaf kw;Wk; Nghuhl;l

topKiwfisAk; gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf ,yq;ifapd; Mrpupau; rq;fk;
[dehaf topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w mNjNtisapy; ,yq;ifapd;
gpf;Fkhu;fis cs;slf;fpa ngsj;j fhq;fpu]; 1956 – 1965 tiuahd
fhyg;gFjpfspy; gy;Ntwhd Nghuhl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L murpaypy; ghupa
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
5.
 murpay; fl;rpfs; gue;j mstpyhd mq;fj;Jtj;jpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,it Njrpa mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; mNjNtisapy;
gy;NtW ,dk;> njhopy;> rkak; vd;gdtw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
 Mdhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mq;fj;Jtj;jpid
khj;jpuNk nfhz;bUf;Fk;. cjhuzkhf Njrpa itj;jpau;fs; rq;fj;jpy;
itj;jpau;fs; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLtu;.
mKf;ff; FOf;fSf;F rhu;ghdJk; vjpuhdJkhd thjq;fs;

rhu;ghd thjq;fs;
 murpay; fl;rpfs; jkJ nfhs;ifg; gpufldq;fspy; cs;slf;fhj
Mdhy; Fwpj;j gpuirfs; FOf;fSf;F Njitahd kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhd
FiwfisAk;> Ntz;LNfhs;fisAk;> mgpyhirfisAk; kw;Wk; Njitfs;
njhlu;gpy; r%fj;jpdJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk; ftdj;jpid <u;f;Fk; Clfkhf
nraw;gLjy;.
 murpay; fl;rpfspy; Fiwepug;gpahf nraw;gl;L gpuirfspd; murpay;
gq;Fg;gw;wy; tha;g;Gfis tpupTg;gLj;jy;.
 mur nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs; Fwpj;J fupridfisf; fhl;Lk;
gpuirfis xOq;Fg;gLj;jp mtu;fSf;fpilapy; mJ njhlu;ghd
fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; tpku;rdq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjd;%yk;
[dehafj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
 jkJ nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; murhq;fj;jpd;
jd;dpr;irahd elj;ijfSf;fhd jilahf nraw;gl;L r%f [dehafj;jpd;
cWjpg;ghl;il tYg;gLj;jy;.
vjpuhd thjq;fs;
 ,jpy; ,ize;jpUg;gtu;fSk; nraw;gLgtu;fSk; xd;wpy; fw;w>
nrhj;Jila kw;Wk; tug;gpurhjq;fis ngw;w gpuirfshtu;. ,jdhy;
,t;thwhd mikg;Gfspy; cau;Fohk; (Elite) gz;G xd;W ,Ug;gNjhL mjd;
ngWNgWfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;gtu;fshfTk; r%fj;jpd; cau;Fohk; tFg;gpdNu
,Uj;jy;.
 ,it gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ> r%f FOf;fspd; FWfpa kw;Wk;

epiyahd Njitfshf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf r%fj;jpd;
ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ eyDf;F fpilf;Fk; Nritfs; fPo;
kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gly;.
Jareesh Page 27
 rpy ehLfspy; ,t;thwhd FOf;fSf;F ghupa r%f mjpfhuk;
fpilf;fpwJ. ,J kf;fshy; fpilf;Fk; mjpfhuky;y. ,jdhy; ,tw;Wf;F
cs;s mjpfhuq;fspy; ntspg;gilj; jd;iknahd;W fhzg;glhik.
 [dehaf nraw;ghLfs; jpwe;j xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk; ,t;thwhd

mikg;Gfs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if kw;Wk; jPu;khdr; nraw;ghLfspy; (%ba)
ftrk; xd;whf khw;Wjy;.
mKf;ff; FOf;fspd; nry;thf;F my;yJ nraw;ghL

1. rl;lj;Jiwia cWg;gpdHfisj; njupT nra;tjpy; Fwpj;jsT tfpgq;fpid
nfhz;Ls;sJ. nghJj;NjHjypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;fhd Ntl;ghsiu njupT
nra;jy;> fl;rpapd; NjHjy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpid njupT nra;jy;>NjHjy;
gpur;rhuj;Jf;fhd epjpia Nrfupj;jy; kw;Wk; gpur;rhu eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLjy; Nghd;w gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW gy;NtW
MjuTfis toq;Ffpd;w mKf;ff;FOf;fs; jk;khy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l
rl;lj;Jiw cWg;gpdHfs; kPJ jkJ eyd;fs; njhlHghd rl;lq;fis
cUthf;Ffpd;w NghJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
2. epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapYk; mKf;ff;FOf;fs; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjidf;
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. epiwNtw;WJiw Kiwfspy; xd;whd [dhjpgjp
Kiwapy; jdpnahU egupd; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w mNjNtis
gpujkiu jiyikahff; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w Kiwapy;
mikr;ruita+lhf mKf;fFOf;fs; nfhs;if cUthf;fr;
nray;Kiwfspy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jjidf; fhzyhk;.
3. nghJj;Jiw epUthfj;jpy; ve;jnthU nghJj;Jiw epUthfKk; murpay;
nry;thf;fpw;F cl;glhJ nraw;gLtjpy;iy. mKf;ff;FOf;fs; rpwg;G
NjHr;rpAilatHfis murhq;f MNyhridf; FOtpw;F mDg;gp
nfhs;if cUthf;fy; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; eltbf;iffspy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpa murhq;f MNyhridf;
FOf;fspd; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd epue;ju gjtpfs; mKf;ff; FOf;fspd;
gpujpepjpfspw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. ePjpj;JiwapYk; mKf;ff;FOf;fspd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk;
nghJthf ePjpj;Jiwapy; murpay; nry;thf;F Fiwthf ,Ug;gpDk;>
gpujk kw;Wk; Vida ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; murpay; epakdkhf
fhzg;gLtjhy; mKf;ff; FOf;fspd; nry;thf;F kiwKfkhf ,lk;ngw
re;jHgq;fs; cs;sd.
rptpy; r%fk;
XH xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l murpay; rKjhaj;jpNy fhzg;gLfpd;w murhq;fk; >
FLk;gk;> re;ij ];jhgdq;fs; Mfpa %d;W epWtdq;fisAk; jtpu murpay;
rKjhaj;jpy; nraw;gLfpd;w midj;J ];jhgdq;fspd; $l;L nkhj;jNk rptpy;
r%fk; vdg;gLk;.
London School Of Economics :- XH xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l murpay; rKjhaj;jpNy

nghJeyid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L mjw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis jkf;fpilNa
gq;fPL nra;J nfhz;L gu];guk; mjpfhu gpuNahfkpd;wp $l;lhf
nraw;gLtjw;F jahuhfTs;s r%fNk rptpy; r%fk; vdg;gLk;.
Jareesh Page 28
rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ “muRf;F ntspapy; RahjPdkhd gpuirfs; jkJ nghJ
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf xd;wpize;J xw;Wikahf nraw;gLk; r%f tha;g;ghFk;.”
,jw;F Nkyhf ,t;thwhd tha;g;Gfspy; nraw;gLk; gpuirfs; rhu;
mikg;Gfis milahsg;gLj;jTk; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;w gjk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,JNt rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpf; fhzg;gLk; tpupthdJk;
RUf;fkhdJkhd tiutpyf;fzq;fshFk;.
jw;Nghija [dehaf Nfhl;ghl;bDs; rptpy; r%fk; njhlu;ghd
vz;zf;fUTf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; fpilf;fpwJ. tYthdJk; nraw;wpwd;
kpf;fJkhd rptpy; r%fk; xd;W ,Uj;jy; cWjpahd [dehafj;jpd;
gz;ghfTk; [dehafj;jpw;F fpilj;j ngWNgwhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%ff; Nfhl;ghLfspy; rptpy; r%fk; vd;gjw;F

fhzg;gLk; vz;zf;fU uPjpahd tuyhw;wpDs; mJ ehd;F mu;j;jq;fspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikia fhzyhk;.
1. gioik jhuhz;ikthj fUj;J :-

mjhtJ muR kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpw;F ,ilapyhd jdpg;gl;l nraw;ghLfSf;fhf
fhzg;gLk; r%f re;ju;g;gq;fs;. ,khDNty; fhz;l; kw;Wk; ngw;wpf; n`fy;
Nghd;w N[u;kdpa jj;Jttpayhsu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sgb rptpy; r%fk;
vd;gJ Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijahFk;.
2. gioik khf;]pathj fUj;J :-
rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijahFk; vd;w n`fypd; fUj;ij
NkYk; Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nrd;W fhu;s; khf;]; rptpy; r%fk; vd;w
vz;zf;fUit Kjyhspj;Jt r%fk; vd;gjw;fhd kw;WnkhU khw;wPl;L
gjkhfNt gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,e;j khf;]pathj fUj;jpd;gb rptpy; r%fj;jpy;
rfyUf;Fk; jdJ jdpg;gl;l Rakhd tpUg;G ntWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;F mtutUld; Nghl;b NghLtNj eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;.
,jd;gb rptpy; r%fj;jpDs; egu;fs; jdpj;jdpNa gpupj;J jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;L
jkJ rhj;jpag;ghLfis G+u;j;jp nra;Jf;nfhs;s Kbahj epiyf;F nry;tNj
eilngWfpd;wJ.
3. xUq;fike;j [dehaf fUj;J :-

,jd;gb rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ murpypUe;J RahjPdkhf jkJ nghJj;
Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf rq;fq;fs;> mikg; Gfis
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;L nghJtpy; nraw;gLtjw;F [dehaf murpay;
fl;likg;gpy; gpuirfSf;F fpilf;Fk; r%f tha;g;ghFk;. rptpy; r%fk;
xOq;fike;j [dehafj;jpd; (Associational Democracy) tha;g;ghf Kjd;
Kjypy; ghu;j;jtu; 19Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpuhd;rpa murpay; rpe;jidahsu;
mnyf;rp]; b njhf;tpy; Mthu;. vdpDk; mtu; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;w
nrhy;iy gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. ,tu; ,jw;fhf “rptpy; tho;f;if” (Civil Life)
vd;gijNa gad;gLj;jpdhu;. ,jD}lhf njhf;tpy; rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpa
Njhw;wg;ghLfisNa tpgupj;jhu;.
4. Gjpa khf;]pathj fUj;J (fpuk;rpad; fUj;J)
md;NjhdpNah fpuk;rp vd;w ,j;jhyp ehl;L khf;]pathj rpe;jidahsu; 1930
jrhg;jq;fspy; vOjpa Mtzq;fspy; “rptpy; r%fk;” vd;gjw;F Gjpa
Jareesh Page 29
khf;]pathj mu;j;jg;gLj;jiy toq;fpdhu;. ,jd;gb rptpy; r%fk; vd;gJ
muR kw;Wk; gpuirfSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; r%f fyhrhu tha;g;ghFk;.
Ml;rpahsu; tu;f;fk; jkJ ,iwikia r%fj;jpd; kPJ gpuNahfpf;Fk;NghJ>
Njitg;gLk; nghJkf;fs; tpUg;gj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjw;fhf
mtrpakhdtw;iw ,e;j r%f fyhrhu tha;g;GfspDs; jiyapLtjd; %yNk
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. kjk;> fyhrhuk;> fy;tp Mfpa r%f fyhrhu Jiwfs;
NghyNt ghlrhiy> njhopw;rq;fk;> tpisahl;L fofq;fs;> Clfq;fs;>
gs;spthry;fs; Nghd;w r%f fyhrhu epWtdq;fSk; rptpy; r%fk; vd;w
gug;Gf;Fs; cs;slq;Fk;.
[dehaf r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfSf;F tha;g;gspf;Fk; rptpy; r%fk;.

1970 – 1980 jrhg;jq;fspd; Muk;gg; gFjpapypUe;J rptpy; r%fk; vd;gjw;F
,e;j mu;j;jg;gLj;jy;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. [dehafk; fhzg;glhj ,yj;jpd;
mnkupf;fh> fpof;F INuhg;gh kw;Wk; Mrpahtpy; VNjl;irajpfhu
murhq;fq;fSf;F vjpuhf [dehaf murpay; ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;W
r%f murpay; NjitfisAk; ,af;fq;fisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;j ,e;j
vz;zf;fU gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;ehLfs; ahtw;wpYk; vNjl;irajpfhu
Ml;rpg; nghwpKiwfspd; fPo; murpay; fl;rpfs; fhzg;glhikahy; me;j Ml;rp
nghwpKiwf;F vjpuhf r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfshdJ njhopw;rq;fk;> kj
mikg;Gfs;> tptrha ,af;fq;fs;> fyhrhu kw;Wk; fiy mikg;Gfs;>
khztu; ,af;fq;fs; Nghd;w Clfq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ.
,e;j ,af;fq;fspd; gzpfs; murpay; fl;rpfs; nra;ahj gzpfshfNt
,Ue;jd. ,t;thwhd ,af;fq;fs; gpd;du; [dehaf r%fj;jpd; murpay;
fl;rpfSf;F rkhe;jukhf khw;W murpay; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;f
njhlq;fpd. ,jdhNyNa murpay; fl;rpfs; my;yhj murpay; xOq;fikg;Gfs;
(Non`Party Political Formations) vd;w milahsk; rptpy; r%f mikg;GfSf;F
fpilj;jJ.
rptpy; r%fj;jpd; r%f ,af;fq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

[dehaf kw;Wk; [dehafkw;w r%fj;jpYk;> r%fj;jpd; gue;Jgl;l murpay;
mgpyhirfspd; kPJ nghJrd ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd.
cjhuzk; :- tptrha ,af;fq;fs;> ,isQu; ,af;fq;fs;> ngz;zpa
,af;fq;fs;> kj ,af;fq;fs;> njhopw; rq;f ,af;fq;fs;> #oy; ,af;fq;fs;>
kdpj cupikfs; ,af;fq;fs;> gj;jpupif Rje;jpu ,af;fq;fs;. rptpy; r%f
mikg;Gf;fs; rpy :
1. cyf tq;fp
2. Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp
3. buhd;]; ntud;]p ,d;ue\;dy;
,t;thwhd ,af;fq;fs; murpay; fl;rpfspy; ,Ue;J NtWg;gl;lit. ,it

murpay; fl;rpfs; Nghy Kiwahd epWtd fl;likg;G kw;Wk;
mq;fj;jpdu;fis nfhz;buhj jpwe;j ,af;fq;fshFk;. mtw;Wf;F epiyahd
fUj;jpay;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; ,Uf;Fk;. gue;jstpyhd gy;tif
kf;fis Neub murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jy; (Mass Action) mjd;
Jareesh Page 30
tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. ,t;thwhd gy;tif kf;fs; ,af;fq;fSk; rptpy; r%f
,af;fkhfNt milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;

1. $l;Lr; nraw;ghLfs;.
2. mjpfhug;gpuNahfkpd;ik.
3. jdpj;Jtk; my;yJ milahsk;.
4. Ms;Gyj;ij epr;rakhf ,dq;fhz Kbahik.
rptpy; r%fk; cUthtjw;F nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;

1. %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfspy; murhq;fq;fspd; [dehafk;
gytPdkiljy;.
2. ,aw;if kw;Wk; khdpl tsq;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; nghUshjhu
tpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ Nghdik.
3. Coy;>Nkhrb tpidj;jpwdpd;ik fhzg;gl;lik.
4. nghJkf;fspd; murpaywpT NkNyhq;fpaik.
5. kdpj cupikfs;> Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fspdJk; mJ
njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fspdJk; tsu;r;rp.
murwptpaypy; rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpa Kf;fpaj;;Jtk; czug;gl;likf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
1. rptpy; r%fk; Kuz;gl;l xU rf;jpahf nraw;gLtjd; %yKk;
Ml;rpapd; fhty; ehahfr; nraw;gLtjd; %yKk; ey;yhl;rpiaf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
2. rptpy; r%f ,af;fq;fs;> murpay; fl;rpfSf;F mg;ghy;
rkhe;jukhfTk; murpay; nraw;ghLfs; eilngWk; epWtdq;fshf cs;sik.
3. muRfspYk;> murpay; fl;rpfspYk; kw;Wk; Vida NtWgl;l r%f
murpay; NjitfisAk; rptpy; r%fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jy;.
4. gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wYf;F murpay; fl;rpfshy;
toq;fg;glhj Gjpa tha;g;Gfs; rptpy; r%fj;jpdhy; fpilf;fpd;wik.
5. Jbg;Gkpf;f rptpy; r%fnkhd;W ,Ug;gjhdJ ehl;bd; [dehafj;ij
Mog;gLj;j cjTk;.
6. murpay; tYT+l;Lk;NghJ murpay; fl;rpfs; kwe;JtpLfpd;w my;yJ
jifikfsw;w fUj;jpay;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fspd; fPo; gpuirfis
xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk;.
7. rptpy; mikg;Gfis tYT+l;Ltjd;%yk; gpuirfs; murpay; uPjpahf
tYg;gLj;j xj;Jiog;G toq;Fk;.
rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gzpfs;

1. rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; ghJfhj;jy;.
2. kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
3. ey;yhl;rpiaAk; [dehafj;ijAk; cWjp nra;jy;.
4. #oy; ghJfhg;G.
5. jdpg;gl;ltupd; r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp.
6. r%fj;jpy; rkhjhd fyhrhuj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
xg;gPl;L murpay; (Comparative Politics)
Jareesh Page 31
xg;gPl;L murpay; vd;Dk; gjj;ij Njrq;fisAk; > murpay;
KiwikfisAk;> xg;gPl;Lf; fw;Fk; fw;if newpnad
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;.
xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpf;Fupa cs;slf;fq;fs; fpNuf;f fhyj;jpypUe;J
ngwg;gl;L te;jJ. ,e;jtifapy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;wy; tuyhwhdJ
mup];Nlhl;bNyhL Muk;gpj;jNjhL ,tu; kpfTk; rpwg;ghd murpayikg;gpid
Kd;itg;gjw;fhf mf;fhy fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Guhjhd efu muRfs;
gytw;iwAk; Ma;T nra;jhu;. kf;fpaty;ypapd; fl;Liuf;fhfTk;
,t;tZFKiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. khf;fpaty;ypAk; jkJ murpay;
fUj;Jf;fSf;fhf xg;gPl;L murpaiy gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
,Ug;gpDk; 1950fs; tiu ,itfs; vt;tpj Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk;
ngwtpy;iy. MapDk; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; Kbtile;j gpd;dH
xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpahdJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwj;njhlq;fpaJ.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;ijj; njhlHe;J cyf xOq;fpy; Vw;gl;l
khw;wq;fs; rHtNjr mstpy; murwptpayhsHfspd; ftdj;ij <Hj;jJ.
mjhtJ xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpahdJ rHtNjr ehLfspd; murhq;f
Kiwikfis fw;fpd;w XH newpahf khw;wkile;jJ.
,e;jtifapy; xg;gPl;L murpay; 1950 fspd; gpw;gFjpapy; jdpahdnjhU fw;if
newpahf If;fpa mnkupf;f murwptpayhsHfshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. 1960
fspy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd; tsHr;rp rpwg;ghdjhf ,Ue;jJ.
MapDk; kPz;Lk; 1970 fspy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd; kjpg;G
Fiwtile;jpUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; 1980 fspy; ,f; fw;if newp Gduikg;Gr;
nra;ag;gl;L kpfTk; MNuhf;fpakhf tsHr;rpaile;J tUfpd;wJ. jw;NghJ
murwptpay; Jiwapd; “fw;wy; JiwahfTk;” kw;Wk; “fw;wy;
tpjpKiwahfTk;” khwpAs;sJ.
murwptpaypd; rk;gpujha fw;wpypy; <Lgl;bUe;j INuhg;gh kw;Wk;

mnkupf;fhTf;F mg;ghy; cyfpd; Vida ehLfspy; murpay; Kiwikj;
njhlu;gpy; fw;gjw;fhd murwptpayhsu;fspd; <LghL> xg;gPl;L murpay;
fy;tpahf tsu;r;rpaila fhuzkhfpaJ.
,jd;gb xt;nthU ehLfspYk; murpaiy xg;gPl;L uPjpahf Muha;tjd; %yk;

murpay; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l KbTfSf;F tUtjw;Fk;> murpay;thjpfs;
J}z;lg;gLtijAk; fhuzkhff; nfhz;L mJ tpjpKiwahf khwpaJ.
cjhuzk;:- Nju;jy; Kiwik> thf;fhsu; elj;ijapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
tpjj;jpid ehLfs; rpytw;wpid Ma;T nra;J nghJ KbTfSf;F
(nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l) tUtjw;fhd tha;g;G fpl;Lk;. ,e;j tpjpKiwapid
xg;gPl;L tpjpKiw vd milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.
cz;ikapy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd; tsHr;rpf;F If;fpa mnkupf;f
murpaywpQHfs; mjpfstpy; gq;fspg;gpidr; nra;jpUe;jdH.
,f;fy;tpapashsHfspd; gq;fspg;gpid %d;W fhyfl;lq;fshf gpupj;J
Nehf;fyhk;.
Kjyhk; fhyfl;lk;
Jareesh Page 32
Kjyhk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd; tsHr;rpf;F
mup];Nuhl;by;> khf;fpaty;yp> buf;Ftpy;> gpiu];> ntgH> Nghd;wtHfs;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdH. ,tHfs; murpay; xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd;
njhopw;ghl;bid rpwg;ghf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F xg;gPl;L Kiwapidg;
gad;gLj;jpapUe;jdH.
,uz;lhk; fhyfl;lk;
,uz;lhk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; 1950fspy; xg;gPl;lurpay; jdpnahU fw;ifahf
tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;ijj; njhlHe;J
mnkupf;f murpay; mwpQHfshd rhKy;> vr;.gPH> vk;.`h];> NgHdhl; cyhk;
Ngd;wtHfs; xg;gPl;L murpaypd; tsHr;rpf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdH. vdNt
Kjyhk; fhyfl;lj;ij tpl ~,uz;lhk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if
newpahdJ kpfTk; Jy;ypakhf tsHr;rpaile;jJ vdf; $wyhk;.
%d;whk; fhyfl;lk;
%d;whk; fhyfl;lj;jpy; Nltpl; <];ud;> fg;upay;> V.my;kz;l;>
N[k;];.rp.Nfhy;kd;> fhy;^r;> I. gp. gty;> `Nuhy;l; yh];nty;> NuhNgl; V.
lhy;> Nltpl; mg;uH Nghd;wtHfs; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapd;
tsHr;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jpUe;jdH. ,t; Ma;thsHfs; xd;Wld; xd;W
njhlHGila vz;zf;fUf;fis cUthf;fp xg;gPl;L gFg;gha;Tf;F jkJ
gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpapUe;jdH.
xg;gPl;L murpayhdJ ,t;thwhf tsu;r;rp fzbUg;gpDk; mJ gy;Ntwhd
fhyfl;lq;fspYk; gy;Ntwhd ,ay;GfisAk; gz;GfisAk; jd;dfj;Nj
nfhz;L tsu;r;rpaile;J tUfpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy; xg;gPl;L murpaypd;
,ay;Gfis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;
gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; mDgtj;jpyhd Ma;T
xg;gPl;L murpaYf;Fs; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; mDgtj;jpyhd Ma;T
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik %yk; murpay; tpQ;Qhd fw;if newp Gjpa tbtj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. Muk;g fhyq;fspy; murpay; tpQ;Qhdf; fw;if newpiaf;
fw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j tpguz Kiwik iftplg;gl;L mjw;Fg;
gjpyhf gFg;gha;Tk; kw;Wk; mDgt tprhuiz Kiwik
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd;%yk; jHf;f uPjpahd KbTfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Kbe;jJ.
cl;fl;likg;Gf; fw;ifnewp
xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newp khztHfs; nghJ tptfhuq;fSld;
njhlHGgLtJld;> mJ gw;wpa Muha;r;rpfisAk; fUj;jpy; vLf;fpd;whHfs.
xg;gPl;L murpay; tpQ;Qhdpfs; murhq;fk; vd;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf murpay;
Kiwik vd;w gjj;jpid gad;gLj;JtNj nghUj;jkhdJ vdf; $Wfpd;wdH.
murpay; Kiwikf;Fs; rl;lj;Jiw> epHthfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> murpay;
fl;rpfs;> mKf;ff;FOf;fs; Nghd;wd Kf;fpa gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd. ,itfs;
xt;nthd;Wk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlHGgl;litfshFk;.
mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUk; r%fq;fs; gw;wpa fy;tp
tsHKf ehLfspd; murpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ngUk;ghyhd
tpQ;Qhdpfs; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;.
Muk;gfhyj;jpy; xg;gPl;L murpayhdJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l INuhg;gpa ehLfs;
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gw;wpAk;> If;fpa mnkupf;fh gw;wpaJkhd fw;if newpahfNt ,Ue;jJ.
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH ,e;epiy khw;wkile;J>
tsHr;rpaile;J tUfpd;w Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfs;
gw;wpa fw;if newpahf khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
cs; njhlHGf; fw;ij newp
xg;gPl;L murpay; jdpf;fw;if newpahf tsHr;rpaile;jhYk;> r%ftpQ;Qhd
kw;Wk; ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdf; fw;if newpfSld; neUq;fpa njhlHgpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. xg;gPl;L murpay; Nfhl;ghl;lhsHfs; r%ftpay;> cstpay;>
nghUspay;> khdpltpay;> capupay; Nghd;w fw;if newpapypUf;Fk; gy
tplaq;fis xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpf;Fs; cs;thq;fp
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whHfs;. ,tw;iw tpl murpay; mgptpUj;jp> murpay;
etPdj;Jtk;> murpay; r%fkathf;fk;> murpay; khw;wk;> murpay;
jiyikj;Jtk; Nghd;w gy tplaq;fisAk; xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newp
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
xg;gPl;L murpay; fw;if newpapy; murpay; vd;w gjk; gpd;tUk; 03
mk;rq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhFk;.
01. murpaw; nraw;ghL
02. murpay; epfo;T
03. murpay; mjpfhuk;
vdNt ,j;njhopw;ghLfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjd; %yNk xg;gPl;L murpaiy

tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ ,yFthdjhFk;. mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW Nehf;f KbAk;.
murpaw; nraw;ghL
murpaw; nraw;ghLfs; njhlHghf xf];nfhl; vd;gtH “nraw;ghL vd;gJ
kdpj ,ay;ghFk;. ,t;tpay;ghdJ r%f mikg;gpy; kdpjHfs; xUtUld;
xUtH nfhs;Sk; cwTlDk; kw;Wk; r%f xOq;fikg;Gj; njhlHghf rpe;jpj;J
fUj;J njuptpg;gJld; ,J njhlHGilajhFk;. vdf; $WfpwhH. ,tiu tpl
`Nuhy;l; yh];nty;> nuhgHl; lhy;> Nghd;wtHfs; mjpfhuj;ij
mDgtpg;gJld; njhlHGilaNj murpaw; nraw;ghL vdf; $Wfpd;whHfs;.
,tHfspd; fUj;Jg;gb> murpaw; nraw;ghL mjpfhuk; gw;wpajhf ,Ug;gjdhy;
mJ r%f Nkhjiyj; Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ. ,k; Nkhjiyj; jPw;gjw;fhd
Nfhupf;iffs; vOk; NghJ mikg;G uPjpahd murpaw; nraw;ghL
Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.
murpay; epfo;T
murpay; epfo;T vd;gJ murpaw; nraw;ghl;bd; njhlHr;rpahFk;. murpay;
rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; vy;yh epWtdq;fSk; jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk;
nra;Kiwapy; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wd. xU murpay; rKjhaj;jpy; nraw;gLk;
muR rhHgw;w epWtdq;fSk; ~mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy;| <LgLfpd;wd.
,jd;%yk; mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; mrhq;fj;jpw;Fs; jkJ nry;thf;ifg;
gpuNahfpj;J murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if cUthf;fj;j py; gq;nfLf;fpd;wd. ,JNt
rkfhyj;jpy; murhq;fq;fspd; murpay; epfo;thf cs;sJ.
murpay; mjpfhuk;
mjpfhuk; vd;w gjj;jpw;F fhHy; N[. gpul;wpr; vd;gtH ~rpy tifahd kdpj
cwTfNs mjpfhuk;’ vd tpsf;fkspj;Js;shH. ut;dp vd;gtH ~jdp kdpjd;
my;yJ jdpkdpjf; FOf;fs; Vida jdpkdpjd; kPJ my;yJ jdpkdpjf;
FOf;fs; kPJ jkJ tpUg;gq;fis jpzpj;J KbTfis khw;wpaikf;Fk;
Jareesh Page 34
ty;yikNa mjpfhuk;’ vdf; $WfpwhH. mjpfhuk; gw;wpaJk;> mjd; gpuNahfk;
gw;wpaJkhd xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghNl murpay; vdg; nghJthff;
$wyhk;. murpaypy; jPHkhdk; vLf;Fk; nra;Kiw epfo Ntz;Lkhapd;
vLf;fg;gLk; jPHkhdk; vd;d tifahdJ vd;gij tiuaiw nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
gpd; mjw;F vt;tifahd mjpfhuk; Njit vd;gJ jPHkhdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
kf;fspd; mbg;gil eyd; ghjpf;fg;glhj tifapy; mjpfhuk;
gpuNahfpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
xg;gPl;L murpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F murpaw; nraw;ghL> murpay;
epfo;T> murpay; mjpfhuk; vd;w %d;W mbg;gil tpilaq;fisAk; fw;Wf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,k;%d;wpYk; mjpfhuk; vd;gJ gpujhdkhdJ. Vnddpy;
vy;yh cwTfisAk; jPHkhdpf;Fk; ty;yik mjpfhuj;jpw;NfAz;L.
xg;gPl;L uPjpahf murpay; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;ij fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F
murwptpayhsu;fs; fuprid nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
1. murpaiy NtW ehLfSld; xg;gpLtjd; %yk; vkf;F vkJ ehl;bd;
murpay; gw;wpa kpfTk; rpwe;j njspnthd;wpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $bajha;
,Uj;jy;.
2. Vida ehLfspd; murpaiyg; gw;wp rpwe;j njsptpidg; ngWtjhy;
ehq;fs; me;j ehLfs; xt;nthd;W gw;wp kl;Lky;yhJ ,d;Dk; rpy ehLfs;
njhlu;ghf xg;gPl;L ghu;g;gjw;Fk; ngupJk; cjtpahf mikAk;.
3. murpay; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fs; njhlu;ghd
nghJikg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJ KbTfSf;F tUtNj etPd murwptpay;
Ma;tpy; tpgupg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
xg;gl
P ;L Kiwapd; gad;fs;
1. murwptpayhsu;fs; ehLfSf;fpilNaahd xg;gPLfis
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. cjhuzk; : murpay; fl;rp Kiwik gw;wp ehLfs;
rpytw;wpid ikag;gLj;jp xg;gPl;L Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. (Cross
National Compatiosons)
2. ehl;bDs;Sk; fUj;jpay;fis xg;gPL nra;a KbAk; cjhuzk; :
Mz; ngz; Nju;jypy; gq;Fg;gw;wypd; Nghf;Ffs; gw;wp fpuhk kw;Wk; efu
uPjpahf xg;gPl;L Muha KbAk; (Within`Country Comparisons)
3. murwptpaypy; Kf;fpakhd fUj;jpay;fis ru;tNjr uPjpapy; xg;gPl;L
Muha KbAk; cjhuzk; :
[dehaf gupkhw;wk;> [dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiwikapd; rhjf ghjf jd;ik
 tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw> gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf Kiwapy;
Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fk;
 ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Fg;gw;wypd; Nghf;Ffs; Nghd;wd
xg;gPl;lha;tpd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;T nra;af;$ba fUj;jpay;fs; MFk;.
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Fwpg;Gf;fs;
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muR
Unit 03
S.L. Anver M.A. Political Science 1

myF - 03
muR
1. muR vd;why; vd;d
2. murpd; gzpfs;
3. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fspy; cau;e;j epWtdk;
muR
4. etPd Ms;Gy murpd; gpujhd mq;fq;fs;
5. etPd Njrpa muR Kiw
6. cyfkakhjYk; muRk;
7. murkhjpupfSk; tifg;gLj;jYk;
i. Nfhj;jpu muR
ii. fpNuf;f muR
iii. murhl;rp Kiw
iv. jhuhs [dehaf muR
v. rkTlikthj muR
vi. gh]p] muR
vii. fhyzpj;Jt muR
viii. gpd; fhyzpj;Jt muR
ix. et jhuhz;ikthj muR
x. Fiwe;jgl;r muR
8. muRld; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUf;fs;
i. ,iwik
ii. gpui[fs;
iii. murhq;fk;
iv. Ml;rp Kiw
9. murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL
i. rkTlikthj Nfhl;ghL
ii. khf;]p] thj Nfhl;ghL
iii. ypguy;thjk;
iv. ngz;zpay; thjk;

03. mwpKfk;
r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;j

epWtdq;fspy; cau;e;j murpay; epWtdNk murhFk;. ,t;turhdJ
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW epWtdq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp
kdpjdpd; Njitia epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLf;Fk; murpay;
xOq;fikg;ghFk;.
muR vd;gJ tuyhw;W kw;Wk; r%fj;Njhw;wg;ghlhFk;.

epr;rapf;fg;gl;l tuyhw;W epfo;Tfspy; tsu;rr
; paile;J gy;NtW
murpay; jsq;fspy; guty; mile;J gy;NtW ,ay;Gfisg; ngw;w
r%f epWtdkhFk;. RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpLNthkhapd; tuyhw;W
uPjpahf tpNrlj;Jtkpf;f xU r%f gilg;G vd;gjhFk;.
fl;Gydhfhj njhl;Lzu Kbahj xU vz;zf;fU rhu;e;j mk;rk;

murhFk;. murhq;fk; vDk; KftupDhlhf kf;fspd; Njitia
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLf;Fk; xU epWtdkhFk;. Ms;Gy vy;iy> Njrpa
mbg;gil> ,iwik> murhq;fk; vd;gtw;wpidf; nfhz;l epWtdNk
muR MFk;.
Muk;gj;jpy; Nfhj;jpu muRfshf cUthfp ,d;W ghupa

tsu;rr; piag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,t;turhdJ ntspg;gilahfTk;
kiwKfkhfTk; kdpjdpd; tho;tpaYld; VNjh xU tifapy;
njhlu;igg; ngw;Ws;sJ. gpwg;gpy; ,Ue;J ,wg;G tiu kdpjd;
gpui[ vd;w me;j];j;ijg; ngw;W cupikia mDgtpf;Fk;
kdpjdhf khWfpd;whd;. gpui[fspd; cupikfisAk;>
Rje;jpuq;fisAk; ghJfhg;gJld; kdpjdpd; tpidj;jpwdhd
tho;f;iff;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.
muR fz;Zf;F Gyg;glhtpl;lhYk; kdpjDld; neUf;fkhd

cwitf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kdpjd; murpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpapUf;f
KbahJ. tpUk;gpNah> tpUk;ghkNyh murpd; njhlu;G kdpjDld;
kpf neUf;fkhdjhFk;. eilKiwapy; vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;
murpd; nraw;ghLfis mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

3.1 muR gw;wpa mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jk; tiutpsf;fzKk;
mup];Nlhl;by; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ‘r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;j epWtdq;fspy; cau;e;j epWtdk; muR’
vd;whu;.
kf;fpahtyp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ‘kdpjdpd; rpwe;j gilg;Ng muR

vd;whu;.
fhu;s; khu;f;]; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ‘xU tu;j;jff; fUtpNa muR’

vd;whu;.
jhuhsthjpfs; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ‘nghJeyd; NgZk; fUtp muR’

vd;whu;fs;.
gh]p]thjk; muir ‘ru;tty;yik nghUe;jpa epWtdkhf

fUJfpd;wJ.’ nkf;];ntg;gu; ‘tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gy gpuNjrj;jpy;
gyhj;fhu mjpfhuj;ij ntspg;gilahf gad;gLj;Jk; jdpAupik
jkf;Nf cs;sJ vdf; $Wk; kdpj FOthFk;.’
y];fp jdJ Fwpg;gpl;l Ml;rpg;gFjpapy; kw;w ];jhgdq;fspd; Nky;

Mjpf;fk; nfhz;L murhq;fk;> kf;fs; vd gpupf;fg;gl;L epue;jukhf
mike;Js;s kf;fs; rKjhaNk murhFk; vd;whu;.
ikf; Itu; Fwpg;gpl;l vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l r%fj;jpy; kpf cau;e;j

mjpfhuj;Jld; $ba murhq;fk; xd;wpdhy; gpuflzk; nra;ag;gl;l
rl;lj;jpDldhd r%f xOq;Nf epiyehl;Lk; rq;fNk muR vd;whu;.
n`fy; kdpjdJ mfTzu;tpd; mbg;gilapy; vOe;j

eltbf;ifNa muR vd;whu;.

3.2 muR gw;wpa nghUs; tpsf;fk;
murhdJ Nfhj;jpu muRfshf Kjpy; Njhd;wpdhYk; mjw;fhd

Kiwahd nrhw;gpuNahfk; fpNuf;fj;jpNyNa Njhd;wpJ. fpNuf;f efu
muRfs; nghyp]; vDk; fpNuf;f gjj;Jld; neUf;fkhd gpizg;ig
nfhz;bUe;jJ. mjd; khw;wk; cNuhk fhyj;jpy; FbauR vd
khwpajhy; mJNt State vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpufhuk;
muRf;F state vd;w nrhy;ypid gad;gLj;jpatu;fs;
cNuhku;fshFk;. kNfu; vd;gtupd; fUj;Jg;gb status vd;gJ
murdpd; epge;jid> mjpfhuk;> nfsutk; vd;gtw;iwAk;
Ml;rpaikg;gpd; fUj;J tbtj;ijAk; Fwpg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ.
3.3 murpd; gzpfs;
muR kdpjdpd; Njitia epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf kdpjdhy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l murpay; epWtdkhFk;. ,e;j murhdJ r%fj;jpy;
gy;NtW tifahd gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ. kdpjdpd;
gpwg;G Kjy; ,wg;G tiu gy;NtW gzpfis muR Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpwJ.
murhq;fk; murpd; gpujpepjpahFk; ,jdhy; murhq;fk;

Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w my;yJ murhq;fj;jpd; epWtdq;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w gzpfs; midj;Jk; murpd; gzpfshfNt
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. murhq;fj;jpd; Kj;Jiwfshd rl;lj;Jiw>
epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w gzpfs; murpd;
gzpfshNt fUjg;gLfpd;wd. rl;lj;Jiw rl;lq;fis cUthf;f
epu;thfj;Jiw mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ePjpj;Jiw
ePjpia epiyehl;Lfpd;wJ.
murpd; gzpfis gpujhdkhf ,Utifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fyhk;:

 rk;gpujha g+u;tkhd gzpfs;
 jw;fhy muRfspd; gzpfs;

rk;gpujha g+u;tkhd gzpfs;
rl;lj;Jiw - rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;

epu;thfj;Jiw - rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
ePjpj;Jiw - ePjpia epu;tfpj;jy;
jw;fhy muRfspd; gzpfs;
i. rl;lj;jpd; r%f tiyaikg;gpdJk; nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhtyu;

(,J kuGrhu; gzpahapDk; eilKiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w
Kf;fpa gzpahFk;)
 fz;fhdpj;jy;
 ePjpia epiyehl;Ljy;> ePjp kd;w epu;thfk;kw;Wk; jz;lid
toq;Fjy;
 rl;l cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
 nfhs;if cUthf;fk;
ii. nghUshjhu epu;thfk; kw;wk; top elhj;jy;

 tupfis t#ypj;jy;
 ehl;bd; nghUshjhu ghijapid epu;zapj;jYk; nghUshjhu
nfhs;ifis epu;tfpj;jYk;
iii. r%f epu;thfk; topelhj;jy; kw;Wk; r%f fz;fhdpg;G

 tUkhdq;fs; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; tpjj;ij jPu;khdpj;jy;
 tzpfj;Jiwapd; juq;fis epu;zapj;jy;
 eyd;Gupr;nraw;ghLfs;
 tUik xopg;G jpl;lq;fs;
 fy;tp Rfhjhu Nghf;Ftuj;J mk;rq;fs;
iv. r%fj;jpd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;if NgZjy;

 Ms;Gy vy;iyf;Fk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;if
Ngzpf;nfhs;sy;
 murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;F mbgzpa itj;jy;
 rl;l eilKiw xOq;if Ngzpf;nfhs;sy;
v. Aj;jg;gpuflzk; kw;Wk; Aj;jk; nra;jy;
 ,J muRf;Fupa gzp khj;jpuNkahFk;.
 muRf;Fs;NsAk; muRf;F ntspNaAk; Aj;jk; nra;a
KbAk;.
3.4 r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epWtdq;fspy; cau;e;j epWtdk;

muR
muR khdpl r%fj;jpy; kpf goikahd epUtdkhFk;. ,jd;

,iwik nraw;ghL vd;gtw;iw njhlu;GgLj;jp Muha;fpd;w NghJ
,uz;L tpjkhf r%fj;jpy; cau;e;j epWtdk; vd;w tplaj;ij
Muha KbAk;.
 muR njhlu;ghd tpNrl jd;ik
 murpay; rpe;jid my;yJ Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; muir
tpsf;fpa tpjk;
muR njhlu;ghd tpNrl jd;ik
vy;yh r%fq;fSk; mq;F thOk; r%fj;ij epu;tfpg;gjw;F

murpay; epUtdq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. mit> ghuhSkd;wk;>
mikr;ruit> nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk; kw;wk; gzpafk; nghyp];>
ghJfhg;G gilapdu;fs; cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs;
vd;gtw;iwf;Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,it vy;yhtw;wpYk; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahf
muNr cau;thdjhFk;.
r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. me;j

epWtdq;fspy; xU jdpj;Jtkhd epWtdkhf muR fUjg;gLfpwJ.
muR vd;gJ epr;rakhd xU Ms;Gy gpuNjrj;jpy; thOk; kf;fspd;
nghJ ed;ikfis ghJfhj;J tpUj;jp nra;tij Nehf;fhff;
nfhz;L Miz mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
tpNrlkhf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s murpay; epWtd Kiwia
nfhz;lJ. xU kdpj r%fj;ijNa muR vd fUjg;gLfpwJ. xU
muR vd;gJ epr;rapf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpuNjrj;jpy; epue;jukhd kf;fis
nfhz;L fhzg;gLk; murpay; epWtdkhFk;.

r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW kdpjf; FOf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j
kdpjf; FOf;fis xOq;fikj;J topelhj;Jfpd;w mjpfhuj;ij
muR nra;fpd;wJ. Vida r%f epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J muR
NtWgLtjw;F gpujhdkhd fhuzk; ,iwik mjpfhukhFk;.
Vida r%f epWtdq;fs; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij
nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy. muR jdJ ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij
gad;gLj;jp r%fj;jpy; Nritfis nra;tJld; kf;fisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
kdpju;fs; xd;whf ,izfpd;w NghJ gy;NtW RahjPd

mikg;Gf;fs;> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> kj epWtdq;fs; cUthfpd;wd.
,itaidj;Jk; r%f epWtdq;fs; MFk;. ,it vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk;
Nkyhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;w r%f epWtdk; muR MFk;.
muR ,iwik vDk; mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; Vida

r%f epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J jdpj;Jtkhd xU epWtdkhf muir
fUjNtz;bAs;sJ.
murpay; rpe;jid my;yJ Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs; muir tpsf;fpa

tpjk;
muRf;F fhzg;gLk; ,e;j tpNrl jd;ikg;gw;wp murpay;

Nfhl;ghLfspy; gy;NtW tiffspy; tpsf;fg;glj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
,tw;wpid tpsf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gy;NtW rpe;jidahsu;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fs; mbg;gilahf mike;Js;sd. mtw;wpy; gpd;tUk;
fUj;Jf;fis Muha;fpd;wNghJ
i. mup];Nlhl;by; fUj;J
fpNuf;f rpe;jidahsuhd mup];Nlhl;by; muR gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk;
NghJ ‘muR r%f epWtdkhtNjhL kdpju;fspd; cau;thd
nghJeyDf;fhf nraw;gLtjdhy; mJ Vida r%f
epWtdq;fis tpl cau;thdJ’ vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
,tu; NkYk; Fwpg;gpLifapy; Vida r%f epWtdq;fs; jkJ
mq;fj;jtu;fspy; eydpy; khj;jpuNk fuprid nfhs;Sk;. Mdhy;>
muR r%fj;jpYs;s midtupdJk; cau;Tf;fhf nraw;gLtNj
jkJ Nehf;fhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; muR r%fj;jpy; cs;s
epWtdq;fspy; cau;e;j epWtdkhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
ii. nkf;]; ntg;gu; fUj;J

N[u;kdpa r%ftpayhsuhd nkf;]; ntg;gu; ‘muR r%fj;jpYs;s
epWtdq;fspy; cau;thdJ’ vd Kd;itj;jhu;. 20k; Ehw;whz;bd;
Muk;gj;jpy; tho;e;j ,tu; 1919y; vOjpa murpay; njhopy;
xd;Wf;fhf vd;w fl;LiuapDhlhf murpd; epiyg;ghL gw;wp
fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jhu;.
muR vd;gJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gyg; gpuNjrj;jpy; gyhj;fhu
mjpfhuj;ij ntspg;gilahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; jdpAupik jkf;Nf
cs;snjdf; $Wk; kdpjf; FOthFk;.
mtu; NkYk; Fwpg;gpLifapy; muR tha;g;gpid toq;fpdhy;
khj;jpuNk Vida epWtdq;fs;> egu;fspdhy; fl;lhag;gLj;jy;
mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cupik ,Uf;Fk;. NkYk; jdJ
vy;iyf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; r%f FOf;fisAk;> kdpju;fisAk;
topelhj;Jfpd;wJk;> epUtfpg;gJk;> vr;rupj;jYk;> jz;lid
toq;Fjy; Mfpatw;wpd; epWtdkhf muR fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
muR r%fj;jpYs;s Vida epWtdq;fspy; cau;thdjhfNt
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;F fhuzk; ,iwik> Ms;Gy vy;iy>
kf;fspd; Njitia epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik vd;gtw;Wld;
xg;gpLfpd;w NghJ murhdJ Vida r%f epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J
cau;e;jjhFk;.
iii. gz;ila rpe;jidahsuhd nfsby;ypaupd; fUj;J

rl;lj;ij kPWNthUf;F kw;Wk; Fw;wk; GupNthUf;F jz;lid
toq;Ftjw;F Ml;rpahsUf;F cs;s kw;Wk; muRf;F cs;s
mjpfhuNk cs;sJ vd jdJ E}yhd mu;j;j rh];j;jpuj;jpy;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
iv. Njhk]; nfhg;];

jkf;F Njitahd ghJfhg;gpidAk; mutizg;igAk; murpd;
%yk; kl;LNk ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd r%f xg;ge;jf;
Nfhl;ghl;lsuhd Njhk]; Nfhg; njuptpj;Js;shu;.

v. N[hd; nyhf;fpd; fUj;J
muR kf;fspd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ. mJ xU
cld;gbf;ifapD}lhf kf;fspd; gpujpepjpahf nraw;gLfpd;wJ
vi. fhu;y; khf;];

nghUshjhu gyj;ijf;nfhz;l MSk; tu;f;fj;jpd; fUtp. ,J
r%fj;jpy; jho;e;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; cWg;gpdiu jkJ
mjpfhuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s epu;ge;jpf;Fk;
3.5 etPd Ms;Gy murpd; gpujhd mq;fq;fs; (ngsjPf muR)
eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w muRfs; vt;thwhd tplaq;fis

nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;fg;gLj;JtNj
mk;rkhFk;. ,e;ehd;F mk;rq;fSk; xU murpid ntspg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lk; mk;rq;fshFk;. mjd; gpufhuk; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; etPd
murpd; %yf;$WfshFk;.
i. Ms;Gy vy;iy
ii. Njrpa mbg;gil
iii. ,iwik
iv. murhq;fk;
i. Ms;Gy vy;iy
Xu; murpd; gpui[ jhk; tho;fpd;w mq;ff
P upg;gl;bUf;fpd;w
vy;iyfNs Ms;Gy vy;iyahFk;. thd; vy;iy> flnyy;iy>
epyg;gug;G vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; epyg;gug;G kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Xu; murpd; nraw;ghLfs; jdJ Ms;Gy
vy;iyf;Fs; jdpj;Jtkhdjhff; fhzg;gLk; vy;iy. Ms;Gy
vy;iy muRf;Fk; mbg;gil mk;rq;fspy; xd;W.
Fwpg;ghf epyg;gug;G vt;tsT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy; thjg;
gpujpthjq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Muk;gfhy fpNuf;fj;jpy; rpwpa
epyg;gug;Gf;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. eilKiwapy; rpy muRfs; ngupa
epyg;gug;Gf;fis nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.
 If;fpa mnkupf;fh
 u\;ah
 mT];jpNuypah
Nghd;w muRfis Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,d;Dk; rpy muRfs; rpwpa
epyg;gug;Gf;fisf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,yq;if
 tj;jpf;fhd;
 khiyjPT
Nghd;w muRfis Fwpg;gplyhk;. eilKiwapy; xU murpd;
epyg;gug;G rpwpajh ngupajh vd;gij tpl epyg;gug;G ,Uf;f
Ntz;baJ fl;lhakhdjhFk;.
ii. Njrpa mbg;gil

xt;nthU muRf;Fk; xt;nthU Njrpa mbg;gil fhzg;gLk; kf;fs;
njhifia ikakhff; nfhz;L xU Njrpa mbg;gil fhzg;gLk;.
,j;Njrpa mbg;gilapy; gpui[fs; vd;gtu;fs; Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;.
gpui[fis ikag;gLj;jp ,dq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. Muk;gj;jpy; Xu;
,dj;jpw;F Xu; muR Xu; muRf;F Xupdk; vd;W ,Ue;jJ.
eilKiwapy; ,t;tuRfs; gy;ypd fl;likg;Gf;fis nfhz;ljhf
cUthfpAs;sJ.
,dj;jpid gpujpgypg;gjpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd mk;rk; kf;fs;
njhifahFk;. Xu; muRf;F kf;fs; njhifahdJ fl;lhakhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. kf;fs; njhifapd;wp muR nraw;gl KbahJ.
murpd; nraw;ghl;by; kf;fs; njhif ,d;wpaikahjJk;>
mbg;gilahdJk; mk;rkhFk;.
etPd; muR Njhw;wk; ngWtjpy; fl;Gy rhjfkhf mike;jJ
NjrpathjkhFk;. Njrpathjk; vd;gJ murpd; ms;Gyj;jpy; thOk;
midj;J kf;fSk; xNu milahsk; nfhz;l xU ,dkhff;
fUJtjhFk;. ,jd; %yk; Njrpa xw;Wik Njrpa Gupe;Jzu;T
vd;gd Vw;gLk; vd vjpu;ghu;ff
; g;gLfpd;w.
iii. ,iwik
tpUk;gpNah tpUk;ghkNyh Xu; murhdJ ,iwikiaf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. ,iwik vd;gJ Xu; muR nfhz;bUf;Fk;
cau;e;j mjpfhukhFk;. mJ muRf;F khj;jpuNk cupikAilaJ.
Vida epWtdq;fNsh> FOf;fNsh> gpui[fNsh gpuNahfpf;f
KbahJ. muNr ,jid gpuNahfpf;fpd;w Mw;wYilaJ.

,iwikia nfhz;l muR jdJ vy;iyf;Fs; tho;fpd;w kf;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;jp jdJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
Vida r%f epWtdq;fspypUe;J muir ntspg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lfpd;w cau;e;j epWtdNk muR vd;gij ,iwikNa
ntspg;gLj;jp fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
iv. murhq;fk;
muR fl;Gydhfhj njhl;Lzu Kbahj mk;rk; vd;gjdhy; mjid
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F gad;gLj;Jfpd;w mk;rNk murhq;fk;
MFk;. muR kf;fspd; Njitia murhq;fj;jpd; ClhfNt
epiwNtw;Wfpd;wJ. muR ,iwikapd; cupikahsidAk;
mjidg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; cupik murhq;fj;jpw;FupajhFk;.
murhq;fk; vd;gJ rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw
vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,tw;wpDhlhfNt murhq;fk; kf;fspd;
Njitia epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,j;Njit epiwNtw;Wq;fs;
murpd; gpujptbtq;fs; MFk;. eilKiwapy; gy;NtW murhq;f
Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j murhq;f Kiwfs; murpd;
gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;J ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
3.6 etPd Njrpa muRfs;
eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w muRfisNa etPd Njrpa muRfs;

vd milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;. KjyhtJ Njrpa muR 1789k;
Mz;L gpuhd;]pag; Gul;rpAld; Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpuhd;]pa muNr
INuhg;ghtpd; Kjy; Njrpa murhFk;. ,j;Njrpa murhdJ ‘Xu;
,dj;jpw;F Xu; muR Xu; muRf;F Xu; ,dk;’ vd;w fUg;nghUspy;
Muk;gj;jpy; cUthdJ.
17k; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; ,j;Njrpa muRfs; Njhd;wpdhYk; 18k;

Ehw;whz;bNyNa INuhg;ghtpy; ghupa tsu;rr
; piag; ngw;wJ. 20k;
Ehw;whz;Lfspy; Vida %d;whk; kz;ly ehLfspy; ,t;tuRfs;
tsu;rr
; pailaj; njhlq;fpd etPd Njrpa muRfs; vd;gJ
Kiwahd Ms;Gyk;> Njrpa mbg;gil> ,iwik> murhq;fk;

vd;gdtw;wpid nfhz;l mk;rq;fisNa etPd Njrpa muRfshf
fUJfpd;whu;fs;.
eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w ngUk;ghyhd muRfs; Njrpa
muRfs; vd;w vz;zf;fUf;F cl;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Muk;gfhy Njrpa murpw;Fk;> etPdfhy Njrpa murpw;Fk;

,ilapyhd NtWghL
Muk;gfhy Njrpa muR etPd fhy Njrpa muR

 Kiwahd Ms;Gy vy;iy Kiwahd Ms;Gy vy;iyia
fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy nfhz;bUf;Fk;
 mur mjpfhuk; kj;jpakag; kj;jpakag;ggLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ
kag;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy
 Xupdk;> Xupdf; fyhrhuq;fs; gy;ypdk;> gy;fyhrhuj;ijf;
fhzg;gl;ld nfhz;L fhzg;gLk;
(gd;ikj;Jt vz;zf;fU)
eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; Njrpa muRfs; gy;ypd rKjhaf;

fl;likg;igf; nfhz;bUg;gjdhy; ,dq;fSf;fpilapy;
xUikg;ghl;bid fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ghupa jilfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; Njrj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;w
vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ vd;gJ etPd Njrpa muRfs;
gy;ypdq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU murhFk;.
mjhtJ> gy Njrq;fis xU muR nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
mt;turhdJ mt;tpdq;fSf;fpilapy; xUikg;ghl;ilAk;
ey;ypdf;fj;ijAk; cUthf;FtNj Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.
3.7 cyfkakhjYk; muRk;
cyfkakhjy; vd;gJ cyfk; xU fpuhkkhff; fUjg;gLtJ

MFk;. jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsu;rr
; p r%f
njhlu;Gfis mjpfupj;jJld; cyfshtpa uPjpapy; cwTfisAk;

mjpfupj;jJ. cyfkakhjyhdJ nghUshjhuj;jpy; khj;jpuk; ,d;wp
murpay; nraw;ghLfspYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
%yjdk;> tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gk;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; Gul;rp>

fyhrhukakhf;fk;> njhopyhsu;fspd; ru;tNjr mirT vd;gtw;wpy;
fUj;jpw;nfhs;shJ nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cyfkakhjy; eilKiwapy; cs;s Njrpa muRfSf;F

,ilapy; vt;thwhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gij
Muha;fpd;w NghJ ,J njhlu;ghf ,U tifahd mZFKiwfs;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
i. cyfkakhjYs; Njrpa muRfs; ,Wjpia milAk;

ii. Njrpa muRfs; epiwtilahky; kPs; fl;likg;Gf;fSf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
cyfkahf;fy; Njrpa muRfs; kPJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk; gw;wp

mwpQu;fspd; fUj;J.
Njrpa muRfspd; epiy gw;wp gpuhd;]pa Njrj;jtuhd [Pd; Nkup

n`fd;dh Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ Ms;Gyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j
Njrpa muRfs; jw;NghJ ,Ug;G ,y;iynad Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
,tu; ntspapl;l Njrpa muRfspd; KbT vd;w fl;Liuapy;
,j;jftiy ntspapl;lhu;.
cyfkakhjyhdJ Njrpa muRfs; nfhz;bUe;j ,dk; vd;w
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Fiwtilar; nra;jJ. RUf;fkhff;
Fwpg;gpLNthkhdhy;. Njrpa muRfshdJ cyfkakhjypdhy;
gytPdkile;Js;sJ vd;gij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
1991y; Nltpl; N`y;l; [dehafk;> Njrpa muR kw;Wk;
cyfkakhjy; vd;w fl;Liuapd; Clhf ,J gw;wp
Fwpg;gpLifapy; cyfkakhjypdhy; xU jdp murpd; mjpgjp
murpYk; $ba epu;thfj;jpw;Fw;glhj Gjpa cyfg; nghUshjhu
Kiwia fl;bnaOg;GtJ vd;whu;.

cyfkakhjypd; Clhf gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L
mg;gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspd; jiyaPlhdJ Njrpa muRfspd;
gy;NtW jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.
3.8 mur khjpupfSk; tifg;gLj;jYk;
muR Njhd;wpajpy; ,Ue;J ,d;W tiuf;Fk; vt;thwhd muRfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gNj mur khjpupfshFk;. ,jw;fika gpd;tUk;
mur khjpupfis milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.
i. Nfhj;jpu muR
ii. fpNuf;f muR
iii. murhl;rp / Kbahl;rp
iv. jhuhs [dehaf muR
v. rkTlik thj muR
vi. ghrp] muR
vii. fhyzpj;Jt muR
viii. gpd; fhyzpj;Jt muR
ix. et jhuhz;ikthj muR
i. Nfhj;jpu muR
muRfs; Kjd; Kjyhf Nfhj;jpu muRfshfNt cUthfpaJ vd
fUjg;gLfpwJ. Muk;g Mgpupf;f ehLfspYk;> Mrpa ehLfspYk;
,t;thwhd muR Kiwia fhzf;$bajhfTs;sJ. muRfspd;
Njhw;wj;jpd; Muk;gkhd ,J fUjg;gLfpwJ. Kiwahd muRfshf
,J fhzg;gl;lhtpl;lhYk; muRfspd; Muk;gkhf ,J
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Mgpupf;f ehLfspy; Nfhj;jpu muRfSk; Mrpa
ehLfspy; epykhdpa Kiw muRfSk; ,t;tuRfshf fhzg;gl;ld.
Nfhj;jpu muRfspd; ,ay;G
 murpay; mjpfhuk; gue;J fhzg;gl;lJ.

 Fyk; Nfhj;jpuq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L ,t;tuR
fhzg;gl;lJ.
 FLk;gj;jpy; xUtu; vd;w mq;fj;Jtj;ij toq;fpapUf;Fk;.
 xt;nthU FOf;fSk; jq;fsJ xw;Wikfisg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk;
 FOf;fspd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpid Vw;W elf;fpd;w mjpfhuk;
xUtUf;F toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 Ml;rp mjpfhuj;jpd; jiyikgPlk; Mz;fspd; ifapy;
toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 jd;dpiuT nghUshjhuj;ij nfhz;l Nfhj;jpuq;fs;
fhzg;gl;ld.
 xt;nthU Nfhj;jpuq;fSk; jq;fs; gof;ftof;fq;fs;>
rk;gpujhaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ii. fpNuf;f efu muRfs;

cyfpy; Njhd;wpa KjyhtJ Kiwahd murhFk;. Nfhj;jpu
muRfspd; gpw;ghL ,t;tuR cUthfpaJ. ,t;tuRfisg;
nghUj;jtiuapy; muRfSf;Fupa rpy Kiwahd mk;rq;fis
nfhz;ljhfNt fhzg;gl;ld. fp.K 7k; Ehw;whz;Lfspy;
,t;tuRfs; Njhd;wpajhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhj;jpu muR
Kiwapy; ,Ue;J mgptpUj;jp mile;j muR Kiwahf ,J
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. etPd muRfspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w rpy mbg;gil
mk;rq;fs; fpNuf;f muRfspy; ,Ue;J cUthfpapUf;fyhk; vd
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
fpNuf;f efu muRfspd; ,ay;Gfs;

 epyj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;l muRfs; (efuq;fs;).
 mr;r%fj;ij #o murpay;> nghUshjhu mk;rq;fs;
fhzg;gl;ld.
 Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhif fhzg;gl;lJ.
 Neub [dehafk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 efuj;jpd; kjNk me;j r%fj;jpd; kjkhf ,Ue;jJ.
 gy;NtW tifahd murhq;f Kiwfs; fhzg;gl;ld.
fpNuf;f efu muR Kiwapy; fhzg;gl;l 02 mk;rq;fs;

 efu muRfs; murpay; uPjpahf xOq;fike;J ,Ue;jd.
 mit xt;nthd;Wk; RahjPd muRfshf nraw;gl;ld.
fpNuf;fj;jpy; gpu[h cupik fpilf;fhj jug;gpdu;. (Ml;rpf;F
cupikaw;wtu;fs;)
 ngz;fs;
 mbikfs;
 ntspehl;ltu;fs; / FbNaw;wthjpfs;
Note: fpNuf;fj;jpy; gpu[h cupikfis ngw;Wf;nfhz;ltu;fs;

nrhj;Jila fpNuf;f Mz;fs; khj;jpuNkahFk;. (Ml;rpf;F
cupikAilatu;fs;)
fpNuf;fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l murhq;f Kiwfs;

fpNuf;fj;jpy; gy;NtW tifahd murhq;f Kiwfs;
fhzg;gl;bUg;gjhf gpNsl;Nlh> mup];Nlhl;by; Nghd;Nwhupd;
fUj;Jf;fspypUe;J czu;e;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. ,Ue;jhYk;
nghJthdjhf gpd;tUk; murhq;f Kiwfis
milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.
 jdpegu; murhq;f Kiw
 rpy;Nyhu; Ml;rp / murhq;f Kiw
 Neub [dehaf Kiw
 Vfhjpgj;jpa murhq;f Kiw
fpNuf;f efu muRfspd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 efuq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gl;l Nghl;b (vNjd;];> ];ghl;lh)
 mjpfupj;Jtpl;l rdj;njhif
 mjpfupj;Jtpl;l kdpj Njitfs;
iii. murhl;rp Kiw

fpNuf;f muRfs; nry;thf;F ,of;f cNuhk muRfSk; khdpa
Kiw muRfSk; Njhw;wk; ngwj; njhlq;fpd. ,t;tuRfs;
Kd;ida muRfspypUe;J NtWgl;ljhFk;. guk;giu murhl;rpf;F
cupikNfhUk; jdpegupdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Ml;rp
KiwahFk;. ,e;j Ml;rp Kiw cyfshtpa uPjpapy; gpugy;ak;

mile;j Ml;rp KiwahFk;. fp.gp 7k; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J 16k;
Ehw;whz;L tiuf;Fk; gykhd kd;duhl;rp xd;wpid
fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;J kd;duhl;rpia Mjupf;fpd;w Nfhl;ghlhf
‘nja;tf
P kuGupik Nfhl;ghL’ fhzg;gl;lik Kf;fpakhFk;.
,f;Nfhl;ghlhdJ kd;duhl;rpia ru;thjpfhu Ml;rpahf
nraw;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;fpapUe;jd.
murhl;rp Kiwapd; ,ay;Gfs; my;yJ gz;Gfs;

 Ml;rpahsDf;F Ntiyaw;w mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
 rl;;lk; Ml;rpahsdpd; ifapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw kd;ddpd; ifapNyNa
xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 Aj;j mjpfhuk; kd;ddpd; ifapy; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 gpui[fs; vd;w vz;zf;fU fhzg;gltpy;iy.
fPo;g;gl;ltu;fs;
murhl;rp Kiwapy; gpui[fs; vd;w vz;zf;fU fhzg;gltpy;iy.

mjw;F gjpyhf fPo;gl;ltu;fs; (mbikfs;) vd;Nw fhzg;gl;lhu;fs;.
,tu;fSf;F ntspg;gilahd cupikfs; vJTk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy
Ml;rpahsDf;F flikg;gl;ltu;fshfNt ,e;j mbikfs;
fhzg;gl;lhu;fs;. mtu;fspd; jdpkdpjj; Rje;jpuq;fis tpl
Ml;rpahsu;fspd; eyd;fNs Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murhl;rp Kiwapd; tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
,t;turhl;rp Kiw fp.gp 7k; Ehw;whz;by; Njhd;wpdhYk; 16k;> 17k;

Ehw;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy; ghupa tsu;rr; piag; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gpa kf;fs; [dehaf rpe;jidAld;
Nghuhb kd;duhl;rpia ,y;yhnjhopj;jhu;fs;.
 kWkyu;rr ; p Vw;gl;lik
 kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l murpay; rpe;jid
 ghg;ghz;ltupdJk; jpUr;rigapdJk; tPo;rr ; p
 [deha rpe;jidahsu;fspd; cUthf;fk;
 jhuhsthj fUj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
iv. jhuhs [dehaf muR my;yJ ypguy; thj muR
16k; Ehw;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; fhzg;gl;l Vfhjpgj;jpa ru;t
mjpfhuj;jpw;F vjpuhf cUthfpa muR KiwahFk;. ,J kf;fs;
Ml;rp vDk; [dehaf muRld; ,ize;jjhf nraw;glj;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,jw;fika cUthfpaNj jhuhs [dehaf
muRfshFk;.
jhuhsthjk; vd;why; vd;d?
jhuhs thjk; ypguy; thjk; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fhuzk;

jdpkdpj Rje;jpuq;fs; ntspg;gilahf toq;fg;gl;bUg;gjhFk;.
nghJthf Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ murpay; r%fg; nghUshjhu uPjpahf
vt;tpj jilfSkpd;wp jdpkdpj Rje;jpuq;fSld; nraw;gLtNj
jhuhsthjkhFk;.
jhuhs [dehaf muR
[dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fs; Ml;rpahFk;. kf;fs; jq;fspd; Ml;rp

nrad;Kiwia RatpUg;gj;Jf;Nfw;g jilfspd;wp njupT nra;J
nfhs;fpd;w Ml;rp nrad;Kiw jhuhs [dehaf muR KiwahFk;.
,e;j muR KiwahdJ Muk;gj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cUthfp
gpd;du; Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; gut If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk;
Nt&d;wj; njhlq;fpaJ. mjd; gpw;ghL rpy 3k; kz;ly ehLfs;
,jd; gz;Gfis jd;fFs; cs;thq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.
jhuhs [dehaf muRfspy; fhzg;glf;$ba mk;rq;fs;
xU jhuhs [dehaf murpay; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tk;rq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; muRfNs jhuhs
[dehaf muRfshFk;.
i. jilfsw;w Rje;jpuk;
ii. rkj;Jtk;
iii. ngUk;ghd;ikahl;rp
iv. kf;fshl;rp

v. ahg;GWthjk;
vi. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
vii. ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdk;
viii. nghWg;Gila murhq;fk;
ix. Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy;
x. Nghl;bf; fl;rp Kiw
i. jilfsw;w Rje;jpuk;
jhuhsthj murhdJ jdpkdpj Rje;jpuq;fis toq;fpapUf;fpd;wd.
,e;j jdpkdpj Rje;jpuq;fs; jilfsw;wjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
xt;nthU jdpkdpjDk; jdJ Rje;jpuq;fis jilfspd;wp
mDgtpf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu
uPjpahf jdpkdpj Rje;jpuq;fs; jilfspd;wp ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthU
jdpkdpjDk; jdJ tpUg;gq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jf;$bajhf
jilfspd;wpa Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;L ,Uf;Fk;.’
ii. rkj;Jtk;
rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ vy;yh kdpju;fSk; rknkd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ
murpay;> r%fk;> nghUshjhu uPjpahf xU kdpjid xU
kdpjdhff; fUJtjhFk;. jhuhs muRfspy; Nkw;$wpa
ghugl;rq;fs; fhl;lg;gLtjpy;iy. xt;nthU kdpju;fisAk;
rkkhff; fUJtJld; rfy tplaq;fspYk; rkkhff; fUJfpd;w
jd;ik ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
iii. ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rp

jhuhsthjk; Ml;rp cUthf;fj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd;
tpUg;gj;Jf;F Kd;Dupik mspf;fpd;wJ. njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;w
Ml;rpahsu;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; tpUg;gj;jpy; nraw;gl
Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
iv. kf;fshl;rp
jhuhs [dehaf muRfspy; kf;fs; Ml;rp vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Ml;rpahsu;fs; kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd; ngaupy; njupT
nra;ag;gLtJld; kf;fs; tpUg;gkpy;yhj gl;rj;jpy; Ml;rpapy;
,Ue;J tpUg;gg;glyhk;. kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd; ngaupNyNa
Ml;rpahsdpd; mjpfhuk; jq;fpapUf;Fk;.
v. ahg;GWthjk;
murpay; ahg;G vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; Ml;rpKiw gw;wpa tpjpfspd;
njhFg;ghFk;. ahg;G thjk; vd;gJ Ml;rp. nraw;ghlhdJ my;yJ
murhq;fkhdJ ahg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLtjhFk;. jhuhs
[dehaf muR Kiwfspy; murpay; ahg;ghdJ murhq;fj;ij
topelhj;Jfpd;w xU mk;rkhff; fhzg;gLk;. murhq;fk; ahg;gpid
ikag;gLj;jpNa Ml;rp nranyhOq;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
vi. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp

rl;l Ml;rp vd;gJ xU ehl;bd; Ml;rpahdJ rl;lj;jpd; gb
,lk;ngWtJ rl;l Ml;rpahFk;. jhuhs [dehaf muRfs;
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,e;j
ehLfspy; rl;lNk cau;thdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. tpUk;gpNah
tpUk;ghkNyh rl;lk; cau;thdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;thwhd rl;l
uPjpahd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l muRfNs jhuhs [dehaf
muRfshFk;.
vii. ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdk;

ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdk; vd;gJ ePjpj;JiwahdJ RahjPdkhf
nraw;gLtjhFk;. rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiwfs; ePjpj;Jiwia
fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$lhJ. ePjpj;JiwahdJ Vida JiwfspypUe;J
jdpj;Jtkhf Jiwahf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. jhuhs [dehaf muRfshdJ ePjpj;Jiw
RahjPdj;ij Mjupf;fpd;w xU muR KiwahFk;.
viii. nghWg;Gila murhq;fk;

jhuhs [dehafj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w murhq;fk; kf;fshy;
njupTnra;ag;gLtjhy; kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gilajhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. kf;fs; me;j murhq;fj;ij khw;wpaikg;gjw;Fk;
njhlu;e;J itj;jpUf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.

kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij ngw;w muNr jhuhs [dehaf murpy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w murhq;f Kiw MFk;.
ix. Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy;

jhuhs [dehaf muRfshdJ Rje;jpukhd Nju;jiyf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ve;jnthU egUk; my;yJ FONth ,e;jj;
Nju;jiyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ. ,j;Nju;jyhdJ RahjPdkhfTk;>
jilfspy;yhkYk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
x. Nghl;bf; fl;rp Kiw

jhuhs [dehafk; gy fl;rp Kiwia nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy;
Nju;jy; nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ Nghl;bf; fl;rp Kiw ,lk;ngWk;
RahjPdkhdj; Nju;jypy; gy fl;rpfs; Nghl;bapLfpd;w jd;ikia
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. rl;lj;JiwapYk; MSq;fl;rp> vjpu;f;fl;rp vd;w
,U NtWgl;l Nghl;bj; jd;ik fhzg;gLk;.
jhuhs [dehaf murpd; jdpkdpj epiy
,t;tuR KiwahdJ jdpkdpjid cau;e;j epiyapy; itj;J

Nehf;FfpwJ. xt;nthU jdpkdpjdpJk; murpay; r%fg;
nghUshjhu gq;Nfw;gpid Mjwpf;fpd;wJ. muRf;fhfth jdpkdpjd;
jdpkdpjDf;fhfth muR vd tpdhTfpd;wNghJ jdpkdpjDf;fhf
mur vd;fpd;w fUj;jpid ,t;tuR Kiwf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. murpay;
r%f nghUshjhu uPjpahd Rje;jpuq;fs; jdpkdpjDf;F
toq;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; murhq;fj;ij khw;Wtjw;Fk; Ml;rpapy;
mku;j;Jtjw;Fk; jdpkdpjDf;F cau;e;j re;ju;g;gk;
jhuhsthjj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
V. rkTlik thj muR

18k; Ehw;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; jhuhsthjk; tsu;r;rpaile;j NghJ
Kjyhspj;Jk; tsuj;njhlq;fpaJ. ,jdhy; Kjyhspj;Jtj;Jf;F
vjpuhd xU rpe;jidahf cUthfpaNj rkju;kthjkhFk;.
rkju;kthjkhdJ 19k; Ehw;wz;by; fhu;s; khu;f;]pdhy;
cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mlf;fg;gl;l ghl;lhsp tu;ff
; j;jpd;
eyDf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l muR gw;wpa Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
rkju;kthjk; 18k; Ehw;wz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; cUthfp 20k;
Ehw;wz;by; nraw;ghL uPjpahf gutj; njhlq;fpaJ. Nrhtpaj;
rkTlik FbauR> fpA+gh> ntdp];Ntyh Nghd;w ehLfs;
rkTlik muRfshf khwpd.
rkju;k thj murpd; ,ay;Gfs;

 nrhj;Jf;fs; muRkakhf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
 xU fl;rp Kiwf; fhzg;gly;
 $l;LwT / $l;Llik fhzg;gly;
 r%fr; Rje;jpuk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jy;
20k; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; rkju;k muRfs; nry;thf;F

kpf;fjhf ,Ue;jhYk; 20k; Ehw;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy;
,t;tuRfs; fl;lq;fl;lkhf jdJ nry;thf;if ,oe;jd. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg; Nghupd; gpw;ghL rkju;kthj mzpfSk; Kjyhspj;Jt
mzpfSk; gdpg;Nghupy; (mjpfhug; Nghu;) <Lgl;ljd; fhuzkhf
Kjyhspj;Jt mzp nry;thf;F ngw rkju;kthj mzp jdJ
nry;thf;if ,oe;jJ. eilKiwapy rkju;kthj muRfs; jdJ
nry;thf;if ,oe;jpUg;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
vi. ghrp]thj muR

20k; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa
Nfhl;ghlhFk;. (1919) ,j;jhypapy; KNrhypdpAk;> (1930) N[u;kdpapy;
`pl;yUk; Njhw;Wtpj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. ,f;Nfhl;ghL
jhuhsthjj;jpw;Fk;> [dehafj;jpw;Fk; vjpuhf nraw;gl
njhlq;fpaJ. eh]p]k;> gh]p]k; ,U NtWgl;l ngau;fshf
,Ue;jhYk;> ,uz;Lk; ru;thjpfhukhfNt rpe;jpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ ,U NtWgl;l Nghj;jy;fspy; Cw;wg;gl;bUf;fpd;w xNu
tifahf eQ;rhfNt ,uz;Lk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ ,uz;Lk;
ru;thjpfhukhFk;.
gh]p] murpd; ,ay;Gfs;

 Vf jdp mjpfhukpf;f Ml;rpahsd;.
 muir ru;tty;yik nghUe;jpa jhgdkhff; fUJjy;.
 cau;jd;ik muRf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
 muR epiyahdJ vd;gJld; Muk;gNkh KbNth fpilahJ.
 muRk;> r%fKk; ru;trkkhdJ.
 jdpegu;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;tjpy;iy.
 muNr Ml;rpahsd; Mthd;.
 ehaf;fu; topghl;il milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 murpay; fl;rpfs;> mKf;ff; FOf;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;bUf;Fk;.
gh]p] Ml;rpahsuplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; gz;Gfs;

 Aj;jg;gyk;
 tPuk;
 ,uh[je;jpuk;
 Njrhgpkhdk;
vii. fhydpj;Jt muR
gh]pr murpd; jdpkdpj epiy
gh]pr thjk; jdpkdpjid tpl murpidNa cau;e;j ,lj;jpy;

itj;J Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. muRf;fhfth jdpkdpjd;>
jdpkdpjDf;fhfth muR vd tpdhTfpd;wNghJ muRf;fhf
jdpkdpjd; nraw;glNtz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf
murpd; cau;r;rpNa jdpkdpjdpd; cau;r;rpahf gh]prthjk;
Nehf;Ffpd;wJ. murpay; r%f nghUshjhu uPjpahd Rje;jpuq;fs;
jdpkdpjDf;F ntspg;gilahf kWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
cyfpy; nraw;gl;l kw;WnkhU murKiw ,JthFk;. 16k;

Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J ngUk;ghyhd INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Mgpupf;f>
Mrpa> ,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f (njd; mnkupf;fh) ehLfis jdJ
Ml;rpapd; fPo; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itj;jpUe;jhu;fs;. mf;fhyg;gFjpNa
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpfhykhFk;. fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;gl;l
ehLfspy; mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l Ml;rp KiwNa
fhydpj;Jt murhFk;.

cjhuzk;: ,yq;ifapy; 1796y; ,Ue;J 1948 tiu gpupj;jhdpa
Ml;rp fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;thl;rp fhzg;gl;l fhyg;gFjp fhydpj;Jt
muR fhykhFk;.
fhydpj;Jt muRfs; cUthtjw;F Kd;du; (fhydpj;Jt)

ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l muRfs;
 Mrpa ehLfshd ,yq;if> ,e;jpah> ,e;JNdrpah Nghd;w

ehLfspy; epykhdpa Kiw muR fhzg;gl;lJ.
 Mgpupf;f ehLfspy; Nfhj;jpu muRfs; fhzg;gl;ld
fhydpj;Jt murhdJ fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;Fl;gl;l ehLfspy;

Vw;gLj;jpa murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;
 Muk;gj;jpy; rpwpa epyg;gug;Gf;fshf ,Ue;j muRfis ngupa

epyg;gug;Gf;fshf xd;wpizj;J murpid cUthf;fpdhu;fs;.
 Aj;j nraw;ghLfisAila fhydpj;Jt muRfshf
fhzg;gl;ld.
 kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l fl;likg;Gf;fis nfhz;bUe;jd.
 Kiwahd [dehaf muRfshf fhzg;gltpy;iy.
viii. gpd;fhydpj;Jt muR

fhydpj;Jt muRfSf;Fg; gpwF Rje;jpukile;j rpy ehLfspy;
cUthfpa muNr ,JthFk;. ,t;tuR gw;wpa Nfhl;ghl;il
cUthf;fpatu; ghfp];jhd; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j `k;\h mytp Mthu;.
,tu; 1970fspy; ghfp];jhd;> gq;fshNj\; Nghd;w ehLfspd;
murpay; #o;epiyia ikakhff; nfhz;L ,f;fUj;jpid
Kd;itj;jhu;. ,yq;if> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfs; ,t;tur
#o;epiyapypUe;J NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gl;lJ.
gpd; fhydpj;Jt murpd; ,ay;Gfs;

gpd; fhyzpj;Jtk; gw;wp Ma;T nra;j `k;]h mstp 1972k;
Mz;L New Lefe Reviwe rQ;rpifapy; ntspapl;l State and Post
colonial Social Pakistan& Bangaladesh vd;w fl;Liuapy; ,jd;
,ay;gfisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;ls;shu;.
 gpd; fhyzpj;Jt r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; muRfs; me;jr;
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fhyzpj;Jt fl;likg;Gf;fis NkYk;
Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nrd;Ws;sjhFk;. fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpapy;
fpilj;j murpay; Rje;jpuk; me;j fl;likg;gpypUe;J tpLgl;L
jdpj;Jr;nry;tjw;F tha;g;G toq;ftpy;iy.
 gpd; fhyzpj;Jt muRfs; ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; [dehafg;
gupkhw;wk; rhj;jpkhjhfNth my;yJ epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f
tifapNyh eilngwtpy;iy. ,uhZtg; Gul;rp %yk; [dehaf
Ml;rp mikg;Gf;fs; khw;wpaikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mjpfhuthj Ml;rp
Kiw cUthjy; ,r;r%fj;jpd; nghJg;gz;ghFk;.
 ,t;tUfspy; gykpf;f ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; rptpy; epu;thf
fl;likg;nghd;W mur ,ae;jpuj;jpd; ikakhfj;njhopw;gLk; ,it
fhyzpj;Jt murpdhy; cUthf;g;gl;likahFk;. mj;NjhL murpay;
fl;rpfs; rptpy; epWtdq;fistpl mjpfhukpf;fjhFk;.
 murpay; fl;rp rptpy; murpay; epWtdq;fSf;f Nkyhf
mjpfhuKila ,uhZt kw;Wk; gbepiythj fl;likg;nghd;W
fhzg;gLk;.
xi. et jhuhz;ikthj muR

eilKiwapy; If;fpa mnkupf;fh> INuhg;gh ehLfpsy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w muRfNs et jhuhsthj murhFk;. ,t;tuR
Muk;gj;jpy; Njhd;wpa jhuhsthj muRfspd; tsu;rr ; pahfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e; et jhuhsthjk; etPd jhuhs thjj;jpd;
kw;WnkhU tsu;rr
; p fl;lkhfNt ,jid fUj Ntz;bbAs;sJ.
et jhuhsthjk; cUthf gpd;dzpahf ,Ue;j fhuzq;fs;
1970fspd; gpw;ghL INuhg;ghtpy; et jhuhsthjk; cUthFtjpy;

gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs; gpd;Gykhf mike;jd.
i. nghUshjhu gpd;Gyk;
ii. murpay; gpdd;Gyk;.

i. nghUshjhu gpd;Gyk;
et jhuhsthj munrhd;W cUthFtjpy; nghUshjhuk; gpujhd
gpd;dzpahf mike;Js;sJ. jhuhsthjk; nghUshjhuj;Jld; kpf
neUf;fkhd njhlu;gpid nfhz;bUf;fpd;w Xu; muR gw;wpa
Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
et jhuhsthjk; cUthFtjpy; gpd;tUk; nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;

Kf;fpakhdjhf mike;jJ.
 rtTlikthjj;jpd; cUthf;fk; Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuf;
fhuzpfs; Kf;fpakhdjhf mike;jJ.
 rkTlikthjj;jpd; cUthf;fk; Kjyhspj;Jtg;
nghUshjhuj;jpw;F xU Nghl;bahf mike;jik.
 Njrpa muRfspy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j nghUshjhuk; Njrpa
vy;iyiaj; jhz;b tpuptile;jik.
 cyfkakhf;fs; vd;w vz;zf;fUtpd; tsu;r;rp
 Muk;gj;jpy; jiyaplhf; nfhs;if ,Ue;jik ,jd; tsu;rr ; pf;F
fhuzkhFk;.’
 1960fspd; gpw;ghL eyd;Gupthjk; nry;thf;F ,of;f
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;w vz;zf;fU tsu;e;jik.
 re;ij nghUshjhuKk;> cyf fyhrhuKk; xd;wpize;J
tsu;e;jik.
 Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij jpwe;J tpl Ntz;ba epyik
cUthfpaik.
 nghUshjhuj;ij ,af;Ffpd;w gzp muRf;Fupajy;y vd;w
vz;zf;fU cUthfpaik.
 Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuj;ijj; njhlu;e;J nfhz;L
nry;tjw;fhd Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUf;fs; tsu;e;jik.
ii. murpay; gpd;Gyk;

 INuhg;ghtpy; fhzg;gl;l etPd jhuhsthj muR
nry;thf;fpoe;J et jhuhsthjk; cUthFtjpy; murpay;
uPjpahf gy;NtW fhuzpfs; gpd;Gykhf mike;jd.

 et jhuhz;ikthj fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;l murpay;
rpe;jidahsu;fspd; cUthf;fq;fs; / rpe;jidfspd;
cUthf;fk;
 et jhuhsthj rpe;jidahsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;fika vy;yh
jdpegu;fSk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f cWg;GupikfSf;F
cupj;Jilatu;fs; vd fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 eyd;Gup muRfspy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfs;
 ty;yuRfsplk; ,Ue;J cjtpfisg; ngWfpd;w tiyaikg;G
xd;W cUthfpaik.
et jhuhsthjk; gw;wpa nuhgl; Nehrpf;fpd; fUj;Jf;fs;
et jhuhsthjk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;j

rpe;jidahsu;fspy; nuhgl; Nehrpf; Kf;fpakhdtuhthu;. ,tu;
jdpegupd; murpay; cupik gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ gpd;tUkhW
fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lhu;. egu;fspd; murpay; cupikfisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mur mjpfhukhd kpff; Fiwe;j mstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;. NkYk; mur mjpfhuk; nghyp];
mjpfhuj;jpw;F Nkw;glhj xd;whf ,Uj;jy; MfhJ. jdpegu;fspd;
nrhj;J njhlu;ghd cupik kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gjhy;
,t;Tupikia ,y;yhJ nra;a KbahJ vd mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
Fiwe;jgl;r muR
et jhuhsthjk; Fiwe;jgl;r muir cUthf;fpaJ. eyd;Gup

muir KbTf;F nfhz;Lte;J mjd; njhlu;r;rpahf cUthfpa
muNr ,JthFk;. Kjyhspj;Jt Nehf;fq;fis kPz;Lk; vOr;rp
ngwr; nra;jJld; murpd; gzpfis tiuaWj;jJld; murpd; gzp
Nkw;ghu;it vd;w mk;rj;Jld; cUthfpaJ.
Fiwe;jgl;r muR vd;gJ jiyaplh murpw;Fk;> eyd;Gup murpw;Fk;
,ilg;gl;l epiyahFk;. muR Kw;whf tpyfpapUf;fhky; xU
Nkw;ghu;itahsdhf muR nraw;gLnkd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;turpd; gzpia milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ nghUshjhu
nraw;ghLfis Neubahf ,af;Ffpd;w gzpfs; muRf;Fupajy;y.

gpd;Gyj;jpy; Rje;jpukhd re;ijf;fhd nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd
mikjpia cUthf;Fjy;> ePjpia epu;tfpj;jy;> Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;jy; vd;gd ,t;tuRf;Fupa gzpahFk;.’
3.9 muRld; njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUf;fs;
i. muRk; ,iwikAk;
ii. muRk; gpui[Ak;
i. muRk; ,iwikAk;
,iwik vd;why; vd;d?
,iwik vd;gJ cau;thdJ vd;gjhFk;. mjhtJ muR

ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;ba kpf cau;thd mjpfhuNk ,iwikahFk;.
,iwik vd;w nrhy;ypid Kjd; Kjyhf murwptpaypy;
gad;gLj;jpatu; [Pd; Nghbd; Mthu;.
,iwik vd;gjid NkYk; tYg;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ kpf cau;e;j

mjpfhuk; my;yJ Nkyhd mjpfhuk; vd;gjdNa Fwpj;J
epw;fpd;wJ. ,iwik gw;wp fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gy;NtW
fUj;Jf;fSk;> tiutpyf;fzq;fSk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,iwik gw;wp tiutpyf;fzk;
tpy;Nyhgp: Xu; murpDila cau;e;j tpUg;gNk ,iwik MFk;.
T+l;Nuh tpy;rd;: Xu; muR rl;lq;fis cUthf;fTk;> mjid

eilKiwg;gLj;jTk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mjpfhuNk ,iwikahFk;
Ngf];: Xu; muR jdJ kf;fspd; kPJk; mk;kf;fspd; epWtdq;fs;

kPJk; nrYj;Jfpd;w RakhdJk;> epiwthdJk; vy;iyaw;wJkhd
mjpfhuk; MFk;.

,iwikf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; tsu;r;rp
,iwik gw;wpa fUj;J Nfhl;ghL uPjpahf INuhg;ghtpy; 14k;

Ehw;whz;Lfspy; tsu;rr
; pailaj; njhlq;;fpd. nghJthf [Pd;
Nghbd;> Njhk]; nfhg;];> N[hd; x];bd; Nghd;Nwhu;fs; Kf;fpa
,iwik Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fshf Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;whu;fs;.
[Pd; Nghbd; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ,iwik vd;gJ kf;fs; kPJk;

Fbfs; kPJk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;w vt;tpjkhd rl;lq;fspdhYk;
jilnra;ag;glhj kpf cau;e;j murpd; mjpfhukhFk;. (1576
FbauR Ehypy; ntspapl;lhu;)
Njhk]; n`hg;]; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J

mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;w kd;dNd ,iwikahsd; vd ,tu;
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
N[hd; x];bd; 1832y; jhd; ntspapl;l rl;ltpaYf;fhd
tpsf;fTiu vd;w EhypDhlhf ,iwik gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
epu;zak; nra;ag;gl;l Nkyhd kdpjd; Vida Nkyhd
kdpju;fsplk; ,Ue;J tUk; fl;lisfSf;F fPo;gbahkYk;
mtUila fl;lisfSf;F rKjhaj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu;
tof;fkhf fPo;gbtjdhYk; me;j kdpjd; r%fj;jpd;
,iwikahsd; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;whd;. mj;NjhL ,tu; Fwpg;gpLk;
NghJ ,iwik gpupf;f KbahJ> ifkhw;w KbahJ>
tuk;gpw;Fl;gLj;j KbahJ vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
,iwik gw;wpa nghUs; tpsf;fk;
murwptpay; kpfTk; mbg;gilahd xU vz;zf;fUthf ,iwik

tpsq;Ffpd;wNghjpYk; mjd; gz;Gfis njspthf;FtjpYk;
tiuawj;Jf; nfhs;tjpYk; ,d;dKk; rpf;fy;fSk; fUj;J
NtWghLfSk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. cau;e;j mjpfhuk; (Supreme
Power) vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,iwik (Sovereignty) vd;w gjkhdJ
gioa gpnud;r; gjkhfpa (Soverainete) vd;gjpypUe;Jk; kj;jpa
fhyj;jpy; ,yj;jPd; gjkhfpa (Supremitas) vd;gjpypUe;J Njhw;wk;

ngw;wNj ,iwikahFk;. ,J munrhd;wpd; kpfTk; mbg;gilahd
gz;Gfspy; xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,iwikapd; tiffs;
,iwikahdJ mit nraw;gLfpd;w vy;iyapidg; nghWj;J

gpujhdkhf ,uz;L tifg;gLfpd;wJ.
i. cs; ,iwik
ii. ntsp ,iwik
cs; ,iwik
ve;jnthU Rje;jpu muRk; jdJ murpdpy; thOk; kf;fspd;

fPo;gzpit ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd rl;l mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjhFk;.
cjhuzk;: ,yq;if muR ,yq;iff;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w
,iwikg; gpuNahfj;ij Fwpg;gjhFk;.
ntsp ,iwik
NtW ve;j ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; fPo;glhjpUj;jyhFk;. mjhtJ

,iwik nghUe;jpa muRfs; jkJ ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapid
NtW xU murpd; mOj;jq;fs; ,d;wp itj;jpUf;Fkhdhy; mJNt
ntsp ,iwikahFk;.
eilKiwapy; ,iwik Nfhl;ghL
eilKiwapy; ,iwik Nfhl;ghL nry;thf;fpoe;J ,Ug;gij

mtjhdpf;fyhk;. cyfkakhf;fy;> rk\;bthjk;> Njrpa kl;l cau;
Njrpa mikg;Gf;fspd; nraw;ghL> re;ijia ikakhff; nfhz;l
nghUshjhuk;> Njrpa tupf; nfhs;if vd;gd fhuzkhf ,iwik
MdJ gytPdg;gl;bUg;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

rk\;bthjj;jpDhlhf kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; ,iwik
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l ,iwik gpupf;f KbahJ.
ifkhw;w KbahJ> tuk;Gf;Fl;gLj;j KbahJ> midj;jhz;ik
tha;e;jJ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;> eilKiwapy; Nkw;$wpa
tplaq;fs; gytPdg;gl;L ,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,jdhy; eilKiwapy; ,iwik mjpfhuk; goik tha;e;j xd;W
vd fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jdhy; ,iwikf; Nfhl;ghL fhyj;jhy; goikahfptpl;l xd;whf
Ngrg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
ii. muRk; gpui[Ak;
muRf;Fk;> gpui[f;Fk; ,ilapy; Muk;gfhyk; njhlf;fk; kpf

neUf;fkhd cwT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fpNuf;fj;jpy; nghJthfg;
gpui[fs; vd;Nghiu efuj;jpy; tho;Nthu; vd fUjpdhu;fs;.
Mdhy; ,g;NghJ murpd; cWg;gpdNu gpui[ahthu;. egu;fs; jkJ
nghJtho;f;if njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nraw;ghl;by;
gq;Fgw;Wk; Kiwf;Nfw;g gpui[fs; vd;gJ jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
mup];Nlhby; gpui[fs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ‘gpui[fs; vd;Nghu;
murpd; nraw;ghLfSf;F Neubahfg; gq;Fgw;Wk; egu;fshtu;’
,tupd; fUj;J Muk;gfhy fpNuf;f efu muir ikag;gLj;jpNa
,Ue;jJ. eilKiwapy; Neub [dehafk; vd;gijtpl
gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafNk Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fpNuf;fj;jpy; gpu[h cupik
gpu[h cupik vd;w mk;rk; ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.

fpNuf;fj;jpy; Ml;rpf;F cupikAilatu;fNs gpui[fshff;
fUjg;gl;lhu;fs;. mjw;fika nrhj;Jila fpNuf;f Mz;fNs
gpui[fshf fUjg;gl;lJld; Ml;rpf;F cupikAilatu;fshff;
fhzg;gl;lhu;fs;. ngz;fs;> mbikfs;> ntspehl;ltu;fs;
gpui[fshff; fUjg;gltpy;iy. mj;NjhL Ml;rpapy; cupikAk;
,tu;fSf;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy.

gpu[h cupik gw;wpa mwpQu;fspd; fUj;J
gpu[h cupik gw;wp fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs;

Kd;itf;fgl;Ls;sd. mup];Nlhby; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ‘murpd;
nraw;ghLfspy; Neubahf gq;Fgw;Wk; egNu gpui[‘ vd;whu;.
NkYk; T.H khu;ry; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ‘njhopy; xd;iw nra;tjw;Fk;
tPnlhd;iw cupikahf;fp nfhs;tjw;Fkhd cupikNa vd;whu;.
,tupd; fUj;J r%f gpu[h cupikia Mjupg;gjhf mike;jJ.
NkYk; khu;ry; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ r%fg; gpu[h cupik vd;gJ
‘ypguy; gpu[h cupikf;F khw;wPlhFk;’
gpu[h cupikia ngWfpd;w topKiw
xU ehl;bd; gpui[ahdJ cupikia ngw Ntz;bAs;sJ.

mt;TupikNa gpu[h cupikahFk;. ,g;; gpu[h cupik murpy;
,Ue;J ,uz;L topKiwfspd; Clhf ngwg;gLfpwJ.
1. gpwg;gpd; Clhf
2. gjptpd; Clhf
muR kw;Wk; gpu[hfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd

gz;Gfs;
 gpui[fs; mDgtpf;Fk; murpay; cupikfs; njhlu;G

 gpui[fs; mDgtpf;Fk; murpay; flikfs; njhlu;G
muRf;F gpui[fs; mbgzptjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
gpui[fs; muRf;F Vd; mbgzpa Ntz;Lk;. vd;gd gw;wp

fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; mwpQu;fs; gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;jhu;fs;. mup];Nlhby; fUj;Jg; gb murpd; ,Wjp Nehf;fk;
midj;jg; gpui[fSf;Fk; eyd;Gup kw;Wk; ey;tho;f;ifia
Vw;gLj;jp nfhLg;gjhFk;. gpui[f;F xOf;f uPjpahf> cau;thd>
kfpo;rr
; pahf tho;f;ifAld; $ba cau;thd tho;f;if murpdhy;
toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; gpui[fs; muRf;F mbgzpfpwhu;fs;.

r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspd; gb gpui[fs; murpid
cUthf;fp nfhz;lNjhL muRf;F mbgzptjhf
cld;gl;Ls;shu;fs;. ,jdhy; muRf;F gpui[fs; mbgzpfpwhu;fs;.
ypguy; thjf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspd; gb gpui[fspd; ,aw;if
cupikia muR ghJfhj;J nfhLg;gjdhy; muRf;F
mbgzpfpwhu;fs;.
&Nrhtpd; fUj;Jg;gb nghJ tpUg;gj;jpidAk; nghJ rpj;jj;ijAk;

muR nfhz;bUg;gjpdhy; mjw;F mbgzpfpwhu;fs;.
Nkw;$wpa fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nghJthf
Nehf;FNthkhdhy; gpui[fs; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fS;ffhf muRf;F
mbgzpfpwhu;fs;.
i. muR kdpjdpd; r%f eyid epiwNtw;wp nfhLg;gjdhyhFk;.
ii. muR kdpjdpd; r%f eyid epiwNtw;wp nfhLg;gJld;
mk;kdpjdpd; cupikia ghJfhg;gjdhyhFk;.
iii. ,t;tuR gpui[ahy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljdhy; muR gpui[fspd;
tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLg;gjdhyhFk;.
eilKiwapy; gpu[h cupik
eilKiw cyfpy; gpu[h cupik vd;w vz;zf;fU kpf

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mt;turpy; tho;fpd;w xt;nthU gpui[Ak;
gpui[ vd;w me;j];j;jpid ngw;W thoNtz;bAs;sJ. xt;nthU
muRk; mt;turpy; gpwe;j gpui[f;F gpwg;gpDldhd cupikia
toq;FtJld; ,jd; gadhf Ml;rp cupikiaAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
muRk; murhq;fKk;
murpw;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; neUf;fkhd cwT

fhzg;gLfpwJ. Muk;gj;jpy; kd;duhl;rp vd;gjpdhy; muir
murhq;fj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F ghupa rpf;fy;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. 15k; Ehw;whz;Lf;Fg; gpwF Vw;gl;l murpay;
uPjpahd tsu;r;rp vd;gJ muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk; kpfj;
njspthf NtWgLj;jpaJ. vy;yhr; r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; xU
mbg;gilapyhd murpay; epWtdk; murhq;fkhFk;. murpd;
Kftuhf ,Ue;J gy;NtW NjitfisAk; epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhLf;fpd;w epWtdNk murhq;fkhFk;.
muR> murhq;fk; kw;wk; Ml;rpKiw vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapyhd

xw;Wik Ntw;Wikfs;
muRk; murhq;fKk;
Muk;g fhyq;fspy; muRk; murhq;fKk; xd;whfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.

kd;duhl;rp vd;gjdhy; NtWgl;l ,U mk;rq;fis xd;wpidj;J
Ml;rp nra;Js;shu;fs;. 16k; Ehw;whz;Lfspd; gpw;ghL kd;duhl;rp
tPo;rr
; p fz;ljpdhy; [dehafk; cUthfpaJ. [dehaf;jjpy; muR>
murhq;fk; vd;gd Ntwhf;fg;gl;lJ.
muRk; murhq;fKk; ,U NtWgl;l mk;rq;fshapDk; ,uz;bw;Fk;
,ilNa kpf neUf;fkhd cwT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. murpid
ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; mk;rNk murhq;fkhFk;. mj;NjhL murpd;
,iwikiag; gpuNahfpf;Fk; Kftuhf murhq;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
NkYk; muR murhq;fj;jpDhlhfNt kf;fspd; eyid epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhLf;fpwJ.
vy;yhr; r%fj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gilahd mk;rkhf muRk;

murhq;fKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. murhq;fk; vd;gJ mur
nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf kf;fshy;
FWfpa fhyj;jpw;f mjpfhuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;w epWtdkhFk;.
jkJ mjpfhug; gyj;jpidg; Ngzpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; muRf;Fs;s
epWtdq;fspy; murhq;fk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. muR jkf;Fs;s
mjpfhug; gyj;jpid rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw>
MAjg; gil kw;Wk; gzpf;FO vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;Nl eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
muRf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghLfs;
muRk; murhq;fKk; kpf neUf;fkhd cwtpid nfhz;l

mk;rq;fshapDk; ,uz;bw;Fkpilapy; kpfj; njspthd NtWghL
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
muR murhq;fk;
ehl;bYs;s rfy kf;fisAk; murhq;fk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l
cs;slf;fpa Njrpa kf;fs; njhifia nfhz;ljhf
mbg;gilahf ,J fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;.
Ms;Gy vy;iy> Njrpa rl;lj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw>
mbg;gil> kf;fs; ,iwik> epu;thfj;Jiw> MAj gil>
murhq;fk; vd;gtw;iw gzpf;FO vd;gtw;iw nfhz;lJ.
nfhz;ljhf fhzg;gLk;.
ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUf;fpd;w kf;fshy; FWfpa fhyj;jpw;F
xU murpay; epWtdk;. kf;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; epWtdk;.
,iwikapd; ,iwikia
cupikahsdhFk;. eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;w
KftuhFk;.
fl;Gydhfhj njhl;Lzu ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba xU fhl;rp
Kbahj mk;rkhFk;. mk;rkhf fhzg;gLk;.
muRk; Ml;rp KiwAk;
Muk;gj;jpy; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; Ml;rpKiwf;Fk; ,ilapy; njspthd

NtWghLfs; fz;lwpag;gtpy;iy. ,jdhy; eilKiw murhq;fk;
Ml;rp KiwAld; njhlu;Ggl;bUf;fpd;wNj xspa ,uz;Lk; xNu
mk;rq;fs; my;y. ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; kpfj; njspthd
NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
murhq;fk; vd;gJ murpd; nraw;ghLfis nra;tjw;F
nghJkf;fshy; epakpf;fg;gLk; epWtdf; fl;likg;ghFk;.
,e;epWtdf; fl;likg;ig ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lk; Ml;rpKiwahFk;.
Ml;rp Kiw vd;gJ murhq;fk; kf;fspd; eyid
epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf nraw;gLfpd;w NghJ mr;nraw;ghLfspd;
nraw;ghNl Ml;rp KiwahFk;.
Ml;rp Kiwfspd; tiffs;

Ml;rp Kiwapid mjd; jd;ik nraw;ghLfSf;Nfw;g gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

 murhq;f jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F Vw;g
 murhq;f xOq;fikg;Gf;F Vw;g
 murhq;f fUj;jpaYf;F Vw;g
murhq;f jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F Vw;g
murhq;fj;ij milahsg;gLj;Jk; jiyikj;Jtj;ij ikakhff;

nfhz;L ,t;thl;rp Kiw ,t;thW tifg;gLj;Jk;. ,J
jiytu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; nraw;ghLk; fhzg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: gz;lhuehaf;ftpd; Ml;rp
J.R [atu;jdtpd; Ml;rp
,e;jpuh fhe;jpapd; Ml;rp
murhq;f xOq;fikg;Gf;F Vw;g
eilKiwapy; murhq;fk; vt;thwhd xOq;fikg;igf; nfhz;L

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;fg;gLj;JtNj ,t;turhq;f
KiwahFk;. ,t;turhq;f Kiwf;F gpd;tUk; cjhuzq;fis
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
cjhuzk;: rk];b Ml;rp
$l;lhl;rp
xw;iwahl;rp
murhq;f fUj;jpaYf;F Vw;g
murhq;fj;jpd; Ml;rp KiwahdJ fUj;jpaiy mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L fhzg;gLkhdhy; ,t;tifg;ghl;bw;F cs;slq;Fk;.
rkju;k Ml;rp Kiw
jhuhs Ml;rp Kiw
muR murhq;fk; Ml;rpKiw vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapyhd njhlu;G
,k;%d;W mk;rq;fSk; xd;Wlndhd;W kpf neUf;fkhditahFk;.

Mdhy; ,it %d;Wk; NtWgl;l vz;zf;fUf;fshFk;. muR jdJ

nraw;ghLfis murhq;fj;jpD}lhf nraw;gLj;j murhq;f
nraw;ghl;bd; ntspg;ghNl Ml;rpahFk;. Ml;rp nraw;ghl;bd;
cWjpj;jd;ik ntw;wp Njhy;tp> muirAk; murhq;fj;ijAk;
jPu;khdpf;Fk;. Ml;rpapd; jd;ikapNyNa murpdJk;
murhq;fj;jpdJk; ew;ngaUk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;. Ml;rpia
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl murpdJk; murhq;fj;jpdJk;
epiyj;jpUf;fk; jd;ik jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
muR murhq;fk; Ml;rp vd;gtw;wpw;fhd NtWghL
muR Ms;Gyk;> kf;fs;njhif> ,iwik murhq;fk;

vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;L fhzg;gl murhq;fkhdJ rl;lj;Jiw
epu;thfj;iw ePjpj;Jiw vd;gtw;wpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;ljhFk;. Ml;rp NkNy murhq;fj;jpw;Fupa %d;W
JiwfspDila nraw;ghl;bd; ntspg;ghl;ilNa Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.
,k;%d;W mk;rq;fSk; xd;wpnyhd;W jq;fpapUe;jhYk; NtWgl;l
mk;rq;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
3.10 murpd; ,ay;G njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;L mZFKiw
murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp gy;NtW Nfhl;ghl;L mZFKiwfs;

fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; cUthfpAs;sd. ,t;twpQu;fs; mtu;fspd; fhy
#o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g ,t;thW Nfhl;ghl;bid Kd;itj;Js;sdu;.
,jw;fika gpd;tUk; Nfhl;ghLfs; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghL
 khf;]pa thj Nfhl;ghL
 ypguy; thj Nfhl;ghL
 ngz;zpay; thj Nfhl;ghL
r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghL
murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; gy;NtW Nfhl;ghL

cUthfpAs;sd. ,tw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpakhd Nfhl;ghL r%f

xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghlhFk;. khdpa Kiw> nja;tPf topAupik thjk;
vd;gtw;wpd; tPo;r;rpAld; ,f;Nfhl;ghL cUthfpAs;sJ.
r%fk; jdf;Fs; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; tpisthf muR
cUthfpaJ vd;gjNa ,f;Nfhl;ghL vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Njhk];
nfhg;];> N[hd; nyhf;> &N]h Mfpa rpe;jidahsu;fs;
,f;Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jdu;.
Njhk]; nfhg;];
,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; eilngw;w fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j

,tu; mq;F epytpa Fog;gkhd #o;epiyia jdJ
rpe;jidfSf;fhf jFe;j gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;L ,jw;F
tpsf;fkspj;Js;shu;. 1651y; jhd; ntspapl;l nytpahjd; vd;w
E}ypD}lhf ,jid ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.
r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspy; Kjd;ikahdtuhf ,tu;

fhzg;gLfpwhu;. ,q;fpyhe;jpy; gpwe;j ,tu; nutpajd; vDk;
EhypDhlhf jdJ fUj;ij Kd;itj;Js;shu;. r%f xg;ge;j
Nfhl;ghl;lsuhf kl;Lkd;wp ,iwikf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsuhfTk;>
jhuhz;ik fUj;jpayhsuhfTk; Ngrg;gLfpd;whu;.
,tu; ,aw;if epiyapy; kdpjid nfl;ltdhf mtjhdpj;jhu;.

,jw;F fhuzk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; mtu; tho;e;j fhy #o;epiyahFk;.
mtu; ,aw;if epiyapy; kdpjid nfl;ltdhf mtjhdpj;jJld;
fhl;Lkpuhz;bahfTk; kdpjid mtjhdpf;f njhlq;fpdhu;. ,t;thW
tho;e;j kdpjd; jd;idg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba Njit
mtDf;F Vw;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; xg;ge;jk; xd;wpDhlhf
murpid cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lhd;.
,aw;if epiyapy; muR fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gJld; xg;ge;jj;jpd;

gpw;ghL murpid cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;. ,J rptpy; r%fkhf
fUjg;gl;lJ. xg;ge;jj;jpd; Clhf cUthf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpahsd; Vf
jdp ,iwikahsdhf fhzg;gLthu; vd nfhg;]; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
,t;thl;rpahsd; vtDf;Fk; fl;Lg;gLtjpy;iy. kw;wtu;fis
fl;Lg;gLj;jp MSfpd;w kNdhghtk; fhzg;gLk;. Kjy; Kjyhf
jdp ,iwikia Mjupj;jJld; tuk;gw;w Kbahl;rpia ,tu;
Mjupj;jhu;.
N[hd; nyhf;
1688y; ,lk;ngw;w ,uj;jk; rpe;jh Gul;rpapfhyj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpy;

tho;e;j ,tu; r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;bid Kd;itj;j kw;WnkhU
rpe;jidahsu;. N[hd; nyhf; Mthu;. ,tu; rptpy; murhq;fj;jpd;
,uz;L cld;gbf;if vd;w Ehypd; Clhf fUj;jpid
Kd;itj;jhu;. ,tu; nfhg;]pd; ,aw;if epiyapypUe;J khWgl;l
fUj;ij nfhz;bUe;jik khWgl;l fUj;jhFk;.
,tu; ,aw;if epiyapy; kdpjid ey;ytdhf fUJfpd;whu;.

re;ju;g;g #o;epiyapdhy; ,aw;ifapy; ey;ytdhf kdpjd;
Kuz;ghLfSf;Fl;gl;L ey;ytDk; nfl;ltDk; vDk; rKjhak;
cUthFk;. ,q;F mtu;fSf;fpilapy; vOfpd;w Kuz;ghLfis
jPu;g;gjw;F xg;ge;jk; xd;wpDhlhf murpid cUthf;fpf;
nfhz;lhu;fs;.
,tu; ,U tifahd xg;ge;jq;fs; gw;wp fUj;ij Kd;itj;Js;shu;.

Kjypy; rKjhak; jdf;Fs; xg;ge;jk; xd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;s mjd;
gpw;ghL muRf;Fk; rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; xg;ge;jk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,tu; ,U tifahd xg;ge;jq;fis
milahsg;gLj;jpaik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
xg;ge;jj;jpd; gpwF cUthfpa muR my;yJ Ml;rpahsd;

tuk;gpw;F cl;gl;ltdhff; fhzg;gLthd; vd ,tu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
Kf;fpa jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ Ml;rpahsd;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,irtpid ngw;Nw nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
nfhg;]; tuk;gw;w Kbahl;rpia Mjupf;f ,tu; tuk;Gf;Fl;gl;l
Kbahl;rpia Mjupf;fpwhu;.

&N]h
r%f xg;ge;jthj Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fspy; %d;whtjhf Ngrg;gLfpd;w

rpe;jidahsu; ,tu; Mthu;. Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; gpwe;j ,tu; gpuhd;]py;
ePz;l fhyk; trpj;jjdhy; gpuhd;]pa rpe;jidahsuhf ,tu;
fUjg;gLfpwhu;. r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;lsu;fs; khj;jpukd;wp
[dehaf rpe;jidahsuhfTk; ,tu; fUjg;gLfpd;whu;. jdJ
fUj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;F r%f xg;ge;jk; vd;w Ehiy (1762) ,tu;
gad;gLj;jpdhu;.
,aw;if epiyapy; kdpjd; nfhg;]; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghd;W

vy;NyhiuAk; nfl;ltdhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy. mNj Nghd;W
nyhf; Fwpg;gpLtJ Nghd;W vy;NthiuAk; ey;ytdhf
Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy. r%fj;jpy; ey;ytu;fs; nfl;ltu;fs;
,aw;ifapy; cs;shu;fs; vd;Wk; ,tu;fs; ,UtUk; tho;fpd;w
NghJ r%fj;jpy; Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtJ jtpu;ff ; KbahJ vd;Wk;
&N]h Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,t;thwhd #o;epiyapy; xg;ge;jk;
xd;wpDhlhf murpid cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;fs; vd;Wk;
,t;nthg;ge;jk; nghJr; rpj;jk; vd &N]h Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
nghJr;rpj;jk; vd;gJ nghJ kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;ijf; Fwpj;J
epw;fpd;wJ. r%fj;jpy; tho;fpd;w rfyupd; tpUg;gj;Jld;
Ml;rpahsd; njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,tupd; thjkhFk;.
,jdhNyNa &N]h [dehaf rpe;jidahsu; vd
milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpwhu;.
nghJrpj;jj;jpDhlhf cUthf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpasd;. kf;fspd;

tpUg;gj;jpd; ngaupNyNa nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd mtu; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
Ml;rpahsid khw;Wfpd;w mjpfhuk; nghJ kf;fSf;F
cs;snjd;W ,jid ,tu; kf;fs; ,iwik vd
milahsg;gLj;jpdhu;.
Njhk]; nfhg;]; tuk;gw;w Kbahl;rpia Mjupf;f nyhf;

tuk;gpw;Fl;gl;l Kbahl;rpia Mjupj;jhu;. &N]h kf;fshl;rpia
Mjupj;jhu;.

,tu;fs; %tUk; r%f xg;ge;jj;jpd; Clhf muR cUthfpaj vd
fUjpdhYk; ,aw;if epiy> rptpy; r%fk; vd;w tplaj;jpy;
NtWgl;l fUj;jpidf; nfhz;bUe;jij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
khu;f;]p] thj Nfhl;ghL
murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp Gul;rpfukhd fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jtu;

fhu;s; khu;f;]; Mthu;. N[u;kdpapy; xU kj;jpa ju FLk;gj;jpy;
gpwe;j ,tu; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F vjpuhdjhfTk;> ghl;lhspfSf;F
MjuthdJk; fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jhu;. N[u;kdpapy; gpwe;j ,tu;
Kjyhspj;Jtj;Jf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jjdhy;
gpupj;jhdpahTf;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhu;.
gpupj;jhdpah ez;gu; Vq;fy;]{ld; ,ize;J njhlu;e;J jdJ

fUj;ij gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Kd;itj;jik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
nfhk;A+dpr mwpf;if vDk; fl;Liu> jh]; (nfgpl;ly;> %yjdk;)
vDk; Ehiy vOjp jdJ fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jhu;.
fhu;s; khu;]pd; fUj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; rkju;kthj

rpe;jidfs; tsu;rr ; pailaj; njhlq;fpd. n`fypd; ,af;ftpay;
nghUs;Kjy;thjj;jpy; ,Ue;J fhu;s; khu;f;]; ‘tuyhw;Wg; nghUs;
Kjy;thjj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L murpid tpsf;fg;gLj;jpdhu;.
,tu; ,t;thwhd Gul;rpfukhd fUj;jpid Kd;itg;gjw;F fhuzk;
INuhg;ghtpy; fhzg;gl;l fhy #o;epiyahFk;. 18k; Ehw;whz;by;
Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; tpisthf Kjyhspj;Jt Mjpf;fk;
mjpfupj;j NghNj fhu;s; khu;f;]; ,t;thwhd Gul;rpfu fUj;jpid
Kd;itj;jhu;.
khf;]pr r%fg; ghij
,tu; muR gw;wpa fUj;ij Kd;itg;gjw;F tuyhw;W uPjpahf MW

rKjhaq;fshfg; gpupj;J mr;rKjhaj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa
murpidg; gw;wp Muhaj; njhlq;fpdhu;.
1. Mjpfhy fk;A+dpr rKjhak;
2. Mz;lhs; mbik rKjhak;
3. khdpa Kiw rKjhak;
4. Kjyhspj;Jt rKjhak;
5. etPd Nrh\yprk;
6. etPd fk;A+dprk;
murpd; Njhw;wk;
Muk;gfhy Mjpfhy fk;A+dpr r%fj;jpy; muR vd;gJ

fhzg;gLtJ ,y;iy. nrhj;Jf;fs; nghJ clikahf ,Ue;jJ.
tu;j;jfg; Ngjq;fs; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jdhy; muRk;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. nrhj;Jf;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;l kf;fs;
njhif Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; tu;f;fq;fSf;fpilapy;
Kuz;ghLfSk; gpur;rpidfSk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,e;j nghJTilik rKjhak; nry;thf;fpof;f

Mz;lhs; mbik rKjhak; cUthfpd;wJ. ,r;r%fj;jpy;
nrhj;Jila tu;f;fq;fshf Mz;lhs; jq;fisAk;> jq;fspd;
nrhj;Jf;fisAk; mbikfspypUe;J ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
xU epWtdj;ij cUthf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. me;epWtdNk
murhFk;.
murpd; tsu;r;rp
Mz;lhs; mbik r%fj;jpy; cUthfpa muR gbg;gbahf

tsu;rr; piag; ngw njhlq;fpaJ. Mz;lhd; mbik r%fj;jpy;
Mz;lhs;fspd; fUtpahf ,Ue;j muR khdpa Kiwapy;
epyg;gug;Gf;fspd; fUtpahf muR khwpaJ. mjhtJ Mz;lhd;
mbik r%fk; khdpa Kiw rKjhakhf khwp nrhj;Jila
epyg;gug;Gf;fSk;> nrhj;jpy;yhj gz;izj; njhopyhspahf
khwpdhu;fs;.
epykhdpa Kiw rKjhak; nry;thf;F ,of;f Kjyhspj;Jt

r%fk; cUthfpaJ. ,e;j Kjyhspj;Jt rKjhaj;jpy; Kjyhsp>
njhopyhsp vd;w 02 tu;f;fq;fs; Vw;gl njhlq;fpd. epykhdpa
rKjhaj;jpy; epyg;gug;Gf;fspd; fUtpahf ,Ue;j muR
Kjyhspj;Jt rKjhaj;jpy; Kjyhspfspd; fUtpahf khwpaJ.
Kjyhspj;Jt rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;j murhdJ Kd;ida
rKjhaj;jpy; ,Ue;j muirtpl gykhd ,uhZt murhf
tsu;rr
; paila njhlq;fpaJ.
murpd; vjpu;fhyk;
etPd Nrh]yprj;jpd; ghl;lhspfs; Nrhryp] muR xd;iw

cUthf;Fthu;fs; ,t;turpd; Clhf Kjyhspj;Jt nrhj;Jf;fis
gpupj;njLj;J nghJikg;gLj;Jtjd;; Clhf vjpu;fhyj;jpy; tu;f;fg;
Ngjq;fs; ,y;yhky; NghFk;. mjdhy; muRk; mope;JtpLk;.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; muR mopAk; vd;gNj khu;f;]p] thjj;jpd; vjpu;T
$wyhFk;. Nkw;$wpa tplaq;fis itj;J fhu;s; khu;f;]; murpid
,U tu;f;ff; fUtpahfNt fUjpdhu;. mjhtJ nrhj;Jila
tu;f;fj;jpy; fUtpNa muR vd fhu;s; khu;f;]; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
khu;f;]p] murpd; ,ay;G
fhu;s; khu;f;]; murpd; ,ay;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ xU tu;f;ff;

fUtpahfNt murpid fUjpdhu;. nrhj;Jila tu;f;fk; jkJ
eyd;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfNt murpid cUthf;fpf;
nfhz;lhu;fs;. xt;nthU rKjhaj;jpYk; 02 tu;f;fq;fs;
fhzg;gl;ld. mt;tu;f;fq;fspy; nrhj;Jila tu;f;fj;jpd; eyidNa
muR ftdpj;jJ. Kjyhspj;Jt murhdJ njhopyhspfis
ftdpf;Fk; vd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ. muR
nrhj;Jilatu;spd; fUtp vd;gJld; mlf;F Kiw epWtdkhfTk;
Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ.
eilKiwapy; khf;]prthjk;
19k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpa khf;]prthjk;

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Mrpa Mgpupf;f ehLfspYk; gutyilaj;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,jw;fika u\;ahtpy; Njhd;wpaJ nydpdp]k;>
rPdhtpy; khNth]pak; vd gy khw;wq;fsf;F cl;gl;L
khf;]p]thjk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk; 20k;
E}w;whz;by; Gjpa khf;]p] rpe;jidahsu;fspd; cUthf;fkhdJ
et khf;]p]thjj;jpid cUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd; Kf;fpa
Kd;Ndhbahf me;Njhdp fpuk;ri
P d milahsg;gLj;jyhk;.
ypguy; thj Nfhl;ghL (jhuhs thjk; / jhuhz;ik thjk;)
murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp cUthfpa kw;Wk; Xu; Kf;fpa Nfhl;ghL

,JthFk;. jdp kdpj Rje;jpuq;fs; mjpfsT
toq;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; ypguy; Nfhl;ghL vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp ajhu;j;jkhd fUj;ij ,f;Nfhl;ghL
Kd;itj;jJ. 16k; Ehw;whz;Lfspy; Vw;gl;l Kjyhspj;Jt
tsu;rr; papd; gpd;du; ,f;Nfhl;ghL cUthfpdhYk; 18k; Ehw;whz;by;
Vw;gl;l njhopy; Gul;rp ypguy; thj Nfhl;ghl;bd; tsu;rr ; papy;
ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Muk;gj;jpy; muR
nghUshjhuj;jpy; jiyaplf;$lhJ vd;w rpe;jidia Guhjd
nghUspayhsu;fshd vlk; ];kpj;> Nltpl;L upfhNlh vd;Nghuhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
murpd; Njhw;wk;
jhuhs thjk; murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ

gupzhkthjj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;ljhf jdJ fUj;ij
Kd;itj;Js;shu;fs;. FLk;gq;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
Nfhj;jpuq;fshfTk; Nfhj;jpuq;fs; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; r%fkhfp
mr;r%fj;jpd; Njitia epiwT nra;tjw;F muR cUthfpaJ
vd;whu;fs;. murpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F r%fk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
jhuhsthj murpd; tifg;ghLfs;
jhuhsthj murhdJ 16k; Ehw;whz;by; ,Ue;J ,d;Wtiu

khWgl;l muR tsu;rr
; pia nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fika jhuhsthj
murhdJ 03 tifg;gLk;

jhuhsthjj;jpd; tiffs; murpd; tif
1. kuG jhuhsthjk; jiyaplh muR 1880 - 1930
2. etPd jhuhsthjk; eyd;Gup muR 1930 - 1970
3. et jhuhsthjk; Fiwe;jgl;r muR 1970 - ,d;W
tiu
jiyaplh muR
Guhjd jhuhsthjj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l muNr ,JthFk;. 18Mk;

Ehw;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy; INuhg;ghtpy; ,J gutyilaj;
njhlq;fpaJ. ,t;tuR jhuhsthj murpd; Muk;g fl;lkhFk;.
,f;fhy fl;lj;jpy; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; tsu;;r;rp muir
nghUshjhuj;jpypUe;J J}ukhf;fpaJld; rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk;
epiyehl;Lfpd;w nghWg;igNa muRf;F toq;fpaJ. ,jdhy;
jiyaplh muR Kiw nghyp]; muR Kiw vd
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l
jhuhsthjk; Guhjd jhuhz;ik thjk; my;yJ gioik
jhuhsthjk; vd milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
jiyaplh murpd; ,ay;Gfs;

1. nghUshjhuj;jpy; muR jiyapLtjpy;iy
2. jdpahu; nghUshjhuj;jpy; jiyapLk;
3. rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; muR epiyehl;Lk; (nghyp]; Police
muR)
1930fspd; gpw;ghL jiyaplh muR nry;thf;fpof;f etPd

ypguy;thjj;jpy; eyd;Gup muR cUthfpaJ.
eyd;Gup muR
1930,ypUe;J 1970 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjp tiu ,J

fhzg;gl;ljhf milahsg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Guhjd ypguy; thjj;jpy; fpilj;j nghUshjhu Rje;jpuj;ij
Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk; rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jp ,yhgj;ij mila

vj;jdpj;jNghJ njhopyhsu; tu;f;fk; Ruz;lg;ghl;lhu;fs;. ,jpy;;
Vw;gl;l r%f rkj;Jt ,d;ik fhuzkhf tUik njhopypd;ik
Nghd;w mk;rq;fq;fs; ,t;tuR Kiw cUthtjw;F mbg;gilahf
mike;jJ. ,t;tuR Kiwapy; etPd ypguy; thjk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
etPd ypguy; thj;jpy; cUthfpa muNr ,JthFk;. ,t;turhdJ
jiyaplh muR Kiwapy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.
jiyaplh muR nry;thf;fpoe;J eyd;Gup muR cUthfpaikf;fhd

fhuzk;
 jdpahu; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Neubahf jiyapl;ljdhy; cyf

nghUshjhuj;jpy; ke;j epiy Vw;gl;lJ
 tWik r%f rkj;Jtk; ,d;ik> Neha;fs; ke;j Nghriz
vd;gd cyfpy; Vw;glj; njhlq;fpd.
 Kjyhspj;Jt Ruz;ly; mjpfupj;jjd; fhuzkhf cyf
nghUshjhuk; ke;j epiyia milaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
 ,tw;wpid fhuzkhff; nfhz;Nl nghUshjhuj;jpy; xJq;fp
,Ue;j muR jiyapl Ntz;ba epiy cUthfpaJ. muR
nghUshjhuj;jpy; jiyapl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij D.H Kreen
kw;Wk; Hopes House Prabu Nghd;Nwhu; Kf;fpakhdtuhthu;.
eyd;Gup murpd; ,ay;Gfs;
1. nghUshjhuj;jpy; murpd; jiyaPL ntspg;gilahf ,Uf;Fk;.

2. jdpahu; Jiw nghUshjhuj;jpy; ,Ue;J Jhukhf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
3. r%f eyd;Gup tplaq;fspy; muR Neubahf jiyapl;lJ.
eyd;Gup muR gw;wpa fUj;jpid Kd;itj;j rpe;jidahsu;fs;
muR xU kdpjdpd; eyd;Gup tplaq;fspYk; nghUshjhuj;jpYk;

jiyapl Ntz;Lk; vd;W D.H Kreen, Hopes House Prabu MfpNahu;
fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jdu;. (muR eyd;Gup thjk;)

Fiwe;jgl;r muR
1930fspy; ,Ue;J 1970 tiu eyd;Gup muR fhzg;gl;lJ.
murhdJ kdpjdpd; rfy eyd;Gup tplaq;fspYk; jiyapl;ljdhy;
fl;;Lg;ghLfs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jid tpUk;ghj INuhg;gpau;fs;
1970fspy; gpw;ghL et ypguy; thjj;ij cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. et
ypguy; thjk; eyd;Gup muRf;Fg; gjpyhf Fiwe;jgl;r muir
cUthf;fpdhu;fs;
re;ijg; nghUshjhu Kiw tsu;rr ; pahdJ mur eyd;Gup thjj;ij
gpd;dilar; nra;J Kfhikj;Jt muR vd;w xU vz;zf;fUit
cUthf;fpaJ. Fiwe;jgl;r muR vd;gJ jiyaplh murpw;Fk;
eyd;Gup murpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l epiyahFk;. re;ijg; nghUshjhu
Kiwapd; gpuNtrj;Jld; mur eyd;Gupthjk; gpd;dpiyaile;J
Kfhikj;Jt muR vz;zf;fU gutyile;jJ ,jdhy;
etjhuhz;ikthj vz;zf;fUtpdhy; kPz;Lk; xU Kiw murpd;
gzpfis fl;Lg;gLj;j my;yJ Fiwj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;bapUe;jJ. ,jd; gadhf cUthfpaNj
Fiwe;jgl;r murhFk;. Fiwe;j gl;r murhdJ etjhuhz;ikthj
rpe;jidia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jJld; nghJj;Jiw
epu;thf nraw;ghl;by; Gjpa nghJj;Jiw Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;w
vz;zf;fUitAk; milahsg;gLj;jpaJ. eilKiw INuhg;gpa
ehLfspy; ,t;tuR KiwNa fhzg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
Fiwe;jgl;r murpd; ,ay;G

 muR nghUshjhu tplaq;fspy; ,Ue;J Kw;whf tpyfp
,Uf;fhky; xU Nkw;ghu;itahsuhf nraw;gLk;.
 muR xU Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;fpd;w nraw;ghl;il
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.
 muR r%f murpay; nraw;ghLfis Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tjw;fhf xU fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLk;.
ypguy; thj murpd; ,ay;G

jhuhsthjk; Muk;g fhyk; Kjy; ,d;Wtiu gy;NtW
fhyfl;lq;fshf tsu;rr; paile;J te;jhYk; nghJthdjhf rpy
gz;Gfis jhuhsthj muR nfhz;Ls;sJ.

 jdpkdpj Rje;jpuq;fis muR ghJfhf;Fk;
 murpiy nghJey mikg;G my;yJ Nrkey mikg;ghff;
fUJfpd;wJ.
 [dehaf uPjpahd rpe;jidfisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; ,t;tuR
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
eilKiwapy; jhuhsthjk;
jhuhsthjk; Muk;gj;jpy; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;wpdhYk;

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Vida Mrpa Mgpupf;f ehLfSf;Fk; gutyila
njhlq;fpd. ,Ue;jhYk; eilKiwapy; INuhg;gpa Nkw;Fyf
ehLfs; Kf;fpa fUj;jpayhf gpd;gw;wp tUtJld; Kjyhtpj;Jt
tyJrhup rpe;jidia ikag;gLj;jp jhuhsthjk; eilKiwapy;
tsu;rr
; paile;J tUtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
ngz;zpay;thj Nfhl;ghL
murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp gy;NtW tifahd Nfhl;ghLfs;

cUthfpdhYk;. 1970fspd; gpw;ghL Ngrg;gl;l xU Nfhl;ghNl
ngz;zpay; thjkhFk;. murpd; cUthf;fk; gw;wp Kiwahd xU
fUj;jpid Kd;itf;fhtpl;lhYk; Vida Nfhl;ghLfSld;
njhlu;GgLj;jp murpd; cUthf;fj;jpid ,f;Nfhl;ghL
Kd;itf;fpd;wJ.
ngz;zpay; thjk; ghy; epiyapid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

jdJ fUj;ij Kd;itj;Js;sJ. Vfhjpgj;jpak; kw;Wk;
mlf;FKiwapDhlhf ghYwT epiy NknyOe;J Mz;fs; kw;Wk;
ngz;fs; r%fg; gpupTfshf gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,tw;iw
ikakhff; nfhz;Nl ngz;;zpay;thjk; murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

Njhw;wk;
Mz;fs; cyfj; jj;Jtj;jpw;Nfw;g jhq;fs; gykhdtu;fs; vd;Wk;

ngz;fs; clypay; uPjpahf gytPdkhdtu;fs; vd;W moF>
nkd;ik vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Mz;fs;>
ngz;fis Gwe;js;sp ,tu;fs; cUthf;fpf; nfhz;l xU mjpfhu
epWtdNk murhFk;. Mz;fis ikag;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;l muR
cyfj;ij Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nry;tjw;F Mz;fspd; fUtpahf
nraw;gLk; vd;whu;fs;.
ngz;zpay; thjk; gw;wpa khf;]pa> ypguy; thj fUj;Jf;fs;
ngz;zpay; thjk; murpd; Njhw;wk; gw;wp Kiwahd fUj;ij

nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; khf;]p]> ypguy; thj
fUj;Jf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L Muha Ntz;bAs;sJ. ypguy;
thjk; ngz;fspd; tpLjiyf;fhf murpd; jiyaPl;il mjpfupf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;whu;fs;. khu;f;]p] thjk; Kjyhspj;Jt muir
vjpu;g;gjw;F ngz;fs; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ngz;fSf;f
ePjpapid ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Kiwnahd;wpid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W ,tu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;fs;.
mjpfhuk; gw;wp ngz;zpay;thj Nehf;F
murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpy; mjpfhuk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghLfspy;

kuGuPjpahd tpsf;fj;jpid ngz;zpay;thjk; tpku;rpg;gJld; kdpj
r%fj;jpy; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; mjd; eilKiwf; Fwpj;J Kw;wpYk;
Gjpa Nehf;if ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ngz;zpay; murpay;
Nfhl;ghL mjpfhuj;jpy; vz;zf;fUthf;fk; kw;Wk;
epWtdkakhf;fk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; Mz;ikaf;fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;
fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;W thjpLfpd;wJ. MfNt> ngz;zpay;
thjk; ghy;epiy Nehf;fpy; mjpfhuj;ij tpsf;fg;gLj;j
vj;jdpf;fpd;wJ.
ngz;zpay;thjk; jdJ mjpfhu Nehf;fpid xt;nthU fUj;jpay;

uPjpahf Muha vj;jdpf;fpd;wJ. jhuhs ngz;zpay;thjk;>
Nrh]ypr ngz;zpay;thjk;> jPtpu ngz;zpay;thjnkd xt;nthU
jug;Gf;fSk; xt;nthU tbtj;jpy; mjpfhuk; gw;wp Muha
vj;jdpf;fpd;whu;;fs;. jhuhsthjpfs; Neu; kiwhd czu;NthL
mjpfhuj;ij Nehf;Ffpd;whu;fs;. Nrh]ypr ngz;zpay;thjk;
mjpfhuKk; Mjpf;fKk; Mz;ikAld; njhlu;GgLj;jp
Muha;fpd;whu;fs;. jPtpu ngz;zpay;thjpfs; v[khDf;Fk;
mbikf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwitg;Nghy mjpfhuj;ij
Muha;fpwhu;fs;. ,t;thwhf gyjug;gl;l Nfhzj;jpy;
ngz;zpay;thjk; mjpfhuk; gw;wp Nehf;Ftij mtjhdpf;f
Kbfpd;wJ.
fle;j fhy tpdhf;fs;.
01. etPd ms;Gy muR 4 gpujhd mq;fq;fspy; /

%yf;$Wfspd; fPo; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;iw
tpgupf;Ff. (20 Gs;spfs;) (2020)
02. muR r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; mur mjpfhuj;jpy; ika

epWtdkhFk;. Muha;f. (20 Gs;spfs;) (2019)
03. murhdJ r%fj;jpYs;s cau; epWtdkhf Vd;

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. (20 Gs;spfs;) (2018)
04. murpd; Njhw;wk;> tsu;rr

; p> vjpu;fhyk; vd;gdgw;wp
jhuhsthjk; my;yJ khf;]p] fUj;Jf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(10 Gs;spfs;) (2014)
05. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vitNaDk; ,uz;il guprPypf;Ff.

(1) tu;f;fg;Nghuhl;lj;jpd; xU tpisNt murhFk;.
(2) r%f xg;ge;jj;jpd; xU tpisNt murhFk;.
(3) r%fg;gbKiw murpd; xu tpisNt murhFk;.
(10 Gs;spfs;) (2017)

Fwpg;G
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POLITICAL SCIENCE 2018
xw;iwahl;rp mikg;G murpay; Kiw
 xU jdp kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwapid xw;iwahl;rp vd;gu;.

 xw;iwahl;rpapy; ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G xU jdp kj;jpaurplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 xw;iwahl;rpapy; murpayikg;G uPjpahd caupaj; jd;ikia kj;jpf;F toq;fp ,Ug;gjdhy; gpuhe;jpa
muRfs; cs;spl;l ve;jnthU khjpupapdJk; ,Ug;G kj;jpa murpd; tpUg;gj;jpNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ.
 ,J rkepiyaw;w kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikia cUthf;Fk;. kj;jpa murhq;fk; jdJ
tpUg;gj;jpd;gb cs;Suhl;rp (khfhz) murhq;fq;fis kPs cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; xOq;fikg;gjw;Fk;
,y;yhJ nra;tjw;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
 mj;NjhL me;j epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis tpupthf;Ftjw;Fk; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
 xw;iwahl;rpapy; rpwpa myFfs; nraw;gl;lhYk; mtw;wplk; RahjPdkhd Kiwapy; jPu;khdq;fis
vLg;gjw;F Njitahd Miz mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 kj;jpa muR gpuhe;jpa epWtdq;fs; kPJ ve;jnthU mjpfhuj;ijAk; xg;gilf;f KbAk; mj;Jld;
kj;jpa rl;lj;Jiwapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; rl;ljpl;lq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
 kj;jpa muR xg;gilf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fis ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; kPsngw KbAk; fhuzk;
mjpfhu xg;gilg;ghdJ ahg;gpd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhikapdhyhFk;.
 cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd muRfs; xw;iwahl;rp KiwapNyNa xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpNrlkhf
ghupa ,dg; ghFghLfs; ,y;yhj rpwpa [dehaf ehLfspy; xw;iwahl;rp fl;likg;Gf;fs;
nghJthditahf cs;sd. (,yq;if> gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> nld;khu;f>; ,j;jhyp)
 rk\;b thjj;jpd; rpf;fy; jd;ikAld; xg;gpLk;N;ghJ xw;iwahl;rp fl;likg;G> ,yFthdJk;
tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJkhf cs;sJ.
 vt;thwhapDk; eilKiw uPjpahf xw;iwahl;rp Kiwikapy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd njhlu;G rk\;bia Nghd;W rpf;fyhdJ.
xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;
 murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuk; jdpnahU Njrpa epWtdj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;bUj;jy;

 xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;Gfspy; ,iwik mjpfhuk; KOikahf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jplk;
 kj;jpa Njrpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; gjtpepiy (gbepiy) jpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s murhq;f
epWtd nraw;ghLfspD}lhf fPo;epiy epWtdq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; mjpfhuk; fhzg;gly;.
 kj;jpa rl;lj;Jiwapd; caupaj;jd;ik ntspg;gLk; tifapy; xw;iwahl;rp ehLfspd; Njrpa
rl;lj;Jiw Xuq;f thj mbg;gilapy; mike;jpUf;fpd;wik.
1 S.UMAMAHESWARAN, MA (SPECIAL IN POLITICAL SCIENCE) Dip in HR. mobile : 0718936330

 rk\;b murpayikg;Gld; xg;gpLifapy; xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;G vspikahdJk; tpidj;jpwd;

kpf;fJkhd murpayikg;ghf cs;sik.
 kj;jpa muR xUjiyg;gl;rkhf ahg;gpid khw;Wk; mjpfhuj;jpidg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 MAjk; jhq;fpa Kg;gilfs; kj;jpaurpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;
 xNu tifahd my;yJ xj;j jd;iktha;e;j rl;lj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> epUthfj;Jiw fhzg;gLk;.
xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpd; Nghf;Ffs;

 xw;iwahl;rp murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;e;Njl;irahf epUthf gutyhf;fj;jpwF; cl;gl;L;
tUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ fPo; kl;lj;jpw;F mjpfupj;j nghWg;Gf;fis toq;FjyhFk;.
 1990 jrhg;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngUk;ghyhd xw;iwahl;rp ehLfs; fPo; kl;lq;fSf;F mjpfkhd
nghWg;Gfis toq;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpfis vLg;gij fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
 xw;iwahl;rp ehLfspy; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J fPo; kl;lj;jpw;F mjpfhuj;ij gutyhf;Fjy; gpujhdkhf
%d;W Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngwyhk;.
1. mjpfhuj;ij gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; (Deconcentration)
 mjpfhuj;ij gd;Kfg;gLj;jy; KOikahf epUthfk; rhu;e;j nraw;ghlhFk;.

 ,jd;gb kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; gzpahl;FOit jiyefuj;jpy; ,Ue;J NtW gpuNjrq;fSf;F
Nritf;F cl;gLj;JtjhFk;.
 epUthf nraw;ghLfis tpupthf;Fjy;> murhq;fj;jpd; epUthf tplaq;fSf;fhf nra;ag;gLk;
nryTfis Fiwj;jy; Nghd;wd mjd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
2. epUthf gutyhf;fk; - (Decentralization)
 nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jiy cs;Suhl;rp Nghd;w cg Njrpa epWtdqf;Sf;F

ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jNy ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. (gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; ];nfd;bNdtpa ehLfs; ,jw;F rpwe;j
cjhuzq;fshFk;)
 mt;thwhd ehLfspy; khfhz murhq;fq;fs; kj;jpa murpd; mDkjpAld; my;yJ xj;Jiog;gpd;wp
eyd;Gup Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;;Jfpd;wd.
 cjhuzkhf If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; cs;;Suhl;rp murhq;fq;fs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
3. mjpfhu xg;gilj;jy; (Devolution)
 xUrpy rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fs; cl;gl jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; RahjPdj; jd;ikia kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpd; %yk; fPo; kl;lq;fSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLtNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
 gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; ];ngapd; Nghd;w ehLfspspd; gpuNjr murhq;fq;fis cjhuzkhf
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 If;fpa ,uhl;rpaj;jpdhy; 1999 Mk; Mz;by; ];nfhl;yhe;Jf;Fk; Nt];Rf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
tifg;gLj;jg;gl;L xg;gilf;fg;gl;l ghuhSkd;w rl;lk; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. vt;thwhapDk;
me;ehl;bd; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;wk; rhjhuz rl;l%yk; xd;iw epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjd;
%yk; mt;thW xg;gilf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;fTk; KbAk;.
xw;iwahl;rpapd; ed;ikfs;
 mjpfhuk; xU jdpkj;jpa epiyaj;jplk; Ftpe;jpUg;gjhy; gykhdJk; cWjpahdJkhd murhq;fk;
fhzg;gLk;.
 xw;iwf;FbAupik epyTtjhy; Njrpa xUikg;ghL Njrpa If;fpak; vd;gd cau;kl;lj;jpy; epyTk;
 tpiuthf jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; murhq;fkhf fhzg;gly;
 rl;l> epu;thf> ePjp tptfhuq;fspy; xUikj;jd;ik fhzg;gLtjhy; epu;thf xUikg;ghL fhzg;gLk;.
 xNu ,dj;ijf;nfhz;l> kpfr;rpwpa Ms;Gyj;jpidf; nfhz;l muRfSf;F mjpfk; nghUj;jkhdJ.
 fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;g kj;jpauR ahg;gpid khw;wf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
 nryT FiwT – xNu rl;lkd;wk;> xNu epu;thfj;Jiw
 khfhz myFfspd; jiyaPL ,d;wp kj;jpauR cWjpahd cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L nfhs;iffis
gpd;gw;wyhk;.
xw;iwahl;rpapd; FiwghLfs;
 kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpd; gzpfs; mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; mjpf Rik Vw;gLfpwJ.
 mjpfhuf;Ftpg;gpdhy; ru;thjpfhuk; Vw;glyhk;
 ,t; Ml;rpKiw rdj;njhif $ba> epyg;gug;G mjpfupj;j ehLfSf;F nghWj;jkw;wJ.
 kj;jpaurpd; fl;Lg;ghLfs; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk; - khfhzk;> khtl;lk;.
 kj;jpauR gyk;ngWtjhy; gpuNjr myFfs; Rahl;rp ,d;wp nraw;gLk;
 kf;fs; murpay; kag;gLjy; FiwthFk;
rk\;b murpayikg;G
 rk\;b my;yJ ngluy; murpay; mikg;G vd;gJ jdp murpDs; murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; epUthf
mjpfhuj;ij ,izj;jy; my;yhky; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij gq;fpl;L eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; gy;
kl;lq;fspyhd (Multi Level) Ml;rp khjpupahFk; (Martin and Harrop - 2013).
 xU ehl;bd; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpg;gjpy; kj;jpa muR kl;Lkd;wp khepy muRfSk;
gq;Fgw;Wk; tifapy; mjpfhuk; ahg;gpd; %yk; gq;fplg;gl;L Ml;rp nraw;ghLfs;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLkhapd; mjid rk\;b Ml;rp vd;gu;.
 ,jd;gb rk];b murpay; mikg;gpDs; rl;l uPjpahd ,iwik kj;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; rk\;b
Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; cg gpupTfSf;fpilapy; (gpuhe;jpak; my;yJ khfhzk;)
gq;fplg;gLk;.
mnkupf;fh – xU kj;jpauR 50 khepy muRfs;
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J – xU kj;jpauR 26 khepy muRfs;
mT];jpNuypah – xU kj;jpauR 6 khepy muRfs;
 rk\;b Kiwapy; ,e;j ve;j kl;lj;jpYk; ,d;ndhU kl;lj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; jpwd;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jd; %yk; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; xg;gPl;L uPjpahd RahjPd epiy ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

 ,jdhy; rk\;b murhq;fj;jpy; kj;jpa mur gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikapd;wp jkJ

mjpfhuj;ij tpupthf;fpf; nfhs;s KbahJ.
 rk\;b Kiw If;fpaj; jd;ik kw;Wk; gpuNjr gy;tifj;jd;ikfSf;fpilapyhd xg;ge;jj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ.
 ,J xg;gPl;L uPjpahf RahjPd my;yJ NtWg;gl;l murpay; mgpyhirfs; epyTfpd;w
myFfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLfpd;w fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; Nguk; NgRjiy mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w murpayikg;ghFk;. ve;jnthU rk];b murpYk; fz;Lnfhs;sf;$ba
nghJg;gz;Gfs; rpy cs;sd.
rk\;b murpay; mikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;
01. mjpfhu gq;fPL

RahjPdkhd ,U tifahd murhq;fs; fhzg;gLk; mjhtJ Njrpa my;yJ kj;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk;
gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fs; vd;w tifapyhFk;. kj;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fs;
mjpfhuq;fs; gytw;iw nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,it RahjPd mjpfhuq;fshFk;. ,U kl;l murhq;fq;fSf;Fk;
xd;wpd; mjpfhuj;ij kw;nwhd;W cilikahf;fpf; nfhs;s KbahJ.

rk\;b murpayikg;nghd;wpy; kj;jpa muRf;Fk; gpuhe;jpa myFfSf;Fk; jdpj;Jtkhd tplaq;fs;

xg;gilf;fg;gLk;. kj;jpa muR ntspehl;L njhlu;Gfs;> ghJfhg;G> FbtuT epjprhu; nraw;ghLfs;
Nghd;w nghJthd cs;sff; flikfSf;F nghWg;gha; ,Ug;gNjhL> gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fSf;F
xg;gilf;fg;gLk; tplaq;fspy; gd;ikj;jd;ik fhzg;glyhk;.
vt;thnwdpDk; nghJtpy; fy;tp> cs;ehl;L mYty;fs;> Rfhjhu nraw;ghLfs;> r%fNrit

nraw;ghLfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fs; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F fpilf;Fk;. kj;jpa muR kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpak; Nghd;w
xt;nthU murhq;fkl;lj;jpw;Fk; fpilf;Fk; nghWg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; vOjg;gl;l
murpayikg;gpdhy; cWjpahf fhl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mjd;gb mjpfhuq;fs; rk\;bapy; %d;W
topKiwfspy; gq;fPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.
1. kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fis khepyq;fSf;F toq;Fjy;

(USA> Rtp];)
2. rk\;b myFfSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fis tiuaWj;J vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpf;F toq;Fjy;
3. kj;jpauR gl;bay;> khepy muRg;gl;bay;> xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;bay; vd gq;fpLjy;
02. murpay; ahg;gpd; Nkyhd;ik

kj;jpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; xUjiyg;gl;rkhf kj;jpa my;yJ gpuhe;jpa
murhq;fq;fshy; khw;wKbahj tifapy; Kiwahd rl;l fl;likg;gpd; fPo; murpay; mikg;gpd; %yk;
topelj;jg;gLk;. ,jd;gb murpay; mikg;G cau; jd;ik nghUe;jpajhFk;. Ml;rp nraw;ghLfs; ahg;gpd;
mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLjy;> ahg;gpw;F kjpg;gspj;jy; FWfpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf murpay; ahg;gpid
khw;whik> ahg;G khw;wk; mtrpakhapd; gpuhe;jpa myFfspd; rk;kjj;Jld; khw;Wjy;. Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs; %yk;
ahg;gpd; cau;jd;ik Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. vOjg;gl;l> nefpoh ahg;G

rk\;b vd;gJ NtWgl;l muRfspd; gu];gu ,iztpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU $l;lhl;rpahFk;. ,jd;gb
cld;ghl;bw;F te;j nghJtplaq;fis xd;whf nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Vida tplaq;fspy; NtWgl;Lr;
nraw;gLtjw;Fkhd cld;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; If;fpaj;ij Ngz Kiwahf vOjg;gl;l murpay;
ahg;Gk; mJ nefpoh jd;ik nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jYk; mtrpakhFk;. ,jdhy; rk];b murhq;fj;jpd;
murpayikg;gpy; xg;gPl;L uPjpahf nefpohjd;ik> jpUj;jq;fisr; nra;tjpy; XusT ,Uf;fkhdjhf
fhzg;gLk;. cjhuzkhf :- mT];jpN;uypah kw;Wk; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J Nghd;w ehLfspy; murpayikg;gpid
jpUj;j Ntz;Lkhapd; kf;fs; mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G %yk; nghJkf;fspd; mDkjpia ngWjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
04. rl;lrig ,uz;lhk; kd;wj;jpidf; nfhz;bUj;jy;

kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; xj;Jiog;gpid fl;bnaOg;Gk; Nehf;NfhLk; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if cUthf;;f nraw;ghl;by; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fis njhlu;GgLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lj;Jiw <uit nfhs;ifapd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; nrdl; vDk; ,uz;lhk; kd;wq;fspd; Nehf;fk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fSf;F
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;JtKk; mjpfhuKk; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jyhFk;.
ePjpj;Jiwapd; Nkyhd;ik
murpayikg;gpy; Kiwahd tpjpKiwfs; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; mu;j;jg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk;
cau;ePjpkd;wkhdJ kj;jpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghLfis jPu;j;Jitf;Fk;
cau; epWtdkhf nraw;gLfpd;wJ. kj;jpa kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lq;fSf;F Njitahd
mjpfhuj;Jiwfis jPu;khdpg;gjd; %yk; rk\;b murpay; mikg;G eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW
vd;gij jPu;khdpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; rk\;b ePjpkd;Wf;F cz;L. ,jd;gb gf;fr;rhu;gw;w Rje;jpukhd
ePjpj;Jiw rk\;b Ml;rpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
06. rk\;b myFfSf;F rkkhd ftdpg;G

rk];b vd;gJ NtWghLfisAk; xUikg;ghLfisAk; nfhz;l xU rpf;fyhd KiwahFk;. NtWghLfs; rk\;b
myFfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;. mit tsq;fs;> rdj;njhif> mgptpUj;jp> ,dq;fs;> njhopy;fs;> rkaq;fs;>
vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; NtWgLfpd;wd. ,t;thwhd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; rk\;b myFfs; rkkhd
Kiwapy; ftdpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
07. ,ul;ilf;FbAupik
rk\;bapy; ,Ukl;lq;fspyhd muR> murhq;fk; epyTtjdhy; kj;jpa> khepy muRfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;Ak; tifapy; ,ul;ilf;FbAupik Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wJ. (USA)

 xw;iwahl;rp murpay; mikg;G tpuptilaf;$ba khjpup xd;whf ,Ug;gNjhL rk\;b murpayikg;G tpNrl
epiyikfspy; Njit vd cUthf;fpf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhFk;.
 njhlu; Nguk; NgRjypd; %yNk rk\;b murpayikg;nghd;W cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. RahjPd myFfis

Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ vt;thW? kj;jpf;Fk; gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; mjpfhuk; gq;fplg;gLtJ vt;thW?
Nghd;w mbg;gilahd tplaq;fs; ,t;thwhd Nguk; NgRjypd; NghJ Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;Fk;.
rk\;b murpayikg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 Kd;du; RahjPdkhf fhzg;gl;l muRfs; my;yJ murpay; myFfs; xNu murhf xd;WgLtjw;fhd Njit
,Uj;jypd; mbg;gilapy; rk\;b muRfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. (Rtpl;ru;yhe;J> If;fpa mnkupf;fh)
 ntspaf mr;RWj;jy; fhzg;gly;> ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfis rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

my;yJ Njrj;jpd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 epyj;jpd; tprhyj;jd;ikAk; rk\;b murpayikg;G xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahf mikAk;

kw;WnkhU fhuzpahFk;. cyfpy; G+Nfhs mbg;gilapy; ngupa muRfs; rk\;b Kiw xd;iw
mwpKfg;gLj;j jPu;khdpg;gJ ,t;tplaj;Jld; vy;yh re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; nghUe;jhtpbDk; If;fpa mnkupf;f
FbauR (1787)> fdlh (1867)> gpNurpy; (1891)> mT];jpN;uypah (1901)> nkf;rpNfh (1917)> ,e;jpah (1947)
Mfpa ehLfs; njhlu;gpy; ,J cz;ikahFk;.
 fyhrhu kw;Wk; ,d gd;ikj;Jtk; rk\;b Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd rhjdkhFk;.

rk\;bthjk; r%f gpsTfSf;Fk; gd;ikj;jd;ikf;Fk; vg;nghOJk; epWtd uPjpahd gjpypid toq;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf ,e;jpahtpd; gpuhe;jpa muRfs; nkhopapid rhu;e;J vy;iyfis epu;zapj;jpUe;jhYk; gQ;rhg;
kw;Wk; fh];kuP ; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; kj uPjpapyhd NtWghLfis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;Ls;sd. Ntw;Wikapy;
xw;Wik fhzy; (Unity in Diversity) vd;w thrfj;jpy; ,e;jf; fUj;J cWjpahf ntspg;gLfpd;wJ.
 tuyhw;W uPjpahf rk\;b murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gLk; %d;W topKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

1. nghJ mgpyhirfis mile;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Kd;du; gpupe;J fhzg;gl;l myFfs; xd;W Nru;e;J kj;jpa
mjpfhu Kiwnahd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
,jd; fPo; ngUk;ghYk; rk\;b murhq;fk; fl;likf;fg;gLtJ epiyahd murpay; [d r%fq;fs; gy jdpj;jdpNa
jkJ milahsq;fisAk; RaepiyikiaAk; ghJfhg;igAk; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; vjpu;g;ghu;g;Gld; xd;W
Nru;jypd; %ykhFk;.
cjhuzk; : 1787 ,y; mnkupf;fh gpuhe;jpaq;fs; 13 ,d; gpujpepjpfspd; re;jpg;gpdhy; If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR
cUthfpaJ. 1848 ,y; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J 1867 ,y; fdlh> 1897 / 98 fspy; mT];l;Nuypah
2. gpupe;j ehL xd;W xd;wpize;J rk\;b Ml;rp Kiw xd;whf kPs fl;likf;fg;gly;. ,J xUrpy Neuq;fspNyNa
Vw;gLk;.
cjhuzk; : ngy;[pak; ,jw;fhd gpujhd cjhuzk;. gpuhd;R nkhop NgRk; gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; xy;yhe;J
nkhop NgRk; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gl;l gpsTfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfspdhy; 1970
kw;Wk; 1980 Mk; jrhg;jq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; ,e;j FOf;fSf;F
mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;lNjhL ,Wjpahf 1995 Mk; Mz;by; ngy;[pak; rk\;b murhf
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. xw;iwahl;rp munrhd;W ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; fyhrhu gy;tifj;jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; rk\;b murhf kPs;
fl;likf;fg;gly;.
cjhuzk; : ];ngapd;> kNyrpah> njd;dhgpupf;fh vd;gd ,jw;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;. Muk;gj;jpypUe;J
xw;iwahl;rpahf fhzg;gl;l ngupa gpupj;jhdpahTk; jw;NghJ rk\;b gz;gpid Nehf;fp efUk; epiyapid
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.)
 xd;whf ,ize;J nfhs;tjw;fhd tpUg;gk;
 NghJkhd nghUshjhu tsq;fs;
 murpay; fy;tp
 Njrpa czu;T
rk\;b murpayikg;gpd; epiwfs;

1. Ntw;Wikapy; xw;Wik fhzKbjy; ,d uPjpapyhd NtWghLfis fPog ; Lj;jp xU ehL xU Njrk; vd;w
rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrj;jpidf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;.
2. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lj;Jiwapd; ,uz;lhk; kd;wj;jpd; %yk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fk;> kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpDs; VNjDk; mstpyhd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij mDgtpj;jy;. mj;Jld; rk\;b
mjpfhuk; fpilj;Js;s gpuhe;jpaq;fs; jdpahf ,Uf;fhky; kj;jpa mur fl;likg;gpy; xd;WNru;jy;
eilngWk;.
3. murhq;f mjpfhukhdJ gfpug;gl;L fhzg;gLtjhy; jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;F cjTk; rkepiy
jiyaPfs; nfhz;l tiyaikg;G xd;W cUthFk;.

4. gpupe;jpUf;fpd;w r%fnkhd;iw xw;Wikg;gLj;j ,duPjpahf gpupe;j kw;Wk; gpuNjr uPjpahf gpupe;j r%fj;jpw;F
rk\;b jPu;T rpwg;ghdjhf mikayhk;. ngy;[paj;jpy; ,dg;gd;ikj;Jtj;ij ,izg;gjw;fhf rk\;b
Ml;rpKiw gpuNahrdkhf mike;jJ.
5. murpay; ahg;G Nkyhd;ik ngWtjhy; kj;jpauR jd;dpr;irahf nraw;gLtjid jLf;f KbfpwJ.
6. gy jd;ikAila jkf;NfAupa ,Ug;ig cj;juthjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Kbahj rpwpaJk; gytPdkhdJkhd

murpd; ,Ug;ig cWjpnra;a KbfpwJ.
7. mjpfhuk; kj;jpa khdpyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; gfpug;gLtjhy; xU ngupa ehl;il mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fp nfhz;L
nry;y KbfpwJ.
8. Njrpa If;fpaj;Jld; gpuhe;jpa Rahl;rp mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; ,zf;fg;ghL Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
9. kj;jpa khdpy muRfSf;F ,ilapyhd mjpfhug;gfpu;T epu;thfj;jpd; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;fr;

nra;fpd;wJ.
rk\;b murpayikg;gpd; Fiwfs;

1. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; ,Ue;J rk\;b murpayikg;G kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gly; vd;w jpirf;F
khw;wkiltij jLg;gjw;F rk\;b thjj;jpw;F Kbahky; NghAs;sJ.
2. xw;iwahl;rp murhq;f KiwAld; xg;gpLk; NghJ rk];b Kiw gytPdkhd murhq;f KiwahFk;
3. ,ul;il murhq;f Kiw epyTtjhy; Nkhjy; cUthFjy;> Njitaw;w fhyjhkjk; Vw;gly;
4. ,U kl;lq;fspyhd epUthf Kiw ,Ug;gjdhy; epUthf xUikg;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;j KbahJ.
5. khdpy muRfspd; tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;fspdhy; ntw;wpfukhd ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifapid eilKiwg;gLj;j
KbahJ
6. nryT mjpfk;
7. fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;g ahg;gpid jpUj;j KbahjpUj;jy;

ghjp rk\;b murpayikg;G

 ghjp (mu;j;j) rk\;b murpayikg;gpy; xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpdJk; kw;Wk; rk\;b murpayikg;gpdJk;
gz;Gfis xUNru milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jd;gb xw;iwahl;rp kw;Wk; rk\;bahl;rp vd;w ,U
tiffSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l murpayikg;ghf ,jid fUj KbAk;.
 ,e;jpah - mu;j;j rk];b njhlu;gpy; vLf;ff;$ba rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; murpayikg;G

Kiwapid xw;iw my;yJ rk\;b murpay; mikg;ngd;W miof;fhky; mu;j;j rk\;b murpayikg;G vd
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,ul;il murhq;f epWtdq;fs;> murpayikg;gpd; cau;j;jd;ik Mfpa gz;Gfspd; %yk; ,e;jpa

murpayikg;G gpujhdkhf rk\;bf;Fupa gz;Gfis fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 vdpDk; xw;iwahl;rpapy; fhzg;gLk; gy gz;GfisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. cjhuzkhf xw;iwf;

FbAupik> gjtpepiy Kiwapd; Mjpgj;jpak; kw;Wk; ,it vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpw;F ngUkstpyhd mjpfhuq;fis murpayikg;gpD}lhf ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpDs; mjpfhug; gfpu;tpid MuhAk;NghJ me;ehl;L murpayikg;G kj;jpa muRf;F

rhu;ghd tifapy; nraw;gl;Ls;sik njspthfpd;wJ. ,jw;F rpy cjhuzq;fisf; fhl;lyhk;.
murufhy epiy gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fspd; mjpfhu gl;bay;

njhlu;gpy; kj;jpa muR rl;lq;fis cUthf;f KbAk;. mj;Jld; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F> gpuhe;jpa
murhq;fq;fspd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 cz;ikapy; mtrufhy epiyikapd; NghJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;G xw;iwahl;rp gz;Gfis

ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; mtrufhy epiy %d;W tifahf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
mitahtd>
1. Njrpa mtru epiy

,e;jpah ntspaf Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F my;yJ cs;sf nfhe;jspg;GfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
ahg;gpd; 352 Mk; cWg;Giuapd;gb [dhjpgjp mtrufhy epiyia gpufldg;gLj;j KbAk;.
2. gpuhe;jpa mtru epiy

ahjhapDk; khepyk; xd;wpy; murpayikg;G ,ae;jpuk; nraypoe;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; murpayikg;gpd; 356 Mk;
cWg;Giuapd;gb [dhjpgjp murufhy epiyia gpufldg;gLj;j KbAk;.
3. epjp neUf;fb epiy

,e;jpahtpd; epjp ,];jpuj;jd;ikf;F neUf;fb epiynahd;W Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; murpayikg;gpd; 360
Mk; cWg;Giuapd;gb [dhjpgjp mtrufhy epiyia gpufldg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 ,ijj; jtpu rhjhuz fhyq;fspYk; $l kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ghuhSkd;Wf;F gpuhe;jpa rl;lj;Jiwapd;

mDkjpapd;wp rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikAld; Gjpa gpuhe;jpaq;fis cUthf;f my;yJ gpuhe;jpaq;fspd;
vy;iyfis khw;wpaikf;fTk; KbAk;.

 Nf.rp. ntau; - “mnkupf;f murpayikg;ig kughu;e;j rk\;bahf tpsf;Fk; mNjNeuk; ,e;jpa

murpayikg;ig mu;j;j rk\;b murpayikg;G vd;fpwhu;.
 mjhtJ “Nkyjpfkhd xw;iwahl;rp gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l rk\;b murpayikg;G vd;gjpYk; ghu;f;f

Nkyjpf rk\;b gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;ghFk;”. vd Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. ,jid mtu;
RUf;fkhf;fkhf $Wk;NghJ “,e;jpa murpayikg;G jd;ikapy; rk\;b vd;whYk; rhuk;rj;jpy; xw;iwahl;rp
murpayikg;Ng” vd;whu;. vdpDk; eilKiwapy; ,e;jpa murpay; mikg;gpy; rk];b gz;Gfs;
tYtile;Js;sikia fhzyhk;.
$l;lhz;ik rk\;b Kiw / Nerf;FOthl;rp

 $l;L rk\;b vd;gjdhy; nghJ tof;fpy; fUjg;gLtJ cld;ghL vd;gjhFk;.
 $l;Lr;rk\;b vd;gJ RahjPd muR myFfSf;fpilapy; neUq;fpa xj;Jiog;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F
mtw;Wf;fpilapy; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gl;l cld;ghlhFk;. ngUk;ghYk; nghUj;jid / xg;ge;jk; %yk;
$l;lhz;ik rk\;b murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gLtNjhL gpd;du; nghJ murpayikg;nghd;W epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
 nghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf xd;W Nru;e;j ,iwikAila muRfspd; xU mikg;Ng $l;LKiwr; rk];bahFk;.
 ,j;jifa nghJ Nehf;fk; ghJfhg;G> nghUshjhuk; kw;Wk; Vida nghJ Nehf;fq;fshf ,Uf;fyhk;.
 mjhtJ tpNrl Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jfnfhs;Sk; vjpu;g;ghu;g;gpy; ,iwik mjpfhuk; nfhz;l muRfshy;
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk; murpayikg;ghFk;.
 Nerf;$l;lhl;rpapy; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; muRfs; jq;fs; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij ,og;gjpy;iy mj;Jld; jhk;
tpUk;gpdhy; ,f;FOtpy; ,Ue;J tpyfpf;nfhs;syhk;.
 Nerf;FO jkf;nfd xU nfhbia nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy.
 $l;lhz;ik rk\;b Kiwapy; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fs; mjpfhuj;jpy; mjpfkhdkhdtw;iw
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F ,Ug;gJ Fiwe;j mjpfhuq;fNsahFk;. kj;jpa murhq;fk;
nra;aNtz;baJ vJ vd;gij jPu;khdpg;gJk; gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fNsahFk; (muRfs;).
 $l;lhz;ik rk\;b Kiwf;F tuyhw;W uPjpapyhd cjhuzkhf Articles of Confederation vd;gjd;
fPo; 1981 – 1987 tiu 13 FbNaw;wq;fshy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpid Fwpg;gpl
KbAk;.
$l;L rk\;bapd; ed;ikfs;

1. tYthd muRfsplk; ,Ue;J gytPdkhd muRfis ghJfhf;f cjTfpwJ.
2. ntspehl;L cwTfs; njhlu;ghd nrytpid ,k;Kiw Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
3. $l;Lkiwr; rk\;b If;fpa czu;tpid Vw;gLj;j cjTfpd;wJ. (USA> N[u;kdp)
4. muRfspd; gu];gu murpay; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Kuz;ghLfs; jPu;f;fg;gl fhuzkhfpd;wJ.
$l;L rk\;bapd; jPikfs;

1. $l;LKiwr; rk\;b mjw;Fr; nrhe;kjhd jdpahd ,uhZtg; gilapidf; nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy
2. ,iwik mjpfhuk; ,d;ik
3. $l;L rk\;b tupfis jpzpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpidf;$l nfhz;bUg;gjpy;iy
4. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; $l;L rk\;bapy; tYTs;s muRfs; mjd; jpl;lq;fis rpijf;Fk; tha;g;Hz;L.

 epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; xOq;fike;jpUf;Fk; Kiwg;gb murpayikg;Gfis gpd;tUkhW

tifg;gLj;jyhk; mitahtd>
1. ghuhSkd;wmurpayikg;G
2. [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G
3. fyg;GKiw murpayikg;G
ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;G
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; nghWg;G gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit / ke;jpuprig

mikr;ruit ngw;wpUf;Fkhapd; mjid ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;G vd;gu;. (gpupj;jhdpah)
,t;tifahd murpayikg;G cila ehLfspy; gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruitNa ika

];jhgdkhf nraw;gLk;.
ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;
01. ,ul;il epu;thfk;
epu;thfkhdJ ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mit ehkepu;thfk;> cz;ik epu;thfkhFk; ,q;F ehk

epu;thfp murpd; jiytUk; cz;ik epu;thfp murhq;fj;jpd; jiytUkhthu;.
02. murhq;fj;jpd; jiytu; murpd; jiytuhy; epakpf;fg;gly;
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpapy; murpd; jiytuhd ehk epu;thfpahy; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhd gpujku;

epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;.
03. fl;rp murhq;fk;
ghuhSkd;w murhq;fkhdJ KOikahf murpay; fl;rp Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU murhq;f

KiwahFk;. nghJg;gpuNahfj;jpy; ke;jpu; rig murhq;f Kiw fl;rp murhq;fkhf miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
04. mikr;ru;fs; gpujkupd; rpghuprpd;gb epakpf;fg;gly;
gpujku; jd; gjtpia Vw;wjd; gpd;du; fgpdl;> fgpdl; my;yhj mikr;ru;fs; gpujkupd; rpghuprpd;
mbg;gilapy; ehk epu;thfpahy; epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;.
05. mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiwapy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpid gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhf ke;jpuprig KOikahf

ghuhSkd;wj;jpypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gLk; cWg;gpdu;fisNa nfhz;bUf;Fk;
06. murhq;fk; xU $l;Lf;FOthfr; nrw;gly;
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpapy; mikr;ruit $l;lhf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Kf;fpa tplakhFk;. mjhtJ
jdpg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; vJthapDk; ke;jpup rigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikahd jPu;khdq;fSf;F cld;gl;L
mj;jPu;khdq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; mikr;ru;fs; flikg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

07. mikr;ruit cWg;gpdu;fs; jdpg;gl;l tifapYk; $l;lhfTk; nghWg;G $Wjy;
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpapy; ke;jpuprig cWg;gpdu;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F jq;fsJ nghWg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf

jdpahfTk; mikr;ruitapd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf $l;lhfTk; nghWg;G $w flikg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
08. rl;lj;Jiwf;Fk; epu;thfj;Jiwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUf;fkhd njhlu;G
ke;jpuprig Ml;rpKiwapy; rl;lj;Jiwf;Fk; epu;thj;Jiwf;Fk; ,ilapy; neUf;fkhd njhlu;G fhzg;gLk;

mjhtJ rl;lj;Jiwapy; ,Ue;J epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwahd mikr;ruit njupT nra;ag;gLtjhNyNa
,j;njhlu;G neUf;fkhdjhFk;.
09. ghuhSkd;wk; gpujhd ,lj;jpidg;ngWk;
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpKiw vd rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wf;fhuzk; ,q;F ghuhSkd;wNk kpf Kf;fpa murpay;

epWtdkhFk;.
10. ghuhSkd;wj;jpidf; fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpid gpujku; nfhz;bUg;ghu;
,t; Ml;rp Kiwapy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpid fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpujkuplk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;

mjpfhukhdJ ru;thjpfhu jd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk; vDk; thjk; Kd;itf;fg;gLtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
11. vjpu;f;fl;rpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpapy; Njrj;jpd; fhtyd; vd vjpu;f;fl;rp rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. murhq;fk; ntw;wpfukhd

nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s vjpu;f;fl;rp toprikf;fpwJ.
ed;ikfs;
1. nghWg;Gila murhq;fk;
2. ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; mikr;ruitf;Fk; ,ilNa xj;Jiog;G ,Uj;jy;
3. vjpu;fl;rpfSf;F gpujhd ,lk; toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
4. [dehafj;jd;ik $baJ.
jPikfs;
1. fl;rp Kiw murhq;fk;
2. fhyjhkjk;
3. murpay; cWjpg;ghL FiwT
4. mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk; ,d;ik
5. vjpu;f;fl;rpfspd; vjpu;g;G epiwe;j epu;thfk;
6. rl;lj;Jiwapd; nry;thf;F mjpfkhf fhzg;gly;
7. gy fl;rp Kiw epyTk; NghJ murhq;fj;jpid mikg;gJ fbdkhFk;.
[dhjpgjp Ml;rp KiwNahL xg;gpLk;NghJ ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; rhjfq;fspy; xd;W

epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapdJk; rl;lj;JiwapdJk; fyg;gpdhy; rf;jptha;e;jJk; cWjpAkhd murhq;fnkhd;iw
cUthf;FtJkhFk;. ,J nghJthf mT];jpNuypah> fdlh> gpupj;jhdpah> nld;khu;f; kw;Wk; [g;ghd;
Mfpa ehLfspy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wJ.

[dhjpgjp murpayikg;G
 ypguy; [dehaf cyfpDs; [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G ghuhSkd;w murpay; mikg;gpw;fhd xU

gpujhd khw;wPlhFk;.
 vt;thnwdpDk; [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;gpidg; Nghd;W cyfk;

KOtJk; gutyile;j murpayikg;G my;y.
 If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbaurpd; [dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiw ,yj;jpd; mnkupf;fhtpd; ngUk;ghyhd

ehLfs; gad;gLj;jpAs;sd. ,jw;F Mrpahtpy; fhl;lg;glf;$ba cjhuzk; gpypigd;]; MFk;.
 [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G cila ehLfspy; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;

nghWg;G [dhjpgjp vDk; jdp xU eguplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
[dhjpgjpj;Jt ahg;gpd; gz;Gfs;

01. jdp epu;thfj;Jiw
[dhjpgjp Kiw xU jdpj;j epu;thf gFjpia nfhz;Ls;sJ. mJ [dhjpgjp gjtpahFk; ,tu; ,urpd;
jiytuhfTk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; nraw;gLthu;.
02. epu;thfj;Jiwapd; cWjpj;jd;ik

ahg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; epu;thfj;Jiw ([dhjpgjp) Fwpg;gpl;l gjtpfhyj;jpw;fhf kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
mtu; gjtp fhyj;jpd; NghJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuid xd;wpd; %yNkh> murhq;f nfhs;if Njhw;fbg;gpd;
%yNkh epu;thfj;Jiwia gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;f KbahJ. ,jdhy; epu;thj;Jiw cWjpj;jd;ikahdjhf
nraw;gLfpwJ.
03. murhq;fk; $l;Lf;FOthf ,y;yhjpUj;jy;

[dhjpgjp Kiwapy; mikr;ruit nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd ,Ug;gpDk; mJ ghuhSkd;w Ml;rpia
Nghd;wjy;y ,q;F mikr;ruit [dhjpgjpapd; MNyhrid kd;wkhf nraw;gLfpd;wJ. mjd;gb [dhjpgjpNa
nfhs;ifj; jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
04. tpidj;jpwd; $ba epu;thfk;

[dhjpgjpj;Jt Ml;rp Kiwapy; jdpegu; epu;thfj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gjdhy; tpiuthf jPu;khdq;fis
vLf;fKbtJld; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;JtJk; ,yFthdjhFk;.
05. tYNtwhf;ff; Nfhl;ghL cs;thq;fg;gl;bUj;jy;

[dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiw tYNtwhf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;bid cs;thq;fpa tifapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,q;F rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thf;Jiw vd;gd jdpj;jdpahf njupT nra;ag;gLtjhy; xU Jiw ,d;ndhU Jiwapy;
jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
06. rl;lj;Jiwf;F nghWg;Gf;$whik

[dhjpgjpj;Jt Ml;rpKiwapy; [dhjpgjp rl;lj;Jiwapy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy Mifahy; ,q;F
[dhjpgjp rl;lj;Jiwf;F nghWg;G nrhy;y Njitapy;iy
07. Fw;wg;gpNuuiz
[dhjpgjpj;Jt Ml;rpKiwapy; [dhjpgjp mjpfhuj;J];gpuNahfj;jpy; <LgLk; NghJ mtiu gjtpapy;
,Ue;J mfw;Wtjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwapid Fw;wg;gpNuuiz my;yJ gopkhl;liwAk; Kiw
vd;gu;.
[dhjpgjp murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd ntw;wp epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J rl;lj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuj;ij

Ntwhf;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpg;gjhFk;. mJ jilfs; kw;Wk; rkd;ghLfs; %yk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;epiyahdJ jspahs; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f cjTfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;
murhq;fj;jpd; xU epWtdj;jpw;Fs; mjpfhuk; Ftpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; jLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ed;ikfs;
1. murhq;fj;jpy; cWjpg;ghL epyTk;
2. epu;thfk; nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJ
3. murpay; fl;rpapd; nraw;ghL> ghjpg;G Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; ,Uj;jy;
4. gy fl;rp Kiw epyTk; ehLfSf;F mjpfk; nghUe;Jk;
5. mtrufhy epiyapy; rpwg;ghf nraw;gl Kbfpd;wJ.
jPikfs;
1. epu;thfj;jpd; jd;dpr;irahd jd;ik
2. rl;l> epu;thfj;JiwfSf;F ,ilapy; Nkhjy; Vw;glyhk;
3. [dehafj;jd;ik Fiwtiljy;
fyg;GKiw murpayikg;G
 gy;NtW murpay; mikg;Gfspd; gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpa murpayikg;Gfs; fyg;G Kiw murpay;
mikg;Gfs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 xU murhq;f Kiwapy; ,U epiwNtw;W epWtdq;fs; nraw;gLkhapd; mjid fyg;G murhq;f

Kiw vd;gu;. (1958 gpuhd;rpd; Ie;jhk; FbauR ahg;G> ,yq;if 1978 mk; mz;L ahg;G)
 Kbahl;rp kw;Wk; $l;lhl;rp vd;w ,uz;L tifahd murpayikg;GfspdJk; gz;Gfis fye;j

murhq;fk; NkYk; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w murpay; mikg;Gfspd; gz;Gfspd;
Nru;f;iffspdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l murpayikg;GfshfNth ,it fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,t;thW fyg;G murpayikg;Gfs; gytifapy; fhzg;gLtNjhL mtw;Ws; kpfTk; mjpfkhdJk;

gpugy;akhdJkhd murpay; mikg;ghf jpfo;tJ ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;gpdJk; [dhjpgjp
murpayikg;gpdJk; mbg;gil gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpa ghjp (mu;j;j) [dhjpgjp Kiw vd
nghJthf miof;fg;gLk;.

 muj;;j [dhjpgjp murpayikg;ghdJ xUGwk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gjpyspf;ff;$ba gpujku; cl;gl;l

mikr;ruitiaAk; kf;fspd; Neub thf;Ffshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk;
nfhz;l [dhjpgjpapidSk; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 mu;j;j [dhjpgjp murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;

1. [dhjpgjp kf;fspd; thf;Ffspdhy; njupT nra;ag;gly;
2. [dhjpgjpf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; fhzg;gly;
3. [dhjpgjpf;Fk; rl;lj;Jiwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G Nra;ikahdjhFk;
4. epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l gpujku; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit xd;W [dhjpgjpf;F epfuhf
fhzg;gLjy;
5. mtu;fs; ghuhSkd;wpd; ngUk;ghd;ik tpUg;gk; cs;stiu gjtpapy; ,Uj;jy;.
6. [dhjpgjpapid Fw;wg;gpNuuiz %yKk; gpujku;> mikr;ruitia ek;gpf;ifapy;yh
gpNuuiz %yKk; gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fyhk;.
 ,ul;il epiwNtw;W Kiw vd miof;fg;gLk; mu;j;j [dhjpgjp Kiw ,uz;L gpujhdpfSldhd

Kiwahf ,Ug;gjhy; mJ epr;rakhf epUthf mjpfhuj;jpy; gpuptpidia cUthf;Fk;.
 mJkl;Lky;yhJ Nenujpu; fl;rpfs; ,uz;bw;F [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;ruitapd; mjpfhuq;fs;

fpilf;fpd;w NghJ ,e;j gpuptpid [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; gpujkUf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLtjw;F
fhuzkhfyhk;. gpuhd];> ,yq;if> gy;Nfupah> ypj;JNtdpah> krpNlhdpah> klf];fhu;> khyp>
nkhrhk;gpf;>&Nkdpah Mfpa ehLfspYk; mu;j;j [dhjpgjp KiwNa eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
(Newton and Deth, 2005, Sodaro 2008)
midj;jhz;ik murpayikg;G (Autocracy)
 midj;jhz;ik murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd gz;ghtJ jdp egupd; iffspy; mur mjpfhuk;
Ftpe;jpUg;gNjhL mt;tjpfhuq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ vt;tpj vy;iyfNsh
fl;Lg;ghLfsh ,y;yhjpUf;fpd;w jd;ikapid Ml;rpahsd; nfhz;bUg;ghu;.
 ,t;thl;rp Kiwapd; fPo; jdpahs; cupikfs; nghJthf ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;glhjNjhL

gyhj;fhuj;jpd; %yNk mjpfhuk; ,ay;ghfNt nfhz;Lr; nry;yg;gLk;. ,jd;gb
midj;jhz;ikahsdpd; mjpfhuj;ij jilnra;af;$ba murpayikg;Ngh my;yJ NtW VNjDk;
rl;lNkh ,t;thl;rpKiwapy; fhzg;glhJ.
 mj;NjhL kf;fSf;F mtu;fspd; murhq;fk; nraw;gl Ntz;baJ vt;thW vd;gJ njhlu;ghf

jkJfUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Nju;jy;fs; Nghd;w [dehaf nrad;Kiwfs;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
 midj;jhzikthj;jpd; gpujhd tuyhw;W tbtkhf ,Ug;gJ kdduhl;rpAk;

Vfhjpgj;jpathjKkhFk;.

 VNjl;irajpfhu Ml;rp KiwiaAk; ,uhZt MizajpfhuKk; $ba Ml;rpKiwia

midj;jhz;ik Ml;rpKiwapy; ,dq;fhz KbAk.;
 vdpDk; ru;thjpfhu (Totalitarian) Ml;rp KiwAk; ,uhZt fl;lis Ml;rpKiwAk; vy;yh

re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; midj;jhz;ik Ml;rpKiwAld; xd;whf gazpg;gjpy;iy.
 midj;jhz;ik Ml;rp Kiw vd;gJ tho;f;if kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; vy;yh mq;fq;fisAk;
epUtfpf;Fk; Ml;rp KiwahFk;.
 midj;jhz;ik Ml;rpKiwapidg; Nghd;Nw ,uhZt fl;lisfSldhd Ml;rp KiwapYk; xU

caupa fll;isahsdhy; me;j Ml;rp Kiwf;F jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;L mjd;%yk;
,uhZt Ml;rpapy; midj;jhz;ik Ml;rp xd;wpid cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
 NkYk; midj;jhz;ikthj my;yJ ,uhZt fl;lisfSldhd Ml;rp Kiwfs;> fk;Adprk;>

[{d;lh my;yJ jdp murpay; fl;rp Nghd;w $l;L jiyikj;Jt ,ay;gpy; cUthf;fg;gl KbAk;.
 rpyNeuq;fspy; midj;jhz;ik Ml;rp Kiw [dehaf murpayikg;gpD}lhfTk; cUthf KbAk;.

jPu;khdnkLj;jy; kw;Wk; jPu;khdq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; tpiuthf nra;a KbAk; vd;gJ
jdpegu; Ml;rp Kiwapd; gpujhd ed;ikahFk;. vt;thwhdg;NghJk; midj;jhz;ik
murpayikg;G [dehafj;ij KOikahf vjpu;f;fpd;wJ.
 vjpu;f;fl;rp nraw;ghLfs; mDkjpf;fg;glhJ
 mbg;gil cupikfs; Rje;jpuq;fs; kWf;fg;gly;
 ru;tNjr nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gly;> Clfq;fs; mjpfkhf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;
 gykhdJk; nraw;wpwd; kpf;fJkhd murhq;fj;jpid mikg;gjw;F ,t;thl;rpKiw JizGupfpd;w

NghJk; [dehaf newpKiwfs; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.

1
murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;
murwptpaypy; Muk;g fhyk; KjNy murpay; fUj;jpay;

gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; 18Mk;> 19Mk;
E}w;whz;Lfspd; gpd;dNu murpaypy; gpugy;ak; kpf;f mk;rkhf
,J khw;wkile;jJ. ,d;iwa murpay; nrad;Kiwfs;
midj;Jk; VNjhnthUtifapy; murpay; fUj;jpaNyhL
njhlu;Gg;gl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. murpaiy jPu;khdpf;Fk;
fhuzpahf fUj;jpay;fs; jpfo;fpd;wd.
gpuhd;rpa Gul;rpapd; gpd;dNu mjhtJ> 1789Mk; Mz;L

gpuhd;rpa ru;tjpfhu Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Gul;rp nra;J kf;fshl;rp
Kiw Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jd; NghJ rghehafiu ikakhff;
nfhz;L mit $lg;gl;lJ. mjd;NghJ mitapy; kd;did
Mjupj;J Gul;rpia vjpu;j;jtu;fs; rghehafUf;F
tyg;GwkhfTk;> kd;did vjpu;j;J Gul;rpia Nkw;nfhz;L
kf;fshl;rpia Nfhupatu;fs; ,lg;GwkhfTk; mku
itf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,q;F rghehafUf;F tyg;Gwkhf
mku;e;jtu;fs; tyJrhupfs; vd;Wk;> ,lg;Gwkhf mku;e;jtu;fs;
,lJrhupfs; vd;Wk; ghFg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. ,jd;
gpd;dzpapNyNa tyJrhupfs; ,lJrhupfs; vd;w ,U
fUj;jpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fUj;jpay;fs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd. ,f;fUj;jpaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
jhuhz;ikthjk;> rkTilik thjk;> Njrpathjk; r%f
[dehafk; khf;rprk;> nydpdprk;> khNthrprk; fUj;jpay;fs;
Njhd;wpd.
jhuhz;ik thjk;
murpay; fUj;jpaypDs; Kjd;ikkpf;f mk;rkhf

jhuhz;ikthjk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. INuhg;ghtpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,f;fUj;jpay;
,d;Wtiu murpaypy; nry;thf;F kpf;f fUj;jpayhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij Kw;whf Mjupf;Fk;
,f;fUj;jpay; 17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; epykhdpa> r%f>
nghUsjhu> murpay; Kiwik kw;Wk; ru;tjpfhu Ml;rp
2
vd;gtw;wpw;F vjpuhd ,f;fUj;jpay; Kjyhspj;Jt murpaypd;
XU fUj;jpayhfTk; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. muR> murhq;fk;
Mfpatw;wpd; Njitaw;w jiyaPl;bypUe;J Rje;jpukiljy;
,f;fUj;jpaypd; gpujhd mk;rkhFk;.
,J Liber vd;w ,yj;jPd; gjj;jpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;.
mjd; mu;j;jk; “Rje;jpuk;”;vd;gjhFk;. jhuhz;ikthj murpay;
jj;Jtj;jpd; %yKk;> nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghl;bd; %yKk;
“Rje;jpuk;” vd;w vz;zf;fU fUjg;gLtJ murpd;
murhq;fj;jpd; Njitaw;w jiyaPl;bypUe;J Rje;jpukiljy;
vd;gjhFk;. (Freedom from undue goverment interference)
17k; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ murdpd; jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd

Ml;rp Kiwikf;F vjpuhf Gjpa r%f tFg;nghd;wpd; vOr;rp
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Muk;g fl;lkhd
,f;fhyj;jpy; cUthd Gjpa tu;j;jf kw;Wk; kj;jpaju
tFg;gpdu;> murpd; jhd; Njhd;wpj;jdkhd Ml;rp KiwapidAk;
jhd;; Njhd;wpj;jdkhd tuj;jf fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tup
Nrfupg;G KiwapidAk; nfhz;l nghUshjhu fl;Lg;ghLfis
nghWj;Jf; nfhs;stpy;iy. ,t;thwhd gpd;dzpapy;
murhl;rpapd; jhd;N;jhd;wpjj;dkhd murpay; kw;Wk;
nghUshjhu jiyaPLfspypUe;J ,tu;fSf;F “Rje;jpuk;”
Njitg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ,J jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; mbg;gilf;
Nfhl;ghlhf tsu;r;rp aile;jJ.
,jd;gb jhuhz;ikthj vz;zf;fUtpd; mbg;gil

fUj;J murpd; murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;bypUe;Jk; mjd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;Jk; ngWfpd;w Rje;jpukhFk;. (Freedom from
goverment’s interference and constraints inpoted by goverment)
,f; fUj;J
m. jj;Jthu;j;j
M. murpay;rhu; jsj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gpize;J
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3
I jj;Jthu;j;j mbg;gil
gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; %yk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gjw;F

vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk; (Negative freedom) vd;w tifapy; Gjpa
tpsf;fnkhd;W toq;fg;gl;lJ. jilfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs;>
jiyaPLfs; ,d;wp egu;fs; mDgtpf;Fk; Rje;jpuNk ,jd; %yk;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
NkYk;> jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf murpdhy; ifJ

nra;ag;gLtjpypUe;J tpLgLk; Rje;jpuk; (Freedom from arbitary
arrest) jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf muR gpwg;gpf;fpd;w tup
KiwfspypUe;J tpLgLk; Rje;j;puk; vd;wthW gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;Jtk; Rje;jpuk; vd;gij “vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk;”
vd cUthf;fp cs;sJ.
murpay; mbg;gil ,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ murpd; jiyaplhf;

nfhs;ifahFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu Nfhl;ghlhf
tsu;r;rpaile;;j mur jiyaplhf; nfhs;ifapdhy;
nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay; Jiwfspy; murhq;fj;jpd;
jiyaPL Fiwe;jgl;rkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd $wg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpu nghUshjhuKk; Rje;jpu re;ijAk; murpd; jiyaplhf;
nfhs;ifAld; ,ize;Js;s gpujhd ,U vz;zf;fUf;fshFk;.
murhq;fj;jpd; jiyaPl;ilAk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; Fiwj;Jf;

nfhz;L Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Ffpd;w re;ijnahd;wpd; kPJ
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l Rje;jpu nghUshjhuk; njhlu;ghd fUj;Nj
,jd; mbg;gilahFk;. jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vd;gij> Rje;jpjpu
re;ij kw;Wk; nghUshjhuj;jpF mj;jpahtrpakhd mbg;gil
epge;jidahf gioik jhuhz;ik thjk; fUJfpd;wJ.
jhuhz;ikthjKk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuKk;
jdpahs; Rje;jpk; - gioik jhuhz;ik thjj;jpd; mbg;gil

Nfhl;ghlhfTk; eilKiw jhuhz;ik thjj;jpd; murpay;
4
kw;Wk;; murpayikg;G rpe;jidapd; Kjw;gbahfTk; fUjg;gLk;
vz;zf;fUthFk;.
jhuhz;ikthj jj;Jtj;jpYk;> r%f> murpay;>

nghUshjhu jj;Jtq;fspdJk; Nfhl;ghLfspdJk; mbg;gil
fw;ifahd jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vDk; tplakhdJ gy;NtW
fw;gidfspd; %yk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mitahtd :
r%fkhdJ jdpegu;fshy; MdJ. mjdhy; r%fk;

vd;gJ jdpegu;fspdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs;
$l;lhFk;.
r%fj;jpy; cs;s jdpegu;fs; xt;nthUtUk;

(Individuals) Rje;jpukhf (Free) ju;f;f uPjpahf (rational)
rpe;jpf;ff;$ba RahjPdkhd (Autonomous) kdpjdhtu;.
r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Rje;jpukhdJ> ju;f;f uPjpahd

mwpTila kw;Wk; RahjPdkhd egh;fs; jdJ khdpl
Mw;wy;fis cr;rstpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajhf
,Ug;gjhFk;. ntspj;jilfs; mjhtJ> murhq;fj;jpdJk;
r%fj;jpdJk; fl;Lg;ghLfs;> jilfs;> jiyaPLfis Fiwj;J
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk; Rje;jpukhd #oy; MFk;. ,JNt ‘Rje;jpuk;’
MSfpd;w #oyhFk;.
jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w tifapy;

Ml;rpnra;tNj murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jid rl;lj;jpd;
Ml;rp> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu> r%f Jiwfspy; Fiwe;j
mur jiyaPl;il cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w murhq;fj;jpdhNyNa
nra;a KbAk;. mJ “jhuhz;ik” murhq;f KiwahFk;.
5
jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidahsh;fs;
Njhk]; n`hg;]; (1586 - 1679)
,q;fpyhe;jpy; cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; eilngw;w

fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j ,tu; ve;j tifapYk; jhuhz;ikthj
rpe;jidahsu; my;yu;. vdpDk; jhuhz;ik murpay;
jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gil tplaq;fshd
(m) murpd; mbg;gil jdpkdpjdhthd;
(M) jdpegu; ju;f;fuPjpapyhd rpe;jidAs;s
RahjPd kdpjdhthd;.
(,) muR vd;gJ kdpju;fspd; r%fuPjpahd
gilg;ghFk; vd;w fUj;Jf;fspd;
Kd;Ndhbahthu;.
n`hg;]; vNjr;rjpfhu murhq;fj;ij rl;l Kiwahd

murhq;fkhf khw;Wtjw;F 1652 ,y; murpay; jj;Jtj;jpDs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; nytpajd; (Leviathan) vd;w E}ypid
ntspapl;lhu;.
murpd; Njhw;wk; njhlu;ghf mtu; fl;bnaOg;gpa r%f xg;ge;j

Nfhl;ghl;bDs;> gpd;ida fhyj;jpd; ypguy;thjk; njhlu;gpyhd
rpe;jidsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspy; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs;
%d;Wk; Mokha; fhzg;gl;ld.
N[hd; nyhf; (1632 - 1704)
INuhg;ghtpy;; kd;duhl;rp Kiw khwp [dehafj;jpd; thrk;

ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; Efug;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ntisapy;
tho;e;jtuhthu;. n`hg;Rf;Fg; gpd;du; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpa
gpujhd murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd ,tu; jhuhz;ikthj
murpay; rpe;jidapd; cz;ikahd Muk;g fUj;jhththu;.
murhl;rpf;F vjpuhdtuhd nyhf; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; kd;du; Ml;rp

kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Mfpaw;Wf;F ,ilapy; eilngw;w
6
mjpfhu Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ghuhSkd;w thjpfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;jhu;.
nyhf; 1690fspy; “murhq;fk; njhlu;ghd ,U

fl;Liufs;” vd;w E}iy ntspapl;L gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; murpay; mbg;gilapid fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;.
jhuhz;ikthj murpay; fUj;jpaYf;F nyhf; Kd;itj;j
gpujhd fUj;Jf;fis gpd;tUkhW fhl;l KbAk;.
mur mjpfhuj;jpd; %yhjhuk; kf;fshtu;.
kf;fshy; epge;jidfSld; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gld;

(Trusteeship) $ba mjpfhuj;jpdhNyNa murhl;rp
nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; Ml;rpahsUfF; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ
nghJkf;fshy; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j

nghWg;Gld; $ba mjpfhuj;ij epge;jidfis
kPwhjtifapy; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Ml;rpahsu;
flikg;gl;bUe;jdu;.
nghJ kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;> tho;f;if> kw;Wk;

nrhj;Jf;fspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jy;
me;epge;jidfspd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
jq;fSld; cld;gl;Ls;s Ml;rpahsu;fs; ,e;j

epge;jidfis kPWthu;fshapd; mtu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ij kPsg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;
cupik kf;fSf;F cz;L.
murhq;fj;jpw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuNk

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j mjpfhuk; ,Utopfspy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
7
(m) murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk;> kf;fshy; Ml;rpahsUf;F
toq;fpAs;s nghWg;Grhu; cld;gbf;ifapd;
epge;jidfs; %yk; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;.
(M) nghJ kf;fs; Ml;rpahsUf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

fhyj;jpw;Nf mjpfhuk; toq;fp ,Ue;jik. nyhf;fpdhy;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l ,t;turpay; rpe;jidia
‘tuk;Gila murhq;fk;’ gw;wpa vz;zf;fU vdyhk;.
nkhz;l];fpA+ (1689 - 1755)
gpuhd;rpa murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd ,tupd;> “mjpfhu

Ntwhf;fk;” njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghL jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidf;F
Kf;fpa gq;fspg;G nra;jJ. fp.gp. 1748 ,y; gpuhd;]pa nkhopapy;
ntspapl;l “rl;lj;jpd; capu;” vd;w fl;Liuapy; ,J njhlu;ghd
rpe;jidia Kd;itj;Js;shh;
,jd; gpujhd %yf;nfhs;ifahtJ> murhq;fj;jpd;

mjpfhukhdJ rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa
gpujhd JiwfSf;filNa gpupj;J itf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhFk;.
mt;thW ,y;yhky; ,t;tjpfhukhdJ xU epWtdj;jplk;

my;yJ xU eguplk; xd;W Ftpf;fg;gLk;NghJ jdpahs;
Rje;jpuj;ij kPWk; Ml;rp Kiwnahd;W cUthFk;;. ,jid
nkhd;l];fpA+ “nfhLq;Nfhy; Ml;rp” (Tyranny) vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. murhq;fj;jpd; ,t;tjpfhuq;fis gpujhd
%d;W JiwfSf;fpilNa njspthf Ntwhf;fy; kw;Wk;; ,e;
epWtdq;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; RahjPdkhf ,aq;fr; nra;tjd;
%yNk ,jid jLf;f KbAk; vd;fpwhu;.
murpay; mjpfhuk; Ml;r;rpahsu;fshy; nfhLq;Nfhz;ikahd

tifapy; gad;gLj;Jk; mghak; njhlu;e;jpUg;gjhy;
nghJkf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; ,e;j
mjpfhuq;fSf;F jilfis Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w
8
rpe;jidapd; tpisthf ,e;j vz;zf;fU
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdNtjhd; nkhz;l];fpA+ murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij xU eguplNkh

my;yJ epWtdj;jplNkh xd;W Ftpf;ff;$lhJ vd Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
[Pd; n[f; &Nrh (Jean Jacques Rousseau) (1712 - 1778)

gpuhd;rpa ,dj;jtuhd &Nrh r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;bid
Kd;ndLj;J nrd;wtu;fspy; xUtuhthu;. 1762 ,y; ntspahd
“r%f xg;ge;jk;”; vDk; E}y; mtupd; gpujhd murpay; E}yhFk;.
&NrhTk;> nyhf;> nkhz;l];fpA+ Nghd;Nw murpdhy;; kdpj

Rje;jpuk; kPwg;gLfpd;wikapypUe;J ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjpy; mf;fiw nrYj;jpdhu;.
kf;fshy; jkJ Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G vd;gdtw;iw

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l murpdhNyNa
mtu;fspd; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F ghjpg;G Vw;gLk; mghak; cs;sJ.
,e;j GjpUf;F &Nrh nfhLj;j jPu;T mur mjpfhukhdJ
murpDs; xOq;fike;Js;s midtupdJk; eyidf; fUj;jpw;
nfhz;ljhf mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
&Nrh ,uz;L vz;zf;fUf;fis ikag;gLj;jp jdJ

fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;Js;shu;.
I. “nghJ tpUg;gk;”; (General Will) vd;gJ KjyhtjhFk;. muR

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJ Ml;rpahsu; vDk; rpyupd;
tpUg;gpidNah ey;tho;tpidNah my;yhky; murpy;
cWg;gpduhf cs;s midtupdJk; xl;L nkhj;j tpUg;gj;jpid
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vd;gNj ,jd; mu;j;jkhFk;.
II. “kf;fs; ,iwik” vd;gJ ,uz;lhtJ MFk;. kf;fs;

,iwikapd; nrhe;jff;fhu; muNrh my;yJ
Ml;rpahsu;fNshtd;wp nghJ kf;fNs vd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
,t; ,iwik ghuhjPdg;gLj;jg;glyhfhJ.
9
02. rkTilik thjk;
19k; E}w;whz;by; [Nuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l murpay;

fUj;jhFk;. ,f;fUj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F 17k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
mgptpUj;jp mile;j ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfspy;;
xd;whf INuhg;gpa Kjyhspj;Jt r%fj;jpy; Vw;wg;gl;l
Nkhrkhd tu;f;f Kuz;ghLk;> njhopyhsu; tuf;fj;jpd;
fLikahd tWik epiyAk; ,jw;F fhuzkhfpaJ.
19k; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; njhopw;rq;f

,af;fq;fSk; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; Fiwe;j $yp ngWfpd;w mjpf
ciog;G Ruz;lYf;F cl;gl;l njhopyhsu; tFg;gpd;
cupikfis ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL
tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jJ.
rkTilikthjk; vDk; fUj;Jf;fspd; tsu;r;rpia ,U

fhyfl;lq;fshf tFj;J Nehf;f KbAk;.
jdpahu; nrhj;Jilikia ePf;fp nghJ nrhj;Jilikia

Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; vOe;jJ. ,jd; %yk; cw;gj;jp gq;fPl;L
mk;rq;fs; jdpahuplk; nrwpe;Jf; fhzg;gLtij ePf;fp xU
nghJ nrhj;J Kiwia Vw;gLj;JtJ %yk; r%f Vw;wj;
jho;it ePf;fyhk; vd vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;l;lJ.
fhu;y;khu;f;]; kw;Wk; ngl;upf; Vq;fy;]; Mfpa ,UtUk;

,ize;J Kd;itj;j rkTilikthjk; njhlu;ghd etPd
fUj;J ‘khf;]pathjk;’ vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
jkJ Gjpa Nfhl;ghl;bid rkTilik njhlu;ghd gioik

fUj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;F “tpQ;Qhd
rkTilik” thjk; vd ,tu;fs; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
milahsg;gLj;jpdu;. ,J khf;]pa rkTilikthjk; vdTk;
mwpag;gLfpwJ. 1848 ,y; khu;f;]; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;]; ntspapl;l
‘fkpA+dpr mwpf;if’ %yk; “rkTilikthjk;”; gw;wpa khf;rpa
Nfhl;ghL Kjd;Kiwahf xOq;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
10
mjpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd fUj;Jf;fs; rpytw;iw gpd;tUkhW
RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Kjyhspj;Jt r%f> nghUshjhu Kiwik njhopyhsu;

tFg;gpd; ciog;igr; Ruz;Ljy; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s
kw;Wk; epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mynfhd;whFk;.
jdpahs; nrhj;J Kiwik kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp topKiwfspy;

jdpahs; cupikfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kjyhspj;Jt
Kiwik fhzg;gLk; tiu ciog;Gr; Ruz;ly; kw;Wk; r%f
mrkj;Jt epiy fhzg;gLk;.
,e;j ciog;G Ruz;ly;> tWik kw;Wk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ik

vd;gtw;iw ,y;yhJ nra;a Ntz;Lkhapd; Kjyhspj;Jt r%f
nghUshjhu Kiwikia ,y;yhJ nra;J mjw;F gjpyhf
rkTilik r%f nghUshjhu Kiw xd;wpid Gjpjhf
cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.
nrhj;J kw;Wk; nghUshjhu cw;gj;jp topKiwfspy; jdpahu;

cupikia ,y;yhJ nra;J mtw;iw nghJ r%f cupikahf
fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,jd; NghJ
nghUshjhu tsj;jpw;fhd nrhe;jf;fhuu;fshf nghJkf;fs;
fhzg;gLtu;. tug;gpurhjq;fisg; ngw;w xUrpyu; my;yu;.
,jd; NghJ r%f tsq;fspd; %yk; cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gLfpd;witfis ahtUk; rkkhd Kiwapy;
mDgtpf;f KbAk;. cw;gj;jp> gupkhw;wk; kw;Wk; Efu;T
rkj;Jtj;jpd; kPJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ r%f
tFg;Gf;fshf gpupe;J nry;tJ (tu;f;fNtWghL) njhlu;e;jpUf;f
khl;lhJ.
,t;thwhd r%f nghUshjhu gupkhw;wq;fs; Vw;gl

Ntz;Lkhapd; mjid r%f Gul;rp xd;wpd; ClhfNt
rhj;jpag;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; jiyikj;Jtk;
jhq;FtJ njhopyhsu; tu;f;fkhFk;. njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd;
11
jiyikapy; Vw;gLk; ‘rkTilik Gul;rp’ Kjyhspj;Jt
r%fj;jpy; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpw;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jt
tu;f;fj;jpw;FkpilNa Vw;gLk; tu;f;f Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
tpisNtahFk;.
rkTilikg; Gul;rp jPtpu murpay; gupkhw;wkhFk;. ,jd;NghJ

Kjyhspj;Jt muir tPo;j;jp njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpdhy; mur
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;tJ ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd;%yk;
Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpd; murpay; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhJ NghFk;.
rkTilik murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd flikahtJ Kjyhspj;Jt

nghUshjhu Kiwikia> nrhj;J njhlu;ghd nghJ
cupikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l rkTilik nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; r%f Kiwik xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;Fj; Njitahd
jPtpu gupkhw;wj;jpw;F jiyikj;Jtj;ij toq;FtjhFk;.
rkTilik r%fj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; “fk;A+dp];” r%f

Kiwikahf gupkhw;wk; milAk;. nfhkpAdp];l; r%f
Kiwik KOikahf xw;Wik kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%f gupkhw;wkhf cUntLg;gNj
,jd; ,Wjp ngWNgwhFk;.
,J jhuhz;ikthjj;jpid Nghd;N;w r%f nghUshjhu

murpay; fl;likg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fk; kw;WnkhU
fUj;jpayhFk;.
vdpDk; jhuhz;ikthjk; Kjyhspj;Jt fUj;jpayhFk;.

rkTilikthjk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk;
fUj;jpayhFk;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; rkTilikthjk; murpay; jj;Jtkhf

khwpaJ. ,jd; %yk; Kjyhspj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd ghupa
tpku;rdq;fs; khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;fs; INuhg;ghtpYk; fhyzpj;Jt
ehLfspYk; ngupJk; gutpaJ.
12
cjhuzkhf : 1917 ,u\;a Gul;rp> 1949 rPdg;Gul;rp> ,uz;lhk;
cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpd; rkTilik
murhq;fq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gly;> 1959 fpA+g Gul;rp> INuhg;ghtpd;
njhopyhsu; tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lq;fs; vd;gd rkTilik
fUj;jpaypdhy; cUg;ngw;witahFk;.
rkTilikthjk; murpay; fUj;jpayhf ,d;ndhU

gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cs;shdJ. khf;\pathjk; fw;gpj;j “Gul;rpfu
rkTilikf;F” (Revolutionary Socialism) rkhe;jukhf
“%d;whk; cyf ehLfspd; rkTilik” (Third World Socialism)
thjk; vd;w fUj;Jk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpahtpd; [tù;yhy; NeU> vfpg;jpd; mg;Jy;fkhy; erhu;

kw;Wk; jd;rhdpahtpd; [Pypa]; epauhNu Nghd;Nwhu; ,jd;
Kf;fpa rpe;jidahsu;fshtu;.
%d;whk; cyf rkTilikthjk; khf;\pa rkTilik

Nfhl;ghLfspy;; fhzg;gl;l rkj;Jtk; kw;wk; r%f ePjp
njhlu;ghd fUj;jpd;; mbg;gilapNyNa fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fhyzpj;Jt fhyj;jpy; ypguy; Kjyhspj;Jtthjpfs; jhq;fs;

cupikahf;fpf; nfhz;l ehLfspd; nghUshjhu FiwtpUj;jp
kw;wk; r%f rkj;Jtkpd;ikf;F gupfhuk; fpilf;fhJ vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l ,e;j jiytu;fs; gpd; fhydpj;Jt
r%fq;fSf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jKila nghUshjhu
khw;wq;fis Njbdu;. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdJk;>
rkTilikthjj;jpdJk; %yf; nfhs;iffis fye;J
cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;j khw;Wf;fUj;jpidAk; ‘rkTilikthjk;’
vd;Nw miof;fpd;wdu;.
13
3 . FbauRthjk;
murpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpd;w fUj;jpay;fSs;
FbauRthjk; vd;w fUj;jpaYk; Kf;fpakhdJ ,J ypguy;
thjk; Nghd;Nw murpay; rpj;jhe;jkhf ,Ug;gNjhL murpay;
Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk; murpay; jj;Jtk; vd;w tifg;gLj;jYf;Fk;
cl;gLfpd;wJ.
FbauRthjk;> murpay; vz;zf;fUthfTk;> jj;JtkhfTk;

ePz;l tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tuyhW fpNuf;f>
cNuhk Afq;fs; tiu ePz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ypguy;thjk; kw;Wk; FbauRthjk; vd;gd xd;Nwhnwhd;W

khWgl;l murpay; fUj;jpayhf ,y;yhjtplj;Jk;> ,it
,uz;Lf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w NtWghLfis mwpe;J
nfhs;sy;> ,f;fUj;jpay;fis rupahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sTk;
cjTk;.
murpay; gpuirfs;> gpurh cupik> Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; murpay;

njhlu;ghd FbauRthj fUj;Jf;fs; etPd muR> mjd;
,ay;igAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ.
FbauRthj fUj;jpd; tsu;r;rpia ehd;F fl;lq;fspy; fhl;l

KbAk;.
1. gioik FbauRthjk; :-
fpNuf;f kw;Wk; cNuhk FbauRthj Afk;
mup];Nlhl;by;> nghypgpa]; kw;Wk; rprNuh
2. INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp fhyk; :-

kf;fpahty;yp mgptpUj;jp nra;j FbauRthj rpe;jid
14
3. gjpndl;lhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; mnkupf;f
FbauRthjk; :-
&Nrh> nkhz;l];fpa+> mnkupf;fhtpd; Njhk]; n[gu;rd;
kw;Wk; N[k;]; nkbrd;.
4. ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; FbauRthjk; :-

`dh Mu;nld;l;> FNtd;bd; ];fpdu;>
gpypg; ngl;bl;> (Hannah Arendt, Quenton Slicner, Philip
Pettit)
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;L FbauRthjj;jpd; gpujhd

fUj;jpayhsu;fspd; Fbahl;rpthjj;jpy; nghJthd
%yf;nfhs;iffs; rpy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
(m). FbauRthjk; murhl;rp Kiwikf;F

NenujpuhdjhFk;. ,J 18Mk; 19Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf mgptpUj;jpaile;j
njhd;whFk;.
(M) FbauRthjj;jpd;gb ,iwikapd; cupikahsd;

murpd; Ml;rpahsd; md;wp nghJkf;fshtu;. ,JTk; gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;jpw;F rkhe;jukhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w murhl;rpf;F
vjpuhd epiyg;ghlhFk;.
(,) murpd; jiytd; kf;fspd; thf;Ffspdhy; njupT

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaNjhL ,f;fUj;J
18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; tsu;r;rpaile;j Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
(<) gpuirfs; murpay; uPjpahf cz;ikahfTk;>

JUtpuha;fpd;w murpay; tpyq;fhf nraw;ghLfspy;
gq;Fg;gw;Wthu;.
murpay; uPjpahf nraw;ghl;Lld; ,Ue;J nghJ
ed;ikf;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; cioj;jy; FbauRthj
gpuirnahUtupd; gpujhd gz;ghFk;. ,J mup];Nlhl;bypd;
fhyj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngw;WtUk; fUj;jhFk;.
15
,e;j Fzhk;rq;fisNa “rptpy; ey;nyhOf;fk;” (Civic
Virtue) vd;fpd;wdu;.
(c) midj;J gpuirfspdJk; nghJ eyDf;fhfNt

gpuirfs; murpay; r%fkhf xOq;fike;Js;sdu;.
(C) murpaypd; Nehf;fk; Rje;jpukhFk;. mJ gpuirfspd;

nraw;ghl;bdhNyNa ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;glf; $bajhFk;.
,yFtpy; ,y;yhky; Nghff;$ba tskhd Rje;jpuj;ij
ghJfhff;f; $baJ gpuirfspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;wypdhyhFk;.
rpy gz;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk;

FbauRthjk;; Mfpad xd;wpw;nfhz;L NtWgLfpd;wJ.
m) gpuirAk; murpaYk;
FbauRthjj;jpw;F Vw;g gpurh cupik vd;gJ ntWkNd
murpd;/ murpay; r%fj;jpy; cWg;Gupikia ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ
kl;Lky;y. murpay; nraw;ghl;by; nraY}f;fj;Jld; gq;Fgw;Wk;>
mjD}lhf nghJ ed;ikf;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; ciof;fpd;w
gpuirfspd;
ew;gz;ghFk;.
“murpaypy; <LgLjy;” vd;gJ me;j nghJ ed;ikAk;>

Rje;jpuj;ijAk; mile;Jf;nfhs;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L
Vida gpuirfSlDk; ,ize;J $l;Lzu;Tld;
nraw;gLtjhFk;. gpuir nraY}f;fj;Jld; murpaiy
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epiyapy; Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
vdpDk; ,J gw;wpa jhuhz;ikthj fUj;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.

gpurhTupik vd;gJ murpd; / murpay; r%fj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk;
fpilg;gjhFk;. jhuhz;ikthj [dehaf murpy; gpuir jdf;F
fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;s Rje;jpuj;ij jdpahfTk;> mikjpahfTk;
mDgtpgg; jhFk;. jhuhz;ikaw;w kw;wk; [dehafkw;w
murpay; KiwapNyNa gpuirfs; nraY}f;fj;Jldhd murpay;
Nghuhl;lk; ,lk;ngWk;.
16
M) Rje;jpuk;
jhuhz;ikthjk; “Rje;jpuj;ij” jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; (Personal
Freedom) vd;Nw mu;j;jg;gLj;jpaJ. mjhtJ murpd;> r%fj;jpd;
kw;Wk; VidNahupdJ jilfspYk;
jiyaPLfspYkpUe;J tpLgl;L jdpegu;fs; jdJ tpUg;gg;gb
VidNahUf;F ,ilA+W Vw;glhtz;zk; rpe;jpf;fpd;w
nraw;gLfpd;w kw;Wk; tho;tjw;fhd Rje;jpukhFk;. ,jid
“vjpu;kiw Rje;jpuk;” (Negative Freedom) vd Fwpg;gpLtu;.
mjhtJ jilfs; ,d;wp
fpilf;fpd;w Rje;jpuk; (Freedom From Constraint) vd;gjhFk;.
FbauRthjj;jpw;fpzq;f Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ gpuirfs; jq;fsJ

Nghuhl;lq;fspd; %yk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;w kw;Wk; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;w cupikahFk;. Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ ,ayg;ghf
,of;fg;glf;$ba mr;RWjj;jYf;F Kfk; nfhLfpd;w nghJthd
cupikahFk;. mjid ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F
jhuhz;ikthjk; Kd;itf;Fk; rl;luPjpahd> murpay;
tiuaiwfs; NghJkhdjhf ,y;yhjpUg;gNjhL mjw;fhf
gpuirfspd; gq;Fg;gw;wy; (Civic engegment) mj;jpatrpakhFk;.
jw;fhy FbauRthj rpe;jid

20 Mk; E}w;whz;by; FbauRthjj;jpd; gpujhd
rpe;jidahsu;fshd n`dhnùd;bl;> FNtd;bd;
];fpdu;> gpypg; ngl;b MfpaNahupd; rpe;jidfspy; gpujhd ,U
fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
92
murpay; Mjpgj;jpathjj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l Rje;jpuk;
Rje;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Clfkhf gpuirfspd;
nraw;ghL 20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; FbauRthjk; gpuirfspd;
murpay; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; njhlu;gpy; tpNrl ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wikahy; mJ “gpuirfspd; FbauRthjk;” (Civics
Republication) vdTk; miof;fg; gLfpwJ.
17
4 r%f [dehafk;
,J gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpaiug;gFjpapy;

Muk;gkhfp jw;fhyj;jpYk; nraw;gLfpd;w vz;zf; fUthFk;.
1860fspy; N[u;kdpapy; njhopyhsu; ,af;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w N[u;kdpa r%f [dehaf fl;rp ,jd;
Kd;Ndhbahf fhzg;gl;lJ.
20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g jrhg;jq;fspy; [Nuhg;gpa ehLfspy;

njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdiu mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xOq;fike;j
njhopw;rq;fq;fspd; Clhf r%f [dehaffl;rp Njhw;wk;
ngw;Ws;sij fhzyhk;. N[u;kdpapy; njhopyhsu; ,af;fj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w N[u;khdpa r%f
[dehaf fl;rp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
r%f [dehafk; vDk; NghJ jhuhz;ikthjk; kw;Wk;

khf;rpathjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mtw;wpd; Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fis jd;dfj;Nj cl;nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l fUj;J
tbtkhFk;. Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpdJk; khf;rpathjj;jpdJk; fyg;G
vd;Wk; $wyhk;. Muk;gj;jpy; r%f [dehafk; $Ljyhf
khf;rpathj jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jw;F njhopw;rq;f
,af;fq;fNs mbg;gilahf mike;jd.
r%f [dehaf ,af;fq;fspy; Gjpa kWkyu;r;rpia ,uz;lhk;

cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; N[u;kd; kw;Wk; ];nfd;bNdtpa
ehLfspy; fhz Kbe;jJ.
khf;]p;thjj;jpd; nry;thf;if ngw;Wf; nfhz;Lk; mjidNa

jkJ epiyg;ghlhff; nfhz;Lk; INuhg;ghtpy; r%f [dehafk;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. me;j r%f [dehaf njhopyhsu; fl;rpfs;
Muk;gj;jpy; khf;]pathjj;jpd; nry;thf;if ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lit fshf fhzg;gl;ld.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g jrhg;jq;fspy; r%f

[dehafkhdJ khf;]pathj kw;Wk; Gul;rpfu
18
rkTilikthjj;jpypUe;J NtWgl;l fUj;jpay;
Kidg;gpidAk; murpay; uPjpahd milahsj;jpidAk;
ngw;wJ. N[u;kd; r%f [dehaf fl;rpapd; jiytuhd vl;tu;l;
Ngd;];ild; (1850 - 1932) (Edward Bernstein) mjd;
Kd;NdhbAk; ,e;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; gpujhd
rpe;jidahsUkhthu;.
Muk;gj;jpy; khf;]pathjpahd ,tu; njhopyhsu;fspd; fl;lhag;

Gul;rp njhlu;ghd fUj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;stpy;iy.
ghuhSkd;wj;ij Clfkhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;L rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd;
%yk; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu; rkTilikthj Nehf;fq;fis
mile;J nfhs;s KbAk.; vd;w Gjpa rpe;jidia r%f
[dehafthjj;jpw;F ,tu; toq;fpdhu;.
1930fspd; gpd;du; murpd; eyd;Gupthj fUj;J r%f [dehaf

rpe;jidAld; xd;wpize;jJ. r%f [dehafj;ij
rkTilikthj;jpd; xU Jiwahf fUJtjw;fhd gpd;dzpahf
,e;j rpe;jidapd; ,izg;G fhzg;gl;lJ.
murpay; rpe;jidahf r%f [dehafj;jpd; gpujhd

mbg;gilfs; Kjyhspj;Jt r%f nghUshjhu Kiwikapdhy;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w jPtpu nghUshjhu mrkepiy> tWik
kw;Wk; r%f mePjpfSf;F Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpDs;
jPu;tpd;ikapdhy; me;j Kiwikia epuhfupf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjhFk;.
Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F khw;wPlhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w

rkTilikthjk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l
gpur;rpidfSf;F rpwe;j Kd;nkhopTfis nra;jJ. vdpDk;>
Gul;rp xd;wpD}lhd epiykhw;wj;jpdhy; rkTilikthjj;ij
Njhw;Wtpg;gJ vd;gJ khf;rpathjj;jpd; eilKiwf;F
mg;ghw;gl;L cs;sJ.
Kjyhspj;Jt Kiwik> r%f rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f ePjp

gw;wpa rkTilikthj mbg;gilfspy; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis
19
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Kjyhspj; Jtj;jpd; gpur;rpidfSf;F
rkTilikthj jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij rkTilikthj mbg;gilfSf;F Vw;g

kWrPuikg;G nra;j NghJ xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l nfhs;if uPjpahd
mbg;gilfs; gpd;tUkhW>
01. nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; murpd; jiyaPL :

,J mur jiyapLfsw;w jhuhz;ik Kjyhspj;Jt
mbg;gilapy; ,Ue;J njspthf NtWg;gl;ljhFk;. mur
jiyaPl;bd; %yk; nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nghf;fpid epUtfpj;jy;
kw;Wk; top elj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;. ,jd; %yk; re;ijg;
nghUshjhuj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjfkhd r%f> nghUshjhu
tpisTfSf;F (r%f rkkpd;ik> tWik> r%f mePjp) jPu;T
fhzKbAk;.
02. fyg;G nghUshjhuk;

,jD}lhf Kjyhspj;Jt kw;wk; rkTilik thj
nghUshjhu mbg;gilfisAk; nfhs;iffisAk;
xd;wpizj;jNy Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ. re;ijg; nghUshjhuk;
,lk;ngWk; mNjNeuk; mjid muR epUtfpj;jy; fyg;G
nghUshjhuj;jpd; (Mixed Economy) gpujhd gz;ghFk;.
03. r%f eyd;Gup

Kjyhspj;Jt jhuhz;ikthj nghUshjhu Kiwapy;
r%f eyd;Gup vd;w vz;zf;fU fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. ,J
re;ij rf;jpfs; %yk; eyd;Gupfis tYg;gLj;Jtjhf
mike;jJ.
,e;j fUj;jpid r%f [dehafthjk; KOikahf
epuhfupg;gNjhL Rje;jpu re;ijahdJ mrkepiyia
Vw;gLj;JNk jtpu ,tw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfis ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fhJ
vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.4 ,jw;fhf r%f
[dehafthjkhdJ nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj; Jiwfspy;
murpd; Neub jiyaPl;Lldhd r%f eyd;Gupfis (Social
Welfarism) Kd;nkhope;jJ.
20
04. nry;tk; kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis r%fj;jpw;F
kPs gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.
Kjyhspj;Jt re;ijg; nghUshjhuj;jpd;; ghjfkhd

tpisnthd;whf nryTk; kw;Wk; tUkhdq;fis gfpu;tjpy;
fhzg;gLk; ghupa rkkpd;ik> nry;tk; Fwpj;j xUrhuhupd;
iffspy; xd;WFtpjy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf r%f [dehafk;
tUkhdk; kw;wk; nry;tq;fis kPsg; gfpu;e;jspf;Fk;
vz;zf;fUtpid khw;wl
P hf Kd;nkhope;jJ.
nry;te;ju;fsplkpUe;J mwtplg;gLk; tUkhdtupfis r%f
eyd;Gup nraw;ghLfSf;F nrytopj;jy; ,jw;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s gpujhd cghakhFk;.
05. $l;L Nguk; NgRjy;
rhjhuz kf;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu; eyd;fis

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L cau; FohkpdUld; $l;L xg;ge;jq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
r%f [dehaf fUj;jpay; jhuz;ikthj rpe;jidfspd;

ngUk;gFjpf;F vjpu; epiyapidAk;> rkTlikapd;
ngUk;gFjpapid Mjupf;Fk; epiyapidAk; nfhz;l xU
fUj;jpayhFk;.
5.5 ghrpr thjk;
17–18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfsy; jhuhz;ikthjKk;> 19 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; rkTilikthjKk; Kf;fpak; ngw;wijg; Nghd;W
20 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjy; miug;gFjpapy; ghrprthjk;
Kf;fpak; ngw;wJ.
,J Kjyhk; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l

fhyj;jpy; Xu; jj;JtkhfTk;> murpay; ,af;fkhfTk; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ. ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpy; ,j;jhyp kw;Wk;
21
N[u;kdpapd; tPo;r;rpNahL Njhy;tpaile;jJ. Muk;gj;jpy;
ghrprthjk; vd;w nrhy; ,j;jhypapy; ngdpw;Nwh KNrhypdpapd;
jiyikapy;; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ru;tjpfhu MAj gyk; nfhz;l
murpay; ,af;fj;ij Fwpg;gpl gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; mJ
N[u;kd;> [g;ghd; Mfpa ehLfspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ,dthj
MAj gy kw;Wk; ru;thjpfhu murpay; ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mur
Kiwikfis Fwpg;gpl gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nghJthdnjhU
murpay; gjkhf khw;wk; mile;jJ.
N[u;kdpa ghrprk;> eh]prthjk; (Nazism) vdg;gl;lJ. ,J

Njrpa rkTilikthjk; (National Socialism) vd;w N[u;kd;
nrhy;ypd; jpupghFk;.
,j;jhypapYk; N[u;kdpapYk; ghrprthjkhdJ Kjyhspj;Jtk;>

jhuhz;ik [dehafk;> rkTilikthjk; kw;Wk; nfhkpAdpr
thjq;fSf;F Nenujpuhd jj;JtkhfTk;> murpay;
,af;fkhfTk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; Njhy;tpia mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L ,j;jhypapYk;> N[u;kdpapYk; Njhw;wk; ngw;w ghupa
murpay; neUf;fb> 1920fspy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu ke;jj;jpdhy;
Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f tPo;r;rp vd;gd ghrprthjk;
kw;Wk; ehrprthjk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd gpd;dzpahf mike;jJ.
N[u;kdpa ehrprthj Ml;rpahsuhd mnlhy;g; `pl;yu; (Addolph

Hitler) 1925 - 1926 fspy; murpay; rpiwf; ifjpahf
,Ue;jNghJ ntspapl;l ‘vdJ Nghuhl;lk;’ (Mein Kamp) vd;w
E}ypy; ghrprthjj;jpd; mbg;gil kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fis kpfTk;
njspthf vOjpAs;shu;.
`pl;yu; kw;Wk; ,j;jhypa ghrprthj jiytdhd ngdpw;Nwh

KNrhypdp ntspapl;l fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; gad;ghLfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ghrprthj rpe;jidapd; gpujhd gz;Gfis
,dq;fhz KbAk;.
22
m) murpay; midj;jhz;ikthjk; (Totalrianism)
ghrprthjkhdJ xU tifapy; ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp
Kiwnahd;wpid fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fhf
nfhz;bUe;jNjhL ,J murpay; Nfhl;ghl;by;
midj;jhz;ikthjk; vDk; vz;zf;fUthf
milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. mjd;gb muR mbg;gil apNyNa
ru;tjpfhukhdJk;> ru;tjpfhu Ml;rp fl;likg;gpd; %yk; KO
r%fj;ijAk;> murpay; KiwikiaAk; jdJ KOikahd
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fk;> Mjpf;fj;jpw;Fk; cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhFk;.
M) muRf;F mbgzpjy;
murhdJ KO ,dj;jpdJ cau;T> nfsutk; vd;gjpdhy; rfy
gpui[fSk; vt;tpjkhd epge;jidfNsh> Nfs;tpfNshapd;wp
murpw;F mbg;gzpa Ntz;Lk;. murpypUe;J tpyfpa jdpahs;
Rje;jpuk; ,q;F ,y;iy.
96
,) jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; ,d;ik
jhuhz;iikthjj;jpd; mbg;gil fU> murpdhy;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vd;why; ghrprthjj;jpd; fPo;
‘jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;’ vd;w vz;zf;fU kWf;fg;gLjNy
gpujhdkhdjhFk;. ghrprthjj;jpy;; jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ>
murpw;Fk;> ,dj;jpw;Fk; jiytDf;Fk; epge;jidapd;wp fhl;Lk;
mbgzptpd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
<) ehafu; topghL (jiytUf;F mbgzpjy;)

jiytdpd; mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Mjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F rfy
gpuirfSk;> KO r%fKk; epge;jidapd;wpAk; Ra
tpUg;gj;Jld; mbgzpjy; ghrprthjj;jpd; tpNrl gz;ghFk;.
c) jPtpu tu;f;fthjk; /,dthjk;

ghrprj;jpy; ,dthjkhdJ NkhNyhq;fp fhzg;gLk;. ,tu;fs;
N[u;kdpa ,dkhd Mupa ,dNk cyfpy; jiyrpwe;j ,dk;
vd;fpd;wdu;. ,dthjk; ghrprj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gNjhL
mJNt tuyhw;wpy; fUJNfhs; vd;fpd;wdu;. `pl;yu; jhd;
vOjpa 'nkapd; Nfk;" vd;w E}ypy; Kjyhk; cyf kfh
23
Aj;jj;jpy; N[u;kdp gLNjhy;tpaile;jikf;F mq;Fs;s
A+ju;fSk; rh];jpupfSk; fhuzk; vd;fpwhu;. ghrprthjp jkJ
,dj;ij Nkk;gLj;jp fhl;Ltjw;fhf ,dj;ij gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
• fyhrhuj;ij Njhw;Wtpg;Nghu;
• fyhrhuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthu;
• fyhrhuj;ij mopg;Nghu;.
,k; %d;W tifapdUs;; N[u;kdpa Mupa ,dj;ij>
fyhrhuj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; gpuptpYk; cyfpy; A+ju;fs; jtpu;e;j
VidNahiu fyhrhuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Nthu; vd;Wk;>
A+ju;fis fyhrhuj;ij mopg;Nghu; vd;Wk;
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;. vdNt ,e;j fyhrhuj;ij mopf;Fk;
A+ju;fis xopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd fUjp> jdJ Ml;rpfhyj;jpy;
Rkhu; 14 ,yl;rk; A+ju;fis er;Rtha;T+l;b nfhiy
nra;fpd;whu;.
C) jPtpu ,uhZtthjk; (Extreme Militarism)

[dehaf Ml;rp Kiwapy; rfy re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Aj;jkhdJ
epuhfupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Nrhrypr Ml;rp Kiwapy; xU fl;lj;jpy;
khj;jpuk; Aj;jkhdJ mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Mdhy;
ghrprj;jpy; rfy re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Aj;jkhdJ
mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. vdNt jhd; ,jid 'Aj;jj;jpdhy;
Njhd;wp> Aj;jj;jpdhy; tsu;e;J> Aj;jj;jpdhy; kbAk; muR"
vd;fpwhu;fs;.
ghrprthjpfs;> rkhjhdk; vd;gJ Nfhiofspd; fdT
vd;fpd;whu;fs;. mj;Jld; ,iwik gilj;j ve;jnthU ehLk;
fl;lhak; Aj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;fpd;wdu;. ,iwikg;
gilj;j ve;jnthU egUk; ve;j xU muRk; ahUf;Fk;
fl;Lglf;$lhJ vd;fpd;wdu;.
ghrpr muir xU kukhf vLj;J nfhz;lhy;> mjw;F
ePuhf Cw;wg;gLtJ kdpj ,uj;jkhFk;> grisahf ,lg;gLtJ
24
kdpj vYk;GfshFk;. ,t;thW ghrprj;jpy; Aj;jkhdJ
Nkk;gLj;jp fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ghrpr jiytu;fSs; xUtuhd KNrhypdp gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. vdf;F fiy vd;Dk; nrhy;iy Nfl;lTld;
Jg;ghf;fpia vLj;J Row;Wk; vz;zk; jhd; epidTf;F
tUfpd;wJ. Aj;j fyNk xU kdpjdJ MSikia
ntspg;gLj;jtjw;F rpwe;j ,lk; vd;fpd;whu;.
Aj;jk; nra;a Kbahj ehLfs; midj;Jk; Njq;fp epw;Fk;
ePUf;F rkd; vd;fpwhu;. ,t;thW ghrprj;jpy; Aj;jk; Kjy;
epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjhy; Aj;jj;jpdhy; Njhd;wp Aj;jj;jpdhy;
tsu;e;J Aj;jj;jpdhy; kbAk; muR vdg;gLfpwJ.
v) td;KiwAk;; jPtputhj;ijAk; murpay;

mjpfhu Clfkhf gadg;gLj;Jjy;
ghrpr murpd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghf KO r%fj;ijAk; jq;fsJ
Mjpgj;jpaj;jpd; fPo; gyte;jkhf cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjhf
,Ue;jJ. jdJ mjpfhuj;jpw;F cld;glhj rfy r%f / ,dg;
gpuptpdiuAk; mbikg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; clypay;
uPjpahf mopit Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; ghrpr thjpfs;
xOq;fike;jpUe;jdu;.
,d Rj;jpfupg;G (Genocide) ghrpr murpd; flik Mf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghrprthjj;Jld; cld;glhj kf;fSfF; ,U khw;WtopfNs
fhzg;gl;ld. xd;W ehl;il tpl;Lr; nry;Yjy; my;yJ ,d
Rj;jpfupg;Gf;F cl;gLjy; vd;gditNa mit. Kjyhk; cyf
Nghupd; gpd; ,j;jhypapYk;> N[u;kdpapYk; ntspg;gl;l
ghrprthjk;> ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; me;ehLfs;
mile;j
Njhy;tpapdhy; cj;jpNahf g+u;tkhf epiwtile;jd.
ghrprthjk; khdpl gz;ghl;by; Vw;gl;l khwhf; fyq;fkhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ.
25
ghrpr rpe;jid ,d;W Njhy;tpaile;J fhzg;gl;lhYk; mjd;
jhf;fj;jpw;Fl;gl;l rpwpa FOf;fs; INuhg;ghtpYk;>;
mnkupf;fhtpYk; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
6. Njrpa thjk;
19Mk; kw;Wk; 20Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tsu;r;rpaile;j

gpujhdkhd murpay; fUj;jpay; Njrpa thjkhFk;
(Nationilism). ,J murpay; fUj;jpayhfTk;> murpay; kw;Wk;
r%f ,af;fkhfTk; ,Ug;gNjhL etPd cyfpy; murpd;>
murpay; Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; muRfSf;fpilapyhd
njhlu;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;w
gpujhd rhjdKk; MFk;.
Njrpathjj;jpd; flikg; nghWg;Gfis kwe;J etPd

cyfj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s KbahjsTf;F etPd tuyhw;wpd;
topiaAk; kdpju;fspd; murpay; jiytpjpia jPu;khdpg;gjpYk;
Njrpathjk; gq;fspg;G nra;Js;sJ. jq;fis “,dnkd;W”
Fwpg;gpLk; Ra Gupe;Jzu;Tila kf;fs; Fwpj;j murpay;
Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf Kd;ndLf;fpd;w ‘,dk;’ gw;wpa fUj;jhf
Njrpathjk; vd;gij RUf;fkhf Fwpg;gpyhk;.
fUj;jpayhfTk; rpe;jidahfTk; Njrpathjj;jpy; ,uz;L

rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; fhzyhk;. Njrpathjk; vd;gjw;F Kiwahd
xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpe;jid nahd;wpy;iy. ,J Fwpj;j xU
rpe;jidahsupdhNyh my;yJ jj;JttpayhsupdhNyh
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljy;y. mjw;nfd jdpj;Jtkhd
rpe;jidahsu;fSk; ,y;iy.
,J gw;wp ngdbf;l; vd;lu;rd; vDk; murpay; Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;

1983Mk; Mz;L ntspapl;l fw;gidg; r%fq;fs; (Imagined
Communities) vDk; E}ypy; tpsf;fkhf $wpAs;shu;.
Njrpathjk; murpay; uPjpahf vt;tsT gykhdjhf

fhzg;gl;lhYk; mJ jj;Jtk; vd;wtifapy; fPo; epiyahdJk;
26
mbg;gilnahd;Wk; mjpy; fhzg;gl tpy;iy. Vida murpay;
fUj;jpaisg; Nghd;W jdf;nfd;w jdpj;Jtkhd
rpe;jidahsu;fisNah> Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fisNah ,J
cUthf;fp nfhs;stpy;iy. Njrpathjj;jpw;F n`hg;];>
nfhf;tpy;> khf;];> ntgu; Nghd;wnuhUtu; ,y;iy. (vd;lu;rd;
1983) jdpj;Jtkhd jj;Jttpashsu;fs;> rpe;jid
ahsu;fspdhy; Njw;Wtpf;fg;glhtpl;lhYk; gy;NtW
r%fq;fspypUe;J Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;s Njrpathj
fUj;jpay;fspy; nghJthd fl;likg;nghd;W fhzg;gLfpwJ.
c+k; : rpq;fs Njrpathjk;> [g;ghd; Njrpa thjk;>
Mq;fpy Njrpa thjk;> ,u\;rpa Njrpathjk; Nghd;wthW
xd;wpw; nfhd;W Neubj; njhlu;Gfs; mw;w
Njrpathjq;fspd; fl;likg;Grhu; xOq;fikg;G
nghJj;jd;ik cilajhFk;.
Njrpathjj;ij gpujhd %d;W mZFKiwfspD}lhf

,dq;fhzyhk;.
01. etPd mZFKiw (Modernist)
18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;du; INuhg;gpa ifj;njhopy;
Kjyhspj;Jt ehLfspy; Njrpa muRfs;
tsu;r;rpailAk; nraw;ghl;Lld; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l
fUj;jhFk;.
02. kuG uPjpahd mZFKiw (Primordialist)

,jd; fUj;J> Njrpathjk; gy;yhapuk; Mz;Lfs;
gioikahd kdpj tuyhw;iwg; Nghd;Nw
gioikahd epfo;thf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
03. fUtpthj mZFKiw (Instrumentalist)

,dk; vd;w fUj;J murpay;thjpfs; kw;Wk; murpay;
gpuKfu;fs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;w fUtpahFk; vd
,jdhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ‘,dTzu;tpd;’;
mbg;gilAk; NjrpathjKk; “VNjDk; r%fj;jpw;F
jhq;fs; midtUk; $l;lhf ,dk; vd;fpd;w ghupa
27
r%fj;jpw;Fs; cld;gLNthk; vd;fpd;w czu;tpidf;
fl;bnaOg;GtNj Njrpathjj;jpd; gpujhd
gzpahFk;.”. mjhtJ Njrk; vd;fpd;w r%fj;jpw;F
cld;gly; vd;w czu;thFk;.
‘xNu ,dkhf’ rpe;jpg;gjw;F mtu;fSf;fpilNa nghJ j;jd;ik

njhlu;ghd cWjpg;ghL ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Njrpathjpfs;
,jid ‘Njrpa milahsk;’ (National Identity) vd;fpd;wdu;.
Njrpa milahs rpd;dq;fshf nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk;> nghJ
tuyhW kw;Wk; rpy Neuq;fspy; nghJthd epy gpuNjKk;
mlq;Fk;.
nghJj;jd;ik njhlu;ghd czu;tpd; %yk; Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;w

Njrpathjk; gpd;du; murpay; jd;ikiaAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;fpwJ. ,jd; %yk; ‘,dk;’ vd;gjw;F murpay;
milahsnkhd;W fpilg;gNjhL mjD}lhf kf;fSf;F
murpay; ,yf;Ffis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J ,dj;ij murpay;
uPjpahf topelj;Jk;. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> gpuNjr Ra Ml;rp
kw;Wk; r%f FOf;fspd;; cupikfs; ,e;j murpay;
Nehf;fq;fspy; gpujhdkhditahFk;.
Raepu;za cupik Njrpa thjj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;l gpujhd

vz;zf; fUthFk;. ,jdhy; fUjg;gLtJ jdJ murpay;
jiytpjpiaj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; cupik rfy ,dq;fSf;Fk;
cupj;jhdJ vd;gjhFk;. murpay; uPjpahf gpupe;J Ntwhd
munrhd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tNjhL> gpuptpid> gpuNjr
Rahl;rp> Njrpa Ra epu;za cupik vd;gjd; %yk;
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fq;fshFk;.
murpay; uPjpahf Njrpathj fUj;jpaypd; gzpahtJ ,dk;

vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;w xU r%fj;ij Vida
r%fq;fspypUe;J NtWgLj;jp milahsk; fhzg; jhFk;.
Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;ljd;gb ,jd; epakq;fshf nkhop> kjk;>
fyhrhuk; Mfpa Njrpa milahs fUtpfshFk;.
28
Njrpathjk; fUj;jpayhfTk; murpay; ,af;fkhTk; (18
E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; ,d;Wtiu) gpujhd ,uz;L
jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ.
01. Njrpa - mur Njrpathjk;
02. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;
01. Njrpa - mur Njrpathjk;
,J Njrpathjj;jpd; gioik Njhw;whFk;. ,jd; gpujhd

gz;ghf fhzg;gLtJ Njrpa murpd; milahsj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gjhFk;.
INuhg;ghtpy; 18k; E}w;whz;by; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Njrpa

muRfspd; Njhw;wg;ghL “xUNjrk; - xU muR” vd;w
#j;jpuj;jpd;gb xU ,dj;jpw;Fl;gl;l kf;fs; mt;tpdj;jpd;
Njrj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;wdu;. Njrj;jpd; kPjhd cupik> gpizg;G
kw;Wk; md;G Nghd;wd mt;tpdj;jpd; muRld; me;epak;
MFk;NghJ fpilf;Fk; gpizg;G kw;Wk; Nerpg;GkhFk;. c-k;; :
,yq;ifau;fs;> ,e;jpaufs;> jha;yhe;jpau;fs; vd;gjdhy;
fUjg;gLtJ ,e;j Njrpa muRfspd; rpe;jidahFk;.
02. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;
Njrpa murpDs; tho;fpd;w ,df;FOf;fSf;fpilapy;

Vw;gLfpd;w $l;lhd FOnthd;W njhlu;ghd murpay; mwpT
‘,dj;Jt Njrpathjk;’ (Ethinic Nationalism) vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
mjw;Fk; mbg;gilahf miktJ nkhop> kjk;> fyhrhuk;

Mfpa nghJ milahsq;fshFk;. ,dj;Jt Njrpathjk; gw;wpa
fUj;jhly; Njhw;wk; ngWtJ jhDk; cWg;Gupikia
mDgtpf;fpd;w Njrpa murpDs; Njrpa -mur Njrpathjj;jpDs;
jdf;F rkkhd cupikfs; fpilf;fhik kw;Wk;
Ntw;WikfSf;F cl;gly; Mfpa ,d;dy;fSf;F kj;jpapyhFk;.
mt;thwhd ,dj;Jt Njrpa thjj;jpDs; murpay;
29
Nfhupf;iffSs; rkkhd cupikfs;> gpuNjr Ra Ml;rp kw;Wk;
gpupe;J nry;yy; Mfpad mlq;Fk;.
18k; E}w;whz;bypUe;J Njrpa thjj;jpd; tuyhw;W
mDgtkhdJ fyg;ghd xd;whFk;. mJ rhjfkhd kw;Wk;
ghjfkhd tpisTfis ngw;Wf; nfhLj;Js;sJ.
01. cyfpd; etPd muRfs; mbg;gilapNy Njrpa
murthj Njrpa thjj;jpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
02. murpay; Rje;jpuk;> tpLjiy njhlu;ghd fUj;J
Njrpa thjj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugykhf tifapy;
kf;fs; $l;Lzu;tpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
03. Njrpathj muR kw;Wk; Njrpathj ,af;fq;fs;
Aj;jk;> ,d Rj;jpfupg;G> td;Kiw Nghd;wtw;wpw;F
topg;gL j;jpAs;sJ.
6 kjrhu;gw;w thjk; (Secularism)

kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk; vd;gJ rkaj;ijAk; murpaiyAk;
NtWgphpj;J mwptjhFk;;. mur Jiwf;F rkaj;jpd; mOj;jNkh>
rka Jiwf;F murpd; mOj;jq;fNsh ,y;yhky; ,it
,uz;Lk; xd;wpw;nfhd;W NtWgl;L RahjPdkhd ,uz;L
Jiwfshf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;
fUj;jpayhFk;.
rkak; murpaYf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jy;> murpaYf;fhf rkaj;ij

Clfkhf gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; gpd;dzpapy; rka
Kuz;ghLfs; gpujhd murpay; fUj;jpayhf fhzg;gLfpd;w
jw;fhyj;jpy; kjrhu;gw;wthjk; njhlu;ghd <LghL
mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
,J njhlu;ghf ePz;l fye;Jiuahlnyhd;W ,e;jpahtpy;; ,lk;

ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUg;gNjhL muR kjrhu;gw;wjhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd 1975,y; murpayikg;gpw;F Nru;f;fg;gl;l
rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. ,J [dehafj;ij
Nghd;Nw Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtNjhL> ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpYk; murpay; KiwikapYk; mbg;gilahd
Nfhl;ghlhfTk; cs;sJ.
30
18-19k; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
INuhg;gpa jj;JQhdpfspd; rpe;jidapd; xU gFjpahFk;.
mjdhy; kjrhu;gpd;ikthjkhdJ gioik
jhuhz;ikthjj;NjhLk; rkTilikthj rpe;jid AlDk;
njhlu;Ggl;lJ. INuhg;gpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;> kj;jpa
fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp fhyj;jpy; gpujhd mq;fkhf khwpaJ. muR
kw;Wk; jpUr;rigfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gl;l epWtd
,izg;gpd;kPJ murhl;rpapd; fhtydhf jpUr;rig
,Ue;jikf;F vjpuhf tsu;r;rpAw;wJ. murhl;rp Kiwikf;F
vjpuhd ,af;fq;fs; muR kw;Wk; jpUr;rigfSf;fpilapy;
fhzg;gl;l ,e;j “J}a;ikaw;w $l;bw;F” vjpuhdjd;
tpisthfthNt kjrhu;gpd;ikthjkhdJ Njhd;wpaJ.
kjrhu;gpd;ik thjk; Njhw;wk;ngWtjw;fhd kw;WnkhU

fhuzkhf INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp Afj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ju;f;f
mwpTf;F Kjyplk; nfhLj;jikia Rl;bf; fhl;l KbAk;.
kWkyu;r;rp fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;> gioik

jhuhz;ik thjj;jpdJk;> rkTilik thjj;jpdJk; rpe;jid
uPjpapyhd %ykhFk;. jhuhz;ik thjk;> kjr;rhu;gpd;ikapy;
jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;> rpe;jid kw;Wk; kdrhl;rpia gpd;gw;Wk;
Rje;jpuk; Mfpa %yj;jj;Jtq;fis <u;j;Jf; nfhz;lNjhL
rkTilikthjk; r%f mOj;jj;jpd; epWtdkhf kj
Mjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf Gul;rp nra;jiy Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.
,jd;gb “jpUr;rigAk; muirAk; xd;wpypUe;J xd;W
NtWgLj;JtJ” INuhg;gpa jhuhz;ikthj kw;Wk; rkTilik
thj rk;gpujhaj;jpDs; Njhw;wk; ngw;w gpujhd mk;rkhFk;.
,jdhy;> murpd; jd;ik> murpd; nfhs;if vd;gtw;iwj;

jPu;khdpg;gjpy; rkak; jiyaplf;$lhJ vd;gNjhL rka
tplaq;fspy; muR jiyaplf; $lhJ vd fUjg;gLfpwJ.
muR rkaj;jld; md;Nahd;akhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ kw;Wk;

rka fw;iff;Fk; gpurhjj;jpw;Fk; muR njhlu;GglhjpUj;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. muR ve;jnthU rkaj;jpw;Fk; gf;fr;rhu;ghf ,Uf;ff;
31
$lhJ. rkak; kdpju;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tplakhdtNjhL mij
murpaYf;F nfhz;L tu Ntz;bajpy;iy. kjj;ij
Gwf;fzpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd jhuhz;ik kjr;rhu;gpd;ikthjk;
Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
rka Rje;jpuk; gpuirfspd; mbg;gil cupikfspy;
xd;W vd;gNjhL rkaj;jpd; ngauhy; ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk;
ghFghL fhl;lf;$lhJ vd;gjpNyNa ,J ftdk; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
rkTilikthj kjr;rhu;gpd;ik khf;rpathjpfs; rkak;

r%fj;ij Jd;gj;jpw;F cs;shf;Fk; epWtdk; xd;nwdTk;
cyfk; gw;wpa jtwhd tpsf;fk; xd;iw Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shd
kf;fSf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; fUj;J njhFjp xd;nwdTk;
mwpKfk; nra;jdu;.
rkTilikthj kjr;rhu;gpd;ikapd; mbg;gilfs;

rkTilikthj muR KOikahf rkaj;jpypUe;J muR
NtWgLj;jg;gl;bf;f Ntz;Lk;> kjkhdJ murpd;
mDkjpAlNdNa epyt KbAk;. rkTilikthj KiwapDs;
rkak;rhu;> murpay;rhu; epWtdq;fSf;F ,Ug;G fpilahJ.
murpd; jPtpu Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; rkTilikthj muRf;F
mjdhy; mr;RWj;jy; ,y;yhj tiuapy; kl;LNk khf;rpathj
KiwikapDs; rka epWtdq;fSf;F ,lk; fpilf;Fk;.
rka milahsj;Jld; murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f

,af;fq;fis epWTtjw;F tha;g;G ,y;iy.
32
,e;jpa kjrhu;gpd;ikthjk;
jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa

kjr;rhu;gpd;ik fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;jpa
kjrhu;gpd;ikapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; :
(m). jhuhz;ik kjrhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;L

uPjpahd mbg;gil midj;J kjq;fisAk; gf;frhu;gpd;wp
(Impartical) ghu;g;gjhFk;. ,e;jp nkhopapy; mJ “mwnewp
rhu;gpd;ik” vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
(M). rfy kjq;fisAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy;. mjhtJ rfy

kjq;fSk; rkkhdit vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjhFk;. ,J “ru;t
mwnewpfspdJk; Nru;f;if” vd;w vz;zf;fUtpdhy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. jdpegu;fspd; rka milahsq;fis
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ murhdJ rfy gpuirfisAk; xNu
rkkhf kjpg;gspj;jy; gpuirfspd; cupikfis ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk;NghJ ve;jnthU gpuirf;Fk; jdJ rka
milahsq;fs; jilahf ,Uf;f khl;lhJ.
kjrhu;gpd;ikapd; jw;fhy Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
kjr;rhu;gpd;ikthjk; cyf murpaypy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw ,U

fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpAs;sd.
rka mbg;gilthjj;ij Jizahff; nfhz;l kjk;rhu;

muRfs; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gly;.
gd;ikfyhrhu thjj;jpid ikag;gLj;jprka milahsq;fis

cila rpWghd;ik r%fq;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
33
ngz;zpa thjk;
murpay; fUj;jpanyhd;wpw;fhf ngz;zpay;thjj;jpd; jiyaPL

1970 fspy; Mukg; khdJ. Nfhl;ghl;L kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L
r%f fw;ifahf INuhg;ghtpYk; mnkupf;fhtpYk; Njhw;wk;
ngw;w ,e;j fUj;jpay; gpd;du; r%fq;fspYk; gutpaJ.
ngz;zpay;thj ,af;fj;jpYk; rpe;jidapYk; gpujhd Ie;J

Jiwfis ,dq;fhzyhk;.
01. jhuhz;ik ngz;zpay; thjk;

02. rkTilik ngz;zpay; thjk;
03. jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpay; thjk;
04. gpd;etPd ngz;zpay; thjk;
05. gpd; fhydpj;Jt ngz;zpay; thjk;
jhuhz;ik ngz;zpay; thjk;
fy;tp> njhopy; tha;g;G kw;Wk; rkkhd Cjpak; vd;gtw;iw

ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; ngz;fSf;fhd murpay; kw;Wk; rl;l
cupikfisngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;;. jdJ clypay; njhlu;ghd
jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F ngz;fSf;F cupik cz;L
rkkhd njhopy;> rkr; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; rkkhd cupikfs;
vd;gd jhuhz;ik ngz;zpa thjj;jpd; gpujhd
Nfhrq;fshFk;.
rkTilik ngz;zpay; thjk;
rkj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;. tpjj;jpy;; ,J jhuhz;ik

thjj;jpypUe;J NtWgLfpwJ. ngz; tpLjiyf;fhd Nghuhl;lk;
rkTilik thjj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;Jld; xd;wpizf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> Vida r%ff; FOf;fs; jkJ
cupikfSf;fhf nra;fpd;w Nghuhl;lj;Jld; ngz;fspd;
Nghuhl;lj;ijAk; ,izf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpYk; ftdk;
nrYj;jpaJ.
34
jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpathjk;
je;ijtop jiyikj;Jtj;ij Kw;whf ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;

ngz;tpLjiyf;F fl;lhakhdJ vd Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
104
gpd; etPd ngz;zpathjk;
ngz;fs; kw;Wk; ngz;fspd; Jd;gpay;fs; rkkhdjy;y

vd;gNjhL mtu;fs; Jd;gj;ij gy;NtW tpjq;fspy;
mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ngz;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs; xNu
jd;ikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;bajpy;iy. mJ gd;ikahdJ.
gy;NtW r%f #oy;fspy; ngz;fspd; rpukq;fs; me;j #oYld;
ngz;fspd; tFg;G NtWghLfs;> epwNgjq;fs;> njhopy; Nghd;w
fhuzpfs; rkkhf ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; me;j NtWghLfs; kw;Wk;
tpN\lj;Jtq;fis mb;gilahff; nfhz;l ngz;zpathjj;jpd;
Njit ,jd; %yk; czu;j;jg;gLfpwJ.
gpd; fhydpj;Jt ngz;zpathjk;
,jd;fPo; fhydpj;Jtq;fshf ,Ue;J Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;l

r%fq;fspy; ngz;fspd; Jd;gpaYf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; toq;fp
ngz;fspd; cupikfs; vd;w vz;zf;fU
kPSUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. FbNaw;wthjj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;l
r%fq;fspy; cs;s ngz;fspd; mDgtk; Nkw;fj;Nja
r%fq;fspy; ngz;fSila mDgtq;fis tpl NtwhdJ
vd;gjhy; mtw;wpy; ftdk; nryj;jp ngz;zpay;thj murpaiy
fl;bnaOg;g ,tu;fs; Kd;nkhope;jdu;.
35
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; 23
Kuz;ghLk;
Kuz;ghL jPu;TKiwfSk;
K.S.NIMALRAJ BA
Kuz;ghLk; Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jYk;

 Kuz;ghL gw;wpa mwpKfk;
rkfhyj;jpy; Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jy; vDk; fw;if gy;NtWgl;l gy;Jiwrhu; fw;if
newpahf khwpAs;sJ. murwptpay;> rl;lk;> r%ftpay;> nka;apay;> Kfhikj;Jtf; fw;iffs;
kw;Wk; ru;tNjr cwTfs; Mfpa Jiwfspy; Kf;fpa Ma;T tplakhf Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL
jPu;j;jy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Kuz;ghlhdJ murwptpay; ghlg;gug;gpy; 1980 fspd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl;L fw;fg;gl Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; kdpj tho;tpy; jtpu;f;f Kbahj
gpupj;Jg;ghu;f;f Kbahj Xu; mk;rkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kuz;ghL vDk; vz;zf;fU njhlu;ghf xU Jy;ypakhd tiutpyf;fzj;ij Kd;itf;f

KbahJs;sJ. Kuz;ghl;bd; tiutpyf;fzk; njhlu;ghf xU cld;gl;l fUj;Njh> xUikg;ghNlh>
Ma;thsu;fsplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. vdpDk; Kuz;ghL vd;gJ kWj;jy; my;yJ rr;ruT> rz;il>
td;Kiw> gpur;rpid> gpzf;F vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
Nkhjy; vd;gJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; Conflict vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gjkhdJ Confligere vDk;

,yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhFk;. ,jd; nghUs; xUkpj;J jhf;Fjy;> xd;whf
NghuhLjy; vd;gjhFk;. vspa nkhop eilapy; Kuz;ghL vd;gJ Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L my;yJ
,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fSf;fpilNah my;yJ r%fq;fSf;fpilNah my;yJ ehLfSf;fpilNah
cld;ghL fhzg;glhik vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;.
Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahf xU vz;zf;fUit tpsq;Ftjhapd; mJ njhlu;ghd mwpQu;fspd;

fUj;Jf;fisAk; tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk; Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghf fUj;Jf;fis
Kd;itj;j mwpQu;fSk; mtu;fspd; tiutpyf;fzq;fSk; gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 Nguhrpupau; fpwp];Njhgu; kpr;nry; “ru;tNjr Kuz;ghLfspd; fl;likg;G (The Structure of

International Conflict)- 1981” vd;w fl;Liuapy; Kuz;ghL vd;gJ vjpu;thjk;> Nghl;b>
gpur;rpid> gpzf;F> vd;gtw;wpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,tuJ fUj;jpd;gb
Kuz;ghL vd;gJ “xj;Jtuhj ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w my;yJ nfhz;bUg;gjhf
epidf;fp;d;w ,uz;L my;yJ gy jug;gpdu;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLfpd;w cwNt” vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
 Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jy; fw;if Jiwapy; mDgtk; tha;e;j n[h`hd;
fy;J}d; Kuz;ghL vd;gJ “nghUj;jkpy;yhj vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; vjpu;kiwahd
kdg;ghq;Ffs;> mtek;gpf;ifahd elj;ijapypUe;J Muk;gkhfpd;wJ.
 Fapd;]p iwl; vDk; mwpQu; Kuz;ghL vd;gJ “xd;Wf;nfhd;W vjpuhf
topelhj;jg;gLfpd;w r%fj;jtu;fspd; vjpu;g;Gj;jd;ikahFk;” vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
 cg;ryh gy;fiof;fofj;jpd; Nguhrpupauhd gPl;lu; nthyd;];Bd; “,U jug;gpdu; my;yJ
,U gpuptpdupd; xNu jd;ikapy; gw;whf;Fiwahf cs;s tsj;ij ifg;gw;w Kaw;rpg;gjhy;
Vw;gLk; epiyNa Kuz;ghL” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
nghJthf Kuz;ghL vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd

vjpu;g;G> cld;ghbd;ik my;yJ nghUe;jhik Mfpatw;wpd; xU epiy vd Fwpg;gplyhk;.
mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis njhFj;J Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ Kuz;ghL “jkf;fpilNa nghUj;jkw;w

,yf;Ffis nfhz;bUg;gjhf ek;Gfpd;wtu;fs; Vida jug;gpdiu tpl mjpfkhf ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Stij my;yJ jPq;F nra;tij nfhz;Ls;s ,U jug;gpdu;fSf;fpilNa ,ay;ghf
tsuf;$ba xU Nghl;b” vdyhk;.
Kuz;ghl;bd; gz;Gfs;
1. Kuz;ghl;by; ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; <LgLjy;.
2. Kuz;ghl;L jug;gpdu; jkf;fpilNa xt;thj ,yf;Ffis nfhz;bUj;jy;.
3. Kuz;ghlhdJ Xu; tsg; gw;whf;Fiwahd #o;epiyapy; Njhw;wk; ngwy;.
4. Kuz;ghL ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; moptpid my;yJ ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjhff; fhzg;gLk;.
5. Kuz;ghL tpisTfis ntspg;gilahf mstPL nra;af;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
6. Kuz;ghL Fwpj;j jug;gpdupd; eyid ikakhff; nfhz;lJ
7. Kuz;ghL Mf;f G+u;tkhfTk; mopT G+u;tkhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
8. gu];guk; vjpuhd topKiwfspy; <Lgly;
Kuz;ghl;bd; nraw;ghLfs;
kdpj nraw;ghLfs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W Kuz;gLfpd;w ,yf;Ffis mila Kw;gLk; NghJ Kuz;ghL
cUthFtjhy; vkJ ehshe;j ghu;itapy; Kuz;ghL nraw;ghLfs; mwptpid> ghjpg;gpid
Vw;gLj;jf; $banjhd;whfNt midtuhYk; xU FWfpa ghu;itapy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jw;Fg; gpujhd fhuzk; ehk; vjpu;Nehf;fpd;w gy Kuz;ghLfs; jPq;fpid> ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jp
moptpidf; nfhz;L fhzg;gLtjhFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; khwhf kdpj nraw;ghl;bw;F ed;ik juf;$ba
rhjfkhd mk;rq;fisAk;> kdpj r%fj;jpd; vOr;rp> Rje;jpuk; vd;gd Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;Fk;
Kuz;ghL Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;Js;sJ. Kuz;ghL nraw;ghlhdJ gpd;tUk; ,uz;L
mZFKiwfspd; %yk; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.
1. Kuz;ghl;bd; rhjfkhd mk;rk; (epu;khzpf;Fk; jd;ik)

2. Kuz;ghl;bd; ghjf mk;rk; (mopf;Fk; jd;ik)
Kuz;ghl;bd; rhjf mk;rk;

Kuz;ghL ntspg;gilahf ghjpg;gpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba xd;whf fUjg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;
rhjfkhd gad;kpf;f nraw;ghLfisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ. r%ftpay; mwpQu;fspd;
fUj;Jg;gb Kuz;ghL r%f khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; Xu; epiyahd fl;likg;Gld; $ba
gq;fspg;ig toq;Ftjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. 1904k; Mz;L N[u;kdpa r%ftpay; mwpQuhd N[hu;[;
rpnky; (George Simmel) jdJ r%f Kuz;ghL (Social Conflict) vd;w E}ypd;gb Kuz;ghl;bd;
rhjfkhd nraw;ghLfis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
N[hu;[; rpnkypd; fUj;jpd;gb gpur;rpidfs; ntspg;gLtjw;Fk; mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfs; fpilf;fg;

ngWtjw;Fk; Kuz;ghL Xu; Clfkhfj; njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Kuz;ghL r%f
Njf;fj;ij jLf;fpd;wJ. Kuz;ghL jdpg;gl;ltu;fs;> r%f khw;wj;jpw;fhd jpwTNfhyhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. N[hu;[; rpnkypd; thjj;jpd;gb Kuz;ghl;bd; rhjfkhd
mk;rq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
 r%fk; tsu;r;rpailakhy; xNu ,lj;jpy; ,Ug;gij jtpu;j;jy;.

 r%fg; gpur;rpidia Muha;e;J mtw;wpw;F jPu;tpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;
 jdpegu;fs;> r%fk; khw;wkila gq;fspg;G toq;Fjy;.
 r%ff; Fof;fspd; xw;Wikj;jd;ikapid tYg;gLj;jy;.
 r%f ePjpia epiyehl;Lk; Xu; fUtpahfj; njhopw;gLjy;.
 nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhak; Vw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;ig toq;Fjy;.
 Kuz;ghL jug;gpdUf;fpilNa Xu; tpNrl cwtpid fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
Ytp]; Nfhru; vDk; r%ftpayhsu; jdJ r%f Kuz;ghl;bd; nraw;ghLfs; (The Function of
Social Conflict – 1956) vDk; fl;Liuapy; Kuz;ghlhdJ. giftu;fspilNa gpur;rpidf;fhd Xu;
jPu;tpid Nehf;fpa ,yf;fhf fhz;g;gLtjhy; mit r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; xw;Wikj;
jd;ikapid cWjpg;gLj;jr; nra;fpd;wJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
mjhtJ> xt;thj ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;s Kuz;ghl;Lj; jug;gpdu; jkJ gpur;rpidia

jPu;g;gjw;fhf Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w NghJ mg;gpur;rpid jPu;f;fg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mJ
Kuz;ghl;bd; %yk; Vw;gl;l rhjfkhd mk;rkhf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Fwpj;j gpur;rpidia
ikakhff; nfhz;L Kuz;ghL Vw;glhj #o;epiyapy; mg;gpur;rpid gw;wpa tplak; gutyhf
Ngrg;glhJ> mg;gpur;rpid jPu;f;fg;glhJ kiwf;fg;gl;l xd;whfNt fhzg;gLk;. Kuz;ghL
Vw;gl;ljd; tpisthfNt mg;gpur;rpid jPu;f;fg;gLtJ rhjfkhd mk;rkhf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
khf;rpa fUj;jpd;gb r%f tuyhw;wpd; Kd;Ndhf;fpa gazj;jpd; ce;J rf;jpahf tu;f;f Nkhjy;
fhzg;gLtjhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> ghl;lhsp tu;f;fk; Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fj;jpdhy;
njhlu;r;rpfukhf eRf;fg;gl;L te;jjdhy; ghl;lhsp tu;f;fj;jpd; ciog;G Ruz;lg;gLjy;>
nghUshjhu cupik kPwg;gLjy; vd;gd %b kiwf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sd. Kjyhspj;Jt
tu;f;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp> Kuz;ghL vd;gd ghl;lhsp tu;f;fj;jjhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;likahy;.
nghUshjhu cupikfis mDgtpf;ff;$ba tha;g;Gf;fs;> rl;lq;fs; vd;gd cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jid Kuz;ghl;bd; rhjfkhd mk;rkhf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
vdNt> khw;wkilahj r%fk; tsu;r;rp ngwTk;> eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; kuGfs;> tof;fhWfs;>

rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gLjy; vz;zq;fSf;fpilapy; khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;L r%f khw;wj;jpw;F Kuz;ghL ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
Kuz;ghl;bd; ghjf mk;rk;
Kuz;ghl;bd; ghjfmk;rk; vd;gJKuz;ghLnraw;ghLfs; ntspg;gilahf ghjpg;Gg;gs;>mopTfis

Vw;gLj;Jtij Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Kuz;ghl;by; <LgLk; jug;gpdu; midtUk; Kuz;ghl;bd;
tpisTfis jpUg;jpailahJ Kuz;ghl;bdhy; jhk; ghupa ,og;gpid mile;Js;sij
czug;gLfpd;w Ntisapy; mjd; tpisthf Kuz;ghL Vw;gLfpd;w mopTfshFk;. ,t;thW
Kuz;ghl;bdhy; cUthf;Fg;gLk; ghjfkhd tpisTfshf td;Kiw>kdpjgLnfhiy> nghUshjhu
r%f mopTfs;>jhf;Fjy;>nghUl; Nrjk;>murpay; gLnfhiyfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 Kjhyk;> ,uz;lhk; cyfkfhAj;jq;fs;

 ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Aj;jq;fs; kw;Wk; MAjKuz;ghLfs;
 cs;sf rptpy; Aj;jq;fs;
 td;Kiwrhu; ,d Kuz;ghLfs;
 mZthAj Nkhjy;fs;
 gaq;futhjk;
 gaq;futhj;jpw;F vjpuhd Aj;jq;fs;

20k; E}w;whz;by; kdpjrKjhak; vjpu;Nehf;fpaNkhjy; njhlu;ghdvjpu;kiwtpisTfspd;

mDgtNkrkhjhdj;ijfl;bnaOg;gf;$baNjrparq;fk;>If;fpaehLfs; rig Mfpa mikg;Gf;fspd;
Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; Kuz;ghLjPu;Tkw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Mfpamk;rq;fs; ghlrhiy>
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; murwptpay; Jiwapy; jdpj;Jiwahf tsu;r;rpngw;W Muhag;gLtjw;Fk;
tha;g;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;Js;sJ.
Kuz;ghL tifg;ghL
Kuz;ghLtifg;ghLgw;wpgy;NtWmwpQu;fSk; gy;NtWgl;lfUj;jhly;fisnfhz;bUg;gjhy;
njspthftiuaWf;fg;gl;lepr;rakhdKuz;ghLtifg;ghl;bidKd;itf;fKbahJs;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;
mwpQu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jf;fis njhFj;J> Kuz;ghL tifg;ghLfshf gpujhdkhf
gpd;tUtdtw;iwFwpg;gplyhk;.
1. vspatifg;gLj;jy;
2. nraw;ghl;Lthjtifg;gLj;jy;
3. murpay; tifg;gLj;jy;.
vspatifg;gLj;jy;
vspatifg;gLj;jy; vd;gJjdpegu; kw;Wk; r%fq;fSf;fpilapy; khj;jpuk; ,lk;ngWfpd;w Kuz;

ghl;bid Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. ,J ehd;Ftifg;gLk;.
1. MsfKuz;ghL /jdpegu;fSf;fpilapyhdKuz;ghL–(Intra Personal Conflict)

2. MspilKuz;ghL /egu;fSf;fpilapyhdKuz;ghL–(Intra Personal Conflict)
3. FOtpYs;sKuz;ghL(Intra Group Conflict)
4. FOf;fSf;fpilapyhdKuz;ghL (Intra Group Conflict)
cs;sfKuz;ghL vd;gJxt;nthUjdpkdpjdpd; cs;sj;jpDs; Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfs; ,jpy;
mlq;Fk;. tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; mgpyhirfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cs;sj;jpy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghL MFk;. ,it kd mOj;jk;>
cs;slq;fyhf cs FiwghLfs; Nghd;w cstpay; Neha;fshFk;. Mspil Kuz;ghL>
FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghL vj;jifa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij jtpu Msf
Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; Kuz;ghL jPu;T fw;if mtjhdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. cjhuzkhf
kdmOj;jKs;s egu; jw;nfhiy nra;J nfhs;sy;> kdNehahsp> rpWtu; J\;gpuNahfj;jpy;
<LgLjy;. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Msf Nkhjy; r%fj;jpd; mtjhdj;jpw;Fupa tplakhf
khWfpd;wJ.
Mspil Kuz;ghL vd;gJ egu;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; Mspil nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ ,U egu;fs;

my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; Nghl;b> Ntw;Wik kw;Wk; vjpu;f;
fUj;Jf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthFk; Kuz;ghLfshFk;. cjhuzkhf thf;Fthjk;>
FLk;gg; gpur;rpid> fztd;- kidtp gpur;rpid> maytu;fSldhd fhzpg; gpur;rpid
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. xU jdpegupd; kPJ kw;nwhU egu; mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk; tifapy;
Vw;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfshFk;.
FOtpYs;s Kuz;ghL vd;gJ r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; gy;NtW Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;

mgpyhi\fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthFk; Kuz;ghlhFk;. nghJthf xU ehl;Lf;Fs;>
rq;fq;fSf;Fs;> murpay; fl;rpf;Fs;> murhq;fj;Jf;Fs; ,lk; ngWk; Kuz;ghLfisf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf Fwpg;gpl;l X vDk; fl;rp mq;fj;jtu;fs; kj;jpapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;w
fUj;J NtWghLfs;> rz;ilfs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gpLk; Kuz;ghlhFk;.
FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghL vd;gJ ,uz;L FOf;fs; my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l

FOf;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. mjhtJ> FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd
Kuz;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w murpay; FO xd;W my;yJ xU rq;fk; my;yJ xU fpuhkpa>

murpay; my;yJ ,df;FOf;fs; Nghd;w Kiwrhuh FOf;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; Kuz;ghLfshFk;.
nraw;ghl;Lthj tifg;gLj;jy;
xU r%fj;jpy; Kuz;ghl;bdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfspd; rhjf kw;Wk; ghjf mk;rq;fspd; tpisthf

fl;likf;fg;gl;lJ. nraw;ghl;Lthj tifg;gLj;jyhFk;. ,g; gpd;dzpapd; fPo; mnkupf;f r%f
cstpayhsuhd Nkhu;ld; lr; Kuz;ghl;il ,uz;L tifg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
1. Neu;f;fzpa Kuz;ghL
2. vjpu;kiw Kuz;ghL
Neu;f;fzpa Kuz;ghL
Neu;f;fzpa Kuz;ghL vd;gJ Kuz;ghl;by; <Lgl;l jug;gpdu; Kuz;ghL tpisTfs; jkf;F

rhjfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. vd epidf;Fk; Kuz;ghL tifg;ghL MFk;. Kuz;ghL jdpegu;
Kuz;ghl;bd; tpisTfs; kPJ jpUg;jp miltjhFk;. Kuz;ghl;bd; tpisTfs; mopit
Vw;gLj;jhJ Mf;fG+u;tkhd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. Mf;f G+u;t> Neu;fzpa Kuz;ghL
mk;rq;fshy; Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuzpfis If;fpakhfTk; Mf;f
G+u;tkhfTk; nraw;gLtjw;F Kuz;gLk; jug;gpdUf;F rkkhd tha;g;G> jpwid mu;g;gzpg;G vd;gd
fpilg;gjhFk;.
vjpu;kiw Kuz;ghL
vjpu;kiw Kuz;ghL vd;gJ Kuz;ghl;by; <Lgl;l jug;gpdu; Kuz;ghL tpisTfs; jkf;F

ghjfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. vd epidf;Fk; Kuz;ghL tifg;ghL MFk;. Kuz;ghl;L jug;gpdupd;
Kuz;ghl;bd; tpisTfs; kPJ mjpUg;jp miltjhFk;. mjhtJ> Kuz;ghL KbTf;F tuhJ
,Ogwp epiyapy; nry;Ytijf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. Nguhrpupau; nlhap]pd; fUj;Jg;gb> vjpu;kiw
Kuz;ghL NkYk; tpUj;jpailAk; NghJ Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; mjw;F fhuzkhd mbg;gilf;
fhuzpfs; jPu;f;fg;glhJ Kuz;ghL jug;gpdupd; Nfhupf;if epiwNtw;wg;glhJ ,Ogwp epiyapy;
fhzg;gLtjhy; tpuf;jpilAk; epiyiaf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;:
,yq;if ,d Kuz;ghL 2009k; Mz;L Nk khjk; MAj uPjpapy; KbTf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;l
NghjpYk; jkpo; kf;fSf;Ffhd ,dg;gpur;rpidj; jPu;T ,d;Wtiu G+u;j;jp nra;ag;glhJ
murhq;fjug;gpdhy; ,Oj;jbg;Gr; nra;ag;gLtijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
murpay; tifg;gLj;jy;
cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; Kuz;ghL> td;Kiw vd;gtw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit murpay; Nkhjy;fshfNt

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjpfupj;j rdj;njhif> muRfSf;fpilapyhd ,uh[je;jpu cwTfspy;
fhzg;gLk; tpupry;> gpuhe;jpa thjk; vd;gd ghupa Kuz;ghL> td;Kiw cUthf fhuzpahf
mikfpd;wd. gpw;wu; nthyd;];bd; vDk; mwpQu; Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikiag; nghWj;J
Kuz;ghl;bd; murpay; tifg;gLj;jyhf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
1. muRfSf;fpilahd Kuz;ghL
2. murhq;fj;Jf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk; cs;sf Kuz;ghL
3. mur epu;khd Kuz;ghL
muRfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghL
ru;tNjr uPjpapy; muRfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; gy;NtW ,ay;Gfs;> fhuzq;fis

ikakhff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngWfpd;wd. tsq;fisg; ngWjy;> vy;iyg; gpur;rpid vd;gtw;wpd;
%yk; muRfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; ,lk; ngwyhk;.
cjhuzk;
tisFlh Aj;jk;> <uhd; - <uhf; Aj;jk;> ,];Nuy; - gy];jPd; Aj;jk;> ,e;jpah – ghfp];jhd;
vy;iy Nghu;> Mg;fhdp];jhd;> ypgpah> JUf;fp> vfpg;J> rpupah> ehLfSf;F vjpuhf ,];NuYld;
,ize;J INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Nkw;nfhz;l Aj;jk;.
muRfSf;Fs; ,lk; ngWk; cs;sf Kuz;ghL
xU murpDs; fhzg;gLk; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; eilngWfpd;w Kuz;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ> Gul;rpfs;> fpsu;r;rpfs;> cs;ehl;Lf; fytuq;fs;> ,df; fytuq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
cjhuzk; :
,e;jpahtpy; ,e;J – K];ypk; fytuk;> ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs – jkpo; fytuk; vd;gtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghLfs; xU murpd; rl;lk;> xOq;F> ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;wpy;
mr;rWj;jiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
xU ehl;by; muRfSf;fpilapy; cs;sf Kuz;ghL ,lk;ngWtjw;fhd fhuzpfshf

gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. fl;likg;G rhu; fhuzpfs;

2. nghUshjhu r%f fhuzpfs;
3. murpay; fhuzpfs;
4. fyhrhu fhuzpfs;
fl;likg;G mk;rq;fs;
eyptile;j muR> cs;Su; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghdit ,d> ,lmikT> eypthd murpay;> murpay;
ek;gfj;jd;ik> murpay; uPjpahd rhu;e;j vy;iyfs;> epyg;gug;gpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;il gpuNahfpf;f
$ba tYTs;s murpay; epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; FiwghLfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; murpay;
fl;likg;G tYtpoe;J fhzg;gLfpw NghJ td;Kiw rhu;e;j Kuz;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
Mdhy;> ,jw;F khw;wkhf muR gytPdkhf ,Uf;fpd;w NghJ me;j murpDs; cs;s jdpkdpjf;
FOf;fs; mtu;fsJ nrhe;j ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;a Muk;gpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; murpd; cs;Ns
ghJfhg;gpy; gpur;rpidfs; vOk;. ,.jdpilNa ,t;tpU FOf;fSf;Fkpilapy; Kuz;ghL
Vw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
murpay; mk;rq;fs;
xU ehl;bd; Kuz;ghl;Lf;fhd Muk;gk; mjd; murpay; Kiwikia rhu;e;Js;sJ. ru;thjpfhukhd

Kiwikfs; ghugl;rkhd eilKiwfisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ fUjj;jf;f vjpu;g;G
eltbf;iffis cUthf;Ftjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ngUk;ghYk; [dehafg; gpd;dzpfspy; $l rpy
FOf;fs; murhq;fj;jpd; my;yJ murpay; epWtdq;fspy; NghJkw;w tifapy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ mq;F vjpu;g;G elj;ijfs; vo KbAk;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; xU
KOikahd Kiwik kPjhd ek;gpf;if vd;gJ Nfhs;tpf;Fupajhf khWtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> ,e;epiyikahdJ Kuz;ghL Njhd;Wtjw;F VJthf mike;Js;sd.
nghUshjhu r%f mk;rq;fs;
nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs;> ghugl;rkhd nghUshjhu Kiwikfs;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp>

etPdkakhf;fk; vd;gtw;wpy; vjpu;kiwahd epfo;Tfs; ghugl;rk; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;w NghJ
td;Kiwf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tJld; r%frkj;Jtkpd;ik> nghUshjhu Nehf;fk;> tu;f;f uPjpapy;
ghugl;rk; fhzg;gLjy;. vd;gdNt Kuz;ghl;Lf;F toptpLtjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
fyhrhu mk;rq;fs;
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhd fyhrhu Xuq;fl;ly;. rpWghd;ik nkhopfs;> kj Rje;jpuk;> murpay;

jilfs; vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;Jjy;> tuyhw;W uPjpahd milahsr; rpd;dq;fis cilj;jy;>
Nrjg;gLj;jy; vd;gd Kuz;ghl;il Nehf;fp toptpLtjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mur cUthf;f Nkhjy;
rkfhy cyf ehLfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w jd;ikiag; nghWj;J Kuz;ghl;L tifg;ghLfspy;

xd;whf mur cUthf;f Kuz;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mur cUthf;f Kuz;ghLfs; vd;gJ
gy;ypd> kj> nkhop> fyhrhuk;> milahsj;ijf; nfhz;l murpDs; thOk; kf;fspy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kf;fs; murpdhy; jkJ cupikfis mDgtpg;gjpy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjdhy;
Fwpj;j ehl;by; VNjDk; xU gpuNjrj;ij cupikNfhup Gjpa muir cUthf;Fk; tifapy;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk; Kuz;ghlhFk;.
jw;Nghija ehLfspy; ,lk;ngWk; ngUk;ghyhd cs;sf Kuz;ghLfs;> ,d Kuz;ghLfs; vd;gd

Fwpj;j ,d kf;fs; jkJ murpdhy; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLtjhy; jkJ ,dj;jpd; cupik Rahl;rpiag;
ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; muRf;F vjpuhf Kuz;ghLfspy; <LgLtijf; fhzyk;.
cjhuzk;
#lhdpypUe;J njd; #lhd gpupe;jik> ,yq;ifapypUe;J jkpoPok; ngWtjw;F LTTE Aj;jj;jpy;

<Lgl;lik
ngUk;ghyhd Kuz;ghLfs; jdpegu;fspdhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;

tiu xU tho;f;if rf;fukhf khw;wk; ngWtjhf mz;ikf;fhy Kuz;ghL kw;Wk; Kuz;ghl;Lj;
jPu;T gw;wpa Ma;tpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkhjy; fy;tpapd; Kd;Ndhbfspy; xUtuhd mnkupf;fhtpd; Y}tp]; fpwp];Ngu;f; “Nkhjy;

tho;f;if rf;fuk;” gy gbepiyfis nfhz;lJ vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
01. Kuz;ghl;Lf;fhd fhuzk; /epge;jidfs; fhzg;gly;.
Kuz;ghl;bd; Muk;g fl;lkhFk;. Kuz;ghnlhd;W Vw;gLtjw;F epge;jidfs; fhzg;gLjYk;

mjid fz;L gpbf;fg;glhky; ,Ug;gJ ,jd; gpujhd mk;rkhFk;. Kuz;ghl;Lf;fhd fhuzp
fz;Lgpbf;fg;glhikNa Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtJ> mjw;fhd jPu;T ngw;Wf; nfhs;shikNa Kuz;ghL
Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpahFk;.
02. Kuz;ghL Nknyyy;
Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd gpd;dzpia mwpahikahy;> mjd; %yk; kf;fspd; Njitfs;>

Nehf;fq;fs;> tpUg;gq;fs; vd;gd G+u;j;jp nra;ahikahy; kf;fSf;F Vw;gLfpd;w vjpu;tpisTfspd;
tpuf;jp> ghugl;rk;> mjpUg;jp vd;gtw;wpd; fhuzkhf xU fl;likf;fg;gl;l> xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l
tifapy; Kuz;ghL cUthf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
03. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPtpuepiy (cf;fpu epiy) miljy;
Kuz;ghl;Lj; jug;gpduhy; jkJ ,yf;if mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; td;Kiw> Aj;jk;>

nfhiy> nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Nrjk; tpistpj;jy;> flj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; Kuz;ghL jPtpu
epiyf;F nfhz;L nry;YtjhFk;. nghJthf ,g;gb epiy xU ehl;bDila cs;sf
Kuz;ghLfspy; mjpfk; nry;thf;Ft; nrYj;jf; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; Kuz;ghL
rkhjhdg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij> murpay; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;Stjw;fhd tha;g;G
Fiwthjk;.
04. Nkhjypd; jPtpuepiy mw;Wg; Nghjy;.
Kuz;ghL jPtpu epiyia mile;ejd; gpd;du; Kuz;gLk; jug;gpdupilNa xU fl;lj;jpy; jP tpu

epiyia Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; epiy Vw;gLk;. mjhtJ> Kuz;ghL nfhz;L nry;Yk; tsk;> jpwd;
vd;gd Fiwtiljy;> ru;tNjr ehLfsp;d; mOj;jq;fs;> Kuz;ghLf;fhd kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G
Fiwtiljy;. vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; Kuz;ghl;L jug;gpdiu xU jiyg;gl;rkhf jPu;tpid Nehf;fp
nry;Ytjhy; Nkhjypd; jPtpu epiy Fiwtile;J> Nkhjy; fPo; epiyf;Fr; nry;Yfpd;wd.
Kuz;ghl;L tho;f;ifr; rf;fuk;
me;Nahd;akhd tifapy; fhag;gLj;Jk; Njf;f epiy
jPtpuj;jd;ik Fiwtiljy;
Kuz;ghL jPtpukiljy;
jPtpuj;jd;ik rkhjhd Ngr;R thuj;ij
Kuz;ghL Vw;gly; Kuz;ghL Kbtiljy;
Kuz;ghl;bd; gpd;du;
rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;gy;
jilfs;>epge;jidfs; kw;Wk;
ntspg;glh Kuz;ghL fhy ,ilntsp

05. Kuz;ghl;bid KbTf;F nfhz;L tuy;
xU ehl;bd; cs;sf Kuz;ghL rptpy; Aj;jkhf khwp mjd; %yk; mk;Nkhjy; ePz;lfhy
Nkhjyhf khWfpd;wJ. ,k; Kuz;ghl;il KbTf;F nfhz;L tUjy; ePz;lfhy nraw;ghlhf
khw;wkilfpd;wJ. ,k; Kuz;ghlhdJ Aj;jj;jpd; %yk; xU jug;gpdu; ntw;wpailfpd;wdu;.
,jdhy; Njhy;tpaile;j jug;gpdupd; cupik> nfhs;if> murpay; Nfhupf;iffs; vd;gd
epiwNtw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gpd;dzpapNy Fwpj;j Kuz;ghl;bid KbTf;F nfhz;L tu ,U
jug;gpdUk; rkhjhd Ngr;Rthu;j;ij> rkhjhd cld;gbf;if> %d;whk; jug;G kj;jpa];jk;
vd;gtw;wpD}lhf fye;Jiuahly;fs; %yk; ,U jug;gpdUk; rpy tpl;Lf; nfhLg;Gf;fis nra;J
rkur rkhjdj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjD}lhf Kuz;ghl;bid KbTf;F nfhz;L tUtij ,g;gbepiy
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghd mZFKiwfs;
irkd; gpsupd; FO 2000k; Mz;by; ntspapl;l Kuz;ghl;NlhL gzpGupjy; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd

jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; cgha Kiwfs; vDk; E}ypy; Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; nraw;gLk; NghJ gad;gLk;
mZFKiwfis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
01. r%f cwTrhu; mZFkiw
Kuz;ghL r%fq;fSf;fpilapy; njhlu;Gfs;> Gupe;Jzu;T vd;gd mw;Wg;Nghtjhy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

vd Fwpg;gpLtJ ,t; mZFKiwapd; gpujhd fUj;jhf mikfpd;wJ. r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;
gy;NtW FOf;fSf;fpilNa> ek;gpf;ifaPdk;> re;Njfk;> mr;rk;> tpNuhjk; kw;Wk; me;epakhjy;
vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; r%fq;fSf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghL Vw;gLjy; ,jd; gz;ghFk;. vdNt> ,k;
Kuz;ghl;il jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kuz;gLk; jug;gpdupilNa njhlu;ghly;> Gupe;Jzu;tpid tpUj;jp
nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ> ,dj;Jt> r%f> fyhrhu NtWghl;bid ePf;fp> ,g; gy;tifikia
midtUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; r%fq;fspilNa jpwid tpUj;jp nra;tJ ,t;
mZFKiwahFk;.
02. kdpj Njitfs; mZFKiw
kdpjdpd; mbg;gil ngsjPf> r%f> kdpj Njitfs; G+u;j;jp nra;ag;glhikahy; Kuz;ghL

cUthfpd;wJ vd ,t; mZFKiw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ kdpjdpd; ghJfhg;G> milahsk;>
nfsutk;> murpay; gq;Fgw;wy; Rje;jpuk; vd;gd G+u;j;jp nra;ag;ghlhikahy; Kuz;ghL
cUthfpd;wd. vdNt> midj;J jug;gpduJk; mbg;gil ngsjPf kdpj kw;Wk; r%fj;
Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;tjd; %yk; Kuz;ghl;il KbTf;F nfhz;L tuKbAk; vd ,t;
mZFKiw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
03. fyhrhu njhlu;ghly; mZFKiw
Kuz;ghlhdJ NtWgl;l fyhrhu njhlu;ghly; khjpupfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk;

Gupe;Jzu;tpd;ikia cUthf;Ffpd;wJ vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> gy;ypd fyhrhuq;fisg;
gpd;gw;wp thOk; ehl;L kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vida fyhrhuq;fisg; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fkpd;ik>
jkJ fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fis Kjd;ik ngWjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w vjpughu;g;gpf; fhuzkhf Vida
fyhr;rhu tpOkpaq;fis jil nra;jy; my;yJ ghugl;rk; fhl;Ltjhy; Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtjhFk;.
vdNt> Kuz;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fspd; fyhrhuk; gw;wpa Gupe;Jzu;T mjpfupj;jy;>
fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghd ghjf kw;Wk; re;Njfq;fis ePf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;> cs;sf fyhrhu
njhlu;ghliy tYg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Kuz;ghl;il ePf;f KbAk; vd ,t; mZFKiw
Fwpg;gLfpd;wJ.
04. Kuz;ghL epiykhw;w mZFKiw
r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu kw;Wk; murpay; vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gLk; ghugl;rk;> mePjp> mrkj;Jtk;
vd;gd Kuz;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdNt ,f; fl;likg;gpd; jd;ikia epiy
khw;WtjD}lhf Kuz;ghl;il jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd ,t; mZFKiw Fwpg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjhtJ> ghugl;rk;> mePjp mrkj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;jf;$ba fl;likg;Gf;fs;> epWtdq;fs;
kw;Wk; murpay; nfhs;iffis khw;wpaikg;gjD}lhfTk;> rkhjhdk;> kf;fistYT+l;Ljy;>
epahaj;jd;ik> kd;dpg;G toq;fy;> ey;ypzf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy; Mfpa nraw;ghLfs; %yk;
Kuz;ghl;bid jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd mt; mZFKiw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
05. milahsj; Njitfs; mZFKiw
Kuz;ghLfs; r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd milahsk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w czu;tpdhy;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ vDk; fUj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vd ,t;
mZFKiw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> Kuz;ghl;bd; NghJ xU ,dj;jpd; milahsq;fshd
,Ug;G> fyhrhu ghuk;gupak;> kj];jyq;fs;> tuyhw;W rpd;dq;fs; vd;gd mopf;fg;gLtjd; %yk;
Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtjhFk;. vdNt> r%fq;fspd; mbg;gil milahsq;fs;> Njitfs; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; tifapy; $l;L cld;gbf;ifia Vw;gLj;jp> ey;ypzf;fk;> rkurk; vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;jp
mr;RWj;jy;> me; epiyia ePf;Fjy; vd;gtw;wpy; ,t; mZFKiw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
06. gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy; mZFKiw
Kuz;ghL jug;gpdUf;fpilNa xd;Wf;nfhd;W khWgl;l> nghUj;jkw;w ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk;

Nehf;fq;fs; fhuzkhfTk; Kuz;gLk; xU jug;gpdu; khj;jpuk; ntw;wp ngWjy;> vjpu;j;jug;gpdu;
KOikahf Njhy;tpailjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w (G+r;rp tpUj;jp Zero Sum) fhuzq;fshy;
Kuz;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; mZFKiwahFk;. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;g;gNj gpur;rpid
jPu;j;jy; mZFKiwahFk;. Kuz;gLk; jug;gpdu; midtUk; gu];gu ek;gpf;if ngWk; tifapy;
rkhjhd xg;ge;jj;Jf;F tu tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;> ,Wf;fkhd epiyia tpLj;J
eyd;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpl;Lf; nfhLg;Gld; ,U jug;gpdiuAk; ,zq;fr; nra;tjd; %yk;
Kuz;ghl;il jPu;j;J itj;jiy ,t; mZFKiw Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T nrad;Kiw

Kuz;ghL vd;gJ r%f khw;wj;jpd; cs;shu;e;j jtpu;f;f Kbahj Xu; tplakhFk;. ,J kuG
uPjpahd fl;Lg;ghL tpjpfisf; fle;j r%f khw;wq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;L> Gjpa epiyfshf
my;yJ tbtq;fshf cUntLf;Fk; gy;NtW eyd;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. Kuz;ghL
r%fj;jpw;F ed;ik gaf;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gpDk; moptpid Vw;gLj;jf;$ba Kuz;ghLfshy;
ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Njhd;wr; nra;fpd;wd. ,g;gpd;dzpapy; Kuz;ghLfis KbTf;F nfhz;L
tUtjw;F gy Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd topKiwfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jid Kuz;ghl;Lj;
jPu;T nrad;Kiw vd miof;fg;gLk;. Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T nrad;Kiw nghJthf ePz;lnjhU
nrad;KiwahFk;. mjhtJ> jdpg;gl;l uPjpapYk; r%f> murpay; Kuz;ghLfspYk;
mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f tplak; ahnjdpy; Kuz;ghl;il KOikahf jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; fbdkhapDk;>
Kuz;ghl;bid rhjfkhd Kiwapy; mZFk; gy topKiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
01. Kd;$l;ba Kd; vr;rupf;if nra;jy;

02. Kuz;ghL jtpu;j;jy;
03. Kuz;ghL Kfhikj;Jtk;
04. Kuz;ghL epiykhw;wk;
05. Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
06. Kuz;ghLj; jPu;T
01. Kd;$l;ba Kd; vr;rupf;if nra;jy;
Kuz;ghL jPu;T nrad;Kiwapy; 1980> 1990fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;Tfspy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l

Kuz;ghl;ilf; ifahSfpd;w topKiwahf Kd;$l;ba vr;rupf;if fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ>
r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;s Kuz;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf Kd;dNu ,dq;fz;L mit Vw;gLtij
jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if vLj;jyhFk;. mt;thW nra;Ak; NghJ Kuz;ghL Vw;glf; $ba ,lk;>
r%f FOf;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,dq;fz;L mjd; %yk; Kuz;ghLfSf;F fhuzkha;
mikaf;$ba fhuzpfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jp jPug;gjw;fhd Nahridfis Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
nfdj; Nghy;bq; vd;gtuhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l “r%fj; juTikak;” vd;gJ ,e;Nehf;fj;ij

epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l epWtdkhFk;. ,e; epWtdj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; Kuz;ghl;bd;
Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;> mk; Kuz;ghl;il Muk;gj;jpNyNa jLj;J tpLtjw;fhd
topfis NjLjyhFk;. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T nrad;Kiwapy; Kd;$l;ba vr;rupf;iff;F cjhuzkhf
nghUshjhu jiliaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. xU ehL Vida ,U ehl;Lld; my;yJ cs;sf ,dj;Jf;F
vjpuhd MAj uPjpapy; Kuz;ghL <Lgl Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
Kd;ndr;rupf;ifahf me;ehl;Lld; cwTfis Ngzhky; tpLtjd; %yk; Kuz;ghl;bid
jLg;gjw;fhd Xu; cj;jpahFk;.
02. Kuz;ghl;bid jtpu;j;jy;
Kuz;ghL jPu;T fw;ifapDs; 1950fspd; gpd;du; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ Kuz;ghL jtpu;j;jyhFk;.

Kuz;ghL jtpu;j;jyhdJ gy;NtW ehLfspy; Njhd;wpa mopT uPjpahd Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf
Kuz;ghLfis jLg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l nrad;KiwahFk;. NkYk; MAj uPjpahd mopT
Vw;glhky; mjidj; jLg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. Kuz;ghL jtpu;j;jy; vd;gJ Nkhjiy
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Lte;J mjid xU rkhjhd epiyf;F nfhz;L nry;y Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
cghaq;fs; gpujhd gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> xU Nkhjy; gutp> mJ xU ghupa tpisit
Vw;gLj;JtjpypUe;J jLj;J Kuz;ghL jug;Gf;fis mjd; Muk;g epiyf;F nfhz;L
nry;YtjhFk;. Kuz;ghL jtpu;g;gpd; gpujhd mk;rk; Kuz;ghl;bd; cldbf;fhuzpfis gut
tplhJ jLj;jyhFk;.
Kuz;ghL jtpu;j;jy; nrad;Kiw ,uz;L topKiwfspy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wd
1. Kuz;ghl;il Rkhuhf my;yJ ,Nyrhf jLj;jy;

2. Kuz;ghl;il Mokhf jLj;jy;
Kuz;ghl;il Rkhuhf jtpu;j;jy;
,J Kuz;ghnlhd;W td;Kiwahf khWtij jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if vLj;jiy Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

mjhtJ> td;KiwAld; $ba xU Kuz;ghL MAj Kuz;ghlhf gupkhzk; ngWtij jLg;gij
,yf;fhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. Kuzg;hL Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis ftdpahJ>
Fwpj;j Kuz;ghL MAj Kuz;ghlhf khWtij jLg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,uh[je;jpu
jiyaPLfs; khehLfs;> Kuz;ghL jPu;T nrad;Kiwfs;> %d;whk; jug;G kj;jpa];jk;> rkhjhd
Ngr;Rthu;j;ij vd;gd Kuz;ghl;il Rkhuhf jtpu;j;jy; Kiwf;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhFk;.
Kuz;ghl;il Mokhf jtpu;j;jy;.
Kuz;ghl;Lf;F mbg;gilahf mike;j mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis fz;lwpe;J. mtw;Wf;F

jPu;Tfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J Kuz;ghL Vw;glf;$ba tha;g;Gf;fis jtpu;g;gjhFk;. ,J Kuz;ghL
Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd %y fhuzj;ij ,dq;fz;L mjid jtpu;j;jy; KiwahFk;. ,t;
jtpu;j;jy; Kiw Kuz;ghl;Lj; jug;gpdupilNa kPz;LnkhU Kuz;ghL Vw;glhj tz;zk; ePbj;j
rkhjhdk;> ghJfhg;G vd;gd cUthFk; tifapy; Kuz;ghl;il jtpu;f;Fk; KiwahFk;.
nghUshjhu> murpay; rPuikg;Gf;fs;> mgptpUj;jp topKiwfs;> eyd;Gup nfhs;iffs;> [dehafk;>
kf;fshl;rp> Clf Rje;jpuk;> rl;lk; kw;Wk; epUthf rPu;jpUj;jk; vd;gtw;wpid cUthf;FtjD}lhf

Kuz;ghl;il jtpu;j;jyhFk;.
03. Kuz;ghL Kfhikj;Jtk;
Kuz;ghl;il ifahStjw;fhd cj;jpfspy; xd;whf 1980fspy; gpd;du; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Xu;

nrad;Kiw Kuz;ghL Kfhikj;JtkhFk;. Kuz;ghL Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj
Nkhjy;fspd; ePz;lfhyk; Kfhikia Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk;
gpur;rpidf;fhd jPu;tpid Kd;dtf;fhJ Nkhjy; NkYk; guthJ Nkhjy; jug;gpdupilNa Nkhjiy
Xu; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;L tUtijf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;.
Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wpa nlhdhy;l; gpsf; vDk; mwpQu; “Nkhjypy; njhlu;Gila ,U

FOf;fSf;fpilNa NkYk; Nkhjy; mjpfupf;fhJ my;yJ gut tplhJ xU Fwpj;j epiyapy;
Kfhik nra;tijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. mjhtJ> rkhjhd cld;gbf;if> Aj;j epWj;j xg;ge;jk;
vd;gtw;wpdhy; Nkhjiy cldbahf KbTf;F nfhz;L tuhJ Kfhik nra;tij
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk; nrad;Kiw gpujhdkhf ,d Nkhjiy jPu;f;Fk;
Kaw;rpapy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fiy fUj;jpw; nfhz;L ,t;ntz;zf;fU gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk; gw;wp ]hl;kd; vDk; mwpQu; “Nkhjy; jPu;T Nkhjypd; fhuzpfis
ePf;Ffpd;wJ. Mdhy; Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk; Nkhjy; kw;Wk; neUf;fbf;Fk; fhuzkhd
mk;rq;fisf; Fiwj;jy; my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; jPu;tpid fhz;gjhFk; vd
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk; vDk; vz;zf;fU ,U NtWgl;l epiyfspypUe;J Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.

KjyhtJ Nkhjiy KOikahf jPu;g;gJ fbdkhd> ePz;lfhyk; vLf;ff;$bajhf cs;s NghJ
Nkhjypid td;Kiw kw;Wk; mopTj; jd;ikahd tpisTfisf; fl;Lg;gj;jp> mJ NkYk;
guTtij fl;Lg;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,J NkhjYf;fhd gpujhd fhuzpfSf;F jPu;Tfis NjLtjpy;iy
khwhf Nkhjiy xU tifapy; fl;Lg;gLj;jiyf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,uz;lhtjhf Nkhjiy rhjfkw;w tpisTfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; xd;whf fUjhJ> r%fj;jpy;

xd;Wf;nfhd;W khWgl;l kNdhepiy kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nkhjy; vdyhk;. ,J
Nkjhiy Xu; MNuhf;fpakhd> rhjfkhd Xu; epiyapy; nfhz;L nry;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ> Nkhjy;
Kfhikj;JtkhdJ NtWghLfisAk; gpuptpidfisAk; Mf;fG+u;tkhdjhff; ifahSk; xd;whff;
fUJfpd;wJ. ,jid eilKiwg;gLj;j Nkjhy;fis [dehafk;> rkhjhdk;> fye;Jiuahly;
vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; ,lk;ngw Kaw;rp nra;fpd;wJ.
Kuz;ghL Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jd;ikia mstpLjy;

2. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jug;gpdiu rkg;gLj;jy;
3. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jug;gpdiu jdpikg;gLj;jy;
4. khehL> fye;Jiuahly;fs; elhj;jp fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
5. moptpidAk;> ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; Fiwj;jy;.
04. Kuz;ghl;L epiykw;wk;
Kuz;ghLfis ifahStjpy; kw;WnkhU mZFKiw Kuz;ghl;L epiy khw;wk; MFk;. ,jid

Nkhjy; cUkhw;wk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. Nkhjy; jPu;T mZFKiwf;F gjpyhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w
mZFKiwahFk;. Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk; vd;gJ Nkhjypd; jd;ikapy; khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. mjhtJ> Nkhjy; jug;gpdu;> gpur;rpidfs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs;> Nkhjiy Vw;gLj;Jk;
mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis khw;wpaikg;gjdhy; Nkhjypd; midj;Jtpjkhd Nghf;F epiykhWtij
Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l mZFKiwahFk;. Nkhjy; epiy khw;wk; Neubahf Nkhjiy KbTf;F
nfhz;Ltu Kbahj xd;whf fhzg;gbDk; Nkhjiy NtnwhU jpirf;F my;yJ gupdhkj;jpw;F

nfhz;L nry;yf;$bajhFk;.
Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk; xl;Lnkhj;j Nkhjy; #oy; fhuzpfis khw;wpaikj;jy;> Nkhjy; jug;gpdupd;

njhlu;Gfis khw;wpaikj;jy;> NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila jug;gpdupd; kdg;ghq;Ffs;> elj;ijfs;>
vz;zq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;.
Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk; Vw;gLj;JtJ gw;wp gy mwpQu;fs; gy;NtWgl;l tpj;jpahrkhd

mZFKiwfis Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. me;j mbg;gilapy; Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk; gw;wpa N[hd; Nghy;
nyl;uhr; vDk; mwpQu; Kf;fpakhdtuhthu;. ,tuJ fUj;jpd;gb Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk; gpd;tUk; 4
gupkhzq;fspy; Vw;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
jdpahs; gupkhzk;
,J jdpegupy; Nkhjy; gw;wp Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. kdepiy khw;wk;> Md;kPf

czu;T> Nkhjy; gw;wpa mwpT vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthf jdpeguplk; Vw;gLfpd;w epiykhw;wk;>
Nkhjy; kdpjdpd; czu;Tfs;> nfsutk;> fUj;Jf;fs;> rpe;jidfs;> elj;ijfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtij Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. jdpahu; epiykhw;wk; r%f Nkhjypy; ghupa
mopTfis jLj;J> MNuhf;fpakhd mgptpUj;jpia nfhz;L tUtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jf;
$ba xd;whFk;.
cwTg; gupkhzk;
,J cwT epiyfspy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Nkhjypy; mjpfsT

jhf;fj;ij nrYj;jf;$baJ cwT Kiwfs; MFk;> vdNt> Nkhrkhd njhopw;ghl;ilf; nfhz;l
njhlu;ghliyf; Fiwj;J> Gupe;Jzu;T Vw;glf;$ba njhlu;ghlypd; %yk; Nkhjy;
epiykhw;wj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. cwT Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; kdntOr;rp> xUtupy; xUtu;
jq;fpapUj;jy; vd;gtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila gPjp> mr;rk;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis ntspf; nfhzu;e;J
mitfis ePq;Ftijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
fl;likg;G gupkhzk;
td;Kiwf;F tpj;jpLfpd;w %y fhuzpfs;> r%f epiyikfs; kw;Wk; Vida mopit Vw;gLj;Jk;

Nkhjy; fhuzpfis ,dq;fz;L mitgw;wp ifahSk; topKiwahFk;. fl;likg;G gupkhzk;
gpujhdkhf r%f uPjpapy; ftgdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Nkhjy;fs; NkYk; mjpfupg;gjw;F r%f
mePjpfNs fhuzkhf ,Ug;gjhy; mjid ePf;fp r%f ePjpia fl;bnaOg;Gtjd; %yk; Nkhjy;
epiykhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
fyhrhu gupkhzk;
,J r%fnkhd;wpd; fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs;> ghuk;gupa milahsq;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wk;

ngWtij Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ xU r%ff; FOtpd; fyhrhu tpOkpaq;fs; vt;thW Nkhjiy
epiykhw;Wfpd;wJ vd Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;. Nkhjypdhy; Vw;gl;l xU FOtpd; fyhrhu
khw;wq;fisAk; rhjf epiyf;F tpj;jpLtjhFk;.
Nkhjy; epiykhw;wk; NkhjYf;F cjtpahf jPu;it Kd;itf;fhJ Nkhjypd; jd;ikia gy;NtW

topKiwfspD}lhf mjd; Nehf;fk;> jpir vd;gtw;iw khw;WtjhFk;. mjhtJ> Nkhjy;
njhlu;tjw;fhd r%ff; fhuzpfis milahsk; fz;L> NkhjYf;fhd Kbit fhz;gjhFk;.
05. Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
kdpj tuyhW neLfpYk; Nkhjy;> td;Kiw vd;gtw;wpdhNyNa top elhj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sd.

Nkhjy;> td;Kiw ghupa mopTfis Vw;gLj;jpaikahy; Nkhjy; jPu;T nrad;Kiwapy;
mz;ikf;fhykhf ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fg; gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;GjyhFk;. xU gpuNjrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jp> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gd

NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;dNu mjpfkhf ,lk; ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.
NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijd; fl;bnaOg;Gjypy; Kjd;ikahdjhf MAjq;fisAk;>

Nghuhspfspd; tpLjiy> Nghuhspfis r%fj;Jld; ,izj;jy;> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd
cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis nra;tjd; %yk; rhj;jpag;glyhk; vd bf; nrhykd; vDk; mwpQu;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
Gjpa mur epWtdq;fs; epu;khzpf;fg;gLjy;> [dehafj;ij epiy epWj;Jjy;> mjpfhug; gfpu;T>

rl;lthl;rp vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk; vd
N[hd; Y}ap]; vDk; mwpQu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahf NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g gpd;tUk; 3 tplaq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
01. epthuzk; toq;Fjy;
Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F cldbahf kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfis toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

mfjp Kfhk;> jw;fhypf ,Ug;gplq;fspy; thOk; kf;fSf;F czT> kUj;Jt trjpfis ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;
02. kPs; fl;Lkhd trjpfis toq;Fjy;
Nkhjypdhy; KOikahf ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tho;tpy; kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

Nghuhspfis r%fj;Jld; ,izj;jy;> csts gapw;rp toq;Fjy;> ek;gpf;ifia fl;bnaOg;Gjy;>
[dehafj;ij epiy ehl;ly; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
03. mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;
Nkhjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;ij FWq;fhy> ePz;lfhy uPjpapy; ghupa gy mgptpUj;jpfis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;. ,jd; %yk; Nkhjy; ,lk;ngw;w fhuzpfis Kw;whf ePf;fp rkhjhd #oiy
cUthf;FjyhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; 2009 Aj;jk; KbTf;F te;j gpd;du; ,yq;if murhq;fk; fpof;fpd;
cjak;> tlf;fpd; tre;jk; vDk; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis mwpKfk; nra;jikiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Nkhjypd; NghJ moptile;j gpuNjrq;fs;> r%fj;ij kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> Gzu;tho;tspj;jy>

kPs mgptpUj;jp> kf;fSf;F epthuzk; toq;jy;> ePjpia ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;> Gupe;Jzu;itf;
fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gd NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; nraw;ghLfspy;
cs;slq;Fg;itahFk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; kdepiyapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp
kPz;Lk; Nkhjy; Vw;glhky; jLg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhFk;.
Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T
Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T vDk; gjk; Nkhjy; fw;ifapy; kl;Lkd;wp NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila rfy
JiwfspYk; gutyhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. Nkhjy; jPu;T vd;gJ FWfpa kl;lj;jpy;
NkhjYf;F toptFj;j fhuzpfis mfw;Wjy; my;yJ ePf;Fjy; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
NkhjYf;fhd cldbahf mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbahj> Mokhf Nt&d;wpa fhuzpfNs Nkhjy;fs;
Vw;gl fhuzkhfpd;wd. ,t; MoNt&d;wpa fhuzpfshf r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> fyhrhuk;
vd;gd fhzg;glyhk;. vdNt> mf;fhuzpfNs ePz;lfhykhfg; gupzhkk; mile;J gy Nkhjy;fs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sij fhzyhk;. vdNt> ,f;fhuzpfis kpfj; jPtpukhf Muha;e;J mtw;wpid
jPu;j;jyhFk;.
nghJthf Nkhjy; jPu;T vd;gJ Nkhjypy; <Lgl;l ,U jug;gpdupy; xU jug;gpdupd; ntw;wpapD}lhf

khj;jpuk; KbTf;F nfhz;L tUtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljy;y. khwhf ,U jug;gpdupdJk;
NkhjYf;fhd fhuzpfis gu];guk; jPtpu Muha;e;J KbTf;F nfhz;L tUjyhFk;.
Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T nrad;Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;
01. NkhjYf;fhd mbg;gil fhuzpfis NtNuhL fisaf; nra;jy;.
02. Nkhjy;> td;Kiw kPz;Lk; jiyJ}f;Ftjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fis ePf;Fjy;.
03. Nkhjy; jug;gpdupilNa Gjpa cwtpid fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
04. kdg;ghq;F> elj;ijfspy; khw;wj;ij nfhz;Ltuy;.
nghJthf Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T vd;gJ NkhjYf;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzpfis Mokhf Muha;e;J

mtw;iw jPu;g;gjw;fhf nraw;gLtJ vdyhk;. NkYk; Nkhjy; jug;gpdupilNa Jz;bf;fg;gl;l
njhlu;Gfis kPz;Lk; kyur; nra;jy;> Nkhjy; kPz;Lk; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpfis ePf;fp
epiyahd rkhjhdj;ij KbTf;F nfhz;L te;J rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;gf;$ba ePz;lfhy
nraw;ghlhFk;.
Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T Clfq;fs;
Kuz;ghLf; fw;if Jiwapy; Nkhjy; jPu;T Clfq;fs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wdJ. jdpegu;>
r%fq;fSf;Fs;> ehLfSf;fpilapy; eilngWfpd;w Nkhjiy jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gad;gLk;
topKiwfs; Nkhjy; jPu;T Clfq;fshFk;. Nkhjy; jPu;T nrad;Kiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
mbg;gil Clfq;fs; 4 fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;
2. kj;jpa];jk; nra;jy;
3. rkhjhd cld;gbf;if
4. rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
,zf;fg;gLj;jy;
Nkhjy; jPu;T cghaq;fspy; kpf mbg;gilahdJ ,zf;fg;gLj;jyhFk;. ,r; nrad;Kiwia

rkurg; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ ehq;fs;
kw;wtu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;baij> ngw;Wf;nfhs;Stjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
ClfkhFk;. ntt;Ntwhd ,yf;Ffisf; nfhz;Ls;s Nkhjy; jug;gpdu;fspilNa Xu;
cld;ghnlhd;iw Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; nra;ag;gl;l njhlu;ghly; gupkhw;wNk
,zf;fg;gLj;jyhFk;.
,zf;fg;gLj;jy; vd;gJ Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s jug;Gf;fs; jkJ Nkhjiyj;

jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf fye;Jiuahly; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly; ,U jug;gpdUk; ntw;wp ngWk;
epiyf;F nfhz;L nry;Yk; nrad;KiwahFk;. xd;Wld; xd;W Nkhjpf; nfhs;gtu;fis
nghJthdnjhU epiyg;ghl;bw;F nfhz;Ltu NkhjNyhL njhlu;Gila jug;GfSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk;
nrad;KiwahFk;. Nwh[u; gpru;> tpy;ypak; A+up Mfpa mwpQu;fs; Nkhjy; jPu;T Clfq;fspy;
,zf;fg;gLj;jypd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpa mwpQu;fshtu;.
Nkhjiy KbTf;F nfhz;Ltu ,zf;fg;gLj;jypd; %yk; gy topKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L

tUfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW>
1. gpur;rpidj; jPu;Tf;fhd ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;
2. jd;dhjpf;f ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;.
3. tpl;L;f; nfhLj;jy; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;

gpur;rpidj; jPu;Tf;fhd ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;.
Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;s ,U jug;gpduhYk; nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $ba jPu;tpid NjLfpd;w

KiwahFk;. ,U jug;gpdUk; kfpo;r;rpahd Kiwapy; rkhjhd jPu;nthd;wpid Njbf; nry;Yk;
nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J xUtUf; nfhUtu; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jPu;Tfisf; fhz;gjpy; kpfTk;
rpwg;ghd xU KiwahFk;. Mdhy; xU jug;gpdu; ,y;yhj epiyapy; ,J ve;j re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;
eilKiwr; rhj;jpakw;wjhfNt fhzg;gLk;.
jd;dhjpf;f ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;.
NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila xU jug;G kw;iwa jug;gpd; kPJ jkJ epiyg;ghl;il jpzpg;gjw;fhf

fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLk; KiwahFk;. ,jd; NghJ xU jug;gpdu; jkJ nrhe;j Mu;tk;>
eyd;fSf;fhf gf;fr;rhu;ghd Kiwapy; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sr; nra;tjw;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rpahFk;. ,t; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; Ngr;R thu;j;ijfs;
,Wf;fkhdjhfTk;> nefpo;Tj;jd;ik mw;wjhfTk;> jug;gpdu; tpl;Lf; nfhLg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhs;shj
xd;whfTk; fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; xU jug;gpdu; jkJ epiyg;ghl;by; khw;wkilahky; jPu;f;fkhd
epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ue;J nfhz;L vjpu;j;jug;gpd; epiyg;ghl;il jkf;F rhjfkhd Kiwapy; khw;wpf;
nfhs;s mOj;jk; nfhLg;gNj ,t; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; nrad;KiwahFk;.
tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy; ,zf;fg;gLj;jy;
NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fs; jPu;nthd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Stjw;fhf jkJ Nehf;fk;

kw;Wk; vjpu;g;ghu;g;Gf;fs; njhlu;gpy; tise;J nfhLj;jyhFk;. xUtupd; mbg;gil vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis
my;yJ ,yf;Ffis Fiwg;gjpy; <LgLk; ,zf;fg;gLj;jyhFk;. ,g; nghwpKiwiaj; njupT
nra;Ak; kj;jpa];ju; fLikahd my;yJ nefpo;Tj; jd;ikaw;w epiy vd;gtw;iw vjpu;Nehf;f
khl;lhu;. NkhjYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdNu ,k; Nkhjiy tpiuthd Kiwapy; jPu;j;Jf;
nfhs;Stjw;fhd Kaw;rpahf rpy tpl;Lf; nfhLg;Gf;fspy; <Lgl jahuhf ,Ug;ghu;. vdNt>
gpur;rpid jPu;Tf;F tha;g;Gs;s tplaq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tplak; njhlu;ghf Kiwg;ghl;il
Nkw;nfhs;tNj Nkhjy; jug;gpdUf;F nghUj;jkhdjhf mikAk;.
kj;jpa];jk; nra;jy;
Nkhjiyj; jPu;g;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; ngw;w Xu; Clfk; kj;jpa];jkhFk;. Nkhjy; jPu;T Clfq;fspy;
xU gue;j vz;zf;fU kj;jpa];jkhFk;. kj;jpa];jk; Nkhjy; jug;gpdupilNa fUj;Jg;
gupkhw;wYf;fhd Xu; ,ilj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. kj;jpa];jk; vd;gJ NkhjYld;
njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;gpy; ,U jug;gpduhYk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sf; $ba jPu;tpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; %d;whk; jug;G jiyaPL nra;J
gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPu;tpid ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
kj;jpa];jk; gw;wpa Xud;aq; vDk; mwpQu; “gpur;rpidapy; Neubahfr; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jug;gpdu;

my;yhj Nkhjy; FOtpy; gpur;rpidfis Fiwg;gjw;F my;yJ Nkhjy; FOtpy; gpur;rpidfis
my;yJ epuhfupg;gjw;F xUtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiw” vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
rhbah nuhtpy; vd;gtu; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijA+lhd jPu;Tf;fhd gq;fspg;gpd; xU Nehf;fj;Jld;> xU

Nkhjypy; %d;whk; jug;G jiyapLjy; kj;jpa];jk; vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
kj;jpa];jk; njhlu;gpy; fUj;J ntspapl;l mwpQuhd nkh`kl; uhgp vd;gtu; Nkhjy; jPu;tpD}lhf
rkhjhd cUthf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fSld; neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gila xd;Nw kj;jpa];jk; vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
kj;jpa];jk; njhlu;gpy; gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fis njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ gpur;rpid

xd;wpy; njhlu;Gila jug;Gf;fis mtw;wpd; nrhe;j tpUg;gw;fisf; NfhUtjd; %yk; Xu;
cld;ghl;bw;F nfhz;L tUtjd; %yk; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;j;jy; vdyhk;. kj;jpa];jk; eLepiy>
trjp nra;jy;> gf;Ftkhd epiyik> tpl;Lf; nfhLg;G Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa rkhjhdk;>

gu];gu Xu; cwtpidf; fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;.
kj;jpa];jj;jpd; gz;Gfs;
1. Nkhjy; jug;gpdu;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij ngwhjtu; <Lgl KbahJ

2. rpWtu;fs;> rpj;j RthjPdk; mw;wtu;fs; gq;Fgw;w KbahJ.
3. Nkhjy; jug;gpdupd; fUj;Jf;fis Rje;jpukhf ntspapl re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.
4. eLepiy> gf;fr;rhu;gpd;wp nraw;gLjy;.
5. ,U jug;gpdUk; ntw;wp ngWk; epiyia cUthf;Fjy;
6. kj;jpa];j nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf mwpf;ifaply;
7. kj;jpa];j nraw;ghLfspy; cw;rhfj;Jld; <Lgly;.
8. ,Wjpj;jPu;T ,U jug;Gk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;
kj;jpa];j tiffs;
Nkhjy; jPu;T nrad;Kiwapy; kj;jpa];jj;jpy; <LgLk; jug;gpdu;fs; mtu;fs; ifahs;fpd;w

topKiwfs; vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kj;jpa];j tiffs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
01. jdp egu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwrhuh kj;jpa];jk;
Nkhjypy; <Lgl;Ls;stu;fis jdpegu;fs; xd;wpize;J mk; Nkhjiy KbTf;F nfhz;Ltu

Kaw;rpf;Fk; kj;jpa];jkhFk;.
c- k; : FLk;g gpur;rpid> nghUshjhu nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; gpur;rpid
02. Gj;jp[Ptpfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwrhuh kj;jpa];jk;
Nkhjy; jug;gpdu;fspilNa Xu; njhlu;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; Gj;jp[Ptpfs;> rkaj; jiytu;fs;>

fy;tpapayhsu;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kj;jpa];j nrad;KiwahFk;.
03. ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; kj;jpa];jk;
If;fpa ehLfs; kw;Wk; mjd; Jiz epWtdq;fs;> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; Mfpa mikg;Gf;fshy;
ehLfSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; NkhjYf;fhd kj;jpa];j nraw;ghl;ilf; Fwpg;gpLtjhFk;.
04. gpuhe;jpa uPjpahd mikg;Gf;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kj;jpa];jk;
gpuhe;jpa ehLfspy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;> Nkhjiyj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;s gpuhe;jpa

mikg;Gf;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; kj;jpa];j nrad;KiwahFk;.
05. gykhd muRfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kj;jpa];jk;
xU ehl;bd; cs;sf Nkhjiy KbTf;F nfhz;Ltu gyk; nghUe;jpa muRfshy; toq;fg;gLk;

kj;jpa];jkhFk;.
c –k; : ,yq;if ,dg;gpur;rpidapy; ,e;jpah> Nehu;Nt> [g;ghd; kj;jpa];jk;
kj;jpa];j nraw;ghL jpBnud xU re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Vw;gLtjy;y khwhf mJ gy;NtW thjg;

gpujpthjq;fis nfhz;l gue;jstpyhd xU njhlu; nraw;ghlhFk;. xU kj;jpa];j
nrad;KiwahdJ gpd;tUk; gy gbepiyfisf; fle;J nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mg;gbepiyfshf
kj;jpa];j gbepiyfs;
1. Muk;g fl;lj;jpy; Nkhjy; jug;GfSf;fpilapy; jftiy gupkhWgtuhf nraw;gly;
2. Nkhjy; jug;gpdupilNa rhjfkhd fUj;J gupkhw;wj;jpw;F Njitahd njhlu;ghlYf;F cjtp

Gupjy;.
3. Nkhjy;fSf;F khw;Wj; jPu;Tfis gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjw;F cjtp nra;jy;
4. Nkhjy; jug;gpdiu fye;Jiuahly; Nkirf;F nfhz;L tuy;
5. kj;jpa];jj;jpd; NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidf;Fupa tplaq;fis jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Nkhjy;

jug;gpdUf;F cjtp Gupjy;.
6. rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifia jahupg;gjw;F cjtp Gupjy;.
7. rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapid eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> mtw;Wf;fhd cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jy;.
,t;thwhf Xu; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if %yk; Nkhjiy KbTf;F nfhz;L tUk; eltbf;if
kj;jpa];jkhFk;. kj;jpa];j nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; Nkhjypd; jd;ikia Fiwg;gNj
Nehf;fkhFk;. khwhf Nkhjypd; ,Wjp tbtky;y. Vnddpy;> Nkhjypy; kj;jpajj;jpd;
nrad;KiwahdJ ePz;lfhy Nkhjy; jPu;tpd; Muk;g fl;lNkahFk;.
rkhjhd cld;gbf;if
Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk;> gpur;rpidfSf;fhd jPu;Tr; nrad;Kiwapy; Nkhjy; jug;gpdu;fspilNa Xu;

Vw;wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;if rkhjhd cld;gbf;if MFk;. Xu; murpd; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;
ngWfpd;w ,dNkhjy;> r%f Nkhjy; my;yJ ehLfSf;fpilNa ,lk;ngWk; tsq;fSf;fhd
Nkhjy;< mjpfhug; Nghl;b vd;gd fhzg;gLk; NghJ ,izf;fg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; kj;jpa];jk;
nra;jy; nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; Nkhjy; jug;Gf;fs; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if my;yJ jPu;T
cld;gbf;if xd;iw ifr;rhj;jpLtjd; %yk; Nkhjiy KbTf;F nfhz;L tUk;
nrad;KiwahFk;.
Nkhjy; jug;gpdu;fspilNa rkhjhd cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jpLtjpy; %d;whk; jug;G

kj;jpa];jj;jpdupd; nry;thf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. %d;whk; jug;G kj;jpa];jduplk; xj;Jiog;G>
cjtpfs; ,d;wp rkhjhd cld;gbf;if rhj;jpakw;w njhd;whFk;. rkhjhd cld;gbf;if
jahupj;jy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;> rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s mk;rq;fs; Nkhjy;
jug;gpduhy; kPwg;gLk; NghJ mJ njhlu;gpy; fz;fhzpj;jy; Mfpa nrad;Kiwfspy; %d;whk;
jug;G kj;jpa];j;jpdu; fhzg;gLtu;.
Nkhjnyhd;W xU jiyg;gl;rkhf KbTf;F tUk; NghJ rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffs;

ifr;rhj;jplg;gLtjpy;iy. xU ehl;bYs;s cs;sf Nkhjy; my;yJ ehLfSf;fpilapy; ,lk;
ngWk; Nkhjy;fs; MAj uPjpahf xU jug;gpduhy; ntw;wp nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mq;F
rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapd; mtrpak; czug;gLtjpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk; mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
Njhy;tpaile;j jug;gpid fPo;epiyg;gLj;Jk; cld;gbf;ifNa nra;ag;gLk;. mJ rkhjhd
cld;gbf;if my;y.
rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapd; gz;Gfs;
1. Nkhjy; jug;gpdu; Nkhjiy ,ilepWj;Jtjw;F my;yJ KbTf;F nfhz;Ltu ,zq;Fjy;.
2. jdpahfTk;> $l;lhfTk; eilKiwg;gLj;j cld;gLfpd;w cWjpnkhopfis rkhjhd cld;gb

f;ifapd; epge;jidfshf khw;Wjy;.
3. Nkhjy; rptpy; Aj;jkhapd; Aj;jj;ij KbTf;F nfhz;Ltuy;> epuhAj ghzpahf;Fjy;>

NghuhspfSf;F Gzu;tho;tspj;jy;> Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ ruzile;j nghJkf;fis kPsf;Fbaku;j;jy;
Nghd;w eltbf;iffSf;F $l;lhf ,zq;Fjy;.
4. NGhuhl;l jug;G gpujhd murpay; nrad;Kiwf;Fs; cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; me;j

jug;Gf;fspd; murpay; Nfhupf;iffSf;fhd gjpyhf murpay; kWrPuikg;Gf;F ,zq;Fjy;.
5. cld;ghl;bd; epge;jidfis rupahd Kiwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd

fz;fhzpg;G tpjpKiwfSf;F ,zq;Fjy;.
rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnag;Gjy;
NkhjYf;fhd mbg;gil fhuzpfis jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;StJld; r%fj;jpy; GiuNahbg; NghAs;s

mePjpfis ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;> kf;fspd; mbg;gilj; Njitfis cj;juthjg;gLj;Jjy; Mfpa
gy;NtW mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjyhFk;. Nkhjiy KbTf;F
nfhz;L tUtjD}lhf ePbj;j rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l Xu;
nraw;ghL rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjyhFk;.
,jid eilKiwg;gLj;j gy;NtWgl;l nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; tfpgq;F mtrpakhdjhFk;.

,t;thwhf rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; nrad;Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd rthy;fshf
01. rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapy; Vw;Wf; nfhz;l epge;jidfis rupahd KiwapYk; cWjpaspj;j

KiwapYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
Nkhjy; jug;gpdu; MAj Nghuhl;lj;ij iftpl;L rkhjhd topKiwapy; <LgLk; NghJ nra;J
nfhs;sg;gLk; rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L;s;s epge;jidfis ,U jug;gpdUk;
fLikahd Kiwapy; gpd;gw;wf; $ba tifapy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Xu;
rthyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t; epge;jidfis xU jug;gpdu; my;yJ ,U jug;gpdUk; kPWfpd;w
NghJ kPz;Lk; mtu;fis rkhjhd cld;gbf;ifapd; gb nfhz;L tUjy; ghupa rpukkhf
,Ug;gJld; kPz;Lk; xU Nkhjy; cUthFtij jLf;f Kbahky; ,Ug;gJ rthyhFk;.
cld;gbf;if Kiwahf nraw;glhj NghJ Vw;glf; $ba NkhjYf;F kPz;Lk; jpUk;Gtij

epUtfpj;jy;.
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;
Nkhjy; kw;Wk; rkhjhdf; fw;ifapy; rkhjhdk; vd;w vd;df;fU gy topfspy;

tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rkhjhdk; vDk; gjk; Mq;fpyj;jpy; Peace vd miof;fg;g:Lk;. Pax vDk;
,yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhy;ypypUe;Nj Njhw;wk; ngw;wjhFk;. ,jd; mu;j;jk; cld;gLjy;> ,zq;Fjy;
vd;w fUj;ij nfhLf;Fk;. ey;nyz;zk;> mikjp> tpLjiy> Rje;jpuk; vd;w ngau;fspYk;
rkhjhdk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vz;zf;fUthdJ. 30
Mz;LfSf;Fg; Kd;du; rkhjhdf; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w xU vz;zf;fUthFk;.
1964fspy; n[h`hd; fy;J}q; jdJ “rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd %d;W mZFKiwfs;: rkhjhdj;ijf;
fhj;jy;> rkhjhdj;jpid Vw;gLj;jy;> rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;” vd;w fl;Liuapy; ,t;
vz;zf;fUtpid gad;gLj;jp ,Ue;jhu;. ,f;fl;Liuapy; mtu; rkhjhdkhdJ ,U NtWgl;l
topKiwfspy; Njhw;wk; ngWtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
01. vjpu;kiw rkhjhdk;
02. Neuf;fzpa rkhjhdk;
vjpu;kiw rkhjhdk;
vjpu;kiw rkhjhdk; vd;gJ td;Kiw kw;Wk; Aj;jkw;w epiyapy; cUthFk; rkhjhdkhFk;.

Jg;ghf;fp uitfs;> ntbFz;Lfs;> fpisNkhu; jhf;Fjy;> jw;nfhiyf; Fz;Lj; jhf;Fjy;fspdhy;
kf;fs; ,wf;ftpy;iyahapd; mJ vjpu;kiw rkhjhdkhFk;. ,J rkhjhd vd;w vz;zf;fUit
cz;ikapy; cs;slf;fhjJ MFk;. nghJthf vjpu;kiw rkhjhdk; vd;gJ me;epa gilfs;
my;yJ Fwpj;j ehl;by; cs;sf fpsu;r;rpfspy; <LgLNthUf;F vjpuhf mur gilfs;
td;Kiwapy; <Lglhj Xu; epiyiaf; Fwpg;gjhFk;. rz;ilfis epiwT nra;tNj rkhjhdj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jtjd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ug;gpd; vjpu;kiwahd rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;JtNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhf
mikAk;. ,jid Nkhjy; jPu;tpd; %yk; milayhk;.
Neu;f;fzpa rkhjhdk;
Neu;f;fzpa rkhjhdk; vd;gJ vjpu;kiw rkhjhdk; vd;gij tpl gue;j vz;zf;fUthFk;.

Neubahd cly; rhu; td;Kiwapd;ik> rKjha epahak;> me;ejpa kf;fSld; Gupe;Jzu;T
gutyiljy;> rkhjhd fw;if> gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;> r%f mePjpfs; kw;Wk;
ghugl;rk; ePf;fp r%fj;jpd; fl;likg;G rhu; td;Kiwfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis
,y;yhJ nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; rkhjhdkhFk;.
rkhjhdj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. kdpj cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gly;
2. mgptpUj;jp Vw;gLjy;
3. ehl;by; rl;lk; xOq;F Ngzg;gly;
4. Rw;Wr; #oy; Rw;whliyg; ghJfhj;jy;
5. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tsu;r;rpailjy;.
6. nghUshjhu jilfis ntw;wp nfhs;sy;.
7. Njrpa If;fpak;> xUikg;ghl;il fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
8. kf;fspd; Rje;jpukhd murpay; gq;Nfw;G fhzg;gLjy;
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vz;zf;fU tsu;r;rp
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;w vz;zf;fUthdJ 1964fspy; n[h`hd; fy;J}d; jdJ

“rkhjhdj;Jf;fhd %d;W MZFKiwfs;: rkhjhdj;ijf; fhj;jy;> rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;>
rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;” vd;w fl;Liuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gpDk; 1990fSf;Fg; gpd;duhd
fhyg;gFjpapNyNa nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wJ vdyhk;. ,t; vz;zf;fU rkhjhd fyhrhuj;ij
fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;ljhFk;. fy;J}dpd; ghu;itapy; Aj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfis
mfw;wp epiyahd rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtk;> rkhjhdk;
vd;gtw;Wf;fhd cz;ikahd jpwik tpUj;jp nra;tjpYk; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gJ rkhjhdj;ij
fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd thjpLfpwhu;.
,t; vz;zf;fUtpd; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;> rkhjhdj;ijf;

fhj;jy; Nghd;w Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpf;fpd;wd. ,it xt;nthd;Wk; NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fspy;
Muhag;gLfpd;wd. ,t;ntz;zf;fU I.eh Kd;dhs; nrayhsu; ehafk; G+j;Nuh]; G+j;Nuh]; fhyp
vd;gtuhy; 1992y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l “rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd xU epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;” (An Agenda for
Peace) vd;w Ntiyj;jpl;ljpD}lhfNt ru;tNjr uPjpapy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;wJ.
,e;epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;> fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> fhj;jy;
Mfpatw;Wf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
mjhtJ> rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F elnlhd;W kPz;LnkhU Kiw Nkhjiy Nehf;fpr;

nry;Yk; epiyapid Fiwf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL> Nkhjy; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhf Njrpa kl;lj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; jpwikfis midj;J kl;lq;fspYk; tYg;gLj;JtJk;> epiyNgz; rkhjhdk; kw;Wk;
epiyNgz; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf mbj;jskpLtijAk; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l gy;NtW eilKiwfis
cs;slf;fpa gue;jnjhd;whFk;
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUTld; njhlu;Gila kw;nwhU ru;tNjr gpugy;ak;

tha;e;j mnkupf;f r%ftpay; mwpQu; N[hd;Nghy; nyl;uh[; Mthu;. ,tu; rkhjhdj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;GtJ gw;wpa NtWgl;l njhU fUj;jpid Kd;itj;Js;shu;. rkhjhdj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;Gjy; gw;wpa mtuJ Kk;kl;l mZFKiw vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ>
ntt;NtW kl;lj;jpy; cs;s jug;Gf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; epiyahd rkhjhd nrad;Kiw xd;wpid
fl;bnaOg;Gtij Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,tuJ fUj;jpd;gb Kk;kl;lr; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fshf
gpd;tUgtu;fis milahsg; gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
1. cau; kl;lk;
2. ,il kl;lk;
3. r%f kl;lk;
cau; kl;lk;
cau; kl;lk; vd;gtu;fs; murpay; thjpfs;> ,uhztj; jiytu;fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. cs;Su;

,d Nkhjy;fs;> rpWghd;ik gpzf;Ffis jPu;g;gjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilatu;fshf ,Ug;gJld;
,tu;fs; rpwpanjhU vz;zf;if nfhz;ltu;fshf ,Ug;gu;. Nkhjy; jPu;j;jy; nrad;Kiwapy;
,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; vLg;gtu;fshfTk; rkhjhd cld;gbf;if njhlu;gpy; mq;fPfupj;J rkhjhdj;ij
fl;bnaOg;gtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gtu;fshtu;.
,il kl;lk;
,il kl;lk; vd;gtu;fs; r%fj;jpy; gpugy;ak; tha;e;jtu;fs;> kjpg;G kpf;ftu;fisg;

Fwpg;gpLfp;d;wJ. Jiwrhu;e;j jiytu;fs;> fy;tpakhd;fs;> rkaj; jiytu;fs;> Gj;jp[Ptpfs;>
tu;j;jf gpuKfu;fs; Nghd;Nwhu; cs;slq;Ftu;. ,tu;fs; cau; kl;lj; jiytu;fs;> r%f
kl;ltu;fspilNa neUf;fkhfj; njhopw;gl;L ,t;tpU gpuptpdu;fSf;FkpilNa ,izg;Gg; ghykhfj;
njhopw;gLtjhy; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; ,tu;fspd; gq;F msg;gupajhFk;.
r%f kl;lk;
r%f kl;lk; vd;gtu;fs; rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; rhjhud kf;fis

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtu;fs;. cs;Su; Nkhjypy; Neubahfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; vd;w tifapy;
jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy; ,tu;fsJ gq;fspg;G mtrpakhdjhFk;.
kPs; fl;likj;jy;
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; epfo;r;rp epuypd; gpujhd mk;rkhf kPs; fl;likj;jy; vd;w

nrad;Kiw fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jiz Gupe;Jzu;T Vw;gLj;jy; vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
ePz;lfhykhf ,lk;ngw;w td;KiwAldhd Nkhjiy NkhjYld; njhlu;Gila mizj;J
jug;Gf;fSk;> Nkhjypdhy; gpsTg;gl;l kf;fSk; rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf xd;wpizjy;
vd;gNj kPs fl;likj;jy; vd Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t;xd;wpizT nraw;ghl;bDs; Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l
gifik> ituhf;fpak;> gu];gu re;Njfk; vd;gtw;iw iftpl;L ek;gpf;if> nfsutk; njhlu;ghd
czu;Tfspd; fPo; mike;j rhjfkhd njhlu;Gfis fl;bnaOg;GtJk; ,jd; %yk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
rkhjhdj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gJ NkhjYf;F Ke;jpa kw;Wk; gpe;jpa kPs; fl;likg;G gw;wp
Barnett ck; mtuJ FOtpdUk; kPs; fl;likg;gpd; gpd;tUk; 3 gupkhzq;fshf
tifg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
1. NkhjYf;Fg; gpe;jpa tyaq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jy.
NkhjYf;Fg; gpe;jpa epiyia cWjpg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; MAjf; fisT> kPs; xd;W jpul;ly;> kPs;
xUikg;ghL vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; kPz;Lk; Aj;jj;Jf;F jpUk;ghky; ,Ug;gij
cWjpg;gLj;jp> Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfis rptpy; r%fj;Jld; kPs; ,izj;jy; vd;gd ,jDs;
mlq;Fk;. ,jid kPs; fl;likg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; cstpay; uPjpahd topKiw vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
2. mur epWtdq;fis rPuikj;jy;
mbg;gil nghJj; Njitfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; mur rl;lj;jd;ikapid mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; Vw;w

tpjj;jpy; mur nfhs;jpwid fl;bnaOg;Gk; nraw;ghLfs; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ>
Nghupdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd mbg;gil trjpfis nra;J nfhLj;jy;> [dehaf kw;Wk;
nghWg;G tha;e;j mur epWtdq;fis ];jhgpj;jy;> fy;tp kw;Wk; Rfhjhu trjpfis
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; vd;gtw;wpd; Nkhjypy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; kdepiyapy; khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; kPs; fl;likg;G nrad;KiwahFk;. ,jid murpay; nrad;Kiw %ykhd kPs;
fl;likg;G vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;
3. r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfis ifahSjy;.
Nkhjy;fis rkhjhd Kiwapy; ifahSk; tifapy; r%f nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapid

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd;duhd r%fj;jpwidf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; tifapy;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; kPs; fl;likg;ghFk;. mjhtJ> cstd MNyhrid> ngz;fs; tYT+l;ly;>
rptpy; r%fj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;> kdpj cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;> r%fq;fSf;F kj;jpapy;
fye;Jiuahly;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpe;jpa kPs; fl;likg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;
nrad;KiwahFk;. ,jid r%f nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;l kPs; fl;likg;G nrad;Kiw vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
kPs; fl;likj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpjy;> epiykhW fhy ePjpiag; ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jy;> rkhjhdk; vd;gd ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. ru;tNjr muq;fpy; gy ehLfspy; NkhjYf;Fg;
gpd;du; kPs; fl;likg;G nrad;Kiw eilKiwg;gLj;jp ,Ug;gpDk; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; mDgtk;
ru;tNjr uPjpapy; mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpjy; vd;gJ Nkhjy; Vw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; eilngw;w td;Kiw

nraw;ghLfspDs; cz;ikapy; vd;d eilngw;wJ vd midtUk; jpe;j kdjpy; mwpe;J nfhz;L
mjdbg;gilapy; Rfg;gLj;jy; nrad;Kiwia fl;bnaOg;GtjhFk;. ,Nj nghwpKiwia
,yq;ifapy; 2009k; Mz;L Nk khjk; Aj;jk; KbTf;F nfhz;L te;jjd; gpw;ghL ru;tNjr
ehLfspd; mOj;jj;jpdhy; ,yq;ifapy; cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpAk; Nehf;Fld; fw;Wf; nfhz;l
ghlq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;ypzf;f Mizf;FO (LLRC) epakpf;fg;gl;L ehL KOtJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs; cs;thq;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; mt; mwpf;ifia ruptu epiwNtw;w
Kbatpy;iy vd;gJ tpku;rdj;jpw;F cl;gl;lnjhd;whf fhzg;gl;lJ.
,e;epiyapy; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; 1995y; cUthf;fg;gl;l cz;ikia fz;lwpjy; kw;Wk; kPs;

fl;likj;jYf;fhd Mizf;FO (TRC) cz;ikiaf; fz;lwpjy; vDk; nrad;Kiwf;F rpwe;j
cjhuzkhf vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; rpWghd;ikahf tho;e;j
nts;is ,dj;jtu;fspd; ifapy; Ml;rp fhzg;gl;l re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik ,dkhff;
fhzg;gl;l fWg;gpdj;jtu;fSf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l td;Kiw> ,dg; ghFghL> mePjp
njhlu;gpy; cz;ik fz;lwpAk; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mizf;FO (TRC) mwpf;ifapd;gb
Fw;wthspfshd nts;is ,dj;jtu;fSf;F jz;lid toq;Fk; rk;gpujha Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhfTk;

gopjPu;f;Fk; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhfTk; Rfg;gLj;Jk; ePjp Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. mjhtJ Fw;wthspfshf
nts;is ,dj;jtu;fSf;F jz;lid toq;fhJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l fWg;gpd kf;fsplk; kd;dpg;G
NfhUtJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l fWg;gpd kf;fs; kd;dpg;G toq;Ftjd; %yk; ePjp epiyehl;Lk;
nghwpKiwahFk;. ,U jug;gpdupilNa njhlu;r;rpahd re;jpg;Gf;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;fs;>
jd;Dzu;T fye;Jiuahly;fs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jid Kd;dpd;W topelhj;jpatu;
njd;dhgpupf;fhtpd; Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp ney;rd; kz;Nlyh Mthu;. ,g; nghwpKiw ruptu
epiwNtw;wg;gl;likapdhy; njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; kPz;LnkhU Nkhjy; ,lk;ngwhJ rfpg;Gj;jd;ik>
Gupe;Jzu;T> ey;ypzf;fj;Jld; rkhjhd Kiwapy; mk; kf;fs; thOtij Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Nkhjiyj; jPu;g;gjd; ed;ikfs;
1. mikjp my;yJ rkhjhdk; Vw;gLj;jy;
2. mbg;gil cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gly;.
3. kdpj cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gly;.
4. ru;tNjr cwTfs; tsu;r;rpailjy;.
5. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tsu;r;rpailjy;.
6. gz;ghl;L xj;Jiog;G tpUj;jpailjy;.
7. ek;gpf;if fl;bnaOg;gg;gLjy;.
8. KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; tUif mjpfupj;jy;.
9. capupog;Gf;fs; jLf;fg;gLjy;.
10. tsq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gly;.
Nkhjypdhy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf;fs;
1. mikjp my;yJ rkhjhdk; rPu;Fiyjy;.
2. tsq;fs; moptiljy;.
3. mgptpUj;jp jilg;gly;.
4. mtek;gpf;if Vw;gly;.
5. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tPor;rpailjy;
6. capupog;Gf;fs; Vw;gly;.
7. r%fj; njhlu;Gfs; Kwptiljy;
8. ntspehl;L KjyPLfs; fpilf;fg; ngwhik.
9. cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs; rPu;Fiyjy;.
10. ntspehl;L jiyaPL Vw;gly;.

Nkhjy; jPuT
; njhlu;ghf gpuir xUtuplk; fhzg;gl Ntz;ba gz;Gfs;
vijAk; njspthf
thq;Fk; KbntLj;j
gaDs;s rf;jp y;
njhlu;gh Gupe;Jzu;
ly; T
mDjhgk; nghWik
nrYj;jy;
mfpk;irg; fUiz
gz;G
mDgt jdpegu; Mf;fG+u;t

Kjpu;r;rp gz;Gfs; khd
rpe;jid
Nkhjy; jPuT
; njhlu;ghf gpuir xUtuplk; fhz;gl Ntz;ba r%fg; gz;Gfs;;
flikiar;
nra;jy;
VidNahupd;
fUj;Jf;fis
kjpj;jy; ePjp> Neu;ik
ntw;wp
mDgt jdpeguplk; Njhy;tpia
Kjpu;r;rp fhzg;gl rkkhf
Ntz;ba Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
r%fg;
gz;Gfs;
jdpegu;fSf;F
nrtpkLj;jy; ,ilapyhd
njhlu;G
gpwiu jpahf
kjpj;jy; rpe;jid
myF - 07
,yq;ifapy; fhyzpj;Jt epiykhw;wk;
mwpKfk;
fhydpj;Jtk; vd;gJ tYthd ehLfs; tYf;Fiwe;j ehLfis

jd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itj;jpUe;eioahFk;. murpay; r%f
nghUshjhu fhuzpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
fhydpj;Jtk; INuhg;gpa ehLfspdhy; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f> yj;jPd;
mnkupf;f ehLfspy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. cyf tuyhw;iwg;
nghUj;jstpy; fhydpj;JtkhdJ gy;NtW tpjq;fspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. fhydpj;Jt murpd; Clhf
FbNaw;wthjk; kw;Wk; fhydpj;Jtk; vd;gtw;Wf;fpilapyhd
njhlu;G tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;. fhyzpj;Jt muRfshdJ
MAjf;fl;likg;G murpay; epu;thfk; vd;gtw;iw ikag;gLj;jpNa
fhzg;gl;lJ. fhydpj;Jt r%fj;jpd; mgpyhirfNs Kd;dpiyg;
gLj;jg;gl;ld. fhydpj;Jt r%fj;jpd; tpUg;gq;fisAk; murpay;
r%fg; nghUshjhu NjitfisAk; epiwNtw;WtjhfNt
fhydpj;Jt thjk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mbikg;gLj;jg;gl;l kf;fspd;
kPJ jkJ tpUg;gq;fis jpzpg;gJld; jkJ NjitfSf;Nfw;g
gyhj;fhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpJ mlf;FKiwfis ifahs;tNj
fhyzpj;JtkhFk;.
cyf tuyhw;wpy; fhydpj;Jtk; cUthfpa

,uz;L Kiwfs;.
VjhtJ munrhd;wpd; kf;fspd; Gjpa ehnlhd;iw trg;gLj;jp
fhyzpj;Jt ehl;bd; r%f murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
KiwfNshL ,irthd mikg;Gf;fis fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhz;L
jhd; ehl;bd; ,iwikf;Fl;gl;L me;j Gjpa Njrj;jpid nfhz;L
elhj;JtjhFk;.
Kd;du; FbNaw;wkhf fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpid gykhd

munrhd;wpd; cld;gbf;fif my;yJ MAj gyj;jpdhy; <u;jJ; f;
nfhz;L jkJ mjpfhuj;jpd fPo; Ml;rp nra;jyhFk;. ,yq;if
,e;j Kiwapd; fPNo cs;slf;fg;gLfpwJ.
,yq;ifapy; fhydpj;Jtk;
,yq;ifapy; fhydpj;JtkhdJ 16k; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;ghL
Nghu;j;JNfauhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk; gpupj;jhdpauhy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fhydpj;Jtk; Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ.
1505y; ,Ue;J 1948 tiu ,yq;ifapy; Nghu;j;JNfau; xy;yhe;ju;
Mq;fpNyau; vd %d;W jug;gpdu; epu;thfpj;J te;jhu;fs;.
,Ue;jhYk; 1796k; Mz;L ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wp 1948k;
Mz;L tiu ,yq;ifapy; murpay; r%f nghUshjhu uPjpahf
gy;NtW khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpajdhy; ,yq;ifapy;
gpupj;jhdpaupd; fhyg;gFjpNa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; Kf;fpa
fl;lkhFk;. gpupj;jhdpau; jkJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,yq;if
murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%fuPjpahd khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
fhydpj;Jt murpdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhs;ifapd;

jhf;fj;jpdhy; ,U tifahd tpisTfs; Vw;gl;ld.
1. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l tpisT
2. vju;ghuhj tpisT
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l tpisT
,yq;ifapy; fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpahdJ
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghJ gpupj;jhdpauhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
rpy khw;wq;fs;. mtu;fSf;F vjpu;ghu;f;f;ggl;l tpisTfis

toq;fpaJ. cjhuzk;: Nkw;fj;jpa fy;tp KiwAk;> Mq;fpy
nkhopAk;>
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;glhj tpisT
,yq;ifapy; fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpahdJ
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghJ gpupj;jhdpauhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl; rpy
khw;wq;fs;. mtu;fs;
,yq;ifaiu [dehafuPjpahf rpe;jpf;fj;njhlq;fpaik.
,yq;ifapd; r%f khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s

jsq;fs;
1. fhydpj;Jt Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; Muk;gk; kw;Wk; gutiy
cs;slf;fpa jsk;
2. fhydpj;Jt r%f epiy khw;wj;ij cs;slf;fpa jsk;
fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy;

Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;:
fhyzpj;Jt Ml;rpf; fhykhdJ ,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpanjd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jw;fika
,k;khw;wq;fis gpd;tUk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; Nehf;fyhk;.
1. nghUshjhu uPjpahd khw;wq;fs;
2. r%ff;fyhrhu uPjpahd khw;wq;fs;
3. murpay; uPjpahd khw;wq;fs;
nghUshjhu uPjpahd khw;wq;fs;
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ghupa khw;wq;fs;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. RNjr nghUshjhuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,yq;ifapy;
xU khw;Wg; nghUshjhuj;ij Nehf;fp efuj; njhlq;fpaJ.

gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu uPjpahf gpd;tUk;
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl njhlq;fpd>
1. ,ul;ilg; nghUshjhu Kiw (jq;F epiyg;
nghUshjhuk; re;ijg; nghUshjhuk;)
2. tu;j;jf ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapur; nra;if.
3. ,uh[fhupa Kiw xopg;G.
4. Gjpa tupKiwfs;
5. tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik ,y;yhnjhopg;G.
01 ,ul;ilg; nghUshjhuk;
gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;if tUifahdJ ,ul;ilg; nghUshjhu

Kiwia cUthf;fpaJ.,tu;fspd; tUiff;F Kd;du; new;gapu;
nra;ifia ikakhff; nfhz;l jq;Fepiyg; nghUshjhuk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpaupd; tUifahdJ jq;F epiyg;
nghUshjhuj;Jld; re;ij nghUshjhu Kiwia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
02 tu;jfg; ngUe;Njhl;l gapu;r; nra;if
gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUk; NghJ ghuk;gupa tptrha

KiwAk; jq;Fepiyg; nghUshjhu KiwAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,jid ke;jg;gLj;jp cyfg; Nghl;br; re;ijf;F Vw;whw; Nghy;
Nfhg;gp rpq;Nfhdh Njapiy ,wg;gu; kw;Wk; njd;id Nghd;w
tu;j;jfg; gapu;fs; gapuplg;gl;L mjw;fhd KjyPLfs; gpupj;jhdpu;
toq;fpdu;
03 ,uh[fhupa Kiw xopg;G
gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUfpd;wNghJ epyq;fs; kd;dDf;Fr;

nrhe;jkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,k; kf;fs; mk; kd;dDf;Fk; Nrit
nra;a Ntz;batu;fshf fhzg;gl;ldu;. gpuGf;fSk;
kd;du;fSNk cau;e;j me;j];jpy; ,Ue;jhu;fs;. rhjhuz kf;fs;
02 tifahd ,uh[fhupa Kiwf;F js;sg;gl;L jq;Fepiyg;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; tho;e;J te;jhu;fs; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
,t;thuhd epiyia ,y;yhnjhopj;J Gjpa #o;epiy xd;wpid
,yq;ifapd; cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. gpupj;jhdpau; ,uh[fhupa
Kiwia xopj;jjDhlhf ,yq;ifg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ghupa
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. ,uh[fhupa Kiw gpupj;jhdpaupd;
ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;r;nra;iff;Fk; Vida OjyPLfSf;Fk;
jilahf mike;eJ. ,uh[fhu[a Kiwia xopj;jjDhlhf
,yq;ifapy; Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j re;ij xd;wpid
gpupj;jhdpau; cUthf;fpr; nrd;wdu;. ,uh[fhupa Kiw
xopg;ghdJ ,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpd.
 Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j re;ij Kiw xd;W

cUthfpaJ.
 ,ul;ilg; nghUshjhu Kiw cUthfpaJ.
 ngUe;Njhl;l Jiw rhu;e;j Gjpa njhopy;fis
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
 tpidj;jpwdhd topfis mwptpLtjw;F thag;ghf
mike;Js;sJ.
 Njrpa cw;gj;jpahsu; tFg;nghd;W cUthf;fpdu;.
 jdpahs; tsu;r;rpia kjpf;Fk; r%f tFg;gpdu;
cUthfpdu;.
 Neub tupKiwf;F gjpyhf Neupy; tup
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
04. Gjpa tup Kiwfs;
gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;if tUk; NghJ Neub tupKiw fhzg;gl;lJ.

gpupj;jhdpau; ,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;J Neupy; tupia
mwpKf;fLj;jp ,jdhy; ngUk;ghyhd kf;fs;
tupnrYj;jf;$batu;fshf khwNtz;ba epiy cUthfpaJ.
05 tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik ,y;yhnjhopg;G
gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUfpd;wNghJ tu;j;jfkhdJ xU

Fwpg;gpl;l FOtpduplk; khj;jpuNk kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
,jdhy; Rje;jpu Copar;re;ij xd;wpid cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
Kbahky; ,Ue;jJ. tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik ,y;yhnjhopj;jik

Rj;jpu Copar; re;ij xd;wpid cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s tha;g;ghf
,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; gy;NtWgl;l njhopy; Kaw;rpfSk;
njhopyhsu; tu;j;jfq;fSk; cUthf;fpaJ.
r%f fyhrhu khw;wq;fs;

,yq;ifapy; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhykhdJ nghUshjhuj;jpYk;
murpaypYk; vt;thwhd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaNjh mJ
Nghd;W r%f fyhrhu JiwapYk; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
1. Gjpa r%f tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;.
2. rhjp Kiw tPo;r;rp fz;lJ.
3. Mq;fpyf; fy;tp gutyile;jJ.
4. fj;Njhypf;f rkak; gug;gg;gl;lJ.
5. Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp Kiw nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
01. Gjpa r%f tFg;gpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;
fhydpj;JtkhdJ ,yq;ifapy; Gjpa r%f tFg;gpdiu

cUthf;fpaJ.,jdhy; Kjyhypj;Jt nghUshjhuj;ij ikakhf
nfhz;l Kjyhypj;Jt r%f tFg;nghd;W
,yq;ifapy;Njhd;wpaJld; Nkw;fj;Nja fyhrhuj;ij
ikag;gLj;jpa r%fKk; ,yq;ifapy; cUtFtjw;F tha;g;gpid
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
02. rhjp Kiw tPo;r;rp fz;lJ
fhydpj;JtkhdJ ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l kpfg; gykhd rhjp

Kiwia fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;J rhjp Kiwia
tPo;r;rpailar; nra;jJ. ,jdhy; ,yq;ifapd; gykhd rhjp
Kiw xU fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
03. Mq;fpyf; fy;tp gutyile;jJ
fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wj;jpd; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp gutyilar;

nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gpa r%f fyhrhu
tbtikg;Gf;fSk; ,yq;iff;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. mj;NjhL
Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp Kiw xd;Wk; Mq;fpy fyhrhuj;ij
ikag;gLj;jpa r%fk; xd;Wk; ,yq;ifapy; cUthfpdhu;fs;.
04. fj;Njhypf;f rkak; gug;gg;gl;lJ
fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wj;jpy; rka uPjpahd khw;wq;fSk;

Vw;glj;njhlq;fpd.gpupj;jhdpau; jhq;fs; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w fj;Njhypf;f
rkaj;ij ,tq;ifapy; gug;gpaJld; kp\dupfisAk;
,yq;ifapy; cUthf;fpdhu;fs;.
05. Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp Kiw nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ
fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wk; RNjr fy;tpapid ke;jg;gLj;jpaJld;

Nkw;fj;Nja fy;tp Kiwapid ,yq;ifapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf gpupj;jhdpa
fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;l fy;tp Kiw ,yq;ifapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murpay; khw;wq;fs;
fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wkhdJ ,yq;ifapd; murpaypy; ghupa
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ.Muk;gj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay;
Kiwapy; NtWgl;l xU Gjpa fyhrhuj;ij ,yq;ifapy;
gpupj;jhdpau; Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
1. Guhjhd kd;duhl;rp Kiw KbTf;F nhfz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

2. ,yq;if KOtJk; xNu epu;thfj;jpd; fPo;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
3. MSeupd; vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;L
nghWg;Gf;$Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd mbj;jskplg;gl;lJ.
4. Gjpa murpay; ahg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
5. rl;lthf;f fofk; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwfs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
6. rptpy; r%f nraw;ghLfs; cUthtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
7. Nkw;fj;Nja murpay; fyhrhuk; ,yq;ifapy;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
01. Guhjhd kd;duhl;rp Kiw KbTf;F nhfz;Ltug;gl;lJ
fhydpj;Jtk; ,yq;iff;F tUfpd;wNghJ gykhd kd;duhl;rp

fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jid fhydpj;Jt fhyg;gFjpapy;
,y;yhnjhopj;jJld; [dehafk; xd;W cUthFtjw;fhd
tha;g;gpid cUthf;fpaJ.. Muk;gfhy kd;duhl;rpahdJ
gykhd vNjl;ir mjpfhuj;jpid nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jid jLj;J
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Kiwahd [dehafnkhd;wpid cUthf;Ftjw;F
tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
02. ,yq;if KOtJk; xNu epu;thfj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ
gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUfpd;w NghJ ,yq;ifahdJ

fiuNahuk; kiyafk; vd ,uz;L epu;thfk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
gpupj;jhdpau; ,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;J fiuNahuj;ijAk;
kiyafj;ijAk; xd;wpize;j xw;iwahl;rp muRf;fhd
mbg;gilapid cUthf;fpdu;.
03. MSeupd; vy;iyaw;w mjpfhuq;fs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;L

nghWg;$Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd mbj;jskplg;gl;lJ
fhydpj;Jt muR Muk;gpf;fpd;w fhyg;gFjpapy; MSeupd;

mjpfhuk; gykhdjhf fhzg;gl;lJ.fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rl;l epu;thf
mjpfhuq;fs; MSeUf;Nf xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fhydpj;Jt
epiykhw;wkhdJ MSeupd; mjpfhuj;ij Fiwj;J
nghWg;Gf;$Wk; murhq;fj;Jf;fhd mbg;gilia cUthf;fpaJ.
04. Gjpa murpay; ahg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUtjw;F Kd;du; ,yq;ifapy;

gykhd kd;duhl;rp fhzg;gl;lJ.,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;J
Nkw;fj;Nja murpay; fyhrhuj;jpw;F topaikj;jJld; Gjpa

murhq;f ahg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy; ,yq;ifapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.
cjhuzk;:- Nfhy;GWhf; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; 1833
FWhkf;fyk; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1910
kdpq; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1921
kdpq; btd;\au; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1924
nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1931
Nrhy;gup rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1947
05. rl;lthf;f fofk; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwfs;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ld
gpupj;jhdpau; Muk;gj;jpy; rl;lthf;f fofj;jpid

cUthf;fpdu;.,jd; gupkhd tsu;r;rpNa ,yq;ifapd;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wk; cUthFtjw;F tha;g;ghf
mike;jJ. mj;NjhL rl;lthf;f fofj;jpy; cUg;gpdu;fis
njupT nra;tjw;F gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwfisAk; ,yq;ifapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;.
cjhuzk;:- 01. ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
02. gpuNjrthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
06. rptpy; r%f nraw;ghLfs; cUthtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid

Vw;gLj;jpaJ
fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; tifahdJ ,yq;ifapy; rptpy;

,af;fq;fisAk; murpay;rhu; ,af;fq;fisAk;
cUthf;fpaJ.,jdhy; gy;NtWgl;l rq;fq;fs; ,af;fq;fs;
,yq;ifapy; cUthfpd.
cjhuzk;:- ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs;
Njrpa ,af;fq;fs;
njhopw;rq;fq;fs;
kjr;rq;fq;fs;
ngz;fs; mikg;Gf;fs;

07. Nkw;fj;Nja murpay; fyhrhuk; ,yq;ifapy;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ
gpupj;jhdpau; tUfpd;w NghJ ,yq;ifapy; gykhd kd;duhl;rp

fhzg;gl;lJ.,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;J Nkw;f;Nja murpay;
fyhrhuj;ij ,yq;ifapy; nfhz;Lte;jhu;fs;. [dehafk; vd;w
Nkw;fj;Nja mk;rq;fis ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;.
fhydpj;JtkhdJ ,yq;ifapy; murpay; uPjpahd khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,yq;ifapid murpay; kw;Wk; epu;thf uPjpahf
xd;wpidj;jJld; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; Kiwf;F
mbg;gilapid toq;fpaJ. mj;NjhL etPd [dehafj;jpw;fhd
mbj;jsj;jpid ,l;lJld; ,duPjpahd murpaYf;fhd
Muk;gj;jpid cUthf;fpaJ. mjNdhL murpay; Kiwik
jpwe;Jtplg;gl;ljdhy; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; vOr;rpAk; cUthfpaJ.
cjhuzk;:- ru;t[d thf;Fupik
ghuhSkd;wk;
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;
gpupj;jhdpaupd; ,yq;if tUifahdJ murpay; uPjahf gy;NtW

khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,k; khw;wq;fspy; murpay; ahg;Gr;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; toq;fpaik Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gpupj;jhdpauhy;
,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G rPu;
jpUj;jq;fs;:
Nfhy;GWhf; fkud; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1833
FWhkf;fyk; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1910
kdpq; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1921
kdpq; btd;\au; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1924
nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1931
Nrhy;gup rPu;j;jpUj;jk; 1947

fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wj;jpy; murpay; uPjpahf Kf;fpa
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpa murpayikg;Gr;
rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs;.
fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wkhdJ murpay; uPjpahf gy;NtW

khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; murpay; uPjpahd khw;wq;fs;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ,jpy; Gjpa ahg;Gf;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lnjd;gJ ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhw;wpid
khw;wpaikj;j mk;rkhFk;. gpupj;jhdpau; jdJ
Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ gpujhdkhf 06 murpay; mikg;G
rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhYk; ,tw;wpy; gpujhdkhf
fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L murpay; mikg;Gf;fs;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;.
 1833 – Nfhy;GWhf; nfkud; rPu;j;jpUj;jk;
 1931 – nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jk;
Nfhy;GWhf; nfkud; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; - 1833
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l

KjyhtJ rPu;jpUj;jk; ,JthFk;. 1829 ,y; ,yq;iff;F te;j
Nfhy;GWhf; epjp epu;thfj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;llhu;. 1830 ,y;
,yq;iff;F te;J nfkud; ePjpj;Jiwf;F nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;lhu;.
,t;tpUtUk; ,ize;J gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fSf;F kj;jpapy; 1833
Nfhy;GWhf; nfkud; rPu;jpjpUj;jj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;jpdu;.
Nfhy;GWhf; nfkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; ,yq;iff;F

nfhz;Ltug;gl;likf;fhd gpz;zdp.
 gpupj;jhdpaupd; epu;thfr; nryT ,yq;ifapy; mjpfkhf

fhzg;gl;lJ.
 ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l epu;thf rpf;fy;fis rPu;
nra;tjw;F ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; rpy
khw;wq;fis nfhz;LtUtjw;F.

nfkud; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; Kd;itj;j rpghupRfs;
,tu; ,yq;ifapd; ePjpj;Jiwapy; khw;wq;fis nfhz;L te;J

mj;Jld; njhlu;ghd rpghupRfisNa ,yq;ifapy; Kd;itj;jhu;.
 ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; xNu ePjpkd;w Kiw
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 cau; ePjpkd;wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 INuhg;gpaUf;F toq;fg;gl;l ePjpkd;w rYif
,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gl;lJ.
 khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 MSeuplk; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;j ePjpj;Jiwrhu;e;j
mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;ld.
01. ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; xNu ePjpkd;w Kiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1833 ,w;F Kd;du; fiuNahuj;jpw;F NtW ePjpAk; kiyafj;jpw;F

NtW ePjpAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. nfkud; ,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;J
,yq;if KOtjw;Fkhd xNu ePjpkd;w Kiwapid
cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. ,J ,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhy rl;lMl;rpapid
Muk;gfhykhfNt Ngrg;gl;lJ.
02. cau; ePjpkd;wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yq;iff;fhd cr;r ePjpkd;wkhf gpupj;jhdpau; Nfhkiwf; fofk;

fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; epu;thfpf;ff;$ba cau;
ePjpkd;wk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
03. INuhg;gpaUf;F toq;fg;gl;l ePjpkd;w rYif ,y;yhnjhopf;

fg;gl;lJ.
gpupj;jhdpaupd; tUifAld; INuhg;gpaUf;F rpy ePjp kd;w

rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;J ,yq;if
KOtjw;Fk; xNu ePjpkd;w rYif Kiw
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.,jdhy; ePjpkd;w uPjpahf fhzg;gl;l
ghugl;rq;fs; XusT Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
04. khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,yq;ifapy; xt;nthU khtl;lq;fSf;Fk; khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; Kiwahd ePjpkd;w fl;likg;G xd;W
cUthf;f tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
05. MSeuplk; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;j ePjpj;Jiwrhu;e;j mjpfhuq;fs;

Fiwf;fg;gl;ld.
Muk;gj;jpy; MSeupd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; ngUksT

ePjpj;Jiwrhu;e;j mjpfhuq;fs; Ftpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.nfkud;
,jid Fiwj;J ePjpkd;wq;fspd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lik
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Nfhy;GWhf; rpghupRfs;
1829 ,y; ,yq;iff;F te;j Nfhy;GWhf; epjp> epu;thfj;jpy;

khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhu;.,jw;fika gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fis
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 ,yq;if KOtjw;Fkhd xNu epu;thf Kiw
 16 khfhzq;fs; 5 khfhzq;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lik.
 rl;l epUgd rl;l epu;thf rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,uh[fhupa Kiw xopg;G
 tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik ,y;yhnjhopg;G
 Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lik.
 ,dthjg;gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mwpKfk;.
 MSdupd; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;lik.
01. ,yq;if KOtjw;Fkhd xNu epu;thf Kiw
1815 fspd; gpw;ghL fiuNahuk; NtwhfTk;kiyafk; NtwhfTk;

vd ntt;Ntwhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.1833 apy; ,jid
xd;wpidj;J ,yq;if KOtjw;Fkhd xNu epu;thf Kiwia
nfhz;L te;J ,r;rPu;jpUj;jk; ,yq;ifapy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xU
Njrk; vd;w tifapy; xd;wpizg;gjw;F tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
02. 16 khfhzq;fs; 5 khfhzq;fshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lik.
Muk;gj;jpy; ,yq;if 16 khfhzq;fshf

gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.,r;rPu;j;jpUj;jk; ,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;J
,yq;ifia 5 khfhzq;fshf Fiwj;jJ.,jdhy; epu;thfr;
nryT FiwAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
03. rl;l epUgd rig cUthf;fg;gl;ld (rl;lthf;f fofk;)
,r;rPu;j;jpUj;jk; vjpu;fhy ,yq;ifapy; Kiwahd rl;lthf;f

fofk; xd;W cUthFtjw;F tha;g;ghf
mike;jJ.rl;lthf;ffofk; gpd;tUk; fl;likg;Gf;fis nfhz;L
fhzg;gl;ld.
rl;lthf;ff;fof fl;likg;G
15 Ngu;
cj;jpNahfg;gw;WilNahu;. cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;Nwhu.;
09 06
 ,jid rl;lep&gd rig my;yJ rl;lthf;f fofk; vd

miof;fyhk;.
 Kiwahd ghuhSkd;wk; cUthFtjw;F ,J
mbj;jskhf mike;jJ.
rl;l epu;thf rig
rl;lthf;ff;fofj;jpy; vj;jpNahfg;gw;WilNahupy; ,Ue;J 06 Ngu;

njupTnra;ag;gl;L ,yq;ifapd; epu;thfk; ,jDhlhfNt
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Kiwahd
mikr;ruit xd;W cUthtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid ,J
cUthf;fpaJ.
04. ,uh[fhupa Kiw xopg;G
fhydpj;Jt ehLfs; ,yq;ifia ifg;gw;Wfpd;w NghJ

,yq;ifapy; ,uh[fhupa Kiw fhzg;gl;lJ.,J njhopy;
uPjpahf tiwaWj;J xU r%fj;ij ,yq;ifapy;
cUthf;fpaJ.gpupj;jhdpau; ,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;jDhlhf Gjpa
nghUshjhu Kiwnahd;wpid ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpdu;.
,uh[fhupa Kiw xopg;ghdJ vjpu;fhy ,yq;ifapy;
Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhuk; cUthFtjw;fhd tha;g;gpid
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
05. tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik ,y;yhnjhopg;G
gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;iff;F tUfpd;w NghJ ,yq;ifapy; tu;j;jf

VfNghf cupik fhzg;gl;lJ.,J Rje;jpu Copar;re;ijf;F
jilahf ,Ue;jJ. gpupj;jhdpau; ,jid ,y;yhnjhopj;J
midtUk; tu;j;jfk; nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;gpid
cUthf;fpdhu;.mj;NjhL Rje;jpukhd Copar;re;ij
cUthtjw;F tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
06. Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lik
gpupj;jhdpau; jkJ epu;thfj;ij ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;

re;ijg;gug;Gtjw;fhfhTk; ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpia
fl;lhakhf;fpdu;,jdhy; ,yq;ifapy; Mq;fpy nkhopAk;
Nkw;fj;Nja fyhrhuKk; guTtjw;F tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
07. ,dthupg;gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,yq;ifapy; ,d;W [dehafg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; tsu;tjw;F

tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jJ. ,r;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd;
,dthupg;gpujpepjpj;Jtk; MFk;.mj;NjhL kWGwj;jpy;

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,d Kuz;ghl;bw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij
,g;gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
08. MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;lik
,r;rPu;jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltug;gLtjw;F Kd; ePjp epjp epu;thfk;

Nghd;wtw;wpd; G+uz mjpfhuj;ij MSeu;
ngw;wpUe;jhu;.,r;rPu;j;jpUj;jk; gy;NtW mk;rq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpajd; fhuzkhf fl;Lg;ghlw;w MSeupd;
mjpfhuq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
FW kf;fyk; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; (1910> 1911> 1912)
Nfhy;GWhf; nfkud; rPu;j;jpUj;jjpd; gpw;ghL nfhz;Ltug;gl;l

murpay; rPu;j;jpUj;jkhFk;. ,r; rPuj;jpUj;jk; ghupa khw;wq;fis
nfhz;bUf;fhtpl;lhYk; xU rpy Gjpa tplaq;fis
cs;slf;fpapUe;jd. ,J 1912y; eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ.
rpghupRfs;
1. epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l thf;Fupik
2. rl;lthf;ffof cWg;gpdu; njhif mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik.
01. epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l thf;Fupik
Kjd;Kjyhf tiaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Fwpikia ,r;rPu;jpUj;jk;

toq;fpaJ.
thf;Fwpikf;fhd gpd;tUk; epge;jidfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

 fy;tpfw;w nrhj;JupikAila Mz;fs;
 21 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu;
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l jifikia cilatu;fs; 4% khdtu;fNs
,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,t;thf;FupikapDhlhf
fy;tpfw;Nwhu; ,yq;ifapy; xUtu; njupTnra;ag;gl;lhu;.mtu; Nru;
nghd;,uhkehjd; ,e;j epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l thf;FupikNa

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Kiwahd ru;t[d thf;Fupik cUthtjw;F
tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
02. rl;lthf;ffof cWg;gpdu; njhif mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik.
Kd;ida ahg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l 15 cWg;gpdu;fis rPu;j;jpUj;jk;

21Mf mjpfupj;jJ.
rl;lthf;ff; fof fl;likg;G

21
cj;jpNahfg;gw;W cilNahu; cj;jpNahfg;gw;W mw;wtu;

11 10
kdpq; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; - 1921
1910 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l FWhkf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jk;

xU rpy mk;rq;fis nfhz;bUe;jhYk; mJ
tpku;rdj;jpw;Fs;shf;g;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jw;fika ,r;rPu;jpUj;jkhdJ
gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis nfhz;ljhf cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. rl;lthf;f fof cWg;gpdupd; njhif mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik.
2. ,dthjpAld; fye;j khfhzg;gpuNjrthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lik.

37 Ngu;
cj;jpNahfg;gw;WilNahu; cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;Nwhu;
14 23
 cj;jpNahfg;gw;WilNahiu tpl cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;Nwhu;
mjpfupj;jik.

nkdpq; btd;bau; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; (1924)
kdpq; btd;bau; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; ghupa khw;;wq;is Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.

rl;lthf;ff; fof cWg;gpdupd; njhif mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

49
cj;jpNahf gw;WilNahu; cj;jpNahfg;gw;W mw;Nwhu;

12 37
nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; (1931)
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; murpay; uPjpahf ghupa khw;wq;fs;

Vw;gLj;jpa rPu;jpUj;jk; ,JthFk;. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifapy;
murpay; uPjpahd tplaq;fspy; ghupa khw;wq;fis ,r;
rPu;jpUj;jk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. 1927y; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j
nlhd%u; ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W
gy;NtW kf;fspd; jfty;fisg; ngw;W ,r; rPuj ; pUj;jj;ij
Kd;itj;jhu;.
rpWghd;ik kf;fs;> ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs;> efu;Gw kf;fs;>
fpuhkGw kf;fs; vd gy;NtW jug;gpdiuAk; re;jpj;J
jfts;fis ngw;w gpd;Ng ,r;rPu;jpUj;jk; ,yq;ifapy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,r;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
mk;rq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhy murpay; tuyhw;wpy;
Kf;fpaj;jJtk; tha;e;j xU mk;rkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy;
nlhd%u; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jkhdJ ,yq;ifapd; murpay;
tuyhw;wpy; xU Gul;rpfukhd ahg;ghf nlhd%u; ahg;G
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljw;fhd gpd;ddp
 Kiwahd ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L 100
tUlq;fs; jhz;baik
 Gjpa ahg;nghd;wpid mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;w
Njitg;ghL
 ,yq;if kf;fspd; ePz;l fhy Nfhupf;if.
nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; rpghupRfs;

1. ru;t[d thf;Fupik
2. muRf;fofk;
3. ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; xopf;fg;gl;lik
4. ke;jpup rig
5. epu;thff; FOKiw
6. Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;lik
7. 03 fhupajuprpfs;
8. nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO
1. ru;t[d thf;Fupik
,r;rPu;jpUj;jk; toq;fpa Kf;fpa mk;rk; ru;t[d

thf;FupikahFk;. ru;t[d thf;Fupik vd;gJ ,dk;> kjk;>
ghy;> epw NtWghbd;wp Fwpg;gpl;l taJf;F Nkw;gl;l rfyUf;Fk;
toq;fg;gLfpd;w thf;FupikahFk;.
gpupj;jhdpa kf;fs; ru;t[d thf;Fupikiag; ngw;W 4

tUlq;fspd; gpd;Nd ,yq;if kf;fs; thf;Fupikiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. ru;t[d thf;Fupik ngWtjpy; 1910y;
toq;fg;gl;l epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l thf;Fupik mbg;gilahf
mike;jJ.
ru;t[d thf;Fupikf;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l thjq;fs;
1931y; nlhd%u; ru;t[d thf;Fupikia toq;Ffpd;w NghJ

,yq;ifapd; kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdu; ru;t[d thf;Fupik
toq;ff;$lhnjd gpd;tUk; epahaq;fs; mtu;fshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,yq;ifapy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; tWikf;Fl;gl;ltu;fs;
,tu;fSf;F thf;Fupikia toq;fpdhy; ntWk; rhjhuz
gzj;jpw;F tpw;WtpLthu;fs;.
 ,yq;ifapy; ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; vOj thrpf;fj;
njupahjtu;fs;. ,tu;fSf;F thf;Fupik toq;fpdhy;
ngUkstpyhd thf;Ffs; epuhfupf;fg;gLk;.
 ru;t[d thf;Fupik yQ;r Coiy mjpfupf;fyhk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
 ngz;fSf;F thf;Fupik toq;fpdhy; ,t;thf;Fupikia
Rakhfg; gad;gLj;jkhl;lhu;fs;.
 fpuhkGw kf;fs; Njrg;gw;W Fiwe;jtu;fs;.
,t;thf;Fupikia rupahf gad;gLj;jkhl;lhu;fs;.
ru;t[d thf;Fupikf;F Mjuthf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l thjq;fs;
kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdu; ru;t[d thf;Fupik toq;fg;glf;$lhJ

vd;gjw;F gyNtW epahaq;fis Kd;itj;jhu;fs;.
me;epahaq;fis nlhd%u; kUfopj;J ru;t[d thf;Fupik
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F gpd;tUk; epahaq;fis
Kd;itj;jhu;.
 ,yq;ifau; tWikf;Fl;gl;ltu;fs; vd;gJ epahak; jhd;
ru;t[d thf;Fupikia toq;FtjDhlhf tWikia
xopf;f KbAk; vd ,tu; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
 vOj thrpf;fj; njupahjtu;fSf;F thf;Fupikia
toq;fpdhy;epuhfupf;fg;gLtJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
xd;whf ,Ue;jhYk; ru;t[d thf;Fupikia
toq;FtjDhlhf ,ytrf;fy;tp> vOj;jwptpd;ikia
,y;yhnjhopf;f KbAk;.
 ru;t[d thf;Fupik yQ;r> Coiy mjpfupf;Fk; vd;gij
tpl Fiwf;Fk; vd;gNj epahakhFk;. gpupj;jhdpahtpy;
1927y; ru;t[d thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ. thf;Fupikf;F
Kd;du; ,Ue;j yQ;j;ij tpl thf;Fupikapd; gpw;ghL
yQ;rk; Fiwtile;Js;sJ.
 ngz;fs; cupikia epahakhf mDgtpg;ghu;fs; vd;gij
tpl Ml;rpf;F tUfpd;w murhq;fk; mtu;fspd; eyid
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhLg;gjw;F ru;t[d thf;Fupik
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 efu;Gw kf;fis tpl fpuhkGw kf;fis Njrg;gw;Wf;
$batu; vd nlhd%u; $wpdhu;. ,jw;F Mjhukhf
Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupy; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; gilfSf;F
Nru;f;fg;gl;l NghJ efu;Gw kf;fis tpl fpuhkGw
kf;fis mjpfsT ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs; ,jdhy;
cz;ikahd Njrg;gw;wpid fpuhkGw kf;fspilNa
fz;Lnfhz;Nlhk;.
ru;t[d thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;ljw;fhd gpd;ddp

 epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l thf;Fupikapdhy; efu;Gwk;
mgptpUj;jpaile;Jk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fs; mgptpUj;jpapy;
gpd;jq;fpapUe;jd. ru;t[d thf;Fupik toq;FtjDhlhf
gpd;jq;fpapUf;Fk; fpuhkGwq;fis mgptpUj;jpailar;
nra;tjw;fhf.
 vjpu;fhy ,yq;ifapy; [dehafj;jpidf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf.
 ,yq;if kf;fis murpay; uPjpahf tpspg;gilar;
nra;tjw;fhf.
ru;t[d thf;Fupik ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy;
,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;
1931y; toq;fg;gl;l ru;t[d thf;FupikahdJ ,yq;ifapy;

,d;Wtiu gy;NtW khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp te;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,k;
khw;wq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; Nrkeyid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
,t;thf;Fupik ,yq;ifapy; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fspy; khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 murpaypy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wk;
 nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wk;
 r%f> fyhr;rhuj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wk;

murpaypy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wk;
 murpay; fl;rp cUthf tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
 rhjhuz FLk;gj;jpy; cs;stu;fSk; murpay;
jiytu;fshf khwy;
 [dehafj;jpw;F tha;g;ghf mike;jJ
 nghWg;Gf; $Wk; murhq;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jJ
 murpay;thjp kw;Wk; kf;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G
nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wk;

 mur> jdpahu; Jiwfspy; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; toq;fg;gl;ld
 mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
 ,ytrf;fy;tp> ,ytr Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.
 fld; trjpfs; toq;fg;gl;ld.
fyhrhu khw;wq;fs;
 tpUk;gpa rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;fhd tha;g;G
toq;fg;gl;ld
 tpUk;gpa fyhrhuk; fyhrhuj;ij toq;fFtjw;fhd
tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;l
 tpUk;gpa nkhop NgRtjw;fhd tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;ld.
muRf; fofk;
Vida ahg;gpy; rl;lthf;ff;fofkhf fhzg;gl;lit ,jpy; muRf;
fofk; my;yJ muhrhq;f rig vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ.
mj;NjhL cj;jpNahfg;gw;W> cj;jpNahfg;gw;ww;Nwhu; vd;w Kiw
,y;yh njhopf;fg;gl;L Gjpa fl;likg;G xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

muRf; fof fl;likg;G
61
50 Ngu; 8 Ngu; 3 fhupajuprpfs;

ru;t[d thf;Fupik epakdk; gpujk fhupajurp
4 INuhg;gpau; epjpfhupajurp
1 gwq;fpau; rl;lfhupajurp
1 kyhau;
1 ,e;jpa tu;j;jfu;
1 K];ypk;
 muRf;fofj;ijjiyik jhq;fp topelhj;Jfpd;w nghWg;G

rghehafUf;FupajhFk;.
 rghehafu; Kiwapid ,yq;iff;F Kjd;Kjypy;
nfhz;Lte;jJ nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jkhFk;.
muRf;fofj;jpd; gzpfs;
 rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;
 rl;lkNrhjhf;fis nfhz;LtUjy;
 Njitaw;w rl;lq;fis ePf;Fjy;
 Njrpaf; nfhs;iffis tFj;jy;
 Njrhjpgjpf;F MNyhridfisAk; cjtpfisAk; toq;Fjy;
epu;thff; FOKiw
,yq;ifapd; epu;thfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;nfd epu;thff; FO

Kiwnahd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhd cWg;gpdu;fs;
muRf;fofj;jpy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;fs;. 61
cWg;gpdu;fspy; 3 fhupajuprpAk;> rghehafUk; Nghf kPjp 57 Ngu;
7 FOf;fshf gpupf;fg;gl;L xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; xU Jiw
nghWg;ghf;fg;gLk;. xU FOtpy; 6 w;Fk; 9 w;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
cWg;gpdu;fs; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jhu;fs;.
epu;thff;FOf;fs;
 fy;tp
 Rfhjhuk;
 Nghf;Ftuj;J
 tptrhak;
 ifj;njhopy;
 cs;@uhl;rp
 cs;ehl;L mYty;
epu;thff;FOf;fspd; gzpfs;
1. ehl;bd; epu;thfj;j Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
2. ehl;by; mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
3. epu;thfj;jpy; Njrhjpgjpf;F cjTjy;
4. ke;jpuprigf;F cjTjy;
5. Njrpa nfhs;if tFg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
epu;thfj;ij xU FOtplk; xg;gilj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

 ,jw;F Kd;du; ,yq;ifapy; ,t;thwhd
epu;thfKiwnahd;W fhzg;glhik
 ,yq;ifg; gpujpepjpfs; midtiuAk; epu;thfg;gapw;rp kpf;f
murpay; jiytu;fis ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w Nehf;fk;
 epu;thf uPjpahd $l;Lg;nghWg;G xd;wpid
cUthf;Ftjw;F
epu;thfj;ij xU FOtplk; xg;gilj;jikahy; Vw;gl;l

rhjfq;fs;
 ngUk;ghyhd ,yq;ifg; gpujpepjpfs; epu;thfg; gapw;rpidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
 ,yq;ifapd; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; epu;thfg; gapw;rpkpf;f
jiytu;fisg; ngwf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
 nghWg;Gf;$Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; epu;thff;FOtpw;Fk;
mbj;jskha; mike;jJ.

 Rje;jpu ,yq;iff;F Kiwahd ke;jpuprignahd;W
cUthtjw;F mbj;jsj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jJ.
epu;thfj;ij xU FOtplk; xg;gilj;jikahy; Vw;gl;l

ghjfq;fs;
 epu;thf nraw;ghl;by; fhyjhkjq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ
 $l;Lg;nghWg;G fhzg;gltpy;iy
 epu;thff;FO mq;fj;jtu;fSf;fpilapy; nghWg;Ngw;Fk;
jd;ik fhzg;gltpy;iy
Njrhjpgjp
Kd;ida rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; MSeu;fshf

miof;fg;gl;ltu;tu;fs; nlhd%u; ahg;gpd; fPo; Njrhjpgjp vd
miof;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. ,tu; gpupj;jhdpa kfhuhzpapd; gpujpepjpahf
nraw;gl;lhu;fs;. gpupj;jhdpauhfTk; fhzg;gl;lhu;. gpupj;jhdpa
kfhuhzpf;F vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; tpRthrkhfNt ,tu;
ele;Jnfhz;lhu;. gpupj;jhdpaupd; eyidAk; gpupj;jhdpa
kfhuhzpapd; eyidAk; ghJfhg;gNj ,tupd; Kf;fpa
Nef;fkhFk;. Njrhjpgjpahdtu; Kd;da ahg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J
mjpfhuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;ltuhfNt fhzg;gl;lhu;. ,jdhy;
nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jk; Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuk; kPjhd jdpf;if
vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kd;da rPu;jpUj;jq;fspy; Njrhjpgjp rpy
mjpfhuq;fis jdpj;Jtkhf Nkw;nfhz;L te;jhu;. nlhd%u;
,jid ru;t[d thf;Fupik> epu;thff; FO 03 fhupajurpfs;
vd;w tplaq;fSf;F toq;fp mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwe;Js;sJ.
,jw;fika nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jk; Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuk; kPjhd
jdpf;ifahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;
nlhd%u; ahg;gpd; fPo; Njrhjpgjp mjpfhuk; Fiwf;fg;gl;L

fhzg;gl;lhNu xopa ehk epu;thfpahf fhzg;gltpy;iy.
Njrhjpgjp eilKiwapy; gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;ltuhf
fhzg;gl;lhu;.
 rl;lj;Jiwrhu; mjpfhuk;
 epu;thfj;Jiwrhu; mjpfhuk;
 ePjpj;Jiwrhu; mjpfhuk;
 nghJthd mjpfhuk;
rl;lj;Jiwrhu; mjpfhuk;
rl;lj;Jiwahd muRf;fofj;jpd; kPJ Njrhjpgjpahdtu; gpd;tUk;

mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;ltuhff;fhzg;gLthu;
 muRf;fofj;ij $l;ly;> fisj;jy;>xj;jpitj;jy;
 rl;lq;fSf;F ifnahg;gkply;
 rl;l%yq;fis Kd;itj;jy;
 rl;lj;Jiwapy; ciuahw;Wjy;
epu;thfj;Jiwrhu; mjpfhuk;
 epu;thff; FOf;fSf;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

 ke;jpuprigf;fhd Nkw;ghu;itia Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpw;fhd cWg;gpdu;fis
epakpj;jy;
ePjpj;Jiwrhu; mjpfhuk;
 ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;
 nghJkd;dpg;G toq;Fjy;
 jz;lidia $l;Ljy;> Fiwj;jy;
nghJthd mjpfhuk;
 Nghu; gpufldk; nra;jy;

 Njrpa tpohf;fspy; jiyik jhq;Fjy;
 ntspehl;L xg;ge;jk; nra;jy;
 gpupj;jhdpa rhk;uh[;aj;Jld; cwTfis Ngzy;
Njrhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.
gpupj;jhdpa khfhuhzp tpUk;Gfpd;w fhyk; tiu
Njrhjpgjpahf nraw;glKbAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
,jdhy; ,tu; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; kfhuhzpf;f vjpuhd
nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLtjpy;iy.
,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; xopf;fg;gl;lik
1838 ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,yq;ifapy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J 1910 jdpg;gpujp epjpj;Jtkhf
fhzg;gl;lNghJ 1920y; ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jld; fye;jjhf
gpuNjrthup gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,t;tpdthupg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; xopj;J Vw;fdNt fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrthup
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij rPu;nra;J xU jdpj;Jtg; gpuNjrthup
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij ,yq;ifapy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij ,yq;if ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs;
vjpu;j;jJld; rpWghd;ik kf;fs; ,jid Mjupj;jjd; fhuzk;
mtu;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfupj;jikahFk;.
vt;thwhapDk; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l ,dthupg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,d Kuz;ghl;il mjpfupj;jJ vd;gJ
Kf;fpakhFk;.
,dthupf; gpupjpepjpj;Jtk; 1833y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljdhy;

Vw;gl;l rhjfk;.
 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Kiwahd gpujpepjpj;Jtk; tsu;tjw;F

tha;g;ghf mike;jJ.
 ,yq;if kf;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpa mwpit
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;fs;.
 [dehafj;jpw;fhd xU Muk;gkhf fUjKbe;jJ.
,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; 1833y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhy; Vw;gl;l

ghjfk;
 Muk;gj;jpy; ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghl;bidj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
 rl;lrigapy; ,dthjk; Ngrg;gl;lJ.
 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ghupa ,dg;gpur;rpid cUthtjw;F
mbj;jsj;jpid cUthf;fpaJ.
%d;W fhupajurpfs;
nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Gjpa mk;rq;fspy; xd;Nw

03 fhupajurpfshFk;. gpupj;jhdpauhd ,tu;fs; kfhuhzpapd;
MNyhridf;fika Njrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;.
muRf;fofj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpg;gJld; ke;jpuprigapYk; ,tu;fs;
mq;fk; tfpf;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; %tiuAk; murpay; uPjpahf
“fhty; eha;fs;” vd milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;.
,k;%d;W fhupajurpfs; gpd;tUk; nghWg;Gf;fis nfhz;ltuhf
fhzg;gl;lhu;fs;.
 rl;lf; fhupajurp
 gpujk fhupajjurp
 epjpf; fhupajurp
rl;lf; fhupajurp
,tu; muRf;fofj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;bUg;gJld; mtw;wpd;

nraw;ghLfisAk; Nkw;ghu;it nra;thu;. mj;NjhL ePjpkd;w
epu;thfj;jpy; mjw;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy; Nghd;w
nraw;ghLfisAk; ,tu; Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
gpujk fhupajjurp
epu;thf nraw;ghLfs; ,tUf;Fg; nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

Njrhjpgjp ,y;yhj fl;lj;jpy; gjpy; NjrhjpgjpahfTk; ,tu;
nraw;gLthu;. mj;NjhL ke;jpupbrigapd; jiytuhfTk;>ehl;bd;
epu;thfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L MNyhrid nra;JtUtJld;
mj;NjhL epu;thf uPjpahf NjrhjpgjpAld; ,ize;J gy;NtW
epu;thf nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUthu;.

epjpf; fhupajurp
ehl;bd; epjprhu; nraw;ghLfis ,tu; Nkw;nfhs;thu;. tuT

nryT jpl;lj;ij jahupj;jy; mjid gq;fL
P nra;jy;
Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy; Nghd;w gy;NtW epjprhu; nraw;ghLfis
,tu; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
,tu;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis njhFj;J Nehf;Ffpd;w
NghJ Kf;fpa mjpfhuq;fs; ,tupd; ifapy; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mj;NjhL ,yq;ifaUf;F nlhd%u; Gud
nghWg;ghl;rpapid toq;ftpy;iy vd;gijAk; njspthf
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
ke;jpup rig
10 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;l ke;jpup rignahd;W fhzg;gl;lJ.
,tu;fspy; 03 fhupajurpfSk;> 07 epu;thff; FOf;fspd;
jiytu;fSk; mlq;Ffpd;whu;fs;. mj;NjhL ,tu;fs; ,yq;if
epu;thfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F xU Muk;gkhfNt fUJfpd;wdu;.
,jd; jiytuhf gpujk fhupajurp fhzg;gl;lJld; ehl;bd;
epu;thf uPjpahd Kf;fpa jPu;khdq;fis ,k;ke;jpuprigNa
Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,k;ke;jpuprigia cUthf;Ffpd;wNghJ 03
fhupajurpfis cs;thq;fpajd; Nehf;fk; 07epu;thff; FOf;fspd;
jiytu;fSf;Fk; gapw;rpahf mikAk; vd;gjhFk;.
vt;thwhapDk; ,k;%d;W fhupajurpfs; jdpj;J
,aq;fj;njhlq;fpdhu;fs;. ,jdhy; ke;jpuprigf;Fs; ,d;DnkhU
ke;jpuprig cUthfpaJ. $l;Lg;nghWg;G fhzg;gltpy;iy.
,yq;ifau; 07 NgUk; jdpj;J ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpdhu;fs;.
,t;thwhd gy;NtW rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;jpaik ,jpy;
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
ke;jpup rigapd; gzpfs;

 tuT nryT jpl;lj;ij jahupj;jy;
 epu;thff; FOit Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;
 ehl;bd; epu;thfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
 Njrhjpgjpf;F epu;thfk; rhu;e;j MNyhridfisAk;
cjtpfisAk; toq;Fjy;
nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO
murhq;f Nritf;F Ml;fisr; Nru;j;jy;> ,lkhw;wk;> gjtp
cau;T vd;gtw;wpid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kjd; Kjyhd xU
Mizf;FOtpid ,e;j murpay; ahg;G cUthf;fpaJ.
,t;thizf;FOthdJ RahjPdkhf nraw;gltpy;iy.
NjrhjpgjpapdJk; ke;jpuprigapdJk; Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo;
nraw;gl;lJld; mtu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;Ffpd;w xU
rigahfNt ,J nraw;gl;lJ.
,r;rigapd; cUthf;fkhdJ Vw;fdNt MSdu;fs; nfhz;bUe;j

nghJr;Nrit njhlu;ghd mjpfhuj;ij XusT Fiwj;Js;sJ.
,jdhy; Njrhjpgjp murNrit njhlu;ghf Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l
mjpfhuq;fspypUe;J rw;W Fiwe;jpUe;jij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
,Ue;jhYk; Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;gpd; nghJr;Nrit
Mizf;FO RahjPd; Mizf;FOthf nraw;gl;lJ.
nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;G rPu;jpUj;j ed;ik
 nghWg;Gf;$Wk; murhq;fj;jpw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij

cUthf;fpaJ.
 vjpu;fhy ,yq;ifau; epu;thfg; gapw;rp kpf;f jiytu;fis
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l Njrhjpgjp fLikahd mjpfhuq;fs;
Fiwf;fg;gl;ld.
 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Kiwahd ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp cUthf
mbg;gilia Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lJ.
nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;G rPu;jpUj;j ghjfk;

 G+uz nghWg;ghl;rpapid ,yq;ifaUf;F toq;ftpy;iy.
 njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;jhdpa fhyzpj;Jtk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 rpWghd;ik kf;fs; G+uz tpUg;gj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
 ,yq;ifapy; vjpu;ghu;j;j ke;jpuprig Kiw xd;wpid
cUthf;fhky; epu;thff;FO Kiwapid cUthf;fpaik.
*****
fle;j fhy tpdhf;fs;:
01. ,yq;ifapy; fhydpj;Jt epiykhw;wj;jpdhy; Vw;gl;l

murpay; tpisTfis Muha;f.
(2019 New)
mwpKfk;:
 ,yq;ifapy; fhydpj;JtkhdJ 16k; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;ghL

Nghu;j;JNfauhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk; gpupj;jhdpauhy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l fhydpj;Jtk; Kf;fpakhdjhf
fUjg;gLfpwJ. 1505y; ,Ue;J 1948 tiu ,yq;ifapy;
Nghu;j;JNfau; xy;yhe;ju; Mq;fpNyau; vd %d;W jug;gpdu;
epu;thfpj;J te;jhu;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; 1796k; Mz;L
,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;wp 1948k; Mz;L tiu ,yq;ifapy;
murpay; r%f nghUshjhu uPjpahf gy;NtW khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpajdhy; ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; fhyg;gFjpNa
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapy; Kf;fpa fl;lkhFk;. gpupj;jhdpau;
jkJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,yq;if murpay;>
nghUshjhu> r%fuPjpahd khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
02. nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;j fhyj;jpy; rpWghz;ikapdupd; epiy?

(2019 Old)
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03. ,yq;if murpay;> nghUshjhu r%f khw;wq;fspy;

Nfhy;GW}f; fkud; rPj;jpUj;jj;jpd; gq;fspg;ig Muha;f.
(2018)
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04. ,yq;if [dehaf Ml;rpapy; xU Gjpa rfhg;jj;jpd;

nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Nkw;nrhd;d $w;iw
Muha;f.
(2018)
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05. Nfhy;GW}f fkud; murpay; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; tpisTfis

guprPyid nra;f. (2017)
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06. ,yq;ifahdJ epykhdpa KiwapypUe;J

Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F khWtjw;fhd mbj;jsj;ij
,l;lJ Nfhy;GW}f; fkud; rPu;j;jpUj;jkhFk;. ePu;
cld;gLtPuh? ckJ tpilf;fhd fhuzq;fisfj; jUf.
(2016)
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07. gpd;tUtdtw;iw tpgupf;Ff.

1931 nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; r%f nghUshjhu kw;Wk;
murpay; tpisTfs;. (2016)
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08. nlhd%u; murhq;fj;jpd; fPo; epiwNtw;Wf; FO Kiwapd;

nraw;ghLfs;. guprPyid nra;f.
(2015)
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09. gpd;tUtdtw;wpy; vitNaDk; ,uz;L jiyg;Gf;fis
Muha;f.
(1) 1833 Nfhy;GW}f; fkud; rpghupRfs;
(2) 1924 nkdpq;> btd;]au; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpujhd
gz;Gfs; (2014)
(3) nlhd%u; ahg;gpd; fPo; Njrhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; gzpfs; (2014)
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10. Nfhy;GW}f; fkud; Mizf;FO Kd;itj;j rpghupRfis

Fwpg;gpl;L ,yq;ifapd; r%f nghUshjhu murpay;
Kiwfspy; mit Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij tpku;rd uPjpapy;
guprPypf;Ff.
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(2013)
11. nlhd%u; Mizf;FO Kd;itj;j gpd;tUk; ,uz;L
rpghupRfs; ,yq;ifapd; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jpa
jhf;fj;jpid tpku;rd Kiwapy; guprPypf;Ff.

(1) ru;t[d thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lik
(2) ,dthjp gpupjpepjpj;Jt xopg;G
(2013)
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12. 1833 Nfhy;GW}f; rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs; ,yq;ifapd; gioa

Afj;jpd; Kbtpid Fwpj;J epd;wNjhL xU GJ Afj;ij
Muk;gpj;J itj;jJ. ePu; cld;gLtPuh? ckJ tpilf;F
fhuzk; jUf?
(2012)

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13. nlhd%u; murhq;f KiwNahL njhlu;GgLj;jp

gpd;tUtdtw;iw tpgupf;Ff.
(1) ke;jpup rigAk; murhq;fj;jpd; mjd; tfpghfKk;
(2) epiwNtw;Wf;FO Kiw
(2012)
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14. ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w Ml;rpapy; murpay;>

nghUshjhu> r%f tpisTfis tpku;rd uPjpahf
guprPypf;Ff.
(2011)
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15. 1931 nlhd%u; Mizf;FO ru;t[d thf;Fupikia

toq;fpajhy; Vw;gl;l jhf;fq;fis guprPyid nra;f.
(2011)
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Nrhy;ghp murpay; ahg;G
gpd;dzp
 1931 nlhd%h; murpay; jpl;lj;jpy; gy FiwghLfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.

 Fwpg;ghf ,t; nlhd%h; rPh; jpUj;jk; kf;fspy; ve;j jug;gpdiuAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j
tpy;iy.
 ,f; FiwghLfspdhy; nlhd%h; murpay; jpl;lf; fhyk; KOtJk; Gjpa murpay;
rPh;jpUj;jq;fis Ntz;b kf;fSk; murpay; jiyth;fSk; epd;wdh;.
 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;if njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;jhdpa Kbf;Fupa murhf
,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd;w gykhd thjk; xd;W fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lik.
 ,yq;ifia Fbaurhf khw;wNtz;ba Njit.
 murNrit Mizf;FO kw;Wk; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO njhlu;ghf fhzgg;l;l
Kuz;ghLfs;
 ,jdhy; FbNaw;w ehl;Lf; fhhpajhprpapd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f 1938 ,y;
Njrhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j Nrh;. md;W}fy;bfw; rPh;jpUj;jk; xd;iw jahhpj;jhh;.
,r;rPh;jpUj;jj;ij ,yq;if murpay; jiyth;fs; jpUg;jp nfhs;shjjhy; mJ murhq;f
rigapy; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd; gpwF 1941y; gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fk; gpufldk; xd;iw ntspapl;lJ.

1. ,jpy; murpay; mikg;G jpUj;jg;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij czh;e;Js;sJ
mjid ghprPyid nra;a Nghh; Kbe;jTld; Xh; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gLk;
my;yJ khehL xd;W $l;lg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
 ,NjNtis 1942 ,y; ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; rPh;jpUj;jk; nra;tjw;fhf fpwpg;];

Mizf;FO ,e;jpahtpw;F nrd;wJ. mg;NghJ ,yq;if murpay; jiyth;fs; fpwpg;];
tprhuidf;FOit ,yq;iff;F mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; ,yq;iff;F
nlhkpdpad; me;j];j;J toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; gphpj;jhdpa murhq;j;jplk;
Nfhhpf;if tpLj;jdh;. mf;Nfhhpf;if gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jhy; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1943 Mz;lhFk; NghJ gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fk; ,d;ndhU gpufldj;ij ntspapl;lJ.

mjpy;
1. NghiuaLj;J elhj;jg;gLk; murpay; jpl;l rPh;rpUj;j ghprPyid mjpfhuj;ij
,yq;iff;F gphpj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPohd nghWg;ghl;rp mjpfhuj;ij toq;Fk;
2. mg;nghWg;ghl;rpahdJ cs;@h; rptpy; eph;thfj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
3. ,yq;ifapd; ghJfhg;G> ntspehl;L tptfhuq;fs; gphpj;jhdpa murpd; mjpfhuj;jpd;
fPo; mjd; MNyhridg; gb elhj;j xOq;Ffs; nra;ag;gLk;
 ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if ke;jphprig xU murpay; efy;jpl;lj;ij jahhpf;fyhk;
 mj;jpl;lk; Nkw;$wpa gpufldj;Jld; xj;Jg;Nghff;$bajhfTk; murhq;f rig
mq;fj;jth;fspy; ¾ Nghpd; rk;kjk; ngw;wjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
P.T.M. Ameen BA(Pera), PGDE (Merit),SLTS Page 43

 ,jd; gb ke;jphpkhh;fshy; xU Gjpa efy; jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ mjpYs;s tplaq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW
1. eph;thff; FO Ml;rp Kiwia ePf;fptpl;L 10 ke;jphpfisf; nfhz;l xU ke;jphp

rig mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk; gpujk ke;jphpapid kfhNjrhjpgjp epakpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. 10 ke;jphpfSf;F cjtpahf 10 cjtp ke;jphp epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. gpuNjrthhpahfj; njhpTnra;ag;gl;l 95 mq;fj;jth;fisAk; rpWghd;ikNahUf;Fk; >
mgptpUj;jpailahj gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;Ftjw;fhf 6 epakd
mq;fj;jth;fisAk; nfhz;l xU ghuhSkd;wj;jpid mikj;jy;. ,uz;lhtJ rig
xd;iw mikf;Fk; tplak; njhlh;ghf ke;jphprig tUq;fhyj;jpy; jPh;khdpf;Fk;
mj;jPh;khdk; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; vLf;fg;gLk;.
4. 1943 murpay; gpufldj;jpd; gb cs;ehl;L tplaq;fspy; kfhNjrhjpgjpf;F

mspf;fg;gl;l tpNrl mjpfhuq;fisg; nghUj;J ,J njhlh;e;jpUf;Fk;.
5. murhq;f NritAk; ePjpghpghyd NritAk; KiwNa murhq;fNrit

Mizf;FOtpd; fPOk; ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; fPOk; ,aq;fr; nra;jy;.
 ,e;efy; jpl;lk; 1944 Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; KbntLj;J mjd; xU gpujp
FbNaw;w ehl;L ke;jphpf;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,NjNtis rpWghd;ikapNdhh; ,j;jpl;lj;jpy; jq;fs; chpikfs; ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd mjpUg;jp njhptpj;jdh;.
 ,yq;ifapYs;s ,e;jpa tk;rtsp njhlh;ghf ,e;jpa muRk; mr;rk; njhptpj;jJ.
 ,tw;iwnay;yhk; Muha;e;J 1944 Mk; Mz;L FbNaw;w ehl;L fhhpajhprp
“gphpj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,e;efy; jpl;lj;jpd; rpghhpRfis MNyhrid
nra;tjw;Fk; murpay; ahg;G gw;wp ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW r%fjjpdhpd;
mgpg;gpuhaq;fis Nfl;gjw;Fk; gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fk; xU tprhuizf;FOit mDg;gj;
jPh;khdpj;Js;sJ” vd;whh;.
 Nkw;$wpa fUj;ij vjph;j;j ke;jphpkhh;fs; ,yq;iff;F tUk; tprhuizf;FOit
gfp\;fhpg;gnjd;W KbntLj;jdh;.
 1944 Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; murhq;f rigapy; nlhkPdpad; me;j];j;Jld; $ba
jpl;lj;jpw;fhf ke;jphpkhh;fshy; kNrhjh xd;W nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,J yq;fh kNrhjh
vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 1944 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; khjk; Nrhy;ghp jiyikapyhd xU tprhuizf;FO
,yq;iff;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,f;FO 1945 Mk; Vg;uy; khjk; tiu ,yq;ifapy; jq;fpUe;J gy;,df;FOf;fisAk;
r%f gpujpepjpfisAk; re;jpj;J fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lJ ,jd;gb
,r;r%fq;spd; rpghhpRfis cs;slf;fpa murpay; mikg;G xd;iw rpghhpR nra;jjJ.
 ,jpy; ngUk;ghyhdit ke;jphp rig rkh;g;gpj;j efy; jpl;ljij gpujpgupj;jJ.
 ,t; ahg;G 1947 njhlf;fk; 1972 tiu eilKiapypUe;jJ.

Nrhy;ghp murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;
 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G nt];kpd;];lu; khjpupf;F Vw;g cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
 nt];kpd;];lu; khjpup murpayikg;G vd;gJ gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfisf;
nfhz;l murpayikg;ghFk;. mitahtd>
1. murpayikg;G fl;likg;gpDs; Kf;fpa ,lk; ghuhSkd;Wf;F fpilj;jy;.
2. ghuhSkd;Wf;F nghWg;Gf;$Wk; mikr;ruit xd;W fhzg;gly;.
3. ghuhSkd;wk; rl;luPjpahf cau;epiyapid miljy;.
4. murhq;fkhdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; epUtfpf;fg;gly;.
5. ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fshy; murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gly;.
6. murhq;fk;; ghuhSkd;Wf;F nghWg;Gf;$wy;; (ghuhSkd;;wkhdJ mikr;;ru;fis
jdpjj;dpahfNth my;yJ $l;lhfNth mfw;w KbAk;.)
7. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F cz;ikahf rthy; tpLf;f Kbahj tifapy;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; tfpgq;F tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.
8. jdp mq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; (vspa ngUk;ghd;ik) njhFjp Kiwapid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l ,U fl;rp Kiw.
Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G 1944 mikr;ruit gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;j Nahridfs;

kw;Wk; Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nahridfspd; mbg;gilapy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l nfgpdl; (ghuhSkdw;) murhqf; khjpupahFk;. mikr;ruitia
cUthf;Fk;N;ghJk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;; fl;likg;ig cUthf;Fk;NghJk;> ehkepUthfpia
cUthf;Fk;NghJk; nt];kpd;];lu; murpayikg;G khjpupia nfhz;bUe;jNjhL> rpy gpupTfspy;
Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpy; ,Ue;J khWgl;bUe;jJ. mitahtd>
1. Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;ghf ,Ue;jik.

2. xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; nefpoh murpayikg;ghf ,Ue;jik.
3. murpayikg;G tptuz mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; vOjg;glhj tifapy;
ePjpkd;Wf;F cupj;jhf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.
Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G ,yq;if gy;ypd kw;Wk; gd;kj r%fk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

RahjPd ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; RahjPd mur Nritapid cUthf;Ftjw;F murpayikg;gpy;
eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e;j murpayikg;G epytpa fhyj;jpy; (1947 – 1972)
murpayikg;gpy; vl;L jpUjj;qf
; s; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpd;; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
1 kfhNjrhjpgjp
2 ghuhSkd;wk;
3 ke;jphprig
4 murhq;f Nrit> ePjpr; Nrit
5 rpWghd;ikf; fhg;gPLfs;

kfhNjrhjpgjp
1. ,yq;if murpd; jiytuhf gphpj;jhdpa KbNa fhzg;gl;lhh;.
2. Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpd; Kf;fpakhd rpghhprpfSs; xd;whf Njrhjpgjpapd; jifikfis
khw;wp mjw;F gjpyhf gphpj;jhdpahtpd; kd;dh; nfhz;bUe;jjw;F rkdhd tifapy;
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;l kfhNjrhjpgjp gjtp cUthf;fg;llJ.
3. ,th; gphpj;jhdpa murpd; rhh;gpy; nraw;gl;lhh;.
4. kfhNjrhjpgjp gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy; gphpj;jhdpa Kbahy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
5. ,thpd; gjtpf;fhyk; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy.
6. gpujkh; tpUk;Gk; fhyk;tiu gjtp tfpf;f KbAk;.
7. ,tiu gjtp ePf;f Ntz;Lk; vdpy; gphpj;jhdpa Kbf;F gpujkh; rpghhpR nra;tjd;
%yk; gjtp ePf;f KbAk;.
8. gjtpapy; ,Ug;gtiu kPz;Lk; epakpg;gjh ,y;iyah vd 5 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw
rPh;J}f;fpg; ghh;f;Fk; tof;fk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
9. ,tuJ rk;gsk; 8000 gTd;fshFk;.
10. ,J jpul;l epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLk;.
rl;lj;Jiw njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

1. ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Ljy; > fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;
2. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigf;fhd epakd cWg;gpdh;fis epakpj;jy;.
3. nrdw;rig 15 cWg;gpdh;fis epakpj;jy;
4. rl;lq;fSf;F rk;kjk; mspj;jy;
5. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rpk;khrd gpurq;f ciuapid Mw;Wjy; mtupd; gpujhd
flikahf fhzg;gl;lJ. ghuhSkd;w Nju;jy; Kbtile;J Kjy; ehs;
mku;tpy; kfhNjrhjpgjp murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs;> Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;
njhlu;ghd ciuapid epfo;j;Jthu;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; gpujku; kw;Wk;
mikr;ruitahy; jahupf;fg;gLk;.
6. ghuhSkd;w rlq;F Kiwahd ,Uf;iff;F jiyikjhq;Fjy;.
eph;thfj;Jiw njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 Kg;gilfspd; jsgjpfis epakpj;jy;> ntspehl;L J}Jth;fis epakpj;jy;;>

mur cah; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;
 ehl;bd; nghJ ,yr;rpidia itj;jpUj;jy;
 Nghh;g; gpufldk; nra;jy;> rkhjhdk; nra;jy;
 nfsutg; gl;lq;fis toq;Fjy;
 gpujkiu epakpj;jy; > mikr;rh;fis epakpj;jy;> mikr;rpd; nrayhsh;fis
epakpj;jy;
 ghuhSkd;w nrayhsh; ehafk;> gpujk fhzf;fha;thsh; ehafk;
 mur Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; jiyth;> Vida cWg;gdh;fis epakpj;jy;.

ePjpj;Jiw njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 gpujk ePjpaurh; > cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpaurh;> Fw;wtpay; ePjp Mizahsh;fs;

Nghd;Nwhiu epakpj;jy; > ePf;Fjy;
 ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO cWg;gpdh;fis epakpj;jy;
 Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy; / jz;lidiaf; Fiwj;jy;
 cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpaurhpd; taJ 62MFk; NghJ gpujkhpd; MNyhridapd;
ngahpy; NkYk; xU tUlj;jpw;F mtuJ gjtpf;fhyj;ij kfhNjrhjpgjp
ePbf;f KbAk;.
 ePjpgjpfspd; gjtp ePf;fk; njhlh;gpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfSk;
xd;wpize;j Ntz;LNfhspd; ngahpyNa gjtp ePf;f KbAk;.
 Nkw;$wpathW rl;lk;> eph;thfk; kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; fhzg;gl;l

NghJk; ,t;tjpfhuq;fs; mizj;Jk; gpujkhpd; MNyhridapd; ngahpNyNa
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
 ,jdhy; ,th; ehk eph;thfp mjhtJ ngaustpy; eph;thfpahff; fhzg;gl;lhh;.
 rpy Ntisfspy; jd;dpr;irahf KbTfisg; ngw KbAk;

 Fwpg;ghf Njh;jypy; ve;jf; fl;rpAk; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;wpuhj re;jh;g;gj;jpy;
gjtpf; fhyj;Jf;F Kd;dh; muR tPo;r;rpailAk; re;jhg;gj;jpy; Njh;jy;
elhj;Jtjh murhq;fj;ij mikg;gjh vd jPh;khdk; vLf;f KbAk;.
 ahg;gd; gb kfhNjrhjpgjp nra;j nra;ahJ tpl;l tplaq;fs; njhlh;ghf ve;j

ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; mtUf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj; njhlu KbahJ.

ghuhSkd;wk;
ghuhSkd;wk;
rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rig nrdw;rig

(30 cWg;gdh;fs;)
(101 cWg;gdh;fs;)
njhFjpthhpad Njh;jy; %yk; 95 kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; 15 Ngh;

Ngh;
kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; epakdk; - 6 rdg;gpujpepjpfs;

Ngh; rigapypUe;J 15 Ngh;
 ,r; rl;lthf;fj; Jiw 3 Kf;fpa eph;thfj;ijf; nfhz;lJ

1. kfhNjrhjpgjp / Kb
2. rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rig > nrdl; rig
3. gpujk ke;jphpAld; $ba mikr;ruit
 1947 Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpy; rl;lthf;fj;Jiwahf ghuhSkd;wk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

,jdhy; nlhd%h; fhyj;jpypUe;j muRf;fofk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,g;ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; %yk; Xuq;f rig ePf;fg;gl;L <uq;f rl;lrig
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ
 ,J ,uz;L rigfisf; nfhz;lJ
1. rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rig / fPo;rig / Kjyhk; kd;wk;
2. nrdw;rig / Nky;rig / ,uz;lhk; kd;wk;
 ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; ,uz;L rigapYk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpd;dNu
rl;lkhf khWk;;.

rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rig / Kjyhk; kd;wk; / fPo; rig
1. ,J 101 cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

2. ,jpy; 95 Ngh; Njh;jy; njhFjpfspypUe;J njhhpT nra;ag;gLth;.
3. 6 Ngh; rpWghd;ik ,dq;fspypUe;J gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy; kfhNjrhjpgjp epakpg;ghh;.
4. ,jd; gjtpf; fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;.
5. 5 tUlq;fSf;F ,ilapYk; kfhNjrhjpgjp gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy; ,r;rigiaf; fiyf;f
KbAk;.
6. murpay; mikg;gpd; mq;fj;jth;fs; jpl;ltl;lkhf Fwpg;gplg;gl tpy;iy
1. Fbrd kjpg;gPl;ilj; njhlh;e;J njhFjp Mizf;FO cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifiaj; jPh;khdpf;Fk;.
2. ,jd; gpd;ddh; 157 cWg;gpdh;fs; fhzg;gl;ldh; ,jpy; Njh;jy; %yk; 151
cWg;gdh;fs; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldh;. 6 Ngh; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
3. khfhz mbg;gilapy; 75000 kf;fSf;F xU gpujpepjp vdTk; my;yJ 1000 rJ
fpNyh ikYf;F xU gpujpepjp vd;w tifapy; xJf;fPL nra;ag;ll
; J.
4. Fwpj;j xU gpuNjrj;jpy; fzprkhd msT rpWghd;ikapdh; ,Ug;gpd; mg;gpuNjrq;fs;
gy; mq;fj;jth; njhFjpfshf khw;wg;gl;ld.
7. nghJj; Njh;jiy mLj;J kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigapd; KjyhtJ $l;lj;njhlh;

eilngWk;. ,jpy;
1. rghehafh;
2. cgrghehafh;
3. FOf;fspd; jiyth;fs;
4. FOf;fspd; cg jiyth;fs; Nghd;Nwhh; njhpTnra;ag;glthh;.
 $l;lq;fSf;Fk; mjd; xOq;FfSf;Fk; rghehafUk; FOf;fspd; jiyth;fSk;

nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gh;.
 rigapy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPh;khdk; rigf;F rKfkhspj;jth;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ik
MjuTld; rl;lkhf;fg;gLk;.
 murpay; mikg;ig jpUj;Jjy;> khw;Wjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fSf;fhf 2/3
ngUk;ghd;ik MjuTld; jPh;khdpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;
 rig $Ltjw;fhd mq;fj;jth;fspd; vz;zpf;if nkhj;j mq;fj;jth;fspy; 1/5
gFjpadh; my;yJ 30 Nguhth;.

rl;lj;Jiw njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
 rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rigapd; gpujhd mjpfhuk; rl;lq;fis Mf;FtjhFk;.
 murpayikg;gpd; 29 Mk; gphpit ghjpf;fhj ve;j rl;lq;fisAk; Mf;f KbAk;.
 murpayikg;G jpUj;j kNrhjh 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 nrdw;rigiaAk; ghh;f;f $ba mjpfhuj;ij ,r;rig nfhz;Ls;sJ.

 nrdw;rigahy; epuhfhpf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fisf; $l kPz;Lk; xU Kiw
epiwNtw;wg;gLtjd; %yk; rl;lkhf khw;w KbAk;.
 ehl;bw;F Njitahd rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
 tuT-nryT jpl;lj;ij xd;wpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ Njhw;fbj;jy;.
 epjp kNrhjhf;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpj;jy; nfhz;L tUjy;.
 ehl;bd; nghJ epjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
eph;thfj;Jiw njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

 eph;thfj; Jiwf;Fg; nghWg;ghd ke;jphp rig rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rigf;F $l;lhf
nghWg;G$w flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
 ke;jphp rigapd; kPJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuiz nfhz;LtUtjd; %yk; ke;jphp
rigia gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fyhk;.
 ke;jphprig cWg;gpdh;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhh; ,r;rdg;gpujpepjpfs;
rigapypUe;Nj epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
 ke;jphpkhh;fis Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; chpik ,r;rig cWg;gdh;fSf;F cz;L.
 mjw;F gjyspf;Fk; nghWg;G ke;jhpfSf;F cz;L.
ePjpj;Jiw njhlh;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

1. cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;Fk; jPh;khdk; ,r;rigapy;
epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ghuhSkd;Wf;F G+uz rl;;lthf;f mjpfhuk; fpilf;f

tpy;iy. mitahtd>
 29 (2) cWg;;Giuia jpUj;jNth my;yJ ePf;fNth ghuhSkd;;Wf;F mjpfhuk;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
 VNjDk; r;ll%yk; murpayikgN;ghL xj;JNghftpy;iyahapd; me;j rl;;lj;;ij
typjw;wjhf;Fk; mjpfhuk; Neubahf Fwpg;gplhky; ePjpkd;Wf;F ,Ue;jik (cau;
ePjpkd;Wf;F)
 1947 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if Rje;jpu rl;lj;jpd; gb ,yq;ifapd; Ntz;LNfhs;
kw;Wk; tpUg;gj;jpd;Ngupy; ,yq;if rhu;ghf rl;lj;ij Mf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpupj;jhdpa
ghuhSkd;Wf;F fpilj;jik.

nrdw;rig / Nky;rig / ,uz;lhk; kd;wk;
 ,J Nky;rig vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,jd; mq;fj;jth;fs; nrdl;lh;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
 ,J 30 mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;lJ
 ,jpy; 15 Ngh; rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rigapypUe;J jdpkhw;W thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk;
njhpTnra;ag;gLfpd;wdh;.
 kpFjp 15 NgUk; nghJr;Nrit Mw;wpath;fs;> th;j;jfk;> ifj;njhopy;>
tq;fpapay; vd;gtw;wpy; jpwik gilj;jth;fpsplkpUe;J gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy;
kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLthh;fs;.
 ,jd; gjtpf; fhyk; 6 tUlq;fshFk;.
 ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw cWg;gpdh;fspy; 1/3 gFjpapdh; gjtp tpyfp
Gjpath;fs; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLthh;fs;
 ,J xU epue;ju rigahFk;.
nrdw;rig cUthf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd Nehf;fq;fs;

 Njh;jy; nraw;ghLfspy; gq;Fnfhs;s tpUk;ghj gy;NtW Jiwfspy;
ghz;bj;jpak; ngw;wth;fis nrdw;rigapy; mq;fj;jth; Mf;Ftjd; %yk;
Jiwrhh;e;jth;fspd; mNyhridfisAk; NritfisAk; ngw;wf; nfhs;Sjy;.
 rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; tplg;gLfpd;w jtWfis jpUj;jf; $bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rigapy mtrukhf ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fis cldbahf
nraw;gLj;j Kbahky; fhyjhkjg;gLj;jy;.
 rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhf ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lj;ij jLj;J rpWghd;ikapdUf;F
ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 rl;lq;fs; njhlh;ghd nghJ[d mgpg;gpuhaj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
 gy ehLfspy; fhzg;gLtjdhy; gphpj;jhdpahtpd; nghWg;ghl;rpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Vida ehLfspYk; ,j;jifa rig xd;W fhzg;gLjtjdhy;
mjid ,yq;ifapYk; jhgpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;dw Nehf;fk;.
nrdw;rigapd; rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;s;
 kNrhjf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; chpik cz;L
 epjp kNrhjhf;fis ,q;F mwpKfg;gLj;j KbahJ. epjp kNrhjh
rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rigahy; kl;LNk mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;.
 rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; nfhz;Ltug;gLk; midj;J kNrhjhf;fSk;
nrdw;rigapd; mq;fpfhuj;ij ngw;Nw epiwNtw;wg;gl;l gpd;dNu
kfhNjhrhjpgjpahy; ifnahg;gk; ,lg;gLk;.
 epjp kNrhjhf;fis nrdw;rig xU khj fhyj;jpw;F NkYk; rhjhuz
kNrhjhf;fis 6 khjfhyj;jpw;F NkYk; jhkjg;gLj;j KbahJ.
 nrdw;rigahy; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;l kNrhjit rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rigapy;
kPz;LnkhU Kiw epiwNtw;wg;gLtjd; %yk; rl;lkhf;f KbAk;.

nrdw;rigapd; eph;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;s;
 ke;jphp rigf;F Ml;fisj; njhpT nra;Ak; NghJ ,uz;Lf;Fiwahj mikr;rh;fs;
nrdw;wpy; mq;fk; tfpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 nrdl; cWg;gpdh; xUth; ePjp mikr;ruhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ePjpaikr;R nrdl; cWg;gpdUf;F kl;LNk nfhLf;f KbAk;.
 cjtp ke;jphpfs; ,uz;Lf;F Fiwahjth;fs; ,q;F njhpT nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 ke;jphpkhh;fsplk; mikr;rRf;fs; njhlh;ghf tpdhf;fis nrdl;lh; vOg;g KbAk;.
 ,r;rigahy; ke;jphprigf;F vjpuhd kNrhjh nfhz;L nry;y KbahJ.
nrdw;rigapd; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;s;

 Nky;epiy ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;Fk; jPh;khdk; ,r;rigapy; epiwNtw;wg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
 ePjpaikr;rh; ,r;rigapypUe;Nj njhpT nra;ag;gLthh;.

ke;jphprig
 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l epiwNtw;Wj;JiwahdJ

mikr;ruit epUthfkhFk; .
 ehlb;d; gpujhd epUthf ikak; mikrr;uitahFk;
 gpujkiuAk; ke;jphpkhh;fisAk; nfhz;l FO ke;jphprig my;yJ mikr;ruit
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ke;jphp rigapd; jiytuhf /cz;ik eph;thfj;jpwF nghWg;ghf gpujkke;jphp
fhzg;gLthh;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,UrigapYk; ngUk;ghd;ik Mjuitg; ngw;w xUtiu
kfhNjhrjpgjp gpujk ke;jphpahf epakpg;ghh;.
 ngUk;ghyd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ve;jnthU fl;rpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik
gyj;jpid gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj re;jug;;gq;fspy; gpujkiu
njupT nra;tjpy; kfhNjrhjpgjp jkJ RatpUg;gpw;F Vw;g nraw;gl re;jug;;gk;
fhzg;gl;lJ.
 gpujk ke;jphpapd; MNyhridg;gb Vida ke;jphpfs; kfhNjrhjpgjpahy;
epakpf;fg;gLthh;.
 epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba mikr;ru;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ vd;gJ gw;wp
murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;glhikahy; mjid jPuk;hdpf;Fk; cupik KOikahf
gpujkupd; tpUg;gj;jpy; jq;fpapUe;jJ.
 gpujkUf;F ,Uej; gzpfSf;F Nkyhf mtu; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ntsptptfhuk;
njhlu;gpy; nghWg;ghsuhf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd ahg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ
 ,jpy; ePjpaikr;R cl;gl ,uz;Lf;F Fiwahj mikr;rh;fSk; cg
mikr;rh;fSk; nrdw;rigapypUe;J epakpf;fg;gLthh;fs;.
 ke;jphpkhh;fis epakpj;jy;> khw;Wjy;> ePf;Fjy;> mikr;Rf;fis xJf;Fjy;>
jpizf;fsq;fis xJf;Fjy;> khw;Wjy; vd;gd gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy;
kfhNjrhjpgjp Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
 ke;jphprig gpujpepjpfs; rigf;F $l;lhfg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
 ke;jphp rigf;F vjpuhd ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuiz nfhz;L te;J gpujpepjpfs;
rigapy; epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; ke;jphprigia gjtp ePf;fKbAk;.
mjpfhuq;fs;
 tuT nryT jpl;lq;fis jahhpj;jy;
 murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if uPjpahd jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;
 mj;jPh;khdq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
 rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikr;Rf;fspD}lhf kNrhjhit ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nfhz;LtUjy;
 46 Mk;cWgG;iuapd; fPo; ehl;;bd; epUthfk; kwW;k; epiwNtw;; epUthfj;ij
topelj;jy; vd;gd mikr;ruitf;F nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 mikr;Rf;fisAk; mjDld; njhlh;Gila jpizf;fsq;fisAk; Nkw;ghh;it
nra;jy;.
 jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gf;$wy;.

murhq;f Nrit> ePjpr; Nrit
murhq;f Nrit Mizf;FO / nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO
Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpdhy; mur Nrit njhlu;ghd nghWg;G mikr;ruitf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ.

xt;nthU mikr;rUf;F fPOk; fhzgg;l;l midj;J jpizf;fsq;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfs;
njhlu;ghd KO nghWg;Gk; Fwpjj; mikrr;UfF; toq;fg;;gl;bUe;jJ.
jpizf;fsqf;is ,izj;J epUtfpf;Fk; N;ghJ mikr;rUf;F cjTtjw;fhf epue;;ju

nrayhsu; xUtiu gpujkupd; MNyhridapd;gb khfhNjrhjpgjp epakpj;jhh;; mtu; Fwpj;j
mikr;;rupd; epUthfj;;jpd; fPo; topelj;;jg;gl;lhu;. mikr;rUf;Fk; mikr;Rf;Fk; ,ilapYk;>
mikr;rUf;Fk; jpizf;fsq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapYkhd njhlu;Gfs; epue;ju nrayhsupdhy;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ.
1. mur Nritapd; RahjPdj;ij ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Kiwahd tpjpKiwfs; mjd;%yk;

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L ,Ue;jik ,e;j murpayikg;gpd; tpNrl gz;ghf ,Ue;jJ.
2. mur Nritahsu;fis epakpj;jy;> ,lk; khwW;jy;> ePf;Fjy; kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd;gd RahjPd mur Nrit Mizf;FOTf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,t;thW mur Nrit Mizf;FO xd;iw jhgpg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; ,uz;lhFk;.
1.murpay; jiyaPl;by; ,Ue;J mur Nritia tpLtpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
2.mur Nritfs; njhlu;ghf rpWghd;ik FOf;fspilNa ek;gpf;ifia fl;bnaOg;gy;.
4. Ie;J tUlq;fSf;F gpujkupd; MNyhridf;F Vw;g kfhNjrhjpahy; mur Nrit

Mizf;FOTf;F %d;W cWgg;pdu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mur Nritapid murpay;
jiyaPl;by; ,Ue;J tpLtpj;;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf murpayikg;gpy; rpy tpjpKiwfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mitahtd>
1.ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ve;j cWg;gpdUk; mur Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf

epakpf;fg;gl KbahJ.
2.VNjDk; cWg;gpdiu Mizf;FOTf;F epakpf;fg;gLk; N;ghJ murhq;f
cjj;pNahfjj;uhf VNjDk; nfhLg;gdTfs; kw;Wk; gjtpfs; ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw tpl;L
tpyf Ntz;Lk;.
3. Nritf;fhyk; epiwtile;jJk; kPzL;k; Nritf;F epakpf;fg;gl KbahJ.
4.Nritapy; ,Ue;J tpyf;FjyhdJ> rupahd fhuzq;fis fhl;ba gpd;
kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
5.Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLfSf;F NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth
jiyaPLnra;tJ jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;. Mizf;FOtpd; jPu;khq;fSf;F
mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; egu; 1000 &ghTf;F Nkw;glhj jz;lg;gzj;ijNah my;yJ xU
tUlj;jpw;F Nkw;glhj rpiwj; jz;lidf;Nfh my;yJ ,it ,uz;Lf;FNkh cs;shf
Ntz;Lk;.

 ,t;thwhd tpjpKiwfis Vw;gLj;j eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lNghJk; Mizf;FOtpd;
RahjPdj;jd;ikia KOikahf ghJfhjJ;fn;fhs;s Kbatpyi;y. mikr;ru;fspd;
mOj;jq;fSf;F cl;gll; re;ju;g;gq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; Mizf;FO
njhlu;e;Jk; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ.
 ,J %d;W mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
 ,th;fs; gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy; kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLth;.
 ,th;fs;J gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;.
 jf;f fhuzj;Jld; Mizf;FO cWg;gpdh;fis gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
kfhNjrhjpgjpaplk; cz;L.
 mur Nritapy; ,d> kj Ngjq;fs; Vw;gLtjid jLg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk.
 rpWghd;ikapdUf;F fhg;gPlhf ,t;thizf;FO fUjg;gl;lJ.

ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FO
Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; fPo; gpujk ePjpauru; kw;Wk; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Vida
ePjpauru;fs; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w Mizahsu;fs; vd;Nghu; gpujkupd;
MNyhridapd; Ngupy; kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu
 ePjpr; Nrit cj;jpNahfj;jfh;fspd; epakdk;> ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpAah;T> gjtpePf;fk;

vd;gtw;wpw;F nghWg;ghf ,t;thizf;FO cUthf;fg;ll ; J.
 ,jpy; gpujk ePjpaurh; cl;gl %d;W mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
 gpujk ePjpaurh; jtpu Vida ,UtUk; cah;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfshf gjtptfpf;f
Ntz;Lk; my;yJ Kd;dh; tfpj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,th;fs; gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy; kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLth;.
 ,th;fs;J gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;.
 ,t;tq;fj;jth; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigapd; cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f KbahJ.
 gpujk ePjpaurh; jtph;e;j Vida ,uz;LNgUk; kfhNjrhjpgjpf;F fbjk; xd;W
mDg;Gtjd; %yk; gjtp tpyf KbAk;.
 Mizf;FO xU nrayhsiuf; nfhz;bUe;jJ mtiu Mizf;FO epakpj;jJ.
 Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghLfSf;F NeubahfNth my;yJ kiwKfkhfNth
jiyaPL nra;tJ jz;lidf;Fhpa Fw;wkhFk;.
 ePjpr; Nritapy; ,d> kj Ngjq;fs; Vw;gLtjid jLg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk.
 rpWghd;ikapdUf;F fhg;gPlhf ,t;thizf;FO fUjg;gl;lJ.
Nrhy;ghpapd; ePjpj;Jiw
1. ,t;ahg;gpy; ePjpj;Jiw ,uz;L tiffshff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

 cah; ePjp epWtdq;fs;
 fPo; ePjp epWtdq;fs;
2. cah ePjp epWtdq;fspy;

1. cah; ePjpkd;wk;
2. Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
3. fPo; ePjpkd;wq;fspy;
1. khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;
2. ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk;
3. e\;nt\;l; ePjpkd;wk;
4. fpuhkpa ePjpkd;wk;

cah; ePjpkd;wk;
6 ,J gpujk ePjpauriuAk; 10 f;F Fiwahj 20f;F Nkw;;glhj Vida

ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
7 ,th;fs; gpujkhpd; MNyhridapy; kfhNjrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fpfg;gl;ldh;.
8 ,th;fspd; Xa;T taJ 62 MFk;. Njitahapd; xUtUl gjtp ePbg;ig
Njrhjpgjp toq;f KbAk;.
9 cah; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis gjtp ePf;f Ntz;Lkhapd; cly;> csf;
FiwghLfis mtjhdj;jpy; nfhz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jPhk ; hdk;
nfhz;Ltug;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mjd; gpwF kfhNjrhjpgjp gjtp ePf;fk; nra;thh;.
cah; ePjpkd;w mjpfhuq;fs;
 fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspypUe;J tUk; Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhhpj;J jPh;g;G

toq;Fjy;.
 nfhiy> Njrj;JNuhf tof;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;iw tprhhuid nra;jy;.
ePjpj; Jiw Rje;jpuk;;
 Nrhy;ghpay; ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;f rpy Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

 ePjpgjpapd; epakd; gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy; kfhNjrhjpgjp Nkw;nfhz;lik.
 Nrit %g;G mbg;gilapy; gjtpAah;T toq;fg;gl;lik.
 Nritf;fhyk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jik.
 ePjpgjpfspd; rk;gsk; jpul;L epjpapypUe;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lik.
 RahjPd ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jik.

rpWghd;ikf; fhg;gL
P fs;
Nrhy;ghp tprhuizf;FO Kd;dpiyapy; rpWghd;ikf;FOf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; ngUk;ghd;ik

,dj;jthpd; Ml;rp njhlh;gpy; mjpUg;jp njhptpj;jikahy; Nrhy;ghpf;FO jkJ murpay;
jpl;lj;jpy; rpWghd;ik kf;fspd; eyd;fis ghJfhf;f rpy Kf;fpa Vw;ghLfis Vw;gLj;jpd.
1. murpay; mikg;gpd; 29(2)Mk; gphpT

2. nrdw;rig
3. epakd mq;fj;Jtk;
4. gy; mq;fj;jth; Njh;jy; njhFjp
5. Nfhikiwf; fofk;
6. murpayikg;gj; jpUj;jk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik
7. nghJr;Nrit Mizf;FO kw;Wk; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO
 murpay; mikg;gpd; 29(2)Mk; gphpT

1. rpWghd;ik eyd; NgZtjpy; gpujhd Vw;ghlhf murpay; mikg;gpd; 29(2)
Mk; gphpT fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb xH; ,dj;ijNah my;yJ kjj;ijNah
my;yJ r%fj;ijNah ghjpf;Fk; rl;lq;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,aw;w KbahJ.
vdf; $WfpwJ.
2. 29 (2) gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.

1. kjr;Rje;jpuj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jNth >jilnra;aNth KbahJ.
2. VNjDk; xU ,dj;jtNuh rkaj;jtNuh gphpnjhU ,dj;jthpd; my;yJ rkaj;jthpd;
fPo;gLj;jYf;Nfh > jilfSf;Nfh kw;Wk; tiuaiwfSf;Nfh cl;gLj;jg;glf;$lhJ.
3. VNjDk; xU ,dj;jtUf;Nfh my;yJ rkaj;jtUf;Nfh toq;fg;gl;lhj rYiffs;
gphpnjhU ,dj;jtUf;Nfh my;yJ rkaj;jtUf;Nfh toq;fg;glf; $lhJ.
4. xU rka jhgdj;jpd; ahg;ig mj;jhgdj;jpd; epUthfpapd; tpUg;gkpd;wp
khw;wf;$lhJ. Mdhy; xU rka jhgdk; rl;lhPjpahf ,Ug;gpd; mj;jhgdj;jpd;
epUthfpapd; Ntz;LNfhspd; Nghpyd;wp ve;jnthU khw;wKk; nra;af;$lhJ.
3. murpay; mikg;gpd; 29(2) Mk; gphptpd; gb Nkw;gb Vw;ghLfisj; jpUj;Jk;

vr;rl;lKk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;glhky;
rgehafuhy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;L Kbapd; mq;fpfhuj;jpw;F mDg;Gjy; $lhJ.
4. ,t; Vw;ghL kpfg; gpujhdkhd Vw;ghlf ,Ue;j NghJk; rpWghd;ikapdiu

ghJfhf;f ,J jtwptpl;lJ vdyhk;. Vd;vdpy; ,r;rl;lk; ,Ue;j NghJk;
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhf gy rl;lq;fs; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;ld.
1. 1948 gpu[hThpikr; rl;lk;.
2. 1949 ghuhSkd;w Njh;jy; jpUj;jr;rl;lk;
3. 1956 jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lk;
4. 1967 rpwPkh rh];j;jphp xg;ge;j mKyhf;fr; rl;lk;

2. nrdw;rig
 rpWghd;ikapdupd; fhg;gPl;Lf;fhd tpjpahf nrdl;rig vdg;gLk; ,uz;lhk; kd;;wk;
jhgpf;fg;gl;;lJ. nrdl;rig cWg;gpduf;spy; Ikg;J tPjkhNdhiu kfhNjrhjpgjp
jd; RatpUg;;gpw;Nfw;g epakpf;f KbAk; vd;w tpjpKiwfis Vw;gLj;jpajd; %yk;
rpWghd;ik ,df;FOf;fSf;F jhq;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; rpWghd;ikNahupd;
cupikfSf;fhf nraw;gl tha;g;G toq;f vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
 nrdw;rigahdJ 30 mq;fj;jth;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,jpy; 15 Ngh; kf;fs;
gpujpepjprigapypUe;J jdpkhw;W thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; njhpTnra;ag;gl;ldh;.
Vida 15 NghiuAk; gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy; kfhNjhrhjpgjp epakpj;jhh;.
 Vd;vdpy; 15 Ngh; kf;fs; gpujpepjfs; rigapypUe;J njhpTnra;ag;gl;ljdhy;
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; cWg;gpdh;fNs nrdw;rigapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahf
fhzg;gl;ldh; mjdhy; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F ,lk; fpilf;fhky; NghdJ.
 kPjp 15 NgUk; gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy; kfhNjrhjpgjp epakpj;jdh; . ,jpYk; gpujkh;

ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jtuhf fhzg;gl;ljdhy; rpWghd;ikapdiu mjpfstpy;
Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; gpd;thq;fpdhh;. gpujkhuhy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;lth;fs; $l
mtUf;F rhh;ghfNt nraw;gl;ldNu jtpu jd;Dila r%fj;Jf;F rhh;ghf
nraw;ghl Kbatpy;iy.
 gpujku; nrdl; rigf;fhd rpWghd;ikNahiu epakpf;Fk;NghJ rpWghd;ik kf;fs;

gw;wp ftdj;jpy; nfhz;lhYk;> ,jNdhL gpujku; kw;Wk; mtupd; murpay; fl;r;p
njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; mbg;gilapd; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;sik
njspthd njupe;jpUe;jJ. ,jd; ngWNgW gpujkuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l rpWghd;ik
,dq;fspd; cWg;gpdu;fs; gpujkupd; murpay; fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdu;fshf
,Ue;jikahFk;. ,t;thwhd epiyikfshy; rpWghd;ikNahupd; NghJkhd
fhg;gPl;L nghwpKiwahf fUj Kbatpy;iy
 rpWghd;ikapdh; ghJfhg;G tplaq;fspYk; nrdw;rigahy; xd;Wk;

nra;aKbatpy;iy. rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhf gpu[hThpikr; rl;lk;>
jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lk;> rpwPkh rh];j;jphp xg;ge;j mKyhf;fr; rl;lk; Nghd;w gy
rl;lq;fs; te;j NghJk; nrdw;rig jdJ xg;Gjiy toq;fpaJ.
 mNj Nghd;w nrdw;rigahy; xU rl;lk; jLf;fg;gl;lhYk; mJ kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

rigapy; kPz;Lk; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjd; %yk; rl;lkhf khWk; vd;gjdhy;
nrdw;rigapd; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwe;J fhzg;gl;lJk; rpWghd;ikapdhpd;
chpikfis ghJfhf;f Kbahky; Nghdjw;F fhuzkhFk;
vdNtjhd; nrdw;rig rpWghd;ik fhg;gPlhf nfhz;Ltug;gl;lhYk; mJ rpWghd;ikapdUf;F

Nghjpa gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij toq;fTk; ,y;iy rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfs; njhlh;ghd
ghJfhg;igAk; toq;ftpy;iy.

3. epakd mq;fj;Jtk;
 ,jd;%yk; INuhg;gpa> gwq;fpau; kw;Wk; K];ypk; Mfpa ,df;FOf;fspypUe;J
gpujpepjpfs; rigfF; cWgg;pduf;is njupT nraa;gg;LtJ vjpug;g;huf;fg
; g;ll;J.
ahgg;py ;4 (2) cWgG;iuapdg;b gpujkupd; MNyhridapd;gb kfhNjrhjpgjp
,t;TWg;gpdu;fis epakpg;ghu;.
 ,jd; gb 6 cWg;gpdh;fis rpWghd;ik ,dq;fspypUe;J gpujkhpd; rpghhprpy;
kfhNjrhjpgjp epakpf;f KbAk;.
 ,e;epakd mq;fj;Jtk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk;
toq;Fk; vd;W Nrhy;ghpf; FOtpdh; ek;gpdh; Mdhy; eilKiwapy; mjid
fhzKbahky; NghdJ.
 Muk;gj;jpy; rpWghd;ikapdh; ,jpy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhYk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ahg;ig kPwp
ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
 rpWghd;ikapdh; epakpf;fg;gl;l NghJk; mth;fs; gpujkUf;;Fk; gpujkh; rhh;e;j
murpay; fl;rpf;Fk; jdJ tpRthrj;ijf; fhl;bdh;;.
cjhuzkhf 1970 Mk; Mz;L rpWghd;ik ,dj;jpypUe;J epakd cWg;gpduhf

M.C. Rg;gpukzpak;> nry;iyah Fkhu#hpah; Nghd;Nwhh; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
,Ug;gpDk; 1972 murpay; jpl;lk; rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfisg; Nghzhj
xd;whf mikf;fg;gl;l NghJk; mjw;F MjuT toq;fpAs;sdh;.
 xU rpy epakdq;fs; jhd;Dila ,dj;Jf;F tpRthrkhf ,Ue;j NghJk;
jd;Dila fl;rp murhq;fj;jpDs; rpWghd;ikapduhf ,Ue;jjdhy; mth;fs;
fUj;Jf;fs; vLgltpy;iy.
 rpwPkh rh];j;jphp xg;ge;j mKyhf;fr; rl;lk; tUk; NghJ ,yq;ifj; njhopyhsh;

fhq;fpu]pd; jiyth; njhz;lkhd; epakd cWg;gpduhf murpypUe;j NghJk;
mtuJ fUj;ij kPwp epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
 nkhj;jj;jpy; ,e;j epakd mq;fj;JtKk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhd

gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f jtwptpl;lJ vdyhk;.

4 . gy; mq;fj;jth; Njh;jy; njhFjp
a. rpWghd;;ikapdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhgg;jwf;hf fhzg;gl;l kw;;WNkhu; tpjpahf
gy;;yqf;j;jtu; Nju;jy; njhFjp fhzg;gl;lJ. ehl;by; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy;
ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;NjhL Nru;e;JthOk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLg;gJ ,jd; %yk; vjpug;g;huf;f;gg;ll;J.
b. 1946 ,y; mikf;;fg;gl;l Nju;jy; njhFjp vy;iy eph;za Mizf;FOtpdhy; gJis>

gyhq;nfhil> fLfd;dht> mk;gyhq;nfhil> gygpl;ba kw;Wk; kj;jpa nfhOk;G
Mfpatw;wpy; gy;yq;fj;jtu; Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,jd;gb
1. nfhOk;G kj;jp – 3 mq;fj;jth; njhFjpahfTk;
2. kl;lf;fsg;G> %J}h;> mf;Fwiz> gyhq;nfhl> gJis Nghd;wd ,ul;il mq;fj;jth;
njhFjpfshfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
1. ,j;njhFjpfspy; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F NghjpasT gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fpilf;Fk; vd;W

vjph;ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; mjid fhzKbaky; NghdJ.
2. nfhOk;G kj;jpapy; 3 ,dj;jth;fSk; tuNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf 3 mq;fj;jth;
njhFjpahf gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; eilKiwapy; Nrhy;ghp muray; mikg;gf; fhyj;jy;
xU jkpo; gpujpepiaahtJ ngw Kbatpy;iy.
3. ,Nj Nghd;W kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjrj;jpy; jkpo;> K];ypk; kf;fSf;fhf ,ul;il
njhFjpahf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1970 Njh;jypy; ,UtUk; jkpouhfNt njhpT
nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
4. gyhq;nfhlapy; rpq;fsth; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa tk;rtspfSf;fhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijg; ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf ,ul;il mq;fj;jth; njhFjpahf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy;
,e;jpa tk;rtsp kf;fSf;fhd thf;Fhpik gwpf;fg;gl;ljdhy; ,UtUk;
rpq;fstu;fshfNt njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
5. vdNtjhd; ,e;j gy; mq;fj;Jt Njh;jy; njhFjpAk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f Kbahky; NghdJ.
5. Nfhkiwf; fofk; / gphpTf; fTd;\py;
 ,yq;if ePjpkd;wq;fspy; jkf;F NghjpasT ePjp fpilf;ftpy;iy vd fUJgth;fs;

gphpj;jhdpa cah; ePjpkd;wkhd Nfhkiwf;fofj;jpw;F tpz;zg;gpj;J jPh;g;gpid
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Nrhy;ghp mikg;gpy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;.
 Nfhkiwf;fofj;jpw;F Nky;KiwaPL nra;Ak; chpik ahg;gpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 ,J xU rpWghd;ik fhg;gPlhf mikAk vd vjph;ghf;fg;gl;lJ.
 eilKiwapy; Nghjpa fhg;gPlhf mikatpy;iy.
1. 1948 Mk; Mz;by; gpu[hThpikr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l NghJ ,J
rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhdJ vd Nfhkiwf;fofj;jpy; Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ.
Nfhkiwf; fofk; gpu[hThpik njhlh;ghd rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wtjw;F ,yq;if
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F chpik cz;L vd jPh;g;gspj;jJ.
2. 1956 Mk; Mz;by; jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l NghJ mr;rl;lj;jpdhy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;l NfhB];tud; %ykhf gphpj;jhdpahtpy; cs;s Nfhkiwf;foj;jpw;F
Nkd;KiwaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ jPh;g;G NfhB];tuDf;F rhjfkhf te;j NghJk; mJ
eilKiwg;gLj;jgl tpy;iy
 ,JTk; rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfis ghJfhf;f jtwptpl;lJ vdyhk;

6. murpay; mikg;Gj; jpUj;jk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik ngWjy;;
 murpay; mikg;gpy; ve;jnthU fl;rpf;Fk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik fpilf;fhJ vd;gjdhy;

rpWghd;ikapdhpd; chpikfis ghJfhf;f KbAk; vd;W Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpy; ,J
Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.
 Mdhy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik ,y;yh NghjpYk; $l murpayikg;gpd; 29(2) rl;lj;jpw;F
khw;wkhf ghuSkd;wj;;jpy; rl;lq;fisf; nfhz;Lte;jdh;.
 ,Ug;gpDk; 1970 Mz;lhFk; NghJ rpwPyq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp> ,lJrhhpf; $l;Lf;F 2/3
ngUk;ghd;ik fpilj;jJ.
 ,jidg; gad;gLj;jp Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpy; ,Ue;;j midj;J rpWghd;ik chpikfisAk;
ePf;fp Gjpa murpay; jpl;lj;jpid 1972 Mk; Mz;L nfhz;Lte;jdh;.
,JTk; rpWghd;ikapduJ chpikfis ghJff;f Kbahky; nrd;Ws;sJ.
7. nghJr; Nrit Mizf;FOTk; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOTk;;
 Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpy; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F ghugl;rpk; fhl;lf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf ,t;

Mizf;FOf;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;ld.
 xg;gPl;L hPjpahf Vida rpWghd;ikf; fhg;gPLfis tpl ,J ghJfhg;ghf mike;jpUe;jd.
 Mdhy; 1956 nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jdpr;rpq;fsr; rl;lk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ljd; gpd;dh; ,itAk;
rpWghd;ikf; fhg;gPlhf mikatpy;iy.
vdNt Nrhy;ghpapy; cs;s rpWghd;ikf; fhg;gPLfs; midj;Jk; eilKiwapy; Nghjpa

fhg;gPLfshf mika tpy;iy vd;gNj epjh;rdk;.

Nrhy;ghp murpay; mikg;gpd; FiwghLfs;
1. Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G kPJ Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gpujhd tpku;rdk; ahnjdpy; mJ
G+uz Rje;jpuj;ij toq;ftpy;iy. khwhf
,yq;iff;F nlhkpdpad; me;j];j;jpid toq;fpaJ. ,jdhy; cz;ikahd
mjpfhuk; njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;jhdpauplNk fhzg;gl;ljhfTk; mjdhy; ehl;bd;
nghUshjhuk;> r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; murpyikg;Gf; fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mjd;
nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf mOj;jk; nfhLf;f mtu;fshy; Kbe;jjhf tpku;rdk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. cjhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpau; Rje;jpuj;jpid toq;Fk;NghJ mur Nritapd; ghJfhg;G
kw;Wk; ntsp ehl;L eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;j 3 cld;gbf;iffis
ifr;rhj;jpl;lNjhL> mjd;%yk; mf;Fwpj;j Jiwfs; kPJ rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjw;fhd
G+uz mjpfhuk; ,yq;if ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F fpilf;ftpy;iy. gpupj;jhdpa Kb
njhlu;e;Jk; ,yq;if murpd; jiytuhf fhzg;gl;likahdJ ghupa
tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ. ,t;tplak; fhuzkhf ,yq;if fhydpj;Jtj;jpy;
,Ue;J G+uzkhf tpLgltp y;iy vd;w thjk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. njhlu;e;Jk; ,yq;ifapd; r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Ml;rp Kiw
fl;likg;Gfspy; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijAk; nry;thf;ifAk;
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs; vd ngupJk; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapy;
,Ue;J njspthd gpuptpidia ,yq;if ngw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd rpyu;
tpku;rpj;jdu;. ,J gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd czu;tpid NkYk; mjpfupj;jJ.
mj;Jld; Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G ,yq;iff;F G+uz Rje;jpuj;ij
toq;ftpy;iy vd;w vz;zj;ijAk; gutyhfNt Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
4. ,jdhy; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jepiy NkYk;
tpUj;jpaile;jJ. mjdhy; Nrhy;gup ,yq;ifaUf;F G+uzkhd Rje;jpuj;ij
toq;ftpy;iy vDk; fUj;J gutyile;jJ.
5. Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; mikg;G> rl;lq;fs;>

kw;Wk; rk;gpujhaq;fs; KOikahf gpupj;jhdpa rl;l> murpay; kw;Wk; xOf;f
epakq;fSf;F Vw;gNt fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;gpid murpw;F
toq;fpaJ. mJ jopo; r%fj;jpd; mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
6. ghuhSkd;wk; rl;l cUthf;fj;jpy; G+uz ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij

nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. rl;l thf;f mjpfhuk; gy;NtW topKiwfs; Clhf
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msTf;F fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpa
eyd;fis ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Clhf
,yq;iff;fhd ve;jnthU rl;lj;ijAk; cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij Kb
nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,yq;if ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lk; xd;wpid
jLf;Fk; Mw;wYk; Kbf;F fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;tjpfhuk; Kbapd; gpujpepjp
kfhNjrhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,yq;if ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cUthf;
fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtij jLg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
kfhNjrhjpgjpf;F ,Ue;jJ ( 36Mk; cWg;Giu ).
7. murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 29 ( 1 )> ( 2 )> ( 3 ) Mfpad ghuhSkd;w

rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ ngupastpyhd fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jJ.
8. mNjNtis ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,Wjp Nkd;KiwaPLfis nra;Ak; my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw

rhu;e;j jPu;khdq;fis vLf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
gpupj;jhdpa gpuptp fTd;;rpyplk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jtu;fspdJk;
Njrpa thjpfspdJk; fLk; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ.
9. Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l nrdl; rigahdJ ngUk;

tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shdJ. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w
rl;lq;fis nrdw; rig fhye; jho;j;J tjhdJ kf;fshy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l

gpujpepjpfspd; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJld; mjid xU jilahfTk; mtu;fs;
Nehf;fpdhu;fs;.
10. mur nfhs;if topfhl;ly; mj;jpahak;> mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahak;

fhzg;glhik.
11. rpq;fs Njrpa thjpfSk;> ,lJrhup fl;rpfSk; gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt

Ml;rpahsu;fs; fhydpj;Jtj;ij njhlu;e;Jk; jf;fitf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; jkf;F
,iwikaw;w ghuhSkd;wj;ij jpzpj;Js;shu;fs; vd tpku;rpj;jdu;.
12. jkpo;j; jiytu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rk;gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ( 50:50 ) vd;w

Nfhupf;ifAk; Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOthy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf
Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G jkpo; kf;fspd; fLk; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ.
13. me;epauhy tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ahg;ghf ,Ue;j NghJk; ,yq;ifapd; murpay;

epyikfSf;F nghUj;jkw;w ahg;ghf fz;ldk; nra;ag;l;lJ.
14. nrdw;rigahy; vjph;ghhf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fs; vJTk; mile;Jnfhs;s

Kbatpy;iy vd;gNjhL mjpfhukw;w ,r;rig ehl;Lf;F xU Rikahf ,Ue;jJ.
15. ePjpg;Gydha;T ngw;w Nfhkiwf;fofk; ghuhSkd;w nraw;ghLfSf;F jilahf
,Ue;jik.
16. kfhNjrhjpgjp itj;jpUe;j epakd mq;fj;Jtk; rdehaj;jpw;F KudhdJ vd
Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lJ.
17. kfhNjrhjpgjp gphpj;jhdpa Kbapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ ,yq;ifapd; eph;thf
tplaq;fSf;F jilahf ,Ue;jJ.
18. kfhNjrhjpgjp xU ehk eph;thfpahf ,Ue;jik mg;gjtpia fPo;gLj;jpaJ.
19. nrdw;rig ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfSf;F nghUj;jkw;wJ vd Fiw $wg;gl;lJ.
20. Mizf;FOf;fs; RahjPdkhf nraw;gl Kbahik

Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;Gld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy; vitNaDk;
,uz;bid Muha;f.
(i) murpay; ahg;gpw;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tpku;rdq;fs;
(ii) epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
(iii) rl;lj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; (10 x2 = 20 Gs;spfs; )
Nehf;fk;: ,t;tpilahdJ Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G njhlu;ghfTk; mjd; kPjhd

tpku;rdq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mwpT kw;Wk;
Gupe;Jzu;Tfis kjpg;gpLtjid Nehf;fkhf nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
,t;tpdhtpw;fhd tpilapid nt];l;kpd;];lu; khjpupapyhd Ml;rp

Kiwf;Nfhzj;jpy; ,Ue;J guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; Nehf;f KbAk; vd;gJld;> Nrhy;gup
rl;lrig rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy; kw;Wk; ,y;yhJ nra;tjpy; nfhz;bUe;j
fl;Lg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisAk; Kd;itf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld;
guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; rl;lj;Jiw kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisAk;
mtw;wpd; mjpfhuk; flikfs; njhlu;ghd kl;Lg;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd tpku;rd
uPjpahd kjpg;gPl;bidAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;
(i) murpay; ahg;gpw;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tpku;rdq;fs; (10 Gs;spfs; );
Nehf;fk;:
guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;G njhlu;ghf nfhz;bUf;Fk; xl;Lnkhj;j
ghu;it kw;Wk; mjw;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tpku;rdq;fs; njhlu;ghd mwptpid
kjpg;gpl Kw;gLfpwJ.
mwpKfk; (02 Gs;spfs;);

Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G gpupj;jhdpa nt];l;kpd;];lu; khjpupapid jOtpa
ghuhSkd;w murhq;f Kiwnahd;wpid mwpKfk;
nra;jJ. ,J murpay; epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwf;F gpujku;
cly; (06 Gs;spfs;)
 Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G kPJ Kd;itf;fg;gl;l gpujhd tpku;rdk; ahnjdpy;

mJ G+uz Rje;jpuj;ij toq;ftpy;iy.
khwhf ,yq;iff;F nlhkpdpad; me;j];j;jpid toq;fpaJ. ,jdhy;
cz;ikahd mjpfhuk; njhlu;e;Jk; gpupj;jhdpauplNk fhzg;gl;ljhfTk;
mjdhy; ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk;> r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; murpyikg;Gf;
fl;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mjd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghf mOj;jk; nfhLf;f
mtu;fshy; Kbe;jjhf tpku;rdk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 cjhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpau; Rje;jpuj;jpid toq;Fk;NghJ mur Nritapd;
ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ntsp ehl;L eltbf;iffs; Fwpj;j 3 cld;gbf;iffis
ifr;rhj;jpl;lNjhL> mjd;%yk; mf;Fwpj;j Jiwfs; kPJ rl;lk;
,aw;Wtjw;fhd G+uz mjpfhuk; ,yq;if ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F fpilf;ftpy;iy.
gpupj;jhdpa Kb njhlu;e;Jk; ,yq;if murpd; jiytuhf fhzg;gl;likahdJ
ghupa tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ. ,t;tplak; fhuzkhf ,yq;if
fhydpj;Jtj;jpy; ,Ue;J G+uzkhf tpLgltp y;iy vd;w thjk;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 njhlu;e;Jk; ,yq;ifapd; r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; Ml;rp Kiw
fl;likg;Gfspy; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijAk;
nry;thf;ifAk; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;fs; vd ngupJk; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;J njspthd gpuptpidia ,yq;if
ngw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy vd rpyu; tpku;rpj;jdu;. ,J gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhd

czu;tpid NkYk; mjpfupj;jJ. mj;Jld; Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G
,yq;iff;F G+uz Rje;jpuj;ij toq;ftpy;iy vd;w vz;zj;ijAk;
gutyhfNt Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 ,jdhy; fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jepiy NkYk;
tpUj;jpaile;jJ. mjdhy; Nrhy;gup ,yq;ifaUf;F G+uzkhd Rje;jpuj;ij
toq;ftpy;iy vDk; fUj;J gutyile;jJ.
 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l murpay; mikg;G> rl;lq;fs;>

kw;Wk; rk;gpujhaq;fs; KOikahf gpupj;jhdpa rl;l> murpay; kw;Wk; xOf;f
epakq;fSf;F Vw;gNt fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;gpid
murpw;F toq;fpaJ. mJ jopo; r%fj;jpd; mjpUg;jpia Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 ghuhSkd;wk; rl;l cUthf;fj;jpy; G+uz ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij

nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. rl;l thf;f mjpfhuk; gy;NtW topKiwfs; Clhf
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msTf;F fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf gpupj;jhdpa
eyd;fis ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Clhf
,yq;iff;fhd ve;jnthU rl;lj;ijAk; cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij Kb
nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,yq;if ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lk; xd;wpid
jLf;Fk; Mw;wYk; Kbf;F fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;tjpfhuk; Kbapd; gpujpepjp
kfhNjrhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,yq;if ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cUthf;
fg;gl;l rl;lj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtij jLg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
kfhNjrhjpgjpf;F ,Ue;jJ ( 36Mk; cWg;Giu ).
 murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 29 ( 1 )> ( 2 )> ( 3 ) Mfpad ghuhSkd;w

rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ ngupastpyhd fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jJ.
 mNjNtis ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,Wjp Nkd;KiwaPLfis nra;Ak; my;yJ

ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;j jPu;khdq;fis
vLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; gpupj;jhdpa gpuptp fTd;;rpyplk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ
ngUk;ghd;ik ,dj;jtu;fspdJk; Njrpa thjpfspdJk; fLk; tpku;rdj;jpw;F
cs;shfpaJ.
 Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l nrdl; rigahdJ ngUk;

tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shdJ. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigahy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w
rl;lq;fis nrdw; rig fhye; jho;j;J tjhdJ kf;fshy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l
gpujpepjpfspd; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJld; mjid xU jilahfTk;
mtu;fs; Nehf;fpdhu;fs;.
 mur nfhs;if topfhl;ly; mj;jpahak;> mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahak;

fhzg;glhik.
 rpq;fs Njrpa thjpfSk;> ,lJrhup fl;rpfSk; gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt

Ml;rpahsu;fs; fhydpj;Jtj;ij njhlu;e;Jk; jf;fitf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; jkf;F
,iwikaw;w ghuhSkd;wj;ij jpzpj;Js;shu;fs; vd tpku;rpj;jdu;.
 jkpo;j; jiytu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rk;gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ( 50:50 ) vd;w

Nfhupf;ifAk; Nrhy;gup Mizf;FOthy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; tpisthf
Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G jkpo; kf;fspd; fLk; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ.
KbTiu (02 Gs;spfs;)

 Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G ,yq;ifapDila fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpia KbTf;F
nfhz;L te;J [dehaf murhq;f Kiwia jhgpj;jpUe;jhYk; $l mJ gy
topfspYk; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpaJ.
 ,jpy; gpujhd tpku;rdk; ahnjdpy; ,yq;iff;F G+uz murpay; Rje;jpuk;
toq;fg;glhikahFk;. ,j;jifa gpd;Gyj;jpNyNa 1972Mk; Mz;L Nrhy;gup
murpay; mikg;G ,y;yhJxopf;fg;gl;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
(ii) epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; (10 Gs;spfs;);
Nehf;fk;
,j;jiyg;ghdJ Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpd; fPohd epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; fl;likg;G>
mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; tfpgq;F njhlu;ghd guPl;rhu;j;jpfspd; mwptpid kjpg;gpl
Kw;gLfpwJ.
mwpKfk; (02 Gs;spfs;)
guPl;rhu;j;jpfs;> Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;G ,U tifahd epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapidf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpilapid Muk;gpf;fyhk;. mitahtd> kfhNjrhjpgjp
ehk epu;thfpahfTk; gpujku; cz;ik epu;thfpahfTk; fhzg;gly; vd Muk;gpf;f KbAk;.
ehk epu;thfk; gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; gpupj;jhdpa Kbapdhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
cz;ik epUthfpahd gpujkiu kfhNjrhjpgjp epakpf;fpd;whu;. mtu; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;w xUtuhf ,Ue;jhu;.
 ,t;tpilapid ,uz;L gpupTfshfg; gpupf;f KbAk;.

KjyhtJ gFjp ehk epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd jhfTk;
,uz;lhtJ gFjp cz;ik epu;thfk; njhlu;ghdjhfTk; mikayhk;.
ehk epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly; (03 Gs;spfs;)
 kfhNjrhjpgjp ehk epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhff; fhzg;gl;l gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd;

gpujpepjpahfTk; - jkJ murpay; flikfis KbapdJk; gpujkupdJk;
MNyhridfspd; ngaupy; Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. kfhNjrhjpgjp gpupj;jhdpa eyd;fis
ghJfhj;J gyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd Kb vjpu;ghu;j;jhu;.
 mtNu murpd; jiytuhfTk; Kg;gilfspd; jiytuhfTk; fhzg;gl;lhu;. murpd;
jiytu; vd;w tifapy; nghJ ,yl;rpidapid Ngzp te;jhu;> ntspehl;L
J}Jtu;fis epakpj;jhu;> mtu;fSf;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis toq;fpdhu;.
 kfhNjrhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ikia ngw;w xUtiu my;yJ
ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytiu gpujkuhf epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg;
ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
 ,tu; nghJr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpw;fhd cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;jhu;.
fzf;fha;thsu; ehafk;> rl;lkh mjpgu;> Kg;gilfspd; jsgjpfs; Nghd;Nwhiu
epakpf;Fk;> ePf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. kpf Kf;fpakhf Kg;gilfspd;
jiytu;fis ePf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
 rpk;khrd gpurq;f ciuapid Mw;Wjy; mtupd; gpujhd flikahf
fhzg;gl;lJ. ghuhSkd;w Nju;jy; Kbtile;J Kjy; ehs; mku;tpy;
kfhNjrhjpgjp murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffs;> Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghd
ciuapid epfo;j;Jthu;. ,J ngUk;ghYk; gpujku; kw;Wk; mikr;ruitahy;
jahupf;fg;gLk;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;Lk;> fiyf;Fk;> xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,J eil Kiwapy; gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; ngaupNyNa ,lk;

ngw;wJ. rl;l kNrhjhf;fSf;F ,Wjp mDkjp toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
 nrdl; rigapd; 15 cWg;gpdu;fisAk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigf;fhd MW
cWg;gpdu;fisAk; epakpj;jhu;. eilKiwapy; ,jid gpujkupd; MNyhridapd;
ngaupNyNa Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
 gpujk ePjpauru; cl;gl> cr;r ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;> mj;Jld;
mtu;fis gjtp
ePf;fNtz;Lkhapd; kfhNjrhjpgjp nrdl; kw;Wk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigapy;
ciunahd;wpid Mw;Wtjd; %yk; gjtp ePf;f KbAk;.
 ePjpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fis kw;Wk; mjd; jiytiu
epakpj;jy;. ifjpfSf;F nghJ kd;dpg;G toq;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpidf;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
cz;ik epu;thfk; (03 Gs;spfs;)
 cz;ik epu;thfk; gpujkuhYk; mikr;ruitahYk; jiyik jhq;fg;gl;lJ.

cz;ik epu;thfj;jpid murpay; epUthfk; vdTk; mioj;jdu;. cz;ik
epUthfj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
 ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
 mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F $l;lhf nghWg;G $Wjy;.
 mikr;ru;fs; kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlu;Gila epWtdq;fis Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;.
 cau; kl;l epakdq;fs; njhlu;ghf kfh Njrhjpgjpf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
mikr;ru;fis epakpj;jy;> khw;wk; nra;jy;> ePf;Fjy; Mfpa tplaq;fspy; kfh
Njrhjpgjpf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
 kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rig kw;Wk; nrdl; rigfSf;fhd epakd cWg;gpdu;fis
epakpf;Fk; NghJ kfh Njrhjpgjpf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
 ntsptptfhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Mfpa mikr;Rf;fs; gpujkupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bNyNa
fhzg;gl;lJ.
KbTiu (02 Gs;spfs;)
guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; gpujhd fye;Jiuahly;fspd; RUf;fj;jpid Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
 murpay; epUthfj;jpw;Fk; ehk epUthfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Kuz;ghLfs;

Vw;gl;lNghJk; ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,it ,uz;Lf;FkpilNa
xj;Jiog;Gldhd njhlu;GfNs fhzg;gl;ld. 1972 Kjyhk; FbauR
murpayikg;G ehk epUthfpapd; gpupj;jhdpa njhlu;gpid KbTf;F
nfhz;Lte;jJ.

(iii) rl;lj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; gzpfs; (10 Gs;spfs;);
Nehf;fk;
Nrhy;gup murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l ghuhSkd;wk;> mjd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk;
mjd; gzpfs; njhlu;ghd guPl;rhu;j;jpfspd; mwptpid kjpg;gpLtNj ,j;jiyg;gpd;
Nehf;fkhFk;.
mwpKfk; (02 Gs;spfs;);
guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; tpilapid> Nrhy;gup ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhukhdJ Kb>
kfhNjrhjpgjp kw;Wk; rpWghd;ik fhg;gPLfs; Mfpa topKiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ vd Muk;gpf;f KbAk;. vt;thwhapDk; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;
,aw;wg;gl;l rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjp uhd rl;lq;fis ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ,jd; eilKiw
NtWgl;ljhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
cly; (06 Gs;spfs;)
 Nrhy;gup ghuhSkd;wk; ,U rigfis nfhz;L fhzg;gl;lJ. mit nrdl;

kw;Wk; kf;fs; gpujp epjpfs; rig vd;gdthFk;. KjyhtJ Nky; rigahfTk;
,uz;lhtJ fPo; rigahfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigf;fhd Nju;jy; kw;Wk; mjd; fl;likg;G vd;gd
murpayikg;gpd; 11Mk; cWg;Giuapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lLs;sJ. me;jtifapy; 95
cWg;gpdu;fs; gpuNjrthup gpujpepjpj;Jtj; jpd; %yk; njupTnra;ag;gl;ldu;. 6 Ngu;
gpd;jq;fpa rKjhaq;fspypUe;Jk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fpilf; fhj
rKjhaq;fspypUe;Jk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlk;> mjd; jiytuhf rghehafu;
fhzg;gl;lhu;. rpy rkaq;fspy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlk; KbAk;
Kd;dNuNa KbTf;F nfhz;L tug;gLk;. mJ tuT - nryT jpl;l kNrhjh
Njhw;fbf;fg;gLjy;> rpk;khrd gpurq;f ciu Njhy;tpailjy;> ek;gpf; ifapy;yh
gpNuuiz epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Kd;$l;bNa fiyf;fg;gLk;.
 kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rigapd; mjpfhuq;fs; - ehl;bw;F Njitahd rl;lq;fis
cUthf;Fjy;. - epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;. -
tuT-nryT jpl;lj;ij xd;wpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ Njhw;fbj;jy;. - epjp
kNrhjhf;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpj;jy; { nfhz;L tUjy;. - ehl;bd; nghJ
epjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
nrdl; rig
 nrdl; rig> rl;lrigapd; ,uz;lhk; rigahf fhzg;gl;lJ. mJ 30

cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. 15
Ngu; gpujkupd; MNyhridapd; ngaupy; kfh Njrhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
,jpy; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ kpFjp 15 cWg;gpdu;fs; kf;fs; gujpepjpfs; rigapd; jdp
khw;W thf;F Kiw mbg;gilapy; njupTnra;ag;gl;ldu;.
 ,J ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; epue;ju rigahf fhzg;gl;lJld; cWg;gpdu;fspd;
gjtpf;fhyk; 6 tUlk; vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU ,uz;L tUlq;fSf;F
xUKiw %d;wpy; xU gq;F cWg;gpdu;fs; gjtp tpyf Gjpa cWg;gpdu;fs;
epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
 nrdl; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; mjdhy; epjp rl;l

%yq;fis nfhz;Ltu KbahJ (31Mk; cWg;Giu). vdpDk; mJ gpujpepjpfs;
rigapid Nghd;W ngupJk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f tifapy; nraw;gl

Kbatpy;iy. vdpDk; rl;lq;fis jhkjg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. MapDk;
kNrhjhf;fis Fwpg;gpl;l fhyg;gFjpf;F Nky; jhkjpf;fg;gLkhapd; fPo; rig
mk;kNrhjh tpid kPz;Lk; epiwNtw;wp eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
nrdl; rigapd; mDkjpapd;wp rl;lk; mKYf;F tUk;.
 nrdl; rig cWg;gpdu;fs; mikr;ruitapy; ,lk;ngWtu;. ePjpaikr;ru; cl;gl

Mff;Fiwe;jJ ,U mikr;ru;fs; nrdw;wpypUe;J epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
KbTiu (02 Gs;spfs;)
guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; gpujhd fye;Jiuahly; njhlu;ghd fUj;jpidAk; ,U rigfs;
njhlu;ghd xg;gPl;L ghu;itapidAk; Kd;itf;f KbAk;.
cjhuzkhf> nrdl; xg;gpl;lstpy; gytPdkhd
epWtdkhf fhzg;gl;lJld;> mjd; %yk; vjpu;ghf;fg;gl;lit NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
gy fhuzpf spdhy; mile;J nfhs;sg;glKbatpy;iy. mjdhy; nrdl; rigapid
“nts;is ahid” vd tpku;rpj;jdu;.
kWGwkhf> kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rig murpay; mikg;gpy; cj;juthjg;gLj;jpapUe;j

rpWghd;ikapdu; fhg;gPLfis kWjypj;jJld; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F vjpuhd
rl;lq;fisAk; cUthf;fpaJ. G+uzkhd ,iwiknfhz;l ghuhSkd;wkhf mJ
,Uf;ftpy;iy vDk; tpku;rdj;ij Kd;itf;fyhk;.
,jd; fhuzkhf 1972Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wk; ,yq;if apd; rl;l rigapid
kWrPuikj;jJ> nrdl; rig ,y;yhJ nra;ag;gl;L Xuq;f rl;l rig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
kf;fs; gpujp epjpfs; rig Njrpa muRg; Nguitnad ngau; khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJld;
mur mjpfhuj;jpd; kPAau; fUtpahfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

G.C.E.(A/L) – POLITICAL SCIENCE UMS ACADEMY – 1972 CONSTITUTION 2021
cs s
; lff
; k;
tpdh ,yff
; k;
1. ahg;gpd; gpd;dzp
2. kf;fs; ,iwik
3. mbg;gil chpikfSk; Rje;jpuq;fSk;
4. mur nfhs;ifj; jj;Jtq;fs;
5. murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;
6. Njrpa muRg; Nguit
7. FbauR [dhjpgjp
8. gpujku; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit
9. nkhopAk; kjKk;
1 PREPARED BY :- RAM RAVITHAS & SUBRAMANIYAM UMAMAHESHWARAN

ahg;gpd; gpd;dzp
 1972 Kjyk; FbauR ahg;G Njhw;wk; ngWtjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzpahf ,Ue;jJ 1947 Nrhy;ghp
murpay; mikg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfshFk;. me;j tifapy;
1. Nrhy;ghp murpay; ahg;G ,yq;ifg; gpui[fshy; cUthf;fg;gl tpy;iy khwhf gphpj;jhdpa
gpughd Nrhy;ghp mth;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,yq;if njhlh;ghf gphpj;jhdpa muRf;F gy rpwg;G mjpfhuq;fs; gy fhzg;gl;ld.
3. ,yq;ifg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLk; rl;lj;jpw;F gphpj;jhdpa Kbapdhy; mq;fpfhuk;
mspf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
4. ,yq;if murhq;fk; gphpj;jhdpa rk;gpujhaq;fis gpd;gw;wpaJ
5. ghuhSkd;w rl;l Mf;fk; njhlh;ghf Nghjpa ,iwik nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy.
6. epakd cWg;gpdh; gjtp Kiw kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;bw;F jilahf ,Ue;jik.
7. nrdw;rig gy FiwghLfisf; nfhz;bUe;jik.
8. mbg;gil chpikfs; Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpy; cs;thq;fg;gl tpy;iy.
9. khfhuhzp>Njrhjpgjp vd;w gjtp fhzg;gl;lNjhL NkYk; Nghu; kw;Wk; rkhjhd
clz;gbf;ifia kfhuhzpNa Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
10. ,yq;ifapd; Nkd;KiwaPlL ; ePjpkd;wkhf Nfhkiwf; fofk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
11. Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpy; Rje;jpuk; ngw;w NghJk; mJ KOikahd xU Rje;jpuky;y vd murpay;
mwpQu;fSk;> ,yq;if murpay;thjpfs; thjpl;ldh;.
 ,f; FiwghLfs; fhuzkhf Nrhy;ghp murpay; mikg;gpid ePf;fp GjpanjhU murpy;
rPh;jpUj;jj;ij nfhz;LtUtw;fhf ,yq;if murpay;thjpfs; cioj;jdh;.
 Nrhy;ghp murpay; mikg;gpid jpUj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jhy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikia ngw Ntz;Lk;
vd;W ahg;G nrhd;dJ. me;j tifapy; ,t;ahg;G eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; 1970
tiuf;Fk; ve;jnthU fl;rpAk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikiag; ngw KbahJ Nghdjhy; ve;jnthU
murpay; fl;rpahYk; ahg;G jpUj;jj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahky; NghdJ.
 ,Ug;gpDk; ,t;ahg;gpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;fhf 1956 Mk; Mz;L v];. bg;sA ; . Mh;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f
jiyikapyhd If;fpa Kd;ddp murhq;fk; vjph;f;fl;rpapd; MjuTld; Muk;g Kaw;rpfis
Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; 1957.11. 02Mk; jpfjp murpay; mikg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpw;fhf xd;wpize;j
ghuhSkd;w nraw;FO xd;wpid gz;lhuehaf;f epakpj;jhh;.
 ,f;FO 1959.02.06 Mk; jpfjp nghJ cld;ghL xd;Wf;F te;jJ.
1. ,yq;ifia Fbaurhf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. mbg;gil chpikfs; cs;thq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. nrdl;rigia xopj;jy;.
4. epakd mq;fj;jtu; Kiwapid ePf;Fjy;.
5. Rje;jpukhd nghJr; Nrit kw;Wk; ePjpr;Nritapid xopj;jy;
 vd;w tplaq;fis ,f;FOtpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg; gLj;jpa midj;J fl;rpfSk; Mjhpj;jJ. vdpDk;
1959 nrg;lk;gh; khjk; v];. bg;sA ; . Mh;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f mth;fs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljd;
fhuzkhf ,t; murpay; kWrPuikg;G eltbf;iff;F jil Vw;gl;lJ.
 1965 khh;r; khjj;jpy; Ml;rpf;F te;j If;fpa Njrpa fl;rp murhq;fk; ,yq;ifia Fbauhf
khw;Wtjw;F murpay; rPh;jpUj;jq;fisf; nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fpy; ghuhSkd;wpy; xd;wpize;j
nra;FO xd;wpid epakpj;j NghJk; vjph;f;fl;rp Gjpa murpay; mikg;nghd;iw cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W njhlh;e;jpUe;jikahy; Nrhy;ghp murpay; mikg;ig khw;w If;fpa Njrpa
fl;rpapdhy; Kbahky; NghdJ.
 vdpDk; Gjpa murpay; mikg;nghd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Kiwahd eltbf;if 1970 fspy;
If;fpa Kd;ddp murhq;fj;jhy; vLf;fg;gl;lJ
 1970 ,y; eilngw;w Njh;jypy;; Rje;jpuf; fl;rp > ,lJrhhpf; fl;rpfspd; $l;lzpay; Kjd;
Kjypy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik ngwg;gl;lJ. ( 151 Mrdq;fspy; 116 Mrdq;fisf;
ifg;gw;wpapUe;jJ) ,t;ntw;wpapidf; nfhz;L Gjpa murpay; mikg;ig jpUj;Jk; Kaw;rpfspy;
If;fpa Kd;ddp murhq;fk; <Lgl;lJ.
 ,jpy; If;fpa Kd;ddp murhq;fj;jpd; jiytUk; gpujkUkhf ,Ue;j rpwpkhNth

gz;lhuehaf;f mth;fshy; Gjpa murpay; mikg;G xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F nfhOk;G
etuq;fy;y kz;lgj;jpw;F miog;G tpLj;jhh;.
 ,t;tiog;ig Vw;w midtUk; tUif je;jdh;. ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;fs; midtiuAk;
murpay; eph;za rigahf $Ltjw;F ,f;$l;lj;jpy; mfpy ,yq;if jkpouRf;fl;rp jkpo;
kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; njhlh;ghf gy Nfhhpf;iffis Gjpa murpay; mikg;gpy Nrh;g;gjw;fhf
Kd;itj;jJ
 mNj Nghd;W If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjp Kiw mlq;fpa
Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;itj;jJ. (,t;tpU fl;rpfspdJk; Nfhhpf;iffs; rigapypUe;j
ngUk;ghd;ikNahuhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl tpy;iy mjdhy; ,t;tpU fl;rpfSk; murpay;
eph;za rigia gfp\;fhpj;J ntspNahpd.)
 murpay; eph;za rigahdJ Gjpa murpay; jpl;lj;jpid tiutjw;F fyhepjp nfhy;tpd;
Mh;.b.rpy;th mth;fsJ jiyikapy; FO xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,f;FOTf;F Gjpa murpay; jpl;lj;jpid tiutjw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fs; xg;gilf;fg;ll
; d.
 ,f;FOthy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l murpay; mikg;G efy; jpl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;L
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik Mjutpidg; ngw;W 1972 Nk 22 Mk; jpfjp eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
,t;turpay; mikg;G 1978 Mz;L tUk; tiuf;Fk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
murpay; ahg;G kPjhd If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; tpku;rdq;fs;

 If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp murpay; epu;zarig kPJ gy Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fis Kd;itj;J tpku;rpj;jJ.
1. rpwpjsNtDk; mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
2. kf;fspd; 50% w;F Nkw;gl;l rk;kjk; ahg;Gj; jpUj;jj;jpw;F toq;fg;gltpy;iy.
3. Njrpa muRg; Nguitaplk; mjpfhuk; Ftpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. murpay; jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;l NghJ ehl;by; mtrufhy rl;lk;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtjhy; ,q;F kf;fspd; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhak; ntspg;gltp;y;iy vd;wJ.
Note :- ,f;Fw;wr;rhl;il epuhfupj;j If;fpa Kd;dzp murhq;fk;
1. kf;fspd; nghJeyDf;fhfNt mtrufhy rl;lk; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2. murpay; jpl;l tiuTf;FO gyuJ fUj;Jf;fis guprPyizf;F vLj;Js;sJ.
3. Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgzj;jpy; murpay; ahg;G jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd Miz kf;fsplk;
ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. Njrpa muRg; Nguitaplk; mjfhuk; Ftpf;fg;glhJ vdTk; kf;fspd; ePjp kw;Wk; epu;thf
mjpfhuq;fis epWtfpf;f NtW epWtdq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vdTk; $wpaJ.

kf;fs; ,iwik
mwpKfk;
 1972 Kjyk; FbauR ahg;gpd; %yk; Ml;rp nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; kf;fsplk; cs;sJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. murpay; ahg;gpy; ,t;tplak; njhlh;ghf gpd;tUk; thrfk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
 “,yq;if kf;fshfpa ehq;fs; kf;fsplkpUe;J mth;fsJ KO tYtpidAk; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJld;; ,e;ehl;L kf;fshfpa ehk; vkf;Fs; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; Ra Mjpf;fj;ijAk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,t;turpay; mikg;ig mikj;J rl;lkhf;fp
vkf;fspj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.”
cs;slf;fk;
 ,yq;if Rje;jpuKk; ,iwikAk; jd;dhjpf;fKk; nfhz;l FbaurhFk; vdTk; mJ Nrhrypr

rdehafk; vDk; Fwpf;Nfhis mila cWjp G+z;Ls;sJ vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,yq;if FbauR xw;iwahl;rp munrhd;whFk;.
 ,q;F ,iwikj; jj;Jtj;jpd; gb Ml;rp nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; kf;fsplk; cz;L vdf; $WfpwJ
mjhtJ ,iwik kf;fshy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l Njrpa muRg;
Nguitapdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,t;tifapy; Njrpa muRg; NguitaNa mjpfhuj;jpd; kPAah;
fUtpahff; nraw;gLk;;.
1. kf;fspd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitahy; Neubahf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
2. kf;fspd; eph;thf mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; Ml;rpj;Jiw mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; Njrpa muRg;
NguitapypUe;J njhpTnra;ag;gl;l mikr;ruitapDhlhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
3. kf;fspd; ePjp mjpfhuk; murpayikg;gpd; %yKk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
ePjpkd;wq;fspD}lhfTk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; vdf; $WfpwJ.
 murpay; mikg;gpy; 4 MtJ mjpfhuk; 13 ruj;J Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gb Nrhy;ghp murpay;
jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; ,yq;if njhlh;ghf gphpj;jhdpa KbAk; gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fKk; ngw;wpUe;j
midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; rpwg;G chpikfSk; kw;Wk; tpLghl;L chpikfSk; ,yq;if
FbauRf;Nf nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;lJ. 14 Mk; ruj;J ,jid NkYk; typAWj;jp mJ vj;jifa
flikg;ghLfisf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJk; ,e;j murpay; mikg;gpd; fPOs;s ,yq;if FbauR
murhq;fj;jpd; chpikfSf;Fk; flikfSf;Fk; cl;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Nkw;$wpa ,r;ruj;Jf;fs; gphpj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jpw;F ,yq;if kPJ ,Ue;j midj;J
mjpfhuq;fisAk; chpikfisAk; ,y;yhJ nra;jd.
 Mifahy; ,t;turpay; jpUj;jk; kf;fs; ,iwik vd;w Nfhl;ghl;il mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;gJ ntspg;gilahfj; Njhd;WfpwJ.
FiwghLfs;
 kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;lhy; ,iwik gw;wpa Vw;ghLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jd ,jdhy;
jdpg;gl;lth;fsJ [dehafk; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl;lNj jtpu ,dq;fSf;fpilapyhd [dehafk;
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gl tpy;iy.
 rpWghd;ik ,dq;fs; murpypUe;Jk; Vida tplaq;fspypUe;Jk; tpyfpr; nry;Yk; jd;ik
Vw;gl;lJ.
 tYNtwhf;fk; vd;w Nfhl;ghl;bid mjhtJ mjpfhug; gphptpidf; Nfhl;ghl;bid
gad;gLj;Jtjw;F gjpyhf tYf;Ftpg;Ngf; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 Njrpa muRg; Nguit mjpfhuj;jpd; kPAah; fUtpahf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lik ,e;epiyia
Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. ,jdhy; Njrpa muRg; Nguit xU rh;tjpfhu Nghf;fpw;F ,l;Lr;nry;Yk; vd
Fw;wk; Rkj;jg;gl;lJ.

mbg;gil cupikfSk; Rje;jpuKk;

mwpKfk;
 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l GjpanjhU mk;rk; ,JthFk;.

 murpayikg;gpd; 18k; mj;jpahak; 1k; gpuptpd; fPo; mbg;gil cupikfs;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; kdpj cupikfs; gpufldj;jpy; ,Ue;J mbg;gil cupikfs;
vd;w mk;rk; 1972k; Mz;L ahg;gpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;gpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l mbg;gil cupikfs;
 rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkkhdtu;fs;.

 rl;lj;jpd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; rkkhd ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; cupikAilatu;fs;.
 rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; md;wp Ms; vtUk; mtuJ capiuNah Rje;jpuj;ijNah nrhe;jg;
ghJfhg;gpidNah ,oj;jy; MfhJ.
 rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; md;wp gpui[fs; vtUk; ifJ nra;ag;glNth fl;Lf;fhtypy;
itf;fg;glNth rpiwapy; ,lg;glNth jLj;J itf;fg;glNth $lhJ.
 rpe;jid nra;Ak; Rje;jpuk;> kdr; rhl;rpia gpd;gw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; kjr;Rje;jpuk; vd;gd
rhu;ghd cupik xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 xt;nthU gpui[f;Fk; jhdhf my;yJ Vidatu;fSld; Nru;e;J jdJ nrhe;j fyhrhuj;ij
mDgtpg;gjw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fk; cupikAz;L.
 mikjpahd KiwapNy xd;W $Ltjw;fhd cupik vy;yhg; gpui[fSf;FKz;L.
 Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk;> vOj;Jr; Rje;jpuk;> fUj;J ntspaply; cl;gl midj;J cupikfSk;
vy;yh gpui[fSf;FKz;L.
 ,yq;if KOtJk; jilad;wp elkhLtjw;Fk; jhd; tpUk;Gkplj;jpy; trpg;gjw;Fkhd
Rje;jpuk; xt;nthU gpui[f;FKz;L.
18k; mj;jpahaj;jpd; 2k; gpupT
 18k; mj;jpahaj;;jpy; 1k; gpuptpy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil cupikfisAk;

Rje;jpuq;fisAk; gpuNahfpj;jYk; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf kl;Lg;ghLfSf;F
cl;gl;litahFk;.
1. Njrpa ghJfhg;G
2. Njrpa xw;Wik
3. Njrpa nghUshjhuk;
4. nghJ Rfhjhuk;
5. nghJkf;fs; xOq;F
6. mur nfhs;if jj;Jtk; eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghd tpku;rdq;fs;
 Kjy; jlitahf mbg;gil cupikfs; vd;w mj;jpahak; Nru;ff ; g;gl;lik. xUGwk;

cupikfs; toq;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; 18k; mj;jpahak; 2k; gpuptpy; mit kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lik
eilKiwapy; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahf;fpaJ.
 mbg;gil cupikfspy; Kf;fpakhdit ,yq;if gpui[fSf;F khj;jpuk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;likapdhy; mf;fhyj;jpy; gpu[h cupik gwpf;fg;gl;l ,e;jpa tk;rhtop
kf;fshy; mbg;gil cupikfis mDgtpf;f Kbatpy;iy.
 ePjpj;Jiwf;F ePjp Gzuha;T mjpfhuk; toq;fg;glhikapdhy; mbg;gil cupikfs;
kPwg;gLfpd;w NghJ mtw;iw ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd nghwpKiwfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl
tpy;iy. rpWghz;ikapdupd; eyd;fSf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Vw;ghLfs; vJTk; ,y;iy.

mur nfhs;ifj; jj;Jtq;fs;

mwpKfk;
 murpay; mikg;gpd; 5 Mj;jpahak; 16 Mk; ruj;jpy; mur nfhs;if jj;Jtq;fs; njhlh;ghf

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,J Nrhy;ghp murpay; jpl;lj;jpypUe;Jk; gphpj;jhdpa kuGfspypUe;Jk; J}uhkhfpr; nry;tjid
fhl;LfpwJ.
 me;j tifapy; 16 ruj;jpd; 2 Mk; cggphpT ,yq;ifapy; xU Nrhrypr [dehafj;ij
cUthf;Ftjw;F cWjp G+z;Ls;sJ vd;Wk; murhq;fk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wk; NghJk; ,tw;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl ,aw;w Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
,yf;Ffs;
1. FO chpikfs; cl;gl gpui[fspd; chpikfisAk; Rje;jpuq;fisAk; KOikahf

mile;J nfhs;Sjy;.
2. njhopy; nra;Ak; taijaile;j vy;yh gpui[fSf;Fk; KOikahd Ntiy trjpfis
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
3. ehL KOtjpYk; Jupj mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
4. r%fj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; nghUl;fis gpui[fspilNa rkkhf gq;fpLjy;
5. kf;fspd; gz;ghL> fyhrhu me;j];Jfis cah;j;Jjy;.
6. cw;gj;jpf; fUtpfs;> gq;fPL> ghpkhw;wk; vd;gtw;wpy; mur nrhj;J> $l;LwTr; nrhj;J Nghd;w
$l;Llik khjphpfshy; nrhj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; kdpjid kdpjd;
Ruz;Ltjid KbTf;Ff; nfhz;LtUjy;.
7. ey;tho;it miltjw;fhf jdpg;gl;l KiwapYk; $l;lhfTk; kdpj Mw;wiy KOikahf
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F cfe;j Kiwapy; r%fj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.
muRf; nfhs;if jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;
1. ,yq;ifapd; Ms;Gy Nkd;ik > xw;Wik> ,iwik kw;Wk; jd;dhjpf;fk; vd;gtw;iw

ghJfhj;jy;.
2. ,d> kj> r%f FOf;fSf;fpilNa xj;Jiog;igAk; gu];gu ek;gpf;ifapidAk;
Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Njrpa xw;Wikiag; gyg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jy;
3. nghUshjhu r%f Kd;Dhpikfs;> rkkpd;ik> Ruz;ly; vd;gtw;iw ePf;fp gpui[fs;
vy;NyhUf;Fk; rktha;g;Gf;is toq;Fjy;.
4. ePjpeph;thfk;> rptpy eph;thfk; vd;gd cl;gl Njrpa tho;tpy; rfy kl;lq;fspYk; kf;fs;
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F vy;yh tha;g;Gf;fisAk; toq;Ftjd; %yk; kf;fspd; [dehaf
chpikfisAk; fl;likg;Gf;fisAk; gutyhf;Fjy;.
5. kf;fspd; nkhop> fyhr;rhuk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jjy;.
6. r%f ghJfhg;G> nghJeyd; vd;gtw;iw cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
7. rfy kjj;jpdUf;Fk; jkJ kj jj;Jtj;jpd;gb tho;tjw;F Njitahd nghUshjhu r%f
#oiy Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
8. rkhjhdj;ijAk; rh;tNjr $l;bidAk; Cf;Ftpj;jy;.
FiwghLfs;
 Nkw;fz;lthW murnfhs;iffisAk; jj;Jtq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;l NghJk; ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; 17

Mk; gphpT Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l murnfhs;ifapd; jj;Jtq;fs; vj;jifa rl;l ngWkjpfisAk;
nfhz;litay;y vd vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
 mjdhy; mit kPwg;gl;l NghJk; ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; tof;Fj;njhlu KbahJ. ,t;tifapy
,it eilKiwf;F gadw;witahf fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 NkYk; muRf; nfhs;if jj;Jtq;fs; rl;luPjpaw;wJ. vd;gjdhy; ve;jf; fl;rpAk; ,jid
,yFthf khw;w KbAk;.

murpay; ahg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs;

mwpKfk;
 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpy; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F ePjp Gzuha;T mjpfhuk; fhzg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy; 1972k; Mz;L ahg;gpy; Njrpa muR Nguitapd; rl;lthf;fk; kPjhd jilfs;
1. 29k; ruj;J
2. Nfhkiwf;fofk;
3. kfhNjrhjpgjp
4. nrdl;rig ePf;fg;gl;likahy; Njrpa muR Nguit jhd;Njhd;wp jdkhf rl;lq;fis
,aw;wyhk;.
 vdNt ,jid jLj;J Njrpa muRg;Nguitapd; rl;l%yk; murpayikg;Gf;F
1. cl;gl;ljh
2. Gwk;ghdjh vd;gij jPu;khdpf;fntd murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 murpay; mikg;gpd; 55Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; vOk; VNjDk; tplaj;jpidj; jPu;khdpf;f Ntz;ba
re;ju;g;gk; Vw;gLkplj;jpnyy;yhk; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;w cWg;gpdu; %tu; mj;jifa
tplaj;jpidj; jPu;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
epakdk; kw;Wk; gjtpf;fhyk;
 04 tUl gjtpfhyk;
 05 Ml;fis [dhjpgjp epakpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 murpayikg;G ePjpkd;w cWg;gpdu; %tu; Kiwg;ghl;il tprhupg;ghu;.
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; njhopw;gLk; tpjk;
 ,e;ePjpkd;wk; vt;thW nraw;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;F ,uz;L tifahd Vw;ghLfs; ,Ue;jd.

murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; nraw;gLifapy;
1. ehl;L eyDf;F mtrukhdit vit vd mikr;ruit fUjk; kNrhjhf;fs;
2. rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fs; my;yJ mtrukw;w kNrhjhf;fs;
ehl;L eyd; my;yJ mtru kNrhjhf;fs;

1. njhlu;gpy; 24 kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;Fs; rghehafUf;F jPu;g;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. ,k;kNrhjhf;fis rghehafh; my;yJ cjtpr; rghehafh; murpay; mikg;G
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
3. Njrpa eyidg; ghJfhg;gJ vd mikr;ruit jPh;khdpj;J “mtrukNrhjh” vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;L Njrpa muRg; Nguitahy; murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F rkh;g;gpw;fg;gLk;
4. ,k;kNrhjhf;fs; murhq;f th;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;glkhl;lhJ.
rhjhuz kNrhj murpay; ahg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F kNrhjh nry;Yk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
 53 Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; rl;lj;Jiw jiyik mjpgjp rghehafiu Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhy;

 rl;l%yk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; epfo;rr ; p epuypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J xU
fpoikapDs; mq;ff P upf;fg;gl;l Xu; murpay; fl;rpapd; my;yJ Njrpa muRg;
NguitapYs;s jiytu; rghehafiu Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lhy;.
 20 NgUf;Ff; Fiwahj Njrpa muRg; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fs; jPu;khdpj;j tplak;.
 gpui[ vtUk; mj;jifa Nfs;tp cz;nld rghehafUf;F MNyhrid mspj;jhy;> xU
KbTf;nfd murpayikg;G ePjpkd;w ; j;Jf;F rghehafuhy; mDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

 rhjhuz kNrhjhthapd; Njrpa muR Nguit epfo;rr ; p epuypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;L

14 ehl;fSf;Fs; / 02 thuq;fSf;Fs; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; rghehafUf;F jkJ
jPu;g;ig mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Note :- 55Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F mDg;gg;gl;l rl;l%yk; xd;W
njhlu;gpy; ,g;gpuptpd; (4) Mk; cl;gpuptpd; fPo; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KbT my;yJ
55Mk; gpuptpd; fPohd mjd; mgpg;gpuhak; jug;gLk; tiu Njrpa muRg;Nguitapy;
ve;eltbf;ifAk; vLf;fg;glyhfhJ
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gpid toq;Fk; tpjk;
 Njrpa muR Nguitapd; rl;l%yk; njhlu;gpy; murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;wk; gpd;tUk;

tifapy; jPu;g;Gf;fis toq;Fk;.
 Njrpa muR Nguitapd; rl;l%yk; murpay; ahg;Gld;
1. xj;Jg; NghfpwJ
2. xj;Jg;Nghfpwjh> ,y;iyah vd;gjpy; rq;Njfk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
3. xU gFjp xj;Jg;NghfpwJ ,d;ndhU gFjp xj;Jg;Nghftpy;iy.
4. KOikahf xj;Jg;Nghftpy;iy.
 Note :- Fwpj;j rl;lk; murpay; ahg;Gld; xj;J Nghftpy;iy vd murpay; ahg;G
ePjpkd;wk; jLj;jhYk; Njrpa muR Nguit jdJ 2/3 ngUk;ghz;ikAld; mjid rl;lkhf
khw;wyhk;.
murpay; ahg;G ePjpkd;wj;jhy; toq;fg;gLtJ
1. ePjp Kd; Gzuha;T
2. guprPyid
rk;gsk; :- murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; rk;gsk; Njrpa muR Nguitahy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L mur jpul;L epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLk;.
murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtp ntw;wplkhFk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.
 gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtp ntw;wplkhFk;.

1. ,we;jhy;
2. ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhy;
3. cly;> cs uPjpahf ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy;.
4. 04 tUl gjtpfhyk; Kbtile;jhy;.
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; eltbf;if
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitr; nrayhsNu murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gjpthsuhftpUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. vd;gJld; mtNu murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;ij $l;l Ntz;Lk;.
 murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;F mika mjd;
nray;Kiw
eltbf;ifKiw vd;gtw;iwg; nghJtpy; xOq;Fg;gLj;jntd ePjpkd;w tpjpfis
Mf;fyhk;.
 ePjpkd;w tpjpfs; xt;nthd;Wk; tu;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; KbT ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshw; ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 mku;nthd;wpy; r%fkhapUf;Fk; murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; vtUk;
thf;fspf;fhJ tplyhfhJ.

ed;ikfs;
1. ,t;turpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPh;g;G ,WjpahdjhFk;. ,J njhlh;gpy; ahUk; tpdh

vOg;g KbahJ.
2. Njrpa muRg; Nguitapdhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; murpay; ahg;Gf;F Kuzhdjh ,y;iyah
vd;gjid ghprPyid nra;a cjTfpd;wJ.
3. kNrhjh njhlh;gpy; kWghprPyid nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; ,iwikia
ghJfhf;fpwJ.
4. ahg;gpw;F KuzhdJ vd jPh;g;gspj;j NghJk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;w KbAk;
vd;gJ kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;il tYT+l;LfpwJ.
FiwghLfs;
1. murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mwpTiuia Njrpa muRg; NguitahdJ 2/3

ngUk;ghd;ikAld; kPwyhk; vd;gJ Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; cah; mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;b
epw;gJld; murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpid Nfs;tpf;Fs;shf;fpAs;sJ.
2. murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLk; tplaq;fspy; rghehafUf;F tpNrl mjpfhuk;
,Ug;gjdhy; rghehafh; rl;lhf;f Kaw;rpfis rPh;Fiyf;f gad;gLj;jf;$Lk;.
KbTiu
 NkNy $wg;gl;lthW murpay; ahg;G ePjpkd;wk; jdJ jPu;g;gpid toq;fpdhYk; Njrpa

muRg;NguitahdJ kPz;Lk; jdJ 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikia epiwNtw;wp Fwpj;j rl;l%yj;ij
rl;lkhf;fptpLk;.
 vdNt 1972Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd; murpay; ahg;G ePjpkd;wk; mjpfhuk; Fiwe;j xd;whfNt
fhzg;gl;lJ.

Njrpa muRg; Nguit
mwpKfk;
 1947 Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l ghuhSkd;wkhdJ gpujpepjpfs; rig> nrdl;rig vd

,Uthifahd rigfisf; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 Mdhy; 1972 murpay; mikg;G nrdw;rigia ePf;fp rl;lthf;fj; Jiwia Xuq;f rl;l
rigahf khw;wpaJ. mjw;F Njrpa muRg; Nguit vd ngahpl;lJ.
 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l Njrpa muRg; NguitahdJ
rl;lthf;fj;jpw;F G+uzg; nghWg;GilaJ.
 ghuhSkd;w ,iwik jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 rl;lk;> epu;thfk;> ePjp Mfpa Kj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fisAk; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;l gyk;ngUk;
mikg;ghff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
cWg;gpdu; njhif
 ,t;ahg;gpd; 77 Mk; gphptpd; gb Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; cWg;gpdh; njhifapid Njh;jy;

njhFjpapid gphpf;Fk; FO jPH;khdpf;Fk;.
 Nju;jy; khtl;l tiuaiw Mizf;FOtpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lthW
1. 1000 rJu ikYf;F xU gpujpepjp my;yJ 90000 thf;fhsu;fSf;F xU gpujpepjp
vd;w mbg;gilapy; Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fs; njupT
nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
 Muk;gj;jpy; 157 cWg;gpdu;fis (151 njupT + 06 epakdk;) nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 Mdhy; mt; cWg;gpdu; njhif 168Mf mjpfupf;fg;gl;lNjhL epakd cWg;gpdu; Kiwik
ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
mikg;G
 murpayikg;gpd; 8k; mj;jpahak; 29k; gpuptpy; Njrpa muR Nguit njhlu;ghf

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

njupT Kiw
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fs; midtUk;

1. gpuNjrthupahd Nju;jy; njhFjpfspy; ,Ue;J
2. vspa ngUk;ghz;ik Nju;jy; Kiwapy; thf;fhsu;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLtu;.
gjtpf;fhyk;
 Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;;l xt;nthU Njrpa muRg;NguitAk; mjd; Kjw; $l;lj; jpfjpapypUe;J 06

Mz;LfSf;F njhlu;e;jpUf;Fk;.
 06 Mz;Lfhyj;Jf;F Kd;du; [dhjpgjp gpujk ke;jpupapd; MNyhrizf;fpzq;f Njrpa
muRg; Nguitia fiyf;fyhk;.
KjyhtJ mku;tpd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghLfs;
 nghJj;Nju;jy; xd;wpd; gpd;du; eilngWk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; Kjy; $l;lj;jpy;

mjd;
1. jiytuhd rghehafu;
2. gpujp rghehafu;
3. FOf;fspd; jiytiu Njrpa muRg;Nguit Nju;e;njLf;Fk;.
Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; $l;lj;njhlu;fs;
 $l;lj;njhlu; 01 tUlj;jpw;F 01 jlitahtJ ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. [dhjpgjpapd;

gpufldj;jpd; %yNk mJ $l;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 04 khjq;fSf;F Nkw;glhj fhyj;jpy; Nguit mku;it epWj;jp itf;f KbahJ.
 gpujku; tpUk;gpdhy; [dhjpgjpf;F rpghupR nra;tjd; Clhf $l;lj;njhliu Kd;djhf
$l;lyhk;.
 Njrpa muR Nguitapd; $l;l elg;ngz; (Nfhuk;) 20 MFk;.
 ,t;turpay; ahg;gpd; 1 Mk; mj;jpahak; 4 Mk; ruj;jpy; kf;fspd; ,iwik kf;fshy;
njhpTnra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdh;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s Njrpa muRg; Nguitapdhy; Ngzg;gLk;
vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
 Nguitapd; mkh;tpid xj;jp itf;Fk; gpufldj;jpy; mLj;j mkh;tpw;fhd jpfjpiaf;
Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,t;thW xj;jp itf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; gpujkhpd; MNyhridAld; [dhjpgjp ve;NeuKk;
Njrpa muRg; Nguitia $l;LkhW miof;fyhk;. gpujkhpd; MNyhridapd; Nghpy;
[dhjpgjp ve;NeuKk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitia fiyf;f KbAk;.
 mt;thW fiyf;Fk; NghJ nghJj; Njh;jYf;fhd jpfjpAk; mNj Nghd;W Gjpa Njrpa
muRg; Nguit $l;Lk; jpfjpAk; mwptpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 fiyf;fg;gl;l jpfjpapypUe;J 4 khjq;fSf;F gpe;jhky; xU jpfjpapy; Gjpa Nguitiaf;
$l;LkhW gpufldj;jpy; Fwpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;F rl;l> eph;thf> kw;Wk; ePjp mjpfhuq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.
 rl;lthf;f mjpfhuq;fs; Njrpa muRg; Nguitapdhy; NeubahfTk;> eph;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
[dhjpgjp kw;Wk; mikr;ruitAlhfTk; ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuj;ij murpay; ahg;gpdhYk;
kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpdhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l ePjpkd;wq;fspdhYk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;.
 Njrpa muRg; Nguit ghuhSkd;w ,iwik vd;w %yf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ahg;gpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l vy;yh epWtd;q;fisAk; tpl ,J
cah;thd epWtdhkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitapdhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; ahg;Gf;F Kuzhdjh? ,y;iyah?
vd;gjid ghprPyid nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; murpay; mikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ
mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;
rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk;
1972k; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; fPo; Njrpa muRg; Nguit rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; kpf;f
xNu epWtdkhFk;.
 murpayikg;gpd; 5Mk; cWg;Giuf;F Vw;g> Fbaurpd; mur mjpfhuj;jpid nraw;gLj;Jk;

kPAau; fUtp Njrpa muRg; NguitahFk;.
 1972k; Mz;L Njrpa muR NguitahdJ kPAau; mjpfhuk; nfhz;l jhgdkhFk;.
 Njrpa muRg; Nguit mjd; rl;lkhf;fw; jj;Jtj;ij ifaspj;jy; MfhJ.
 Jiz epiyr; rl;lq;fis Mf;Fk; jj;Jtk; jtpu NtW rl;lkhf;fw; jj;Jtk; nfhz;l
mjpfhuk; xd;iw epWTjy;.
 48k; ruj;jpd;gb Njrpa muR Nguit jdJ mjpfhuj;ij
1. Jwf;fNth
2. ifkhw;wNth KbahJ.
 39k; cWg;Giuapd; gb NjrpamuRg; Nguit ,aw;Wk; ve;jnthU rl;lj;ijAk;
nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;Ftjw;Nfh> mJ njhlu;gpy; fUj;J njuptpg;gjw;Nfh ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Nfh
my;yJ NtW epWtdq;fSf;Nfh mjpfhukpy;iy.
 48y; (2k;) ruj;Jgb Njrpa muR Nguitapd; rl;lthf;f jj;Jtj;ij ePjpj;Jiw epu;zapf;f
KbahJ.
Note :- “ Njrpa muR Nguit khj;jpuNk rl;lk; ,aw;w KbAk;.
murpay; ahg;G ePjpkd;wk; xU tplaj;ij jLj;jhYk; kPz;Lk; 2/3

ngUk;ghz;ik Clhf Njrpa muR Nguit mjid rl;lkhf khw;Wk;
Njrpa muR Nguit jdJ rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij kf;fshy; Neubahf
njupT nra;ag;gl;l cWggpdu;fs; Clhf Neubahf gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ.”
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;j mjpfhuk;
 murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jk; mjpfhuk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;F kl;LNk cz;L.

 Njrpa muRg; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fspy; 2/3 gq;fpdu; ifnahg;gkply; fl;lhakhFk;.
Note :- 44k; ruj;Jg;gb Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; kpf
cau;e;jjhFk;.
ahg;ig Kw;whf ePf;fTk; gFjpahf ePf;fTk; Gjpa ahg;ig cUthf;fTk; mjpfhuk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
mur epjpia fl;Lg;gLj;jk; mjpfhuk;
 mikr;ruit nfhz;L tUk; epjpkNrhjhtpid Njrpa muRg; Nguit rk;kjkspj;jhy;

khj;jpuNk murhq;fk;
1. tuptpjpf;fTk;
2. mij nrytplTk; KbAk;.
[dhjpgjpia gjtpePf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
 [dhjpgjp gpukuhNyNa epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;.

 [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf Njrpa muRg; Nguit ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuiz epiwNtw;Wtjd;
%yk; gjtpapypUe;J ePf;f KbAk;.

mikr;ruitia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;
 mikr;ruit cWg;gpdu;fs;midtUk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; cWg;gpdu;fshtu;.

 Njrpa muRg;Nguitf;F mikr;ruit $l;lhf nghWg;G $w Ntz;Lk;.
 Njrpa muRg;Nguit Nfl;fpd;w Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Njrpa muRg;Nguit ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPu;khdk; nfhz;L tUtjd; %yk; mikr;ru;fis
gjtp ePf;f KbAk;.
Kjdpiy ePjpkd;wq;fis jhgpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
 Njrpa muRg;NguitahdJ murpayikg;gpd; Vw;ghLfSf;fpdq;f cUthf;Fk; rl;;lj;jpd;

%yk; ePjpia epu;tfpg;gjw;nfd Kjdpiy ePjpkd;wq;fis jhgpf;fyhk;.
 Fw;wtpay; ePjp Mizf;FOf;fspd; fhy vy;iyia ePbj;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fs; Njrpa
muR Nguitf;F cz;L.
Nkdpiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfis gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
 cau;ePjpkd;wk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfis gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Ftjhapd;

[dhjpgjp Njrpa muRg;Nguitapd; rpghuprpid ngwNtz;Lk;.
 rl;lkhf;fw; jj;Jtj;ij ifaspf;f KbahJ
ePjpg;Gzuha;T
 Njrpa muRg;Nguitapd; rl;lthf;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf ePjpkd;wq;fs; ePjpg;Gzuha;T

mjpfhuj;jpid gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
 mt;thW ePjpg;;Gzuha;T mjpfhuj;jpid gad;gLj;jp rl;lthf;fj;ij jLj;J epWj;Jtjw;F
ve;j ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; mjpfhukpy;iy.
murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;
 Njrpa muRg;Nguitapd; rl;thf;fk; ahg;gpw;F KuzhdJ vd murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk;

fUj;J njuptpj;jhYk;> Njrpa muRg;Nguit 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik epiwNtw;wpdhy; mJ
rl;;lkhFk;.
murpayikg;Gf;F Kuzhf rl;lkhf;Fjy;
 murpayikg;gpw;F Kuzhd rl;lnkhd;iw Njrpa muRg; Nguit ,aw;Wk; NghJ Njrpa

muRg;Nguitapy; mr;;rl;lj;jpw;F 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik fpilf;Fkhapd; mj;jifa rl;l
Vw;ghl;il jpUj;jhkNyNa rl;lkhf;f KbAk;.
Njrpa muRg; Nguit xU kPAau;fUtpahFk;
mwpKfk;
 1972Mk; Mz;L NjrpauRg; NguitahdJ ghhSkd;w ,iwik jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 me;jtifapy; ghuhSkd;w ,iwik vd;gJ
1. ghuhSkd;wk; khj;jpuNk rl;lk; cUthf;Fjy;.
2. ghuhSkd;wk; jdJ rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij Jwf;fNth> ifkhw;wNth KbahJ.
3. ghuhSkd;wmjpfhuj;jpw;F jpfuhf rthy; tplf;$ba NtW epWtdq;fs; fhzg;gl KbahJ.
4. ghuhskd;w rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij ePjpkd;wNkh> Vida epwtdq;fNsh ePjpg;Gzuha;T nra;a
KbahJ.

Njrpa muRg; Nguit xU kPAau;fUtp vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 ,J tYNtwhf;f jj;Jtj;ij gpd;gw;whJ “ghuhSkd;w ,iwik” vd;w jj;Jtj;ij

gpd;gw;Wfpd;wJ.
 mur mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; cau; epWtdk;.
 mjd; mjpfhuj;Jf;Fr; rkkhd rthy; tpLf;f$ba mjpfhuk;ngw;w epWtdk; ,y;iy.
 murpay; ahg;gpd; tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;L ve;jnthU Ml;rp fUkj;jijAk; Mw;wy;.
 mjd; nraw;ghLfs; ePjpj;Jiwg;Gduha;Tf;F cl;gLj;j KbahJ vd;gjhy; mjd; me;j];J
NkyhdJ.
,jw;fhd ahg;GuPjpahd Vw;ghLfs;
 4k; ruj;J – kf;fs; ,iwik kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l Njrpa muRg;
Nguit %ykhf mKy;gLj;jg;gLk;
 5k; ruj;J - Njrpa muRg; Nguit kPAau; fUtpahFk;. mJ ,yq;if Fbaurpd; mjpAau;
epWtdkhFk;. rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij NeubahfTk; ghJfhg;G epWthf mjpfhuq;fis [dhjpgjp
fgpdl; ClhfTk; ePjp mjpfhuj;ij ePjpkd;wq;fs; ClhfTk; gpuNahfpf;fpd;wJ.
 39k; ruj;J - Njrpa muRg; Nguit nra;j nra;ag;Nghfpd;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ePjpkd;wq;fs;
jPu;g;G $wKbahJ.
 44k; ruj;J (m>M)– murpay; ahg;igj;jpUj;Jtjw;F> khw;Wtjw;Fk;> GjpanjhU ahg;ig khw;wPL
nra;tjw;Fk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;F mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ.
 45k; ruj;J - Njrpa muRg; Nguit jdJ mjpfhuj;ijj;Jwf;fNth> ifaspf;fNth KbahJ.
rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; ngw;w NtWk; epWtdq;fis epWtTk;KbahJ.
 48/(1)k; ruj;J - Njrpa muRg; Nguit epiwNtw;wpa ve;jnthU rl;lj;jpdJk; nry;YgbahFk;
jd;ikiaf; Nfs;tpf;fplkhf;fTk;> fUj;Jj; njuptpf;fTk;> ePjpia epUtfpf;Fk; epWtdq;fNsh
my;yJ jdpg;gl;ltu;fNsh mjpfhuk; ngwtpy;iy.
 FbauR murpay; jpl;lj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; Njrpa muRg;
Nguitapy; tpthj epiyapYs;s ve;jnthU tplaKk; murpayikg;G kPWfpd;wnjd
jPu;g;gspj;jhSk; mjid Gwf;fzpf;f$ba mjpfhuk; Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;F cz;L.
 murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wk; KuzhzJ vd $Wk; tplaj;ij Njrpa muRg; Nguit 2/3
ngUghd;ikAld; gyk; nfhz;L jPu;g;gpid kPwp rl;lkhf;fpf; nfhs;syhk; vd ahg;gpd; 55Mk;
cWg;Giu Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
 mur nfhs;if topfhl;b jj;Jtq;fis kPwpAk; mjw;F GweilahfTk; rl;lq;fis Mf;f$ba
jjw;JzpT mjpfhuk; Njrpa muR Nguitf;F cz;L.
 murpayikg;gpd; 18/ii (M) gFjpapy; Njrpa xw;WikAk; ghJfhg;Gk; xOq;Fk; nghJ Rfhjhuk;
vd;gtw;wpd; eyd; fUjp ,it fl;Lg;gLj;jg;glyhk;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glyhk; vd ahg;gpy;
Fwpg;gpLtJk; Njrpa muR Nguitapd; Nkyhz;ikia vLj;J fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 Njrpa muR Nguitapdhy; Mf;fg;gLk; vr;rl;lj;jpd;Jk; nry;Yg;gbahFk; jd;ikg;w;wp
tprhupf;fNth jPu;g;G toq;fNth mjid Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jNth fUj;Jiu toq;fNth ve;j
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Nfh epWtdj;jpw;Nfh $l mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.
 Njrpa muRg;Nguitapd; gzpfs; ePjpkd;w epahaj;jpw;F mg;ghw;gl;lJ vd;gJ mjd; kPAau;
jd;ikia fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 nghJr;Nrit ePjpr;Nrit gw;wpa tpje;Jiufis toq;Fk; MNyhrid rig xOf;fhw;W rig
vd;gd ke;jpuprigf;F nghWg;ghf;fg;gl;likahdJ mjd; kPAau; jd;ikia gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ.
 FbauR [dhjpgjpia Fw;wgpNuuiz xd;wpd; %yk; gjtp ePf;F mjpfhuk; Njrpa
muRg;Nguitf;F cz;L.

Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; ed;ikfs;
 Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpidg; Nghd;wy;yhJ Njrpa muRg; Nguit cWg;gpdh;fs; midtUk; kf;fshy;

njhpT nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
 nrdw;rig ,y;yhJ xopf;fg;gl;likahdJ rl;lthf;fj;jpy; fhy jhkjk; Vw;gLj;Jtjid jLj;jp
epWj;jpAs;sJ.
 Njrpa muRg;Nguit KOikahd ,iwik gilj;j rl;lrigahff; fhzg;gl;lik.
 Njrpa muRg; Nguit mjpfhuj;jpd; kPAah; fUtpahf;fg;gl;lik.
 Njh;jy; njhFjp xJf;fL P nra;j NghJ 90000 kf;fSf;F xU gpujpepjp my;yJ 1000 rJu
ikYf;F xU gpujpepjp vd xJf;fpaJ gpuNjr epy msitiaAk; kf;fs; njhifiaAk;
ftdj;jpy; nfhz;ljhf ,Ue;jik.
Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; FiwghLfs;
 Njrpa muRg; Nguit mur mjpfhuj;jpd; kPAah; fUtpahf ,Ue;jikahy; tYNtwhf;fy;

gz;gpid ,y;yhJ nra;jJ.
 rl;lthf;fy; njhlh;ghf rpWghd;ikapdUf;F ve;jtpj ghJfhg;igAk; toq;f tpy;iy.
 rpWghd;ikapdh; njhlh;ghf Nrhy;ghp ahg;gpypUe;j tplaq;fisf; $l ,y;yhky; nra;jJ
KbTiu
NkNy $wg;gl;l murpayikg;G tpjpfspd; gb 1972Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR

murpayikg;G NjrpamuRg; Nguitia murpd; kPAau; jhgdkhf Mf;fpAs;sJ.
rl;l> epu;thf> ePjp mjpfhuq;fs; mjdplk; Ftpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ePjpj;Jiw Njrpa muRg;Nguitapd; rl;lthf;fk; ahg;Gf;F KuzhdJ vdf; $wp
rl;lthf;fj;jpw;F jil tpjpf;fTk; KbahJ.

FbauR [dhjpgjp
mwpKfk;
 murpay; mikg;gpd; 7Mk; mj;jpahak; [dhjpgjp njhlu;ghf $Wfpd;wJ.

 1972Mk; Mz;L ahg;gpd; ehk epu;thfpahthu;.
 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l kfhNjrhjpgjp gjtpf;F rkkhd xU gjtpahf [dhjpgjp
gjtp fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,yq;iff;Fk; gpupj;jhdpahtpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis Jz;bf;Fk; tifapy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1972k; Mz;L ahg;gpd; 1tJ [dhjpgjpahf Nru;. tpy;ypak; Nfhgyht tpsq;Ffpd;whu;.
 1972k; Mz;L ahg;gpd; [dhjpgjp murpd; jiytuhfTk;> MAjk; jhq;fpa Kg;gilfspd;
jiytuhfTk; nraw;gl;lhu;.
NOTE :-
 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; fPo; kfhNjrhjpgjpf;F kNrhjhf;fSf;F ifnahg;gk; ,Lk; mjpfhuk;

fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; 1972k; Mz;L ahg;gpd; fPo; ,t;tjpfhuk; rghehafuplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpy; kfhNjrhjpgjpia gpujkupd; rpghupNrhL Kb epakpg;ghu;.
 Nkw;$wpa ,uz;L tplaq;fis jtpu Vida tplaq;fspy; Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; kfhNjrhjpgjp
gjtpia xj;jjhfNt 1972k; Mz;L [dhjpgjp gjtp fhzg;gl;lJ.

njupTKiw
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; cWg;gpdiu njupT nra;tjw;fhd Nju;jnyhd;wpy; thf;fhsuhf

,Uf;f jFjpAila gpui[nahUtiu ,yq;iff; Fbaurpd; [dhjpgjp gjtpf;F gpujk
ke;jpupahy; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;.
 mt;tpjk; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltu; gpujk ePjpauru; Kd;dpiyapy; rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;J
gjtp Vw;ghu;. Mdhy; tpy;ypak; Nfhgy;yht mtu;fs; murpay; mikg;G epu;za rig
Kd;dpiyapy; rj;jpa gpukhdk; nra;J gjtpNaw;whu;.
gjtpf;fhyk;
 [dhjpgjp 04 tUlfhyj;jpw;F gjtp tfpg;ghu;.

 02 jlitfs; khj;jpuk; gjtp Vw;fyhk;.
 gjtpf;fhyk; Kbe;jhYk; $l mLj;JtUk; [dhjpgjp mtuJ gjtpia Vw;Fk; tiu
[dhjpgjp njhlu;e;Jk; gjtpapypUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
gjtpePf;fk;
 05 tUl gjtpfhy Kbtpy; [dhjpgjp gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fg;glyhk;.

 [dhjpgjpf;nfjpuhd ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPu;khdk; xd;W Njrpa muRg; Nguitahy;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;L> cWg;gpdupd; nkhj;jj; njhifapy; 2/3 gq;fpdupd; ngUk;ghd;ik
epiwNtw;wg;gLkplj;J [dhjpgjp gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fg;glyhk;.
 ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhy;.
 ,we;jhy;.
 02 jlitfs; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhy;.
gjpy; [dhjpgjp
 [dhjpgjp flikahw;w Kbahj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpujk ke;jpup ngau; Fwpj;J epakpf;ff;

$ba vtNuDk; Ms; my;yJ gpujk ePjpauru; gjpy; [dhjpgjpahf nrayhw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs;
rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitia $l;Ljy;.

 mku;Tfis epWj;Jjy;.
 fiyj;jy; (fiyf;fpd;w NghJ rghehafupd; mDkjpia ngw Ntz;Lk;.)
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; rlq;F Kiwahd ,Uf;iffSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;
 Njrpa muR Nguitapd; KjyhtJ $l;lj;njhlUf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;.
 rpk;khrd gpurq;f ciu epfo;j;Jjy;
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;fhd nrayhsiu epakpj;jy; Nghd;wdthFk;.
epu;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;
 Njrpa muR Nguit Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytiu gpujkuhf epakpj;jy;.
 gpujkupd; rpghupRld; mikr;ruitf;fhd Vida mikr;ru;fis epakpj;jy;.
 mikr;ruitf;fhd nrayhsiu epakpj;jy;.
 mikr;Rf;fSf;fhd nrayhsu;fis epakpj;jy;.
 mur Nrit MNyhridr;rig mur Nrit xOf;fhw;Wr; rig vd;gtw;Wf;fhd
cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;jy;.

ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs;
 cau;ePjpkd;wk;> Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wq;fSf;fhd ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;.

 ePjpr;Nrit MNyhrizr;rig> ePjpr;Nrit xOf;fhw;Wr; rigf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fis
epakpj;jy;. Fw;wthspfSf;F nghJ kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy;.
murj;jiytu; vd;w Kiwapyhd mjpfhuq;fs;
 Kg;gil jiytu;fis epakpj;jy;.

 Nghu; kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij gpufldk; nra;jy;.
 ,yq;iff; Fbaurpd; Njrpa ,yl;rpizia ghJfhg;gpy; itj;jpUj;jy;.
 mur J}Jtu;fs; cau; Mizahsu;fs; vd;Nghiu Vw;W mq;ff P upj;jYk; epakpj;J
nghWg;gspj;jYk;;.
rlq;FKiwahd mjpfhuq;fs;
 mur cau; tpUJfis toq;Fjy;.

 nghJ ,yl;rpidia ghJfhj;jy;.
 rlq;FKiwahd tpohf;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;.
Vida mjpfhuq;fs;
 murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpw;fhd cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;jy;.

 Nju;jy; khtl;l tiuaiw Mizf;FOtpw;fhd cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;jy;.
 Nju;jy; Mizahsiu epakpj;jy;.
ed;ikfs;
 [dhjpgjp ngausT eph;thfpahf fhzg;gl;likahdJ Njrpa muRg; Nguitf;F KO mjpfhuKk;

fpilf;f; fhuzkhfpaJ.
 [dhjpgjpia gpujkh; eph;tfpg;gjhdJ ,yq;ifapd; ,iwikiag; ghJfhg;gNjhL kf;fshl;rpf;
Nfhl;ghl;il epiy epWj;JfpwJ.
 rl;lq;fSf;F ifnahg;gk; ,Lk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F nfhLf;fg;glhikahdJ Njrpa muRg;
Nguitapd; mjpfhuk; ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ghuhSkd;w murhq;f Kiwapy; ngausT [dhjpgjp xUth; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhdJ vd;w
tifapy; ,t; [dhjpgjp gjtp mjid <L nra;jJ.
FiwghLfs;
 ngausT eph;thfpahf fhzg;gl;lik.

 [dhjpgjp rl;lk;> eph;thfk; kw;Wk; ePjpj; Jiwfspy; gy mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j NghJk;
mjid jd;dpr;irahf nraw;gLj;j Kbahky; NghdJ.
 [dhjpgjp gjtp ePf;Ftjpy; xUKfj; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 [dhjpgjpia gpujkh; epakpg;gjhy; mth; gpujkUk; gpujkh; rhh;e;j mikr;ruitf;Fk;
rhh;ghdtuhf ,Ug;ghNu xopa kf;fSf;F tpRthrkhf ,Uf;fkhl;lhh;.
 gpujkh; vd;w jdpkdpjdhy [dhjpgjp epakpf;fg;gLtJ kf;fshl;rpf; Nfhl;ghlLf;F jilahf
cs;sJ.
KbTiu
 Nkw;$wg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fis 1972Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; [dhjpgjp gpujkupd;

MNyhrizapd; Ngupy; my;yJ gpujkupd; mjpfhuj;jpid ngw;w mikr;r; upd;
MNyhrizapd; kPNj nraw;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

gpujku;
mwpKfk;
 murpay; ahg;gpd; gb ehl;bd; cz;ik epu;thfp Mthu;.

 Njrpa muRg; Nguitapy; ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytu; Mthu;.
 mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; Mthu;.
Note :- 1972k; Mz;L ahg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ gpujkuhf =khNth
gz;lhuehaf;f nraw;gl;lhu;.
njupT Kiw
 Njrpa muRg;Nguitapy; ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytiu my;yJ ngUk;ghz;ik ngw;w

fl;rpapd; jiytiu [dhjpgjp gpujkuhf epakpg;ghu;.
 gjtpf;fhyk;
 06 Mz;Lfs;
 vj;jid jlitAk; njupT nra;ag;glyhk;.
mjpfhuq;fSk; flikfSk;
rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuk;
 [dhjpgjp gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Njrpa muR Nguitia fiof;Fk; NghJ mDkjp

toq;Fjy;.
1. rpk;khrd gpurq;f ciu Njho;tpaile;jhy;.
2. epjp kNrhjh Njho;tpaile;jhy;.
3. ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; murhq;fk; ngUk;ghz;ik ,oe;jhy;.
4. mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yh jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy;.
 murhq;f fl;rpapd; Ngr;rhsiu epakpj;jy;.
 mtrufhy rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wy;.
 Njrpa muR Nguitf;fhd Neu#rpia jahupj;jy;.

epu;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuk;
 mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhf nraw;gly;.

 mikr;ruit $l;lj;jpy; ,Wjp KbntLj;jy;.
 mikr;ruitf;fhd mikr;ru;fis epakpj;y;> ePf;Fjy;> khw;Wjy;> fioj;jy; Mfpa
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; [dhjpgjpf;F MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
 epu;thfj; Jiwia fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
 murpd; nfhs;iffis tFj;jy;.
 nghJ Nrit MNyhrid kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W rigf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fis epakpf;fk; NghJ
MNyhrid toq;Fjy;.
 ntspehLfSf;fhd nfhs;iffis tFj;jy;.
 ntsptptfhu mikr;rpid jd;trk; itj;jpUj;jy;.
 jdJ fl;rpia $l;Lg; nghWg;Gld; topelj;Jjy;.
ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;
 Nky;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjp> ePjpNrit MNyhrid rig> ePjpNrit xOf;fhw;W rig

cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;jy;.
 Fw;wthspfSf;F nghJ kz;zpg;G toq;Fjy;.
“Mfpa mjpfhuq;fis [dhjpgjp gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ [dhjpgjpf;F rpghupR nra;tjd;
Clhf jdJ mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;.”
mikr;ruit
mwpKfk;
 cz;ik epu;thfk; vdTk;> murpay; epu;thfk; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

 ehl;bd; epu;thfj;jpw;F G+uz nghWg;GilaJ.
 mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhf gpujku; nraw;gl;lhu;.
njupT Kiw
 Njrpa muRg; Nguitapy; ngUk;ghz;ik ngw;w fl;rpNa ,q;F mikr;ruitahFk;.

 Njrpa muR Nguitapd; ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rpapd; jiytu; [dhjpgjpahy; gpujkuhf njupT
nra;ag;gLk; mNjNtis gpujkuJ rpghupNrhL Vida mikr;ru;fis [dhjpgjp njupT
nra;thu;.
Note :-
 mikr;ru;fs; Njrpa muR NguitapypUe;Nj njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

 mt;thW ,y;yhj xUtu; mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhy; epakpf;fg;gl;l jpfjpapy; ,Ue;J 06
khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; VjhtJ xU njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;L Njrpa muR Nguit
cWg;gpduhjy; Ntz;Lk;.
gjtpf;fhyk;
 mikr;ruitapd; gjtpfhyk; 06 tUlq;fshFk;.

mjpfhuKk; nghWg;GfSk;
 Njrpa muR Nguitf;F Njitahd kNrhjhf;fis jahupj;jy;.

 mjid cWg;gpdu; Clhf Njrpa muR Nguitf;F rku;g;gpj;jy;.
 MSk; fl;rp> vjpu; fl;rp cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nfs;tpfSf;F gjpyspj;jy;.
 kNrhjh njhlu;gpyhd thf;nfLg;gpy; gq;Fgw;wy;.
 rl;lkhf khw;wg;gl;lhy; mjid eilKiwgLj;Jjy;.
 Njrpa muR Nguitf;F nghWg;G $Wk; tifapy; nraw;gly;.
 Ntiytha;g;G> ke;jkhd nghUshjhuk;> nkhop> fyhrhuk; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jPu;T fhzy;.
 ehl;bd; xw;Wikia epiyehl;Ljy;.
 ntsptptfhu nfhs;iffis tFj;jy;.
 nghJNrit njhlu;ghf cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd;
1. epakdk;
2. gjtp ePf;fk;
3. gjtp cau;T
4. xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vd;gtw;wpw;F nghWg;ghf mikr;ruitNa fhzg;gLk;.
 fPo;epiy ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd;
1. epakdk;
2. gjtp ePf;fk;
3. gjtp cau;T
4. xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vd;gtw;wpw;F nghWg;ghf mikr;ruitNa fhzg;gLk;.
KbTiu
 Nrhy;gup ahg;Gld; xg;gpLk; NghJ 1972k; Mz;L mikr;ruitahdJ mjpfhuk; $bajhFk;.

 nghJ Nritfs; Jiw MNyhrid kw;Wk; xOf;fhw;W rigfshf khw;wg;gl;likahy; mJ
njhlu;gpyhd mjpfhuq;fs; mikr;ruitaplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jPu;khdk; vLg;gjw;F ,yFthf ,Ue;jhYk; murpay; jiyaPL> mjpfhu J];gpuNahfk;>
,yQ;rk; kw;wk; Coy; Vw;gLtjw;F tha;g;ghf mike;Js;sJ.

nkhopAk; kjKk;
nkhop
 1972 Mk; murpay ahg;gpd; 3 Mk; mj;jpahak; 7 Mk; ruj;J ,yq;ifapd; murfUk nkhop
rpq;fsk; vdf; $WfpwJ. ,jw;F Kd;dh; 1956 ,y; rpq;fs nkhop murfUk nkhopahf
,Ue;jhYk; mJ ghuhSkd;w rl;lkhfNt ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,t;thurpay; jpl;lj;jpy; Kjd;
Kjyhf rpq;fs nkhopf;F ahg;GhPjpahd me;j];j;J nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mNj Ntis jkpo; nkhopg; gpuNahfkhdJ 1958 Mk; Mz;bd; 28 ,yf;f jkpo; nkhop tpNrl
Vw;ghLfs; rl;lj;jpw;F ,zq;f nraw;gLk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,jid murpay; jpl;l
Vw;ghlhf nghUs; nfhs;sf; $lhJ vd;Wk; $wg;gl;lJ.
 ,q;F jkpo; nkhopf;F murpay; hPjpahd Vw;ghLfisf; nfhLf;f Ml;rpahsh;fs; tpUk;g tpy;iy
vd;gjidf; fhl;LfpwJ.
 rl;lthf;f nkhopiag; nghWj;jtiu 9 tJ ruj;J 1 Mk; gphpT tpsf;fpwJ
 ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; rpq;fsj;jpNyNa Mf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,Ug;gpDk; 2 Mk; cg gphpT mt;thW Mf;fg;gLk; rl;lj;jpd; jkpo; nkhopngah;g;G xd;W ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.
 ,t;turpay; ahg;gpd; 3 Mk; mj;jpahak; 11 Mk; ruj;J ePjpkd;wq;fspd; nkhop gw;wpf;
$Wfpd;wJ. mjthJ ,yq;ifapYs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; kw;Wk; epaharigfspd; nkhop rpq;fs
nkhopahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.
 tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspy; NtW tiffspy; xOq;F nra;ayhk; vdf; $WfpwJ.
 mq;Fs;s ePjpkd;wq;fspd; tof;Fiufs;> tpz;zg;gq;fs;> gpNuuizfs; > kDf;fs; vd;gtw;iw
jkpopYk; rkh;g;gpf;fyhk; vd;gJld; tof;F eltbf;iffspYk; jkpopy; gq;Fgw;wyhk; Mdhy;
mj;jifa vy;yh re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; mjd; gjpNtLfspy; rpq;fs nkhopngah;g;G xd;W ,Uj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ.
 ,q;F tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;fpw;F ntspahy; thOk; jkpo; NgRgth;fs; jkpo; nkhopia gad;gLj;j
Kbahj xU epiy Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
 ,t;turpay; jpl;lk; murfUk nkhop> rl;lthf;f nkhop> ePjpkd;w nkhop Nghd;wtw;wpy; jkpOf;F
chpa ,lkspf;f tpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
kjk;
 ,t;turpay; ahg;gpd; 2 Mk; mj;jpahaj;jpy; ngsj;jkjk; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ls;sJ. me;j

tifapy; “,yqiff; FbauR ngsj;jkjj;jpw;F toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJld; mjid Nghzp
ghJfhj;J tsh;j;jy; murpd; flikahFk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
 ,jd; %yk; ngsj;j kjk; mur kjk; vd gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ,r;rl;lk; gy;ypdq;fs; tho;fpd;w ,e;ehl;Lf;F nghUj;jkw;wJ vd;W gyuhy; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;ghf gykjq;fSf;fpilapy; xU kjj;jpw;F kl;Lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jpUg;gJ Vida
kjq;fis mjpUg;jpf;Fs;shf;Fk; vd gyuhYk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lJ

myF-09
rdehaf Ml;rpKiw
Nju;r;rp :
9.0 rdehaf Ml;rpKiw njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :
9.1 rdehaf Ml;rpKiwapd; Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gilfis tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;thu;.
9.2 rdehaf Ml;rpKiwapd; eilKiwg;ghq;if gFj;jhuha;thu;
njhFg;ghf;fk;:-
D.JEGATHEESWARAN.B.A(HONS),M.A(PERA),PGDE
DIP.IN.HR,SPE.IN.POLITICAL SCIENCE
CP/HZ/CAMPION T.M.V
BOGAWANTALAWA.
1|D E M O C R A C Y
D.JEGATHEESWARAN.B.A(HONS),M.A(PERA),PGDE,DIP.IN.HR
SPE.IN.POLITICAL SCIENCE
[dehafk;
[dehafk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jf?
,d;iwa etPd cyfpy; gpujhd ,yf;fhf [dehafk; khwpf;nfhz;L tUtjid
fhzyhk;. etPd rdhehaf Ml;rpKiwf;F FWfpa tuyhNu fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 17Mk;
E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpf;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;w vNjr;rhjpfhukpf;f
Njrpa murhl;rp Kiwf;F khw;wPlhf gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,k;Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
gpd;du; INuhg;gh kw;Wk; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; ,J gutpaJ. vdpDk; [dehafk; vd;w
gjk; kpfTk; goikahdjhFk;. ,g;gjk; fpNuf;fj;jpypUe;J gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikf;F
Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd. [dehafk; (Democracy) vd;w nrhy; fpNuf;f nrhy;yhd nlNkh];
(Demos) vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;Jk; fpNul;]; (Kratos) vd;w nrhy;ypy; ,Ue;Jk;
ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. nlNkh]; vd;w nrhy; kf;fs; (People) vd;w nghUspYk;> fuupa vd;w
nrhy; mjpfhuk; (Power) vd;w nghUspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. nkhop ,yf;fzg;gb
,jd; fUj;J kf;fSila mjpfhuk; (Power of the People) vd;gjhFk;. mup];Nlhl;by;
topjtwpapUe;j murhq;fk; xU rpwg;ghd tbtj;jpid ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; vd;w
nghUspy; [dehafj;jpw;F tpsf;fkspf;fpwhu;. etPd fhyj;jpy; [dehafk; vd;gJ xU
rpwg;ghd murhq;f tbtk; vd;gJ vy;NyhuhYk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tiutpyf;fzq;fs;
[dehafk; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzq;fs; gy;NtWgl;l mwpQu;fshy;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Nguhrpupau; rPyp(Seely) “[dehafk; vd;gJ xU murhq;fKiwik. ,jpy;

xt;nthUtUk; ,jd; gq;Fjhuu;fs;” vdf; $Wfpd;whu;.
 ghu;fu;( Barker) vd;gtu; “fye;Jiuahlypyhd murhq;f Kiw vd;fpd;whu;”.
 Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; (Abraham Lincoln) vd;gtu; “kf;fSila> kf;fspyhyhd>
kf;fSf;fhd murhq;fk;” vd;fpwhu;.
 ilrp (Dicey) vd;gtu; [dehafk; vd;gJ “xU murhq;f KiwahFk;. murpid
MSk; mjpfhuk; rl;luPjpahf r%fj;jpYs;s vy;yh mq;fj;jtu;fsplKk;
KOikahf ifaspf;fg;gLk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l tu;ff; k; my;yJ tu;ff
; q;fsplk;
MSk; mjpfhuk; toq;fg;glkhl;lhJ” vd;fpwhu;.
 fhu;du;(Garner) vd;gtu; “[dehafk; vd;gJ xU murhq;f KiwahFk; ,J
,iwik mjpfhuj;jpid kf;fs; jkf;fpilapy; gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpd;w cupikfis
toq;Ffpd;w xd;whFk;” vd;fpwhu;.
 rPyu;(Sheeler) vd;gtu; “vy;NyhUf;Fk; cupikfs; fpilf;fg;ngWk; Xu; Ml;rp
Kiw” [dehafk; MFk;.
 Njhk]; Nfhg;gu;(Thomas Koopper) vd;gtu; “kf;fSila kf;fSf;fhd
murhq;fNk” [dehafk; vd;whu;.
 &Nrh(Rousseau) vd;gtu; “Rje;jpukhf gpwe;j kdpjd; Rje;jpukhf tho Ntz;Lk;”
vd;whu;.
 ^Nt[u;(Duverger) vd;gtu; “xU Rje;jpukhd fl;Lghlw;w Nju;jy; %ykhf
Msg;gLNthu;fs; Ml;rpahsu;fis Nju;njLf;Fk; KiwNa” [dehafk; vd;whu;.
,t;tiutpyf;fzq;fspD}lhf ehk; ngwf; $ba cz;ik> mur mjpfhuj;jpd; ,Wjpg;

nghWg;G kf;fsplNkAs;sJ. ,aw;ifahf kf;fspd; Neub gq;Fgw;wypdhy; my;yJ
mtu;fspd; gpujpepjpfspD}lhf cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w murhq;fk; vd;gjhFk;.
2|D E M O C R A C Y
[dehafj;jpd; ,ay;Gfs;
[dehafj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff?
[dehafk; ,uz;L tifahd ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
 Neub [dehafk;
 kiwKf [dehafk; / gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk; MFk;.
1. Neub [dehafk;
Neub [dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fs; Neubahf murhq;fj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wp murhq;fj;jpid
,af;FtjhFk;. kf;fspy; taJ te;jtu;fs; fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; mur $l;lj;jpid
$l;Ltjw;fhf xd;W $b jkf;Fj; Njitahd rl;lq;fis ,aw;WtJld; mjid
eilKiwg;gLj;Jgtu;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. mJ khj;jpukd;wp epakdq;fs;> nfhs;if
cUthf;fq;fs; vd;gdTk; Neubahf kf;fspdhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Guhjd fpNuf;f efu
muRfspd; murhq;fj;jpy; kf;fs; Neubahf gq;Fgw;wpapUe;jhu;fs;. rpy Mapuk;
rdj;njhifapidf; nfhz;l fpNuf;f efu muRfSf;F ,J nghUj;jkhdjhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
Neub [dehafg; gz;Gfs; etPd Mgpupf;fhtpy; XusT fhzg;gLtjhf $wg;gLfpwJ. etPd
Mgpupf;fhtpd; jiyefuq;fspy; Nkw;F Njr [dehafk; fhzg;gl;lhYk; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy;
Neub [dehafg; gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpwJ vdf; $wg;gLfpwJ. [dehafk; njhlu;ghf Ma;T
nra;gtu;fs; Neub [dehafk;jhd; kpfTk; rpwg;ghdJ vdf; $Wfpwhu;fs;. mNj Ntis ,J
rpwpa muRfSf;Nf kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdJ. kf;fs; jhkhfNt jk;ik ,af;fpf; nfhs;fpd;w
Neub [dehafNk cz;ikahd [dehafkhf ,Uf;f KbAk; vdTk; $Wfpwhu;fs;.
Neub [dehafk; NeUf;F Neu; (Face to Face) [dehafkhFk;. ,jpy; kf;fs; jkJ
njhlu;r;rpahd gq;fspg;gpid toq;Ffpwhu;fs;. J}a [dehafk; njhlu;ghf fhe;jp jdJ
fLiufspy; ngUkstpw;F Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ghf;fp];jhdpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l mbg;gil
[dehafk; vd;gJ ngUkstpw;F fpuhkpa kf;fis Neubahf murpay; tplaq;fspy;
<LgLj;Jk; Nehf;fk; nfhz;ljhfNt ,Ue;jJ. NkYk; Mrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; r%f mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs; kf;fis Neubahf Ml;rpapy; gq;nfLf;fr;
nra;Ak; xU Kaw;rpNaahFk; . ,j;jpl;lj;jpd;gb Mrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfspy; fpuhkpa kf;fs;
kj;jpapy; mjpfhuj;jpid gutyhf;fk; nra;J mjd; %yk; mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;fpwhu;fs;. kf;fs; jkJ gpur;rpidfis jhNk jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;fpd;w gz;G ,jd;%yk;
tsu;tjdhy; ,jid Neub [dehafk; vdyhk;.
,t;tifahd [dehafj;jpy; kf;fspd;Njitfs;>FWfpakl;lj;jpYk;> rdj;njhif> epyg;gug;G
FiwthfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;tif [dehafj;jpd; gz;Gfs; tUkhW
 Ml;rp eltbf;ifapy; gpui[fs; kl;Lk; gq;Fgw;wpdu;

 kf;fs; Neubahf Ml;rp eltbf;iffspy;gq;Fgw;wpdu;
 murhq;f nraw;ghLfs; gzprhu; mbg;gilapy; NtWg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
 fl;rpfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy
 gpui[fNs rl;lj;ij cUthf;fp> eilKiwg;gLj;jf;$batu;fshf fhzg;gl;ldu;.
 Ms;Nthu;> Msg;gLNthu; vd;w NtWghLfs; fhzg;gtpy;iy.
 kf;fs;njhif> epyg;gug;G Fiwthf fhzg;gl;lik.
 ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs;> mbikfs;> ntspehl;ltu;fSf;F murpay; cupik> thf;Fupik
fhzg;gltpy;iy.
 kf;fs; Neubahf ifia cau;j;jp tpUg;gk; njuptpj;jdu;
 efuhl;rp cilajhf ,Ue;jJ.
3|D E M O C R A C Y
Neub [dehafj;jpd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 rdj;njhif ngUf;fk;
 epyg;gug;gpd; tpupthf;fk;
 efu muRfspilNa $l;likg;G Vw;gl;lik
 kf;fspd; Njit mjpfupg;G
 xd;W$Ltjpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fs;
 murpaYld; njhlu;Gila kf;fspd; rpe;jid kw;Wk; gpur;rpidfs; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yjy;
2. kiwKf [dehafk;
kiwKf [dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fs; Neubahftd;wp jkJ gpujpepjpfSlhf murhq;fj;jpid
cUthf;fpj; jk;ikj; jhNk Ml;rp nra;tjhFk;. ,J xU rpf;fyhd murhq;f KiwahFk;.
rupahd Kiwapy; gpujpepjpfs; nraw;glhtpl;lhy; kpf tpiutpNyNa jtwhd topf;F
murhq;fk; jpir jpUg;gg;glyhk;. gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;fk; vd;gJ xU egu; gyUila
eyd;fSf;fhf Nritahw;w epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; vd;gjhFk;.
etPd muRfspy; kiwKf [dehafNk ngUkstpw;F fhzg;gLfpwJ. epyg;gug;ghYk;
rdj;njhifahYk; ngupa muRfshf ,it fhzg;gLtjhy; kf;fs; vy;NyhUk; ,d;W
Ml;rpapy; gq;F nfhs;s Kbahj epiyAs;sJ. ,jdhy; kf;fs; jhk; Nju;e;njLj;j
gpujpepjpfSlhf kiwKfkhf Ml;rp mYty;fspy; gq;nfLj;J tUfpwhu;fs;. kiwKf
[dehafj;jpy; Nju;jy; njhFjpfs;> rl;lj;Jiw> epu;thfj;Jiw> murpay; fl;rpfs; Nghd;w
Kf;fpa %yf;$Wfs; gq;nfLf;fpd;wd.
kiwKf [dehafj;jpy; kf;fs; Neubahf murhq;fj;jpy; gq;Fgw;w KbahJ. gjpyhf kf;fs;
jkJ gpujpepjpfis Nju;jy; %yk; njupT nra;J mtu;fs; Clhf mur nfhs;ifapid
cUthf;fp rl;l Mf;f eltbf;iffspy; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;whu;fs;. MfNt kiwKf
[dehafj;jpd; jtpu;f;f Kbahj xU gFjpahf Nju;jy; njhFjfs; khwptpLfpd;wd. XU
murpy; fhzg;gLk; Nju;jy; njhFjpfs; mt; murpd; rdj;njhif> epy tp];jPuzk;
vd;gtw;iwg; nghWj;J jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F rdj;njhifapd; msT vd;gJ
thf;fspf;fj; jFjpahd gpuirfisNa fUj;jpy; vLf;fpwJ. mNdf muRfspy; 18
tajpypUe;J 21 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l gpuirfs; midtUk; thf;fspf;fj; jFjpAilatu;fshf
fUjg;gLfpwhu;fs;. [dehafj;jpy; thf;Fupik vd;gJ xt;nthU gpuirapdJk; ,aw;ifahd
gpupf;f Kbahj cupikahf fUjg;gLfpwJ. ,J njhlu;ghf xt;nthU murpdJk; murpay;
jpl;l Vw;ghLfis ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fs; vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wd. ,kKiw fp.gp 17Mk;> 18Mk;
E}w;whzby; INuhg;ghtpy; gpujhd Ml;rp Kiwahf fhzg;gl;lJ.
gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
 INuhg;ghtpy; epykhdpa Kiw 15Mk; E}w;whz;bw;F gpwF tPo;r;rpaile;jik

 Neub [dehafj;ij elj;Jtjpy; cs;s rpf;fy;
 tu;j;jf nghUshjhu Kiw vOr;rpaile;jik
 Kjyhspj;Jt tu;f;fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik
 Njrpa muR Kiwapd; Njhw;wk;
 jhuhsthjj;jpdhy; Njhd;wpa jdp kdpj Rje;jpuk;
 kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspd; mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;fpaik
 gpuhd;rpa Gul;rp> mnkupf;f Rje;jpu gpufld nfhs;if [dehafj;jpif typAWj;jpaik
gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpd; gz;Gfs;

 murpay; ahg;gpw;F Vw;g Ml;rp eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sy;
 Rje;jpuk; rkj;Jtk; cupikfis mDgtpj;jy;
 ru;trd thf;Fupikia nraw;gLj;jy;
4|D E M O C R A C Y
 ngUk;ghz;ik tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g KbntLj;jy;
 Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;fs; eilngwy;
 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp eilngwy;
 Rje;jpukhf fUj;J njuptpj;jy;
 Clf Jiw Rje;jpuk;
 Nghl;b fukhd murpay; fl;rp fhzg;gly;
jhuhs [dehafj;jpd; gz;Gfis Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Ff?

mNefkhd Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpayhsu;fspd; ghu;itapy; jhuhz;ik rdehafk; vd;gJ
rdehafj;jpd; gpuNahf uPjpahdJk;> mu;j;jg;gLj;jg;gl;lJkhd mikg;gpy; Nehf;fg;gl;lJ.
mNjNghd;W rdehafk; njhlu;ghd etPd fz;Lg;gpbg;Gfspy; ntspg;gLfpd;wJk; mjpfhuj;ijg;
gpwg;gpg;gJk; jhuhz;ik rdehafkhFk;. ,J midj;J mgptpUj;jpaile;j Nkiyj;Nja
ehLfspYk;> mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfspYk>; fk;A+dpr Ml;rp epyTk; ehLfspYk;
tpahgpj;Js;sJ.
 vdpDk; ,J G+uzkhd cz;ikay;y. jhuhz;ik rdehaf thjk; vd;gJ rdehaf

thjj;jpd; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l xU gug;G khj;jpuNkahFk;. - vd;U N`thl; (Andrew Heywood)
,d; fUj;Jg;gb “rdehafk; vd;gJ Ml;rpKiwapd; khjupnahd;W kl;Lkpd;wp mJ xU
tho;tpay; vz;zf;fUTkhFk;.”
 jhuhz;ik rdehafk; vd;w vz;zf;fU 17Mk;> 18Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; INuhg;ghtpy;
tsu;rr; pg; ngw;w “jhuhz;ik” kw;Wk; “rdehafk;”vd;w vz;zf;fUf;fspd; Nru;f;ifapdhy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
 jhuhz;ik vDk; gjkhdJ “murpd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; jiyaPl;bd; %ykhd Rje;jpuk;” vd;w
fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 Ml;rp Kiw vd;w tifapy; “rdehafk;” vd;gJ “kf;fs; tpUg;gpd;gb kf;fis gpujp
epjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; Ml;rpKiw” MFk;.
 “jdpahs; Rje;jpk” vd;gJ jhuhz;ik rdehafj;jpd; ikaf;nfhs;ifahFk;.
 jhuhz;ik rdehafk; vDk; fUj;jpayhdJ ahg;GWthjk;> jdpahs; nrhj;J> mbg;gil
cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhug; Nghl;b> Nju;jy;fs; kw;Wk; re;ijj;
njhlu;ghd Rje;jpuk;> Rje;jpu ePjpj;Jiw> jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk;> mur kw;Wk; jdpahu;
JiwfsSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;> Nghd;w mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. ,it
rdhqhfj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd epge;jidfshFk;.
 jhuhz;ik Nehf;fpy; mur mjpfhuj;ij VNjl;irahfg; gad;gLj;jf; $baJkhf
,Uf;fpd;wikapdhy;> mur mjpfhuj;jpd; kPjhd jilfis gpwg;gpg;gjd; %yk; kf;fis
Jd;gj;jpw;Fs;shf;Fk; jdpahl;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; xU fUtpahf khWtijj; jLf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;fhf jhuhz;ikthjpfs; cupikfis ntspg;gLj;jy;> rkepiy eiyapLfs;
Kiw> RahjPd ePjpj;Jiw> Rje;jpu nghJrd Clfq;fs; Nghd;w ahg;G uPjpahd
tpjpKiwfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
jhuhs [dehafj;jpd; gz;Gfs;

1. rl;lKiwj;jd;ik:- murhq;fk; rl;luPjpahf njupthjiyNa ,J Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ
,jdhy; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafj;jpd;
rpj;jhe;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gLtjid Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
2. kf;fs; ,iwik Kjd;ikg;gLj;jg;gly;:-murpay; mjpfhuj;jpd; Cw;W kf;fshtu;
vd;gjid murhq;fk; Vw;W> mt;tjpfhuj;ij ngw;W murhl;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; cjhuzk;
,yq;ifapy; 1972> 1978 ahg;Gfspy; kf;fs; ,iwik $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5|D E M O C R A C Y
3. kf;fs; gpujpepjp vd;w jsj;ij nfhz;bUj;jy;:- kf;fspdhy; kf;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij
gad;gLj;jp njupT nra;ag;gl;l kf;fspd; gpujpepjpNa murpay; mjpfhuj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
4. fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;fs;:- kf;fs; ,iwikia
ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU[dehaf fUtp Nju;jy; MFk; kf;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij ahu;> vt;tsT
fhyj;jpw;F gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid kf;fNs Nju;jy; %yk; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wdu;
5. nghWg;G $Wk; jd;ik:- xU Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; kf;fspd;
gpujpepjpfs; kf;fSf;F jkJ flik njhlu;ghf nghWg;G $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;
6. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp:- rl;lk; midtUf;Fk; rkkhdJ. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSk; ehl;bd ;
murpayikg;G kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;F mikthfNt nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. jhuhz;ik rdehaf
Nfhl;ghlhfpa “rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkd;” (Equality before Law) vd;gjD}lhfTk; ,J
njspthfpd;wJ rl;lj;jpd; ghJfhg;gpw;F midtUk; cs;shf;fg;gLtu;. mjdhy; cupikfs;
ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
7. ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuk;:- jFjpfspd; mbg;gilapy; ePjpgjpfs; njupT nra;ag;gLjYk;>
murpay; jiyaPLfspd;wp Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLjYk;> ePjpgjpfspd; Nritfhyk;> rk;gsk;>
ghJfhg;G vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpaNj ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuk;
8. Nghl;bfu murpay; fl;rp Kiw:- [dehafj;jpidAk; murpay; fl;rpfisAk; xd;wpypUe;J
xd;W gpupf;f KbahJ Vnddpy; [dehafj;jpd; capu;ehbahf murpay; fl;rpfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xU ehl;by; gykhd MSk; fl;rpAk;> cWjpahd vjpu; fl;rpAk; mikfpd;w
NghNj ,q;F [dehafk; nghUSilajhf khWk;.
9. mKf;fFOf;fspd; Rje;jpukhd nraw;ghLk; nghJrd mgpgpuhaj;jpd; ntspg;ghLk;:-
murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfSf;F kf;fs; fhl;Lk; Jyq;fs; ahJ? kf;fs; murhq;fj;jplkpUe;J
vjid vjpu;ghu;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gd Nghd;wtw;iw mstpl JidGupfpd;wJ.
10. Rje;jpukhd Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghL:- kf;fis murpay; kag;gLj;JtjpYk; mtu;fis
[dehafkag;gLj;JtjpYk; Clfq;fspd; gq;fspg;G kpifahdjhFk;. ,jdhy; Clfq;fspd;
nraw;ghl;by; murhq;fk; kw;Wk; Vdatu;fspd; jiyaPl;bypUe;J Clfq;fSk;>
Clftpayhsu;fSk; ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; jfty;fSk; rupahf>
cz;ikahdjhf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
11. rpWghz;ik ,dk; ghJfhf;fg;gly;:- ngUk;ghz;ik Ml;rp epyTk; NghJ
rpWghz;ikapdk; Gwf;fzpf;fg;glhky; mtu;fSk; Ml;rp nrad;Kiwapy; cs;thq;fg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
12. tWikia ntw;wp nfhs;sy;:- [dehafj;jpd; mjpfkhd gz;G $Wfs; tWik Nghd;w
fhuzpfshy; Nfs;tpf;Fwpahfpd;wd. ,jdhy; [dehafk; G+uzj;Jtk; ngWtjw;F tWik
ntw;wp nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
13. rtpy; r%fj;jpd; nraw;ghL:- ey;yhl;rpapYk;> [dehafj;jpYk; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;F
Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhf ,Ug;gjdhy; [dehafj;jpw;F ,jd; gq;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
14. ahg;GW murhq;fk;:- murpay; ahg;gpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L murhq;fk;
mikf;fg;gLtNjhL> ahg;gpd; mbg;gilapy; MSjy; Ntz;Lk;
15. kdpj cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;:- kdpj cupikfis ghJfhj;jy; xU [dehaf
murhq;f Kiwapd; gpujhd nghWg;ghFk;. murpay; ahg;gpd; %ykhf cupikfs;
6|D E M O C R A C Y
cj;juthjg;gLj;jg;glYk;> mjid ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;gpid ePjpj;Jiwaplk; xg;gilj;jYk;
Ntz;Lk;
16. nghUshjhu Rje;jpuk;:- jhuhs [dehaf Kiwapd; nghUshjhu jj;Jtk;
Kjyhspj;JtkhFk;. mjd;gb jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik> Rje;jpukhd KjyPL kw;Wk; jpwe;j
re;ij Kiw Mfpa %d;W mk;rq;fspdJk; RahjPdkhd nraw;ghL Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
17. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk;:- tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; vd;gJ kf;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
mjpfhuk;> gyk; mw;wJk; nghJkf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; murhq;fk; vd;gjhFk;.
rdehaf Ml;rpAk; mjd; ,ay;GfSk;

1. rl;lj;jpd;Ml;rp 5. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk;
2. ahg;GWthjk; 6. kf;fSf;F nghWg;G $wy;
3. kf;fs; ,iwik 7. kdpj cupikfs;
4. Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;fs; 8. mjpfhu Ntwhf;fKk; rkepiy
jiyaPLk;
1. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp (Rule of Law)

rl;lj;jpd; gb Ml;rp GuptNj rl;ljpd; Ml;rpahFk; vd;W vspikahf nghUs; $wyhk.;
Ms;NthUk; Msg;gLNthUk; xj;;jtifapy; rl;lj;jpw;F fPo; gbjy; my;yJ rl;lj;jpd; Kd;
rkkhjy; vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;;. ,f;Nfhl;ghL murwptpaypy; goikahd Nfhl;ghlhFk;.
,J gw;wp Kjyhtjhf fUj;J njuptpj;jtu; murwptpaypd; je;ijahd mup];Nlhl;by; Mthu;.
mup;];Nlhl;bypd; fUj;J gb “Ml;rpahsd; ve;jsT mwpthspahf ,Ug;gpDk; xU
jdpkdpjdpd; Ml;rpia tpl rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpNa rpwe;jjhFk; “ vd typAWj;jpAs;shu;.
rl;lthl;rp gw;wpa jw;fhy fUj;J gpupj;jhdpa murhq;f Kiwapd; Clhf xOq;fike;Js;sJ.

17 Mk; E}w;whz;by; murpay; mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpj;jy; njhlu;ghf Kbf;Fk;>
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;jpd; NghJ (1688 khz;GW Gul;rp) kd;du;
jhd;Njhd;wp jdkhf murpay; mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpg;gij jLg;gjw;fhf rkfhy gpupj;jhdpa
murwpaywpQu;fSk;> rl;ltwpQu;fSk; rl;lthl;rp gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit Kd;itj;jdu;.
mjd;gb Ml;rpahsd; ehl;bd; nghJrl;lj;jpw;Fl;gl;L mjd; mbg;gilapy; Ml;rp Gupa
Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjg;gl;lJ. vOjg;glhj kuG rl;lq;fs;> ahg;G rl;lq;fs;> ePjpkd;w jPu;g;Gfs;
vd;gdtw;wpd; njhFg;Ng nghJr;rl;lkhFk;. rl;lthl;rpapd; %yk; ,uz;L tplaq;fs;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 ehl;by; nghJ rl;lj;jpd; gb Ml;rpahsd; Ml;rp Gupa Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ KjyhtjhFk;.

 kw;iwaJ rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkkhdtu;fs;> rl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghy; vtUk; ,y;iy
vd;gjhFk;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; rl;lthl;rp gw;wp xU Kiwahd fUj;ij Kd;itj;jtu; gpupj;jhdpa
rl;ltwpQuhd A.V.Dicy Mthu;. mtu; 1885 ,y; vOjpa jkJ Law of the constitution vd;w
E}ypy; gpupj;jhdpa murhq;f Kiw rl;lthl;rp gw;wpa vz;zfUtpd; mbg;gilapy;
xOq;fike;Js;sJ vd;Wk; mjdhy; gpupj;jhdpa kf;fs; Mff;$Ljyhd Rje;jpuj;ij
mDgtpf;fpd;wdu; vd;Wk; $wpdhu;.
Dicy rl;lthl;rp gw;wp %d;W gz;Gfs; %yk; tpsf;Ffpd;whu;.
7|D E M O C R A C Y
1.rl;lk; midj;ijAk; tpl NkyhdJ jdpKjd;ikahdJkhFk;.
,q;fpyhe;J kf;fs; ehl;bd; rhjhuz rl;ljpw;F kl;Lk; fl;LgLtu; rhjhuz rl;lj;ij kPwpdhy;
kl;LNk mtu;fSf;F jz;lid toq;fyhk;. Gupe;j Fw;wq;fs;
eilKiwapy; cs;s rhjhuz rl;lj;jpd; gb rhjhuz ePjp kd;wq;fspy; tprhupf;fg;gl;L jPu;g;G
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fw;wk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lhy; rl;lk; $Wk; jz;lidia kl;LNk
toq;fNtz;Lk;. xU gpui[ Gupe;j Fw;wj;ij tprhupg;gjw;F Gjpa rl;lq;fis
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; tpNrl ePjpkd;wq;fis jhgpg;gjw;Fk; muRf;F mjpfhukpy;iy
FiwghL:- kf;fs; ,iwik gw;wpa rpe;jid rl;lj;ij tpl kf;fNs Nkyhdtu;fs; vd;gij
Rl;b fhl;Lfpd;wJ. c-k; kf;fs; rl;lj;ij Mf;Fjy;> mfw;Wjy;
2.rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rfyUk; rkkhdtu;fs; rl;lk; vd;gJ rfyUf;Fk; nghJthdjhFk; rl;lk;
vtUf;Fk; rYiffis toq;f khl;lhJ.
mtu; ,f;fUj;ij murpay; rkj;Jtk; gw;wpa ypguy; thj fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa
xOq;fikj;Js;shu;.ypguy; [dehaf Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; kdpj rkj;Jtk;> cau; fy;tpaw;w
r%fk; gw;wp Mo;e;j mwpTila ePjpgjpfshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ePjpKiwapd; gb gf;frhu;gpd;wp
ePjp epUtfpf;fg;gly; vd;w fhuzq;fshy; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ. vd;W
ilrp ek;Gfpd;whu;
FiwghL:- jw;fhyj;jpy; gy mur jiytu;fs; rl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghw; gl;ltu;fshf
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. c-k; gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Kb> nghUshjhu uPjpahf r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfs;
3.rl;lj;jhy; cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
FiwghL:- tYNtwhf;fkpd;ik> ghuhSkd;wk; mtrufhyq;fspy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lk; c-k;
,yq;if 30 tUl mtrufhy rl;lk;> Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk; kdpj cupikfs;
ntw;wpf;nfhs;sg;gl;likia ftdj;jpy; vLf;fhik
Dicyd; rl;lthl;rpf;F vjpuhd fUj;J
ilrp jkJ Nfhl;ghl;il rkfhy ,q;fpyhe;jpy; epytpa rhjhuz rl;lj;jpd; mb;gilapNyNa

xOq;fikj;jhu;. ,J xU gpujhd FiwghlhFk;. rkfhy INuhg;ghtpy; NtW ehLfspy;
rhjhuz rl;lj;jpw;F Nkyjpfkhf epUthf rl;lq;fSk; epUthf ePjp kd;wq;fSk;
eilKiwapypUe;jd. ,jw;F rpwe;j c-k; gpuhd;rhFk; (epUthf ePjpkd;wq;fs;) ilrp
,e;epiyia ftdj;jpy; vLf;ftpy;iy.
ilrp fUjpaJ Nghd;W epUthf rl;lk; kdpj Rje;jpuj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtj;jpy;iy vd;Wk;
cz;ikapNyNa mjd; %yk; kdpj Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;Wk; mwpQu;fs;
$Wfpd;wdu;. epUthfr;rl;lj;jpd; tpisthf rYif ngw;w xU r%f tu;f;fk; Njhd;Wk; vd;W
ilrp fUjpdhu; Mdhy; gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fshy; mf;fUj;J gpioj;Js;sJ.
1. Nritapy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F kl;LNk epUthfr;rl;lk; nghUe;Jk; Vida
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; murhq;f mjpfhupfs; rhjhuz rl;lj;jpw;Fl;gLthu;fs; ilrp ,e;epiyapid
ftdj;jpy; nfhs;stpy;iy
2. [dehaf Kiwapy; epUthfkhdJ [dehaf rf;jpfSf;F fPo;gl;Nl nraw;gLk;
mjpfhupfs; vy;iy kPwp nraw;gl;lhy; mr;rf;jpfs; mtu;fSf;nfjpuhf fpsu;e;njOe;J
mtu;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jp Ra epiyf;F nfhz;L tUk; mjid ilrp ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;stpy;iy.
ilrpapd; fUj;J mtuJ rkfhyj;J nghyp]; muR Kiwikf;F nghUj;jkhapDk; nghJ ey
muRf;F Vw;GilaJ my;y vd;W mwpQu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;.
rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkj;Jtk; vd;w fUj;jpidAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ
jw;fhyj;jpy; gy mur jiytu;fs; rl;lj;jpw;F mg;ghw; gl;ltu;fshf fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. c-k;
8|D E M O C R A C Y
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Kb. ilrpapd; ,f;fUj;ij vs;sp eifahLk; xU mwpQu; “Kjyhspj;Jt
r%f Kiwapy; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk; vd;w fUj;J mr;r%f Kiwapy; Ie;J
el;rj;jpu N`hl;ly;fs; rfyUf;Fk; jpwe;Jtplg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;w fUj;ij xj;jjhFk; ” vd;W
$Wfpd;whu;.
kdpj cupikfs; rl;lj;jpd; tpistpdjd;W cupikfs; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; ghJfhf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. vd;w fUj;jpid nghUj;jtiu ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F nghUj;jNk jtpu Vida ehLfspy;
kdpj cupikfs; r%f tsu;rr ; papd; tpisthFk;. c-k; gpuhd;];> mnkupf;fh> Nrhtpaj; u];ah
Gul;rpfs;vdNt ilrpapd; fUj;ij jw;fhy murhq;fq;fspy; rl;lthl;rpia eilKiwg;gLj;j
my;yJ tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tifapNyNa gad;gLj;jyhk;.
2.ahg;GWthjk;
kuGrhu; fUj;jpd;gb murpay; ahg;nghd;wpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;L Ml;rp GuptJ

ahg;GWthjkhFk;.mt;thwhd ehLfspy; mbg;gilr;rl;lk; cau;ju rl;lkhf khWtjdhy;
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp epyTk;.rl;lthl;rp epyTk; NghJ Ms;NthUk;> Msg;gLNthUk; rl;lj;jpw;F
fPo; gl;ltuhf ,Ug;gu;. [dehaf Ml;rpKiwapd; ntw;wpfukhd nraw;ghl;bw;F ,J Xu;
mj;jpahtrpakhd rpe;jidahFk;. ,e;j jsj;jpy; ahg;GWthjk; eilKiwapy; cs;s ehLfs;
[dehaf ehLfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
ahg;GWthjk; cs;slf;Fk; ,uz;L tplaq;fs;

1.ahg;GWgf;jp:-ahg;G jkJ ghJfhtyd;> xOq;Fghl;lhsd;> topfhl;b vd;w czu;T kf;fsplk;
fhzg;gly;.
2.kf;fspd; vz;zq;fSld; Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;Yk; jpwd;:- ,jd; nghUs; fhy uPjpahf

,lk;ngWk; murpay;> r%f>khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g ahg;G Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;y Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;
Kyk; fhy khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g khw;wkile;J nry;Yk; nefpo;r;rpj; jd;ikapid ahg;G
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; murpay; thjpfspd; tpisahl;L nghUshf ,Uf;ff;$ba
tpjj;jpy; ahg;G nefpo;r;rp jd;ikapid nfhz;bUf;ff;$lhJ.
 ahg;GWthjk; epWtdkag;gLj;jypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

 ahg;nghd;wpd; ,Ug;Gk;> ahg;GW rl;lKk; murhl;rpapd; cau; jd;ik nghUe;jpajhf
,Uj;jy;.
 ahg;gpd; %yk; mjpfhuj;ij ngWk; mrhq;fk; kf;fs; tpUg;Gf;Fupajhf ,Uj;jy;.
 ahg;G fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;g Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;Yjy;
 murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu jj;Jtj;jpid ahg;gpd; Clhf toq;fy;
 murpay; thjpfspd; tpUg;Gf;F Vw;g ahg;G khw;wj;jpw;F cl;glhik
 ePjpGduha;T mjpfhuk; fhzg;gly;/ ahg;G nghUs; tpsf;fk; mspj;jy;.
 MSNthUk;> Msg;gLNthUk; rkkhf fhzg;gly;
 ahg;GWthjj;jpd; ed;ikfs;
1. epue;jukhd murpay; Kiwik xd;wpid fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
2. ehl;bd; murpay; Kiwikf;F newpKiwahd> epue;ju jd;ikapid Vw;gLj;jy;
3. rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;Fl;gl;l murpay; tpisahl;by; <Lgly;
4. Gul;rp> fpsu;r;rp ,d;wp murpay; mjpfhuj;ij khw;Wjy;
5. kf;fspd; cupikfs;> Rje;jpuq;fs; ghJfhj;jy;
9|D E M O C R A C Y
 ahg;GWthjj;jpd; jPikfs;
1. ehl;by; epue;jukhd ahg;GW thjj;ij fl;bnaOg;g KbahJ.
2. ahg;gpid ftdj;jpy; nfhs;shJ mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpg;gjw;F Ml;rpahsu;fs; KaYjy;.
c-k; ,uhZ murhq;fk;
3. tpNrl NjitfSf;F ahg;gpid khw;w Kbahik.
3.mjpfhu Ntwhf;fKk;> rkepiy jiyaPLk;(jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk;)

Xu; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;jpwid Nkk;gLj;jTk; murhq;fk; jd;dpr;irahf khWtjid
jLf;fTk;> kf;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;fTk; murhq;fj;jpd; Kj;Jiwfshd rl;l> epu;thf>
ePjp Jiwfs; gpupe;J nraw;gly; vdyhk;. goikahd ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il mup];Nlhl;by;
“murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfis> tplaq;fis fye;Jiuahly;> nghJNtiyfis epu;tfpj;jy;>
ePjpia epu;tfpj;jy; Mfpa %d;W gFjpfis nfhz;lJ vd;Wk; mg;gzpfis Gwk;ghd
epWtdq;fspd; %yk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk”; vd;whu;.
 cNuhk Afj;jpy; thoe;j nghypgpa];> rpNrhNuh Nghd;NwhUk; “murhq;f

mjpfhuq;fSf;fpilapy; rkepiy” vd;w fUj;jpid Kd;itj;jdu;.
 Nghu;Bd; vd;gtu; “epiwNtw;W> ePjp mjpfhuq;fs; Gwk;ghd Ml;fspdhy; my;yJ
epWtdq;fspdhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;” vd;W $wpdhu;.
mjpfhug; gfpu;T my;yJ mjpfhug; gpupg;G njhlu;gpy; njspthd Nfhl;ghl;bid gpuhd;rpa

Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; tho;e;j rhu;y]; nkhz;l];fpA+ mtu;fshy; 1748,y; vOjpa rl;lj;jpd;
capu; (The Sprit of Law),y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. ghuk;gupa murhq;f epWtdf;
fl;likg;gpDs; jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhf;ff; $ba tpjpKiwfis fz;lwpjiy mtu;
Kd;ndLj;jhu;. vz;zf;fUntd;w uPjpapy; vOe;j fUj;jhf murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; xd;W
Ftpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fkplj;J G+uz Rje;jpuj;ij vjpu;ghu;f;f KbahJ vdTk;> mjpfhu gfpu;T
fhzg;gLk;NghJ jdpahs; Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gLk; vdTk;> mjd;gb mjpfhuj;jpd; xOq;fike;j
jd;ik kw;Wk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;fpilapy; njhlu;Gz;L vd ,f;Nfhl;ghL njspTg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd ; mbg;gil fUj;J njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jkplj;J midtuhYk;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba murpay; thjkhFk;. vdpDk; nkhz;l];fpA+tpd; ,f;fUj;J xU
vz;zf;fU khj;jpukpd;wp eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Ml;rp tpjpKiwahfTk; $wg;gl;lJ
,tu; murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw vd NtWgLj;j
KbAk; vdTk; mt;thW NtWgLj;j Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. - nkhz;l];fpA+ Nghy
mNefkhd kuGuPjpahd kw;Wk; etPd murwptpayhsu;fSk; Nkw;fz;l NtWghl;ilf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj; jd;ikf;F Vw;g ,k;%d;Wf;Fk; ,ilapy; NtWghL
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 mNjNghy; rkepiy jiyaPLfs; Kiwnahd;W mjhtJ xUtiu xUtu; MSk;

Kiwnahd;W rl;l> epiwNtw;W> ePjpj;JiwfSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwd;wp
xU jdpeguplNkh> jdpahd epWtdj;jplNkh mjpfhuk; FtpAk;NghJ VNjl;irajpfhu Ml;rpNa
Vw;gLk; vd;whu; nkhz;l];fpA+.
 nkhz;l];fpA+tpd; Nfhl;ghL> Nfhl;ghL vd;w mbg;gilapYk;> gpuNahf uPjpapYk;
tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpAs;sJ. mJ njhlu;gpy; Kd ;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kf;fpakhd
tpku;rdkhf murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij ,k;%d;W epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; njspthf
NtWgLj;j KbAkh? vd;gjhFk;.
 ngUk;ghyhd rl;lj;Jiw nraw;ghLfspy; XusNtDk; epUthf kw;Wk; ePjpj;Jiwr;
nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf :- rl;lj;Jiw rl;lj;ij Mf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk;
thf;fspg;G> jPu;g;G toq;fy; vd;gd ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfshFk;.
 mjpfhug; gfpu;Tf; Nfhl;ghL kPjhd kw;WnkhU tpku;rdkhf eilKiwapy; rdehaf
Ml;rp KiwapDs; ,k;%d ;W JiwfSf;fpilapy; R%fkhd njhlu;G epyTjy; mtrpak;.
10 | D E M O C R A C Y
 vt;thwpUe;jhYk; rdehaf Ml;rpKiwapy; ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; kPJs;s eilKiw uPjpahd
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fiwatpy;iy. nkhz;l];fpA+tpdJ ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;J miu
E}w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;du; Kjd; Kiwahf mnkupf;fh jkJ murhq;f epWtdq;fisf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; gad;gLj;jpaJ. mjd;%yk; mjpfhuk; Ftptjhy; Vw;gLk; kf;fs; kPjhd
mOj;jq;fisf; Fiwj;J Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. mnkupf;f
murpayikg;gpid Kd ;khjpupahff; nfhz;L murhq; fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis jpl;lkpl;Lf;
nfhs;tjpy; Vida ehLfSk; nkhz;l];fpA+tpd; mjpfhug; gfpu;Tf; Nfhl;ghl;il
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L epWtdq;fis xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhz;ld.
5.rkepiyj; jiyaPLfs;
rkepiyj; jiyaPLfs; vDk; Nfhl;ghlhdJ murhq;fk; jdJ mjpfhuj;ij KiwNflhd
tifapy; gad ;gLj;jp kf;fs; kPJ mOj;jq;fis gpuNahfpf;ff;$Lk; vd
jhuhz;ikthjpfspd; mr;rj;jpd; tpisthf cUthd xd;whFk; (Hey Nood - 2011).
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpid tiuaiu nra;tNj ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd; Nehf;fkhfk;.
nkhz;l];fpA+tpd; gb mjpfhu epWtdq;fSf;F NtWg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; VNjDk; Xu; epWtdk;
kpQ;rp nraw;gLjy; my;yJ kw;iwa epWtdq;fspd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;Fkhapd; ePjp
kw;Wk; Rje;jpuk; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ Nfs;tpf;FwpahFk;. MfNt ,k;%d;W epWtdq;fs;
njhlu;gpYk; rkepiyj; jiyaPLfs; gw;wpa Kiwiknahd;W fhzg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd mtu;
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. - rkepiyj; jiyaPLfs; vDk;NghJ rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw>
ePjpj;Jiwfspy; mjpfhuq;fs; rkepiyahf fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
 jilfs; vd;gjD}lhf Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l epWtdk; xd;W jkJ mjpfhu vy;iyia kPwp

nraw;gLk;NghJ kw;iwa epWtdk; jilfs; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
 rkepiyj; jiyaPLfis nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd mbg;gil ahnjdpy;
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa epWtdq; fSf;F
gfpug;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. ,t;ntht;nthU epWtdq;fSk; jkJ fUkq;fis
rpwg;ghf epiwNtw;Wtjw;F jkf;Fs; xj;Jioj;J nraw;gly; mtrpak;. ,jd; %yk; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tJ ahnjdpy; ,jpy; ve;jnthU epWtdKk; jdpj;J jkJ mjpfhuj;ij fUkkhw;w
KbahJ vd;gjhFk;.
 mjd;gb mjpfhug; gfpu;tpd; %yk; NtWgLj;jg;gl;l ,k;%d;W epWtdq;fSf;Fk;
,ilapyhd njhlu;gpid rkepiyj; jiyaPLfs; tpjpf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
vdNt ,j;jifa nraw;ghL xt;nthU murhq;f epWtdKk; jd;dpr;irahf njhopw;gLtij
jLf;fpd;wJ. cjhuzk; : jilfSk; rkd ;ghLfSk; vDk; nfhs;if gy;NtW epiyfspy;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. mjid gue;jstpy; nraw;gLj;Jk; Ml;rpKiwAld; $ba ehlhf
If;fpa mnkupf;f Fbauir Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 rl;lj;Jiwapdu; murpayikg;gpid tiuAk;NghJ mJ njhlu;gpy; topfhl;ba
%yf;nfhs;if fshf jilfSk; rkd ;ghLfSk; vd;gij Fwpg;gplyhk;. 10 - If;fpa
mnkupf;f Fbaurpy; gpd;tUkhW jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
mnkupf;fhtpd; rl;lj;Jiwahd fhq;fpu]pw;F rl;lq;fis Mf;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jpUg;gpDk; mJ rl;lkhf khWtjw;F murpay; epiw Ntw;Wj; Jiwahd
rdhjpgjpapd; mDkjp mtrpak;. rdhjpgpjpaplk; fhzg;gLk; rl;l ,uj;J mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;
murpay; ahg;Gf;F Kuzhd rl;lk; vdpd ; mjid ,uj;J nra;Ak; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; jilfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mNjNghy; rl;l%yk; xd ;W rl;lkhf
fhq;fpu]pd; ,U kd;wq;fspYk; mDkjp mtrpakhFk;. vdNt rl;lj;Jiwapd; %yKk; rl;l
Mf;f mjpfhuk; jilg;gLk;. rdhjpgjpaplk; rl;lj; jLg;G mjpfhuk; fhzg;gbDk; fhq;fpu]pd;
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik %yk; mjid typjw;wjhf;f KbAk;.
 mnkupf;f rdhjpgjpahdtu; murpay; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytu; vd;wtifapy;
murhq;fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhdg; gjtpfSf;F Ml;fis epakpj;jy;> ntspehLfSlDk;> ru;tNjr
mikg;GfSlDk; cld;gbf;iffis nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. vt;thwhapDk; rdhjpgjpapd;
gjtp epakdq;fs; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iffs; nry;Ygbahtjw;F Nky; rigapd; mDkjp
mtrpakhFk;. nrdl;bdhy; Nkw;Fwpj;j nraw;ghLfSf;F kWg;Gj; njuptpf;f KbAk;.
rdhjpgjp Kg;gilfspd; fl;lisajpfhupahf nraw;gl;lhYk;> fhq;fpu]pd; mDkjpAlNdNa
Aj;j gpufldj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,J jtpu fhq;fpu]pdhy; rdhjpgjpf;nfjpuhf Fw;wg;
gpNuuiz xd;wpid epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; mtiu gjtp ePf;f KbAk;. mJ njhlu;gpy;
elj;jg;gLk; tprhuizf;F gpujk ePjpauru; jiyikj; jhq;Fthu;.
 kPAau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; toq;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij fhq;fpu]pdhy; khw;wp
aikf;f KbAk;. mNjNghy; kpAau; ePjpkd;wpd; jPu;g;Gfis typjw;wjhf;Ftjw;fhf
fhq;fpu]pdhy; jpUj;jq;fs; nfhz;Ltuyhk;. epiwthf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; ePjpgjp fSf;F
vjpuhf Fw;wg; gpNuuizfis nfhz;LtuTk;> mtu;fis gjtp ePf;fTk; fhq;fpu];
,aYikAilaJ.
 mnkupf;fhtpd; ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; ntspg;gLtJ ahnjdpy; rl;l> epiwNtw;W> ePjpj;
JiwfSf;fpilNa mjpfhuq;fis gq;fPl;Lf;nfhz;Ls;s vdpDk;> ve;jnthU nraiyAk;
kw;iwa epWtdj;jpd; njhlu;gpd;wp Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhJ vd;Wk;> murhq; fj;jpd; mjpfhuk;
jilfSf;Fl;gLfpd;w> rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F Njitahd nraw;ghLfis
jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk; nfhs;ifapd; %yk; Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gjhFk; ,jid gpd;tUk;
gha;r;ry; Nfhl;L glj;jpd; %yk; ,yFthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
U.S.A epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw
([dhjpgjp)
U.S.A rl;lj;Jiw
(fhq;fpu];)
U.S.A ePjpj;Jiw
(cau;ePjpkd;wk;)
U.S.A rl;lj;Jiw
(fhq;fpu];)
([dhjpgjp)
U.S.A ePjpj;Jiw
(cau;ePjpkd;wk;)
([dhjpgjp)
U.S. A ePjpj;Jiw
(cau;ePjpkd;wk;)
U.S.A rl;lj;Jiw
(fhq;fpu];)
6.kf;fs; ,iwik
 kf;fs; ,iwik vd;gJ mur mjpfhuj;jpd; %yhjhuk; kf;fs; vd;gjhFk;.
 mjw;Nfw;g rl;lthf;fk;> el;l mKyhf;fk;> ePjp toq;fy; Nghd;w cau; mjpfhuq;fis
nraw;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; me;epWtdq;fs; jkJ mjpfhu gyk; kw;Wk; ntspg;gilj;
jd;ikapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ kf;fspd; tpUg;gpd;gbNaahFk;.
 mjd;gb kf;fs; tpUg;ig tpQ;rpa mjpAau; mjpfhuj;jd;ik ,y;iy vd;gNj
,t;ntz;zf;fUtpd; mbg; gilahFk;.
 ,J rdehafj;jpd; Njhw;wg;ghl;Lld; neUq;fpa njhlu;gpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kf;fs;
jtpu NtW ve;j Nkyhd rl;lj;jpd; kPJk; muR epiyf;fhJ. MfNt kf;fs; ,iwik vd;w
vz;zf;fU Guhjhd rdehafj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
 kf;fs; ,iwik njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUnthd;W rdehafk; njhlu;ghd ghuk;gupa
vz;zf;fUtpd; xU gFjpahfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 &Nrh (Jean Jaques Rousseau) ,iwikf; Nfhl;ghL gw;wp ntspg;gLj;jpa
Kf;fpakhdtuhthu;. nghJtpUg;gk; (General Will) njhlu;ghd &Nrhtpd; fUj;J kf;fs;
,iwik njhlu;gpy; toq;ff;$ba rpwe;j cjhuzkhtNjhL r%fk; xd;wpd; nghJtpUg;gk;
njhlu;ghd Nkyhd mjpfhuj;jpid ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
 kf;fs; ,iwik ikag;gLj;jp khjpup xd;whf FbauR khjpupapid Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 jw;fhy murhl;rp Kiwapy; njspthff;fhzf;$ba tsu;rr ; pahf cyfpy; ngUk;ghyhd
ehLfs; ghuhSkd;w ,iwikapy; ,Ue;J kf;fs; ,iwikAila murhq;fk; xd;iw Nehf;fp
gazpg;gjhFk;. cjhuzkhf If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ij Fwpg;gplyhk;. gue;jstpy; nghJrd
mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;gpid gad;gLj;jy;> kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l mjpfhug;
gq;fPl;ilAila ke;jpup rigapid Njhw;Wtpj;jy;> kdpj cupikfs; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
gpuirfspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
Nghd;w Fbahl;rp ,ay;GfSf;Fr;nry;yy
 ,yq;if jdJ 1Mk;> 2Mk; FbauR ahg;Gfspy; kf;fs; ,iwikf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;Js;sJ
7.tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk;
 ,jd; fUj;J murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjhFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk;

jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhg;gjhFk;. Mjyhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpd; %yk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtJ ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; rpWghd;ikapdiu fhg;gJ kl;Lky;y. nghJthf
Ml;rpahsu;fsplkpUe;J ehl;L kf;fis ghJfhg;gjhFk;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;ff; nfhs;iff;F Vw;g murhq;fj;jpd; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijAk;
mjid nraw;gLj;Jk; FOtpdiuAk; epWtd uPjpahf fl;Lg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; jilfSf;F
cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 midj;jhz;ikthj;jpw;F vjpuhf (Absolutism) tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; gw;wpa
nfhs;ifapid Kiwahf Kd;itj;jtu;fs; N[hd; nyhf;(John Lock) nkhz;l];fpA+
(Montesqieu) cl;gl Vida murpay; rpe;jidahsu;fs; Mtu; (Calhoun 2002).
 mjd;gb tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; cs;thq;fpapUg;gJ “kdpju;fspd; Ml;rp my;y
rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpNa” (A government of laws not men) ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; njhlu;gpy; jhuhz;ik rdehaf Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
eilKiwapy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU ,lk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jhuhz;ik rdehaf Ml;rp
Kiwf;F Kd;du; epytpa Ml;rp Kiwapy; mur mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ rpWjstpyhd
tiuaiwfNs epytpaJ.
 mjd;gb murhq;fk; ciuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fkhf khWtJ jhuhz;ik rdehaf
Ml;rpKiwapd; fPohFk;. ,J gy;NtW Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngWk;.
 Ml;rpahsu;fspd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpj;jy;:- murpayikg;G> mjpfhug;
gfpu;T> jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk;> rl;lthl;rp> gpuirfspd; mbg;gil cupikfis
cWjpg;gLj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; Ml;rpahsu;fspd; mjpfhuj;jpd; kPJ fl;LghLfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 murhq;fj;jpd; gjtp fhyj;jpd; kPJ tiuaiwfis tpjpj;jy;:- rdhehaf uPjpahd
Ml;rpKiwf;F khwhf rdehaf Ml;rpKiwapy; murhq;fj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; Fwpg;gpl;l
tUlq;fSf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. mJ ehd;F> Ie;J my;yJ MW tUlq;fshf
,Uf;fyhk;. ,J njhlu;e;j xNu FO Ml;rpapypUf;Fk;NghJ Vw;glf;$ba VNjl;rjpfhu
jd;ikapid jLj;J muRf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;bidg; NgZtjw;F
cjTk;. mj;NjhL murhq;f khw;wkhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw elhj;jg;gLk;.
Nju;jy;fspd; %yk; ,uz;L Nju;jy;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngwyhk;.
 murhq;fk; nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahs; NtWghLfis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L ehl;bd; r%f
kw;Wk; nghUshjhu Jiwfspy; Fiwe;jgl;rkhf jiyapLk;. gioik jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd;
%yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJk; ,JNt. mjd;gb jdpahs; tho;f;if kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs; kPJ
murhq;fk; jiyapLk; Ml;rpKiwapy; ,Ue;J tpyf Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
 ,t;thW gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpd; %yj;jj;Jtq;fSf;Fk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s cld;ghlhdJ tuyhw;W epfo;nthd;wpd; tpisthf
fUj KbAk;. If;fpa mnkupf;f FbauR> gpupj;jhdpah cl;gl mNef Nkiy ehLfspy;
20Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; thf;Fupik tpahgpj;Jr; nrd;w #o;epiyapy; nrhj;J>
fy;tpaw; Fohj;jplk; thf;FupikAld; murpay; mjpfhuKk; cupj;jhf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ru;tjpfhu;jijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk;> mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. jdpnahU jiyikj;Jtk; nfhz;l FOtplk; murhq;fj;jpd;
mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; fhzg;gLk;. Ml;rp mtu;fSf;F Njitg;gltpy;iy. mjpfhuq;fs;
Ftptijj; jLg;gjd; %yk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
gpd;tUk; ehd;F cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;.
1. rk\;b thjk;
 rk\;b thjj;jpd; %yk; mNefkhd mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa murplKk; Vida rpy
mjpfhuq;fs; khepy muRfsplKk; NtWgLj;jg;gLk;. tup mwtply; Nghd;w vQ;rpa rpy
mjpfhuq;fis kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy Mfpa ,Utif murhq;fq;fSk; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;.
ngUk;ghyhd Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfspd; NghJ gpuhe;jpa muRfspd; xj;Jiog;gpd;wp kj;jpa
muR jdpj;J nraw;glf;$ba epiy ,y;iy. fy;tpg; Nghd;w Vida mjpfhuq;fspy; khepy
muR jdpj;J jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,jD}lhf kj;jpa murpd ; mjpfhuj;ijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JtNj vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
2. mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;
 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw vd;Dk; rdhjpgjp> rl;lthf;fj;Jiw vDk; fhq;fpu];> ePjpj;Jiw
Mfpa NtWgLj;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mjpfhuj;ij NtWgLj;JtijNa
vjpu;ghu;j;jJ. khepy muRfspYk; ,t;thwhd eilKiwnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;%d ;W
epWtdq;fSk; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;j xj;Jiog;Gld; nrayhw;w Ntz;Lk;.
,t;nthj;Jiog;G fPo;tUk; cj;jpapd; %yk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk;
 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> rl;lj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpa epWtdq;fs; xj;Jiog;Gld;
nrayhw;WtJ vDk; mj;jparpak; vd;gNj jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk; vDk; Kiwapd; fPo;
xU epWtdk; Vida epWtdj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; kw;iwa epWtdj;jpd; %yk; jilfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; murhq;fj;jpd; jdpnahU epWtdj;jpdhy;
nraw;gLj;j KbahJ. ,jd; %yk; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;wpwdhd nraw;ghLfs; md;wp
kf;fis ,d;dYf;Fl;gLj;Jk; Ml;rpKiwapid jLg;gjd; %yk; jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;ij
ghJfhj;jy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. cupikr; rl;lk
 Ngr;Rupik> Clf Rje;jpuk;> murpay; mikg;Gfis mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuk;>
gpuirfspd; mbg;gil cupikfs; vd;gd murpayikg;G jpUj;jg;gLtjd; %yk; ghJfhf;f
Vw;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
8. Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;

 rdehafk; gw;wpa etPd Nfhl;ghLfspd;gb Nju;jy;fs; vd;gJ rdehaf Ml;rpKiwf;F
mj;jpatrpakhd xd;whf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 mjd;gb Nju;jy; xd;W ,lk;ngw;wJk; ehL rdehaf Ml;rpKiwAld; $ba ehlhf fUj
KbahJ.
 rdehaf Ml;rpf;F cWJizahf mikAk; %yj;jj;Jtq;fs;

I. vg;gjtpf;fhf Nju;jy; %yk; njupT nra;ag;ggLfpd;wdu;? ehl;bd; nfhs;ifapid tFj;jy;>
eilKiwg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; nghWg;Gila epWtdq;fs; mjhtJ rl;lj;Jiw>
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf;F Ml;fis njupT nra;Ak; NghJ fl;lhakhf Nju;jy; Kiwnahd;W
gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk;:- ,yq;ifapy; ghuhSkd;wk;> [dhjpgjpia njupT nra;a
tpfpjhrhu Nju;jy; Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 II. thf;Fupik ngWNthu; ahu;? ,jd;%yk; vt;tpjkhd Ngjq;fSk; ,y;yhky;
Fbj;njhifapy; %j;jg; gpuirfSf;F thf;Fupik toq;f Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk; 1931
nlhd%u; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpypUe;J 21tajpid G+u;j;jp nra;j Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk;
thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 III. vt;thW thf;fspg;gJ? thf;fspg;gpd; NghJ ,ufrpaj;jd;ik Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Rje;jpukhd> ePjpahd Nju;jy; xd;Wf;fhd gpujhd epge;jidahf ,J nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
 IV. Nju;jy; xd;W Nghl;bj; jd;ik kpf;fjhjy; Nghl;bj;jd;ik kpf;f Nju;jy; xd;wpd; gpujhd
gzp ehl;il Msg;NghtJ ahu; vd;gijj; jPu;khdpg;gjhFk;. fk;A+dpr Ml;rpKiw
tPo;r;rpailtjw;F Kd;du; fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; fk;A+dpr ehLfs; cl;gl xU fl;rp Ml;rp
epytpa ehLfspy; Nju;jy; Nghl;bj;jd;ik kpf;fjhf fUjg;gltpy;iy.
 eilKiwapy; vy;yh ehLfspYk; Nju;jy; ,lk;ngw;whYk; thf;fhsu;fSf;F cz;ikahd
njuptpid Nkw;nfhs;s mit ,lkspg;gjpy;iy. Vnddpy; Nju;jy; xd;wpd;NghJ xU
Ntl;ghsu; my;yJ Ntl;ghsu; gl;bay; xd;W Nju;jy; gpupT xd;wpw;fhf Kd;dpiyahdhYk;
epjp kw;Wk; rl;l uPjpahd tuk;Gfs; %yk; mNefkhdtu;fSf;F ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
mt;thwhd Nju;jy; Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;jy;y.
 Nkw;$wg;gl;l tplaq;fs; rdehaf uPjpapyhd Nju;jy; KiwapdJk; Ml;rp KiwapdJk;
gpujhd epge;jidfshFk;. ,J mNefkhd ehLfspy; mz;ikapNyNa Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 Guhjhd VNjd;];> cNuhkpy; Nju;jy;fs; ,lk;ngw;whYk; ,J kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 1920,y; gpupj;jhdpah fy;tp> nrhj;J mbg;gilapy; thf;Fupikapid toq;fpaJ. 16
mNefkhd gpuNjrq;fspy; ntspg;gilahf Nju;jy;fs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. MfNt mNef
ehLfspy; Nju;jy; KiwahdJ mz;ikapNyNa Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
 nuhgl; lhypd; (Robert Dhal) $w;Wg;gb “Rje;jpukhd> ePjpahd Nju;jy; vd;gJ rdehaf
Nju;jy; Kiwapy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.”
 Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy; kw;Wk; ePjpahd Nju;jy; RahjPdkhd ,U mk;rq;fshFk;. vt;thwhapDk;
,itapuz;Lf;Fkpilapy; njhlu;Gfs; cz;L. cjhuzkhf Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy; xd;Wf;F
Njitahd tplaq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;glhtpbd; ePjpahd Nju;jiy vjpu;ghu;f;f KbahJ.
 Nju;jy; xd;W Rje;jpukhdjhf eilngw thf;fhsu;> fl;rpfSf;F rl;lg;gbNah my;yJ
Ntnwe;j tifapNyh jilfis gpwg;gpf;fhJ Rje;jpukhf nraw;gl itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 Nju;jy; Rje;jpuk; njhlu;gpy; kdpj cupikfs; gpufldj;jpy; (1948) rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay;
cupikfs; njhlu;ghd nfhs;is (1966) kw;Wk; ,JNghd;w Mtzq;fs; cl;gLk; mbg;gil
murpay; cupikfs; kw;Wk; Rje;jpuq;fs; Mfpatw;whyhdJ.
 ePjpahd Nju;jy; vDk;NghJ Nju;jy; xd;Wf;Fj; Njitahd epajpfs;> rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;
ahNjDk; nrhw;fSf;F Vw;g gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,it nefpo;r;rpAilajhf ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ.
 epiyahd khwhj; jd;ikf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 ePjpahd Nju;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUtpy; “Neu;ik”vd;gJ kw;WnkhU vz;zkhFk;. ,jd; %yk;
midj;J Nghl;bahsu;fSk; gf;fr;rhu;gpd;wp elj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk; : Clfj;ij
gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ik.
 Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy; ,lk;ngWk; jpdj;jpy; gpujhdkhf thf;fspf;Fk;
jpdj;jpw;F Kw;gl;lf; fhyk;> Nju;jy; ,lk;ngWk; jpdk; mjw;F gpw;gl;l fhyk; Mfpa %d;W
fl;lq;fSk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 Rje;jpuk;> ePjp vd;gtw;iw kj;jpa];jk; nra;Ak;NghJ mJ njhlu;ghd rfy %yq;fisAk;
guprPyid nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
 thf;fhsu; gjpT> gjpTf;fhyj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfs;> Nju;jy; gpurhu
fhyj;jpy; vjpu;f;fl;rpapdiu mr;RWj;Jk; nraw;ghLfs; mjpfhuj;jpypUf;Fk; fl;rp nghJr;
nrhj;Jf;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> thf;fhsiu mwpTj;jy; nraw;ghL ,k; Nkw;ghu;itapy; ,lk;ng
Ntz;Lk;.
 Nju;jy; jpdj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nraw;ghLfis tpl mjw;FKd; ,lk;ngWk; nraw;ghLfs;
Nju;jy; xd;wpd; Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; ePjpapd; KOikapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;. ,J thf;fhsu;
kw;Wk; murpay; jiytu;fspd; vz;zq;fs; kPJ mjw;F Kd; ,lk;ngWk; nraw;ghLfs;
nry;thf;F nrYj;jtjhFk;. cjhuzkhf thf;fhsu;fSf;F tpUk;gpathW xd;Wf;$l
Rje;jpuk; ,y;iynadpy;> Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nju;jYf;fhf fl;rpfis gjpT nra;J nfhs;tjpy;
rpf;fy;fs; fhzg;gLkhapd; mJ Nju;jy; fsj;jpy; ghjfkhd tifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;.
 ,jw;fpizahf thf;fspj;jg;gpd;G thf;Fr;rPl;Lfis nfhz;Lr; nry;yy;> fzf;fply;>
ngWNgWfis ntspapLjy; vd;gtw;wpy; Kiwf;NfLfs; Vw;gly;. ,jdhy; murpay;
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;> Nju;jy; KbTfis Vw;fhJ tplyhk;. ,J rpyNtisfspy; murpay;
gjptpfis Vw;fhikf;Fk; my;yJ murpay; td;KiwfSf;Fk; J}z;lg; gLtjd; %yk;
ntspf;fhl;lg;glyhk;.
9. kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $wy;

 kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $wy; rdehaf Ml;rpapy; gpuNahf uPjpahd mk;rkhd fUjyhk;.
 “VNjDk; gjtp my;yJ nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; xUtu; jd;Dila jlj;ij njhlu;gpy;
nghJkf;fSf;F gjpyspf;f flikg;gl;Ls;shu; vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.”
 ,t;thW xUtu; ahNjDk; tpNrlkhd nraiy nra;jy; my;yJ nra;ahJ tply; njhlu;gpy;
kf;fSf;F gjpy; $wNtz;Lk;. ,JNt nghWg;Gf;$wy; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
 murpaypd; mbg;gil kf;fshf ,Ug;gNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
 ,t;thW rdehaf murpay; Kiwnahd;W nraw;gLk;NghJ mur gjtpfis tfpg;Nghu; jkJ
jPu;khdq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; kf;fSf;F gjpy; $w Ntz;baJ fl;lhakhFk;.
 murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gf;$wy; njhlu;gpy; ,Utpjkhd Nehf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 kf;fSf;F gjpy; $w Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
 nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtij kf;fs; murhq;fj;jplk; vjpu;g;ghu;j;jy;
kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wy; njhlu;gpy; mNefkhd rdehaf ehLfs; ntw;wpfukhd nghWg;Gf;$wiy

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F fPo;tUk; fUtpfisr; nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
 thf;fspg;gjd; %yk; murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffis kj;jpa];jk; nra;tjw;F gpuirfSf;F

,lkspj;jy;.
 mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G / fUj;Jf; fzpg;G Kiw cjhuzk;:- Rtpl;ru;yhe;J> ,yq;if
 murhq;f mjpfhupfspd; elj;ijfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xOf;f newpf;Nfhitfs; kw;Wk;
rl;lq;fs;> tpjpKiwfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sik.
 ,tw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; murhq;fj;jpd ; gjtpfis tfpf;Fk;NghJ njupe;Njh njupahkNyh
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; elj;ijf; Fiwfis topg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
 ,jd;nghUl;L mNefkhd murhq;fq;fs; jfty; mwpAk; cupik rl;lj;jpid cWjpg;gLj;jpAs;sd.
cjhuzk;:-,yq;if
 mNefkhd murhq;fq;fs; Gjpa nfhs;iffs; kjpg;gL
P kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G epWtdq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.
10. kdpj cupikfs;

 kdpj cupikfs; vd;gJ vy;yh kdpju;fSk; nfsutkhd tho;f;ifapid tho;tjw;Fk;>
MSikapid KOikahf tpUj;jpr; nra;J nfhs;tjw;Fk; kw;Wk; r%f ePjpf;Fk; top
Vw;gLj;jk; xOf;fk;rhu; cupikfshFk;.
 kdpjd; gpwg;gJk; mt;nthOf;fk;rhu; cupikfSlNdNa. kdpjdhdgbahy; tho;tjw;fhd
cupik> cztpw;fhd cupik> kdrhl;rpf;fhd cupik> r%f nfsutj;ij ngWk; cupik
Mfpatw;Wf;F gpwg;gpNyNa cupj;Jilatdhfpd;whd;.
 jhuhz;ikthj rpe;jidahsu;fspd;gb midj;J capu;fspdJk; tho;tpw;F Xl;rprd; thA
ve;jsT mtrpaNkh mNjNghy; kdpj r%fj;jpd; epiyg;gpw;F kdpj cupikfs;
mtrpakhFk;.
 kdpj cupikfs; vd;gJ cyf ePjprhu; cupikahFk;.
 kdpjdhf gpwe;jgbahy; midj;J kdpju;fSf;Fk; ,J cupj;JilajhFk;.
 Mz;> ngz; Ngjkpd;wp midtUf;Fk; ,t;TupikAz;L.
 kdpj Neaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpj cupikfs; epyTfpd;wd.
 ,J midtUf;Fk; rkkhdJ.
 kdpj cupikfs; xUNghJk; kPwg;glf;$lhjJ MFk;. mt;thW kPwg;gLkhapd; mq;F
ghuJ}ukhd mePjp ,lk;ngWk;.
 kdpj cupikfshdJ cUthf;fg;gl;litay;y. mit ntspf;fhl;lg;gl Ntz;bait.
Mifahy; kdpj cupikfs; vd;gJ INuhg;ghtpNyh my;yJ NtW vq;Nfh fl;bnaOg;
gg;gl;ljy;y.
 midj;J kdpju;fSf;Fkhd fz;L gpbg;GfshFk;.
 “kdpjdhdtd; r%fj;jpy; tho;tjd; epkpj;jk; ngw;wpUf;fNtz;ba midj;j tifahd
cupj;JfSk; cupikfs;” vdg;gLfpd;wd.
 cupikfs; vDk; NghJ “murpdhYk; r%fj;jpdhYk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l jdpkdpj
Nfhupf;iffNs” vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
 cupikfs; vd;gJ “r%fj;jpdhYk; murpdhYk; mq;fpfupf;fg;gl;l kdpjf; Nfhupf;iffs;
vd;w mbg;gilapy; %d;W tplaq;fs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf mit kdpjf;
Nfhupf;iffs;> r%f mq;fpfhuk;> murpay; mq;fpfhuk; vd;gdthFk;.
 cupikfs; njhlu;ghd mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fs;
 “kdpjd; gpwg;gJ Rje;jpukhfj;jhd; Mdhy;> gy;NtW epiyfspy; gy;NtW jilfshy;

fl;lg;gl;Ls;shd; vd;gNj cz;ikahFk;” vd;W nkhz;l];fpA+ Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
 r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghl;lhsuhd &Nrh “kdpjd; gpw;fFk; NghJ Rje;jpukhfj;jhd;
gpwf;fpd;whd;. Mdhy;> gpd;du; mtd; mbikr;rq;fpypahy; fl;lg;gLfpd;whd;” vd;W
$Wfpd;whu;.
 “kdpjd; tho;e;jhy; kl;Lk; NghjhJ> ed;whf tho Ntz;Lk;. eyd;fs;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;lhy;jhd; kdpjd; ed;whf tho ,aYk;. jdJ eyidg;Ngzp nghJ
eyidAk; ghJfhg;gjw;F xUtDf;Fs;s rf;jpNa cupikfs; vdg;gLk; ” vd;W
mup];Nlhl;by; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
 y];fp vd;gtu; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ “gpwUf;F ,ilQ;ry; ,d;wp xt;nthU kdpjDk; jdJ
MSikia tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd #oiy r%fj;jpy; epiyepWj;jpf; nfhs;SjiyNa
cupikfs;” vd;whu;.
 N[hd; nyhf; vd;gtu; “cupikfs; vd;gd xt;tUtUila mjpfhuk; my;yJ
Nfhupf;ifia tpl cau;e;jitahFk;” vd;whu;.
 Nfhg; fT]; vd;gtu; “r%f eyid NgZk; epge;jidfNs cupikfs;” vdf;
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
o cupikfspd; tsu;r;rp fl;lq;fs;
 kdpjTupikfs; gyNtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; Vw;gl;gl;l gupzhk tsu;rr ; papd; tpisthfNt xU

G+uzj;Jtj;jpid ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
 fp.K 2050 ,y; nkhrg;gj;Njkpahtpy; ,t;thuhd rl;lnjhFg;Gfs; ,lk;ngw;wjhf
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpy; 1780 fspy; RNkupa kd;ddhd `Kuhgp kd;ddhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l 282
tpjpfis cs;slf;fpa rl;lnjhFg;gpy; kf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gupik> jdpegu; Rje;jpuk; Nghd;wd
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jfs; fhzg;gl;bUe;jd.
 fpK 539 ,y; ghurPfg; Nguurd; iru]; vd;gtdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l Nehf;fg; gpufldj;jpy;
(iru]; Xiy) Fbkf;fspd; kjRje;jpuk;> mbikKiwapid ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;> Nghd;w
Vw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
 fpK ,uz;lhk; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;jpag; Nguurdhd mNrhfd; ntspapl;l
mNrhfdpd; MizapYk;> fpgp 6 Mk; E}w;whz;by; KfkJ egpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
kjPdhtpd; murpay; rl;lj;jpYk; Fbkf;fSf;Fupa rptpy; cupikfs; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs;
,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
 kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpahd epiyg;G 17Mk; E}w;whz;Lf;F
mg;ghw;gl;ljy;y. Kjd ; Kjypy; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;gpy; 17Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy;
,q;fpyhe;jpy; ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
 mg;NghJ tho;e;j murpay; jj;JtQhdpahd N[hd; nyhf; vd;ghu; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa
vz;zf;fUtpid Kjd; Kjypy; Kd;itj;jhu;.
 Rje;jpu ciog;G Kiwapd; Muk;gk;> kjr;rhu;gw;w fy;tpKiw kw;Wk; mr;R Clfq;fspd ;
Njhw;wk; fhuzkhf kdpjDf;F cupikfs; cz;L vd;w rpe;jid vz;zf;fU
cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; gpurpj;jp milAk; r%f epiy cUthdJ.
 1215 ,y; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w N[hd; kd;dDf;F vjpuhf ,lk;ngw;w Nghuhl;lNk
Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd ngUk; gl;lakhd “kf;dh fhu;l;lh” (Magna Carta Libertatum) Njhd;w top
nra;jJ.
 ,f;fhyf; fl;lj;jpy; Mq;fpy r%fj;jpy; mbikthj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kjyhspj;Jt thjj;jpw;F
khWk; nrad;Kiw ,lk;ngw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. - mj;Jld; mwpTrhu; thjq;fs; kpfTk;
cau;e;j kl;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wd. kf;fspd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs; njhlu;gpy;
murDf;F mjpfhuk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;? mt;thwpy;yhtpby; mt;tjpfhuj;jpd; kpjhd
tuk;Gfs; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lkh? N[hd;nyhf; nghJ cupikfis ,dq;fz;L mit
,aw;if cupikfs; vd Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
 1525 Mk; Mz;by; tptrhapfspd; Nfhupf;iffs; njhlu;ghf nrUkdpapy; ntspaplg;gl;l
“fUg;Gf; fhl;bd; gd;dpuz;L mk;rq;fs;" (Twelve Articles of the Black Forest) vd;Dk;
MtzNk INuhg;ghtpd; Kjy; kdpj cupik njhlu;ghd gjpT vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,q;fpyhe;jpy; 1688 ,y; ,lk;ngw;w “,uj;jk; rpe;jh Gul;rpahdJ” 1689 ,y; “Mq;fpy
cupikfs; gl;lak;” gl;lak; Njhd;Wtjw;F topNfhypaJ.
 17>18 Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; “kf;fs; ,iwikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij typAUj;jpa N[hd;
nyhf;> &Nrh Nghd;w murpay; rpe;jidahsu;fs; jkJ Muha;r;rpfspd; Clhf kdpjTupik
vd;w vz;zf;fUtpd; tsu;r;rpf;F gq;fhw;wpdu;.
 N[hd; nyhf; jdJ r%f xg;ge;j Nfhl;ghl;by; “kdpjd; ,aw;if mUspa rpy cupikfis
ngw;Ws;shd;” vd;w thjj;jpid Kd;itj;j ,tu; ,aw;if mUspa cupikfshf capu;
thOk; cupik> Rje;jpukhf ,Uj;jy;> nrhj;Jupik Nghd;wtw;iw milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;.
 nyhf;fpd; gpd; kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa vz;zf;fU jhuhz;ikthjk;> rkTilikthjk;
Mfpa jj;Jtq;fs; Clhf Cl;lk; ngw;W tsu;r;rpAw;wJ.
 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpYk; (1776)> gpuhd;rpYk; (1789) ,uz;L Kf;fpa
Gul;rpfs; ,lk;ngw fhuzkhfpaJ. ,tw;wpd; tpisthf ,uz;L mwpf;iffs;
ntspaplgl;ld. mit
o If;fpa mnkupf;f Rje;jpu gpufldk;>
o kdpju;fSf;Fk; Fbkf;fSf;Fkhd cupikfs; mwpf;if. (declaration of the man
of citizens)
 ,it ,uz;LNk rpy rl;lk; rhu;e;j cupikfis epiyehl;bapUe;jd. mj;Jld;; 1776 Mk;
Mz;by; ntspahd cupikfSf;fhd “ntu;[Pdpah mwpf;ifAk;” gy mbg;gil
cupikfisr; rl;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngwr; nra;jJ.
 1945 Mk; Mz;L rhd;gpuhd;;Nfhtpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
njhlq;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J midj;Jyf kdpj cupikfs; rl;lk; njhlu;gpy; ,t;tikg;G ngUk;
gq;F Mw;wpAs;sJ.,jd; tpisthf 1946 Mk; Mz;L kdpjTupikfs; njhlu;ghf
Muha;tjw;fhf “kdpjTupikfs; Mizf;FO” Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thizf;FOtpd;
Kaw;rpapd; gadhf 1948 Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 10 Mk; jpfjp midj;Jyf
kdpjTupikfs; rhrdk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;lJ.
 cupikfspd; tiffs;
I.eh. nghJr;rigapd; ru;t Njrpag; gpufldk; toq;Fk; kdpj cupikfs; midj;JNk
rkkhd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cilait. mt;Tupikfspy; vt;tifahd VW tupirfNsh
,wq;F tupirfNsh fpilahJ. NkYk; I.eh. gpufldk; kdpj cupikfis
vt;tifapYk; tifg;gLj;jpf; $wtpy;iy. MapDk; kdpj cupikfis ehk; gpd;tUk;
tifg;ghLfSf;Fs; nghUj;jpg; ghu;f;fyhk;.
1. Fbapay; cupikfs;
2. murpay; cupikfs;
3. nghUshjhu cupikfs;
4. r%f cupikfs;
5. gz;ghl;L cupikfs;
vd;fpd;w ,e;j tifg;ghLfSf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk; midj;J cupikfisAk; ngw;W tho
xt;nthU jdpkdpjDf;Fk; cupikAz;L. ,t;Tupikfs; midj;JNk xt;nthU
kdpjDf;Fk; cupa gpwg;GupikahFk;. I.eh. nghJr;rigapd; ru;tNjrpag;
gpufldj;jpd;gb xt;nthU jdpkdpju;f;Fk; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil
cupikfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rpy cupikfs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. capu; tho;tjw;fhd cupik

2. rkj;Jt cupik>
3. Rje;jpukhf thOk; cupik>
4. rl;lj;jpw;F Kd; rkkhf elj;jg;gLtjw;fhd cupik
5. fUj;Jfis ntspapl cupik
6. thf;fspg;gjw;fhd cupik
7. murpay; gq;Nfw;Gf;fhd cupik
8. Ntiyf;fhd cupik
9. fy;tp ngWtjw;fhd cupik
10. r%fg; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd cupik
11. Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd cupik
12. ghypay; rkj;Jtj;jpw;fhd cupik
kdpj cupikfs; vd;gd jdp kdpju;fspd; tho;Tupik> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; Mfpa
%d;W mk;rq;fisAk; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gijj; jk; mbg;gil ,yf;fhff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 kdpj cupikfis ghJfhf;Fk; topKiwfs;

kdpj cupikfis ghJfhf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; jw;fhyj;jpy; ngUk;ghyhd [dehaf
murhq;fq;fs; gy topKiwfis gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. ,tw;iw ,uz;L gFjpfshf gpupf;fyhk;.
 rl;l kw;Wk; epWtd topKiwfs;

 murpay; topKiwfs;
 rl;l kw;Wk; epWtd topKiwfs;

1. murpay; ahg;gpy; cupikfis cj;juthjg;gLj;jy;
2. xk;Gl;]k; d; gjtp epakdk;
3. ePjpj;Jiwapd; gzp
4. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
5. murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis NtWg;gLj;jp itj;jy;
6. kdpjTupik Mizf;FOtpid jhgpj;jy;
 murpay; topKiwfs;
1. Rje;jpukhd Clfk;
2. mKf;fFOf;fspd; nraw;ghL
3. kf;fspd; tpopg;G epiy
If;fpa mnkupf;fh
mnkupf;f murpayikg;G
vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;GfSs; fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpaJ If;fpa mnkupf;f

murpayikg;ghFk;. ,J nrhy;yhoKk; njspKk; cila 4000 nrhw;fis
nfhz;l murpayikg;ghFk;.
N[hH[; nth\pq;ld; jiyikapy; ngd;[kpd; gpuhq;ypd;> Njhk]; n[gu;]d;

Nghd;Nwhuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,t; mikg;gpid 30 epkplq;fspy; thrpj;J
tpsq;f KbAk;. murpayikg;gpd; Njhw;wk;. mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupidj;
njhlu;e;J 13 FbNaw;wq;fSk; ,ize;Nj $l;lhl;rp cUthf;fgl;lJ.
1776.07.04 md;W mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; gpufldk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1787k;
Mz;L gpynly;gpah khehl;by; mnkupf;fhTf;fhd murpay; ahg;G
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;turpay; ahg;G 1789k; Mz;L khu;r; khjk; 4k; jpfjp
njhlf;fk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs;

1. vOjg;gl;l murpay; ahg;G: cyfpNyNa Kjd;Kjyhf vOjg;gl;l ahg;ghf
mnkupf;f murpay; ahg;ig $wyhk;. cyfpy; cs;s ahg;Gf;fspy;
kpfr;rpwpa murpay; ahg;ghfTk; ,J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. nkhj;jkhf 07
cWg;Giufs; ,t; ahg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jDld; xU Kd;DiuAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhq;fpu]; rl;lk;> toikfs;> ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;Gfs; %yk;
tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ. cyfpy; Kjd; Kjyhf vOjg;gl;l ahg;ghf ,JNt
jpfo;fpd;wJ.
2. cWjpkpf;f nefpoh murpay; ahg;G: ,yFtpy; jpUj;jNth khw;wNth

Kbahj murpay; ahg;Gf;fNs nefpoh murpayikg;Gf;fshFk;. mjhtJ
rhjhuz rl;lq;fisg; Nghy; my;yhJ tpNrl topKiwfs; Clhf
ahg;gpid jpUj;jNth> khw;wNth KbAkhapd; mit nefpoh ahg;ghFk;.
,t;thwhd nefpoh ahg;G KiwapNyNa mnkupf;f murpay; ahg;G
mike;Js;sij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,t;thwhd mnkupf ;f murpayikg;ig
jpUj;jNth> khw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Nth Ntz;Lkhapd; kj;jpa murpd;
,U rl;lrigfspYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAld; jpUj;jk;
epiwNtw;wg;gLtNjhL 3/4 gq;F khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; rk;kjq;fis
ngw;wjhfTk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt> mnkupf;f murpayikg;G xg;gPl;L
uPjpapy; nefpoh murpayikg;ghFk;. mj;Jld; mnkupf;f kf;fSk; rl;l
rigAk; ,t;ahg;ig kjpg;gjd; fhuzkhNt ,jd; cWjpj;jd;ik NkYk;
Ngzg;gLfpd;wJ.
3. toikfs; kw;Wk; kuGfs;: murpaikg;gpid Mf;fpNahu; vjpu;fhyr;

nraw;ghl;bw;F Njitahd xU mikg;ig khj;jpuNk cUthf;fpAs;sdu;.
mjw;fhd ntspj;Njhw;w mikg;ig gz;ghLfs;> toikfs;> kuGfs;
toq;fpAs;sd. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt md;wpypUe;J ,d;W tiuf;Fk; 27
khw;wq;fSld; Rkhu; 230 tUlq;fshf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
A. Jareesh 2 Fedaral system of USA
4. [dhjpgjp Kiw murhq;fk;: ghuhSkd;w Jiwia rhuhj epu;thf
Jiwia nfhz;l murhq;f KiwNa [dhjpgjp murhq;f Kiw vdyhk;.
cyfpy; Kjd; Kjyhf [dhjpgjpj;Jt Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpa
ngUik mnkupf;f murpayikg;igNa rhUk;. If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd;
[dhjpgjpahdtu; 04 tUlj;jpw;nfd kf;fshy; kiwKfkhfTk; Nju;jw;
fy;Y}upahy; NeubahfTk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;. xUtu; ,UKiw
kl;LNk [dhjpgjpahf njupT nra;ag;gLthu;.
5. toikfs; kw;Wk; kuGfs;: murpaikg;gpid Mf;fpNahu; vjpu;fhyr;

nraw;ghl;bw;F Njitahd xU mikg;ig khj;jpuNk cUthf;fpAs;sdu;.
mjw;fhd ntspj;Njhw;w mikg;ig gz;ghLfs;> toikfs;> kuGfs;
toq;fpAs;sd. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt md;wpypUe;J ,d;W tiuf;Fk; 27
khw;wq;fSld; Rkhu; 230 tUlq;fshf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
6. rk\;b ,ay;G: mnkupf;fhtpd; gy;tifikapd; Clhf RahjPdj;ij

fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpapd; tpisthf
Rje;jpukhd muRfs; xd;wpize;J cyfpw;F mspj;jf; nfhilNa
mnkupf;f murpay; mikg;G kw;Wk; Ml;rpKiwahFk;. 13 khepy
muRfspy; Muk;gpj;J jw;NghJ 50 khepyq;fs; tiu tpahgpj;Js;sJ.
7. ahg;gpd; caupa jd;ik: ,J rk\;b Kiwapd; Kf;fpa ,ay;ghFk;.

mnkupf;f murpayikg;G mjpfhuNtwhf;ff; nfhs;ifapidg; gpd;gw;wp
mjpy; jilfs; rkepiyfs; vDk; Kiwapid cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
kf;fis ghjpf;Fk;> jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhd Ml;rp Vw;gLtijj; jLj;jNy
,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. mjd;gb murpay; mikg;gpid mbg;gilahf
nfhz;Nl kj;jpa> khepy muRfs; jq;fsJ gzpfisAk;
nraw;ghLfisAk; Kd;ndLf;fpd;wdu;. rk];b cau; ePjpkd;wKk;
ahg;gpid mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdg;gilapy;
mnkupf;f rk\;bapy; ahg;gpd; caupa jd;ik ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
8. mjpfhu gpuptpid Nfhl;ghL: xU murpd; Jiwfshd rl;lj;Jiw>

eph;thfj;Jiw vd;gd xd;NwhL xd;W jiyaPNlh> fl;Lg;ghLfNsh ,d;wp
Rje;jpukhf ,aq;FjiyNa mjpfhug; gpuptpidf Nfhl;ghL
typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. cyfpYs;s ehLfspy; mjpfhug; gpuptpidf;
Nfhl;ghl;il mjpfstpy; gpd;gw;Wk; ehlhf mnkupf;fh tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
MjhtJ ,q;F Kj;JiwfSk; xd;NwhL xd;W rhHGfs; ngupjstpy;
,d;wp jdpahf ,aq;Ffpd;wJ.
9. cupikfs; kNrhjh: kf;fs; jkJ Fbapay; tho;f;ifapidAk; murpay;

thbf;ifapidAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd epge;jidfNs cupikfs;
vdg;gLk;. mnkupf;f murpay; ahg;G ,t; cupikf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;Js;sJ. NkYk; mnkupf;fh jdJ ahg;gpy; cupikfis
NrHj;Jf;nfhz;ljd; gpd;dNu Vida ehLfSk; jkJ murpay; ahg;gpy;
cupikfs; njhlHghd tplaj;ij NrHj;Js;sd. mbg;gil cupikfs;

rhrdj;jpid ghJfhf;Fk; Kfkhf murpayikg;gpd; Kjy; 10
jpUj;jq;fSk; cs;thq;fgl;ld.
10. tYthdJk; ];jpukhdJkhd Nkyit (2k; kd;wk;): mnkupf;f

rl;lrigapd; 2k; kd;wkhf tpsq;Fk; nrdl;rig>Nkyit vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J tYthd mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
CyfpNyNa kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;j 2k; kd;wkhf fhzg;gLtJld; ,t; nrdl;
rig xt;NthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; 2tH vd njupg;gl;L nkhj;jkhf 100
cWg;gpdHfs; mq;fk; tfpg;gH. ,r; rigiapd; Nkyhd mjpfhuq;fspy;
xd;whf [dhjpgjp caH epakdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJk;>
ntspehl;L cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ [dhjpgjp ,r;
rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;ij ngw Ntz;Lk;.
11. kf;fs; ,iwik: mnkupf;f murpayikg;G kf;fs; ,iwik vDk;

jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ. Ml;rp nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;
kf;fsplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
12. $l;lhl;rpthjk;: mnkupf;f $l;lhl;rp jiytu; [dhjpgjpahthu;. ,tu;

kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;whu;. murpayikg;G mjpfhuj;ijg;
ngWtJk; kf;fsplkpUe;Nj. midj;J khepy muRfSk; jkJ
murpayikg;gpid $l;lhl;rp jj;Jtq;fSf;F Vw;gNt
xOq;fikj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sd.
13. ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuk; ngw;w ePjpj;Jiw: rl;lrig ,aw;Wfpd;w

rl;lq;fis kWguprPyid nra;fpd;w mjpfhuNk ePjpg;Gduha;T
mjpfhukhFk;. mjhtJ> murpayikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; nghUs;Nfhly;
tplaq;fs; rhu;ghf fhq;fpu]; epiwNtw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; murpayikg;Gf;F
,iaGilajh vd kPsha;T nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ij ePjpkd;wq;fs;
ngw;Ws;sd. ,jd; %yk; Fwpj;j rl;lnkhd;wpid uj;Jr; nra;Ak;
mjpfhuk; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L. vdpDk; ,t;tjpfhuj;jpid
murpayikg;G Clhf ePjpkd;Wf;F ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
vdpDk; mt;tjpfhuk; murpayikg;gpD}lhf kiwKfkhf ePjpkd;Wf;F
cz;L vd cau;ePjpkd;wk; 1803,y; “khu;gup vjpu; nkb\d;” (Marbury VS
Madison) tof;fpy; jPu;khdpj;jJ. mnkupf;f jiyik ePjpkd;wkhd
caHePjpkd;wj;jpw;F ,t;tjpfhuk; cz;L. ,t; ePjpkd;wk; kj;jpa
rl;lkd;wKk; khepy rl;lkd;wq;fSk; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fis
nry;YgbahdjhfTk;> nry;Ygbaw;wjhfTk; $wf;$ba mjpfhuq;fis
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;ePjpg;Gzuha;T mjpfhuk; mnkupf;f $l;lhrpia
ey;yKiwapy; ,aq;f nra;tjw;F VJthf mike;Js;sJ
14. ,ul;il FbAupik: xt;nthU FbkfDk; Njrpa mstpyhd

FbAupikapidAk; khepy mstpyhd FbAupikapidAk; ngWfpd;wdH.
Xt;nthU khepyKk; jkf;nfd jdpahd murpay; ahg;gpid nfhz;Ls;sJ.
15. ,U fl;rp Kiw: gy fl;rpfs; eilKiwapy; nraw;gLfpd;wNghJk; FbauR

fl;rpAk; [dehaf fl;rpAk; khwpkhwp Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;Wtjid
fhzyhk;.
If;fpa mnkupf;f murhq;f Kiwik xU RUf;fkhd ghu;it
rl;lj;Jiw
rl;lj;Jiw mikg;G
rl;lj;JiwahdJ> fhq;fpu]; vdmiof;fg;gLk; rl;lj;Jiw ,U kd;wq;fis
nfhz;like;Js;sJ
rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rig
1k; kd;wk; (fPo;rig) my;yJ rdg;gpujpepjpfs; rig kj;jpauir gpujpepjpj;Jt
gLj;Jk; ,k;kd;wk; 435 cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ. cWg;gpdu;fs; gpuNjrthup
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. rigapd; gjtpf;fhyk;
02 Mz;LfshFk;.
mjpfhuk;
1. ehl;bw;F Njitahd kNrhjhf;fis cUthf;fs;
2. tupKiwia jPu;khdpj;jy;
3. tUkhdq;fis Nrfupj;J jFe;j Kiwapy; nrytpLjy;
4. gzk;mr;rpLjy;
5. mnkupf;fhTf;F Njitahd fld;ngwy;> fld;toq;fs;
6. ahg;gpy; jpUj;jq;fs; khw;wq;fis Nkw;f;nfhs;sy;
7. FbtuT> Fbafy;T gw;wpa KbTfis vLj;jy;
8. Fw;wg;gpNuuizia mwpKfk; nra;jy;
9. epjpkNrhjhf;fis mwpKfk; nra;jy;
10. Nju;thsu; fofk; [dhjpgjpia njupTnra;ahj gl;rj;jpy;
[dhjpgjpia njupT nra;jy;
nrdl; rig
2k; kd;wk; my;yJ Nky;rig my;yJ nrdl;rig vd miof;fg;gLk;
khepyq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jt gLj;Jk; ,k;kd;wk; 100 cWg;gpdu;fis
nfhz;like;Js;sJ xUkhepyj;jpy; ,Ue;J ,U cWg;gpdu;fs; vd;w
tpfpjg;gb 50 khepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J 100 Ngu; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;
,r;rig fiyf;fg;glhj epue;jukhd Xu;rig (2 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw
3gq;fpdu; ntspNaw mNjnjhifapdu; cs;thq;fg;gLtu;) ,r;rig cWg;gpdu;
xUtuJ gjtpf;fhyk; 06 Mz;LfshFk; ,r;rigapd; jiytu;
cg[dhjpgjpahthu; ,r;rigapy; mq;fk; tfpg;gtu;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
[dhjpgjpahf njupTnra;a gLfpd;wdu;. cjhuzk;- nfdb> T+l;Nwhtpy;rd;>
[pk;kpfhl;lu;> Nwhdhy;l;Nwfd;> gpy;fpspq;ld;> guhf;xghkh Nghd;Nwhiu
Fwpg;gplyhk;
mjpfhuk;
1. epjpkNrhjhf;fis jpUj;jy;> khw;wk; nra;jy;
2. [dhjpgjpapid fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
3. Nju;jy; fofk; cg[dhjpgjpia njupT nra;ahj gl;rj;jpy; njupT
nra;jy;
4. ntspehl;L njhlu;GfSf;F mDkjp toq;Fjy;
5. Fw;wg;gpNuuizia tprhuid nra;jy;>epiwNtw;wy;
epu;thfj;Jiw
epu;thfj;Jiwf;F nghWg;ghf [dhjpgjp fhzg;gLfpd;whu; 1950Mk; Mz;Lf;F
Kd;du; [dhjpgjp vj;jid jlitAk; njupTnra;ag; glyhk; vd;W$wg;gl
jw;NghJ [dhjpgjpahdtu; 02 jlitfs; khj;jpuk; njupTnra;agLfpd;whu;
[dhjpgjp Nju;thsu;fofk; %yk; njupTnra;agLfpd;whu; Nju;thsu;fofk;
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; njhiff;F rkkhd cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;like;Js;sJ
(538 cWg;gpdu;fs;) ,f;fof cWg;gpdu;fis kf;fs; njupT nra;a ,tu;fs;
[dhjpgjpia njupT nra;thu;fs; [dhjpgjpahf tUgtu; 270 thf;Ffis
ngwNtz;Lk; ,jidngwhj gl;rj;jpy; 1k; kd;wk; [dhjpgjpia njupT
nra;Ak; ,r;re;ju;gj;jpy; 50 khepyq;fspypUe;J 01 thf;F tpfpjg;gb 50
thf;Ffs; mspf;fg;gLk; ,jpy; mUjpg;ngUk;ghz;ik (26) ngWgtu; [dhjpgjp
[dhjpgjpahdtu; [dtup 20k; jpfjp gpujkePjpauru; Kd;dpiyapy;
rj;jpag;gpukhdk; nra;J gjtpapid nghWg;Ngw;ghu; [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk;
04 Mz;LfshFk;
mjpfhuk;
[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuk; %d;W %yhjhuq;fspypUe;J Njhd;Wfpd;wJ

1. murpay;ahg;gpd; %ykhd mjpfhuk;
2. xg;gilg;gjd; %ykhd mjpfhuk;
3. ePjpkd;wjPu;g;Gf;fs; %ykhd mjpfhuk;
murpay; ahg;gpd; %ykhd mjpfhuk;

1. murpd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;
2. mnkupf;f Fbauir ghJfhj;jy;
3. Kg;gilfspd; gpujk jsgjpahf nraw;gly;
4. Kg;gilfSf;Fkhd jsgjpfis epakpj;jy;
5. epiwNtw;W fl;lisfis gpwg;gpj;jy;
6. mur nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpj;jy;
7. tuT nryit fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
8. Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy;
9. rk];b epu;thfj;ij nfhz;L elhj;jy;
10. ntspehl;L nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpj;jy; nfhz;Lelhj;jy;
11. ntspehl;L JhJtu;fis epakpj;jy;> Vw;wy; kw;Wk; epuhfupj;jy;
12. cau;kl;l mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;
13. ntspehLfSld; xg;ge;jk; Nkw;f;nfhs;sy;
14. tUlhe;j nra;jpia fhq;fpurpy; rku;g;gpj;jy;
15. rl;lthf;f nfhs;iffis rpghu;Rnra;jy;
16. rl;lq;fSf;F ,Wjp xg;gk; ,Ljy;
xg;gilg;G %ykhd mjpfhuk;

17. nlhyupd; jq;fg;ngWkjp jPu;khdpj;jy;
18. ehzaq;fis mr;rply;
19. epjpia xJf;Fjy;

ePjpkd;wjPu;g;gpd; %ykhd mjpfhuk;
20. mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis gjtpePf;fy; (mayers)
ePjpj;Jiw
mnkupf;f ePjpj;Jiw rl;lthl;rpia mbj;jskhf nfhz;Ltpsq;Ffpd;wJ
,e;ePjpj;Jiwgw;wp ahg;gpd; 3tJ mj;jpahak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ
fl;likg;G
1. cau;ePjpkd;wk;
2. khtl;lePjpkd;wk;
3. Roy;ePjpkd;wk;
cau;ePjpkd;wk;
1869Mk; fhq;fpu]; ,aw;wpa tpjpg;gb cau; ePjpkd;wk; 9 cWg;gpdu;fis
nfhz;lJ ,tu;fs nrdl;bd; mDkjpAld; [dhjpgjp epakpg;ghu; Xu;tof;F
jPu;f;fg;gl 5 ePjpgjpfs; rk;kjk; mtrpak; ePjpgjpfs; fhq;fpu]; nfhz;LtUk;
Fw;wg;gpNuuiz%yk; gjtp ePf;fg;gLtu;
mjpfhuk;
1. murpay; ahg;gpid tpsf;fpf;$wy;
2. muRrl;lq;fis Muha;jy;
3. ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuk;
4. kf;fspd; mbg;gilcupikfis ghJfhj;jy;
5. murhq;fj;ij fz;zhdpj;J fl;LgLj;jy;
6. kj;jpa> khepy muRfspd; Kuz;ghLis jPu;j;Jitj;jy;
murpaw;fl;rp
1800fspy; mnkupf;fhtpy; $l;lhl;rpKiw fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; 1821,y;
$l;lhl;rpKiw gpstile;J [dehaffl;rp> FbauRfl;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;wd
murpaw;fl;rpapd; gz;Gfs;
1. ,Ufl;rpKiw Nghf;F
2. Ntiyapy;yhg; gpur;rpidia jPu;j;jy;
3. nghUshjhu gpur;rpidia jPu;j;jy;
4. jdJehl;il njhlu;e;Jk; ty;yurhfg; ghJfhj;jy;
5. fk;A+dprj;ij vjpu;j;jy;
mnkupf;f kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

mnkupf;fh rk\;b njhlu;ghd mjpfhug; gq;fPl;bd;NghJ ry mjpfhuq;fis
kj;jpa muR ngw;Wf;nfhz;L Vida mjpfhuq;fis khepy muRfSf; F
toq;Ftjd; Clhf ,e;jpah> fdlh Nghd;w ehLfsJ khepyq;fis tpl
Rje;jpuk; kpf;f khepyq;fshf fhzg;ggLfpd;wd.

mnkupf;f murpayikg;G ntspg;gilahfNt kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw (epu;thfj;Jiw)> ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. mt;thW Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fspy; khepyq;fSf;F
,ilapyhd tu;j;jfj;ij epUtfpj;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fSf;Fg; Gwk;ghf
tq;fpfis Muk;gpj;jy; Nghd;w cl;fpilahd mjpfhuq;fSk; mlq;Fk;.
cl;fpilahd mjpfhuk; vd;gJ murpayikg;gpdhy; Neubahf toq;fg;glhj
mjpfhuq;fshFk;. ,t; cl;fpilahd mjpfhuq;fSf;F (Implied Power)
murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu I ,d; 8Mk; gpuptpd; 3Mk; thrfk; (Article I,
Section 8, Clause 3) fhuzkhFk;. Nkw;gb nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wk;
nghUl;Lg; gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;gpy;
tplg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd:
1. tuptpjpj;jYk; fld; ngWjYk;.

2. khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhdJk; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfKk;.
3. ntspAwT
4. ghJfhg;G
5. Nghu;g; gpufldk; kw;Wk; rkhjhdk;.
6. ehzak;
7. jghy; mYtyfq;fis cUthf;fy;
8. ngJr;rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;
9. ru;tNjr rl;lj;ij kPWjy; flw; nfhs;is Kjypatw;Wf;fhd jz;lid
toq;Fjy;
10. fs;s ehzak; ntspapLjiyj; jLj;jy;
11. flw;gil
12. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Ff; fPohd ePjpkd;wq;fis cUthf;Fjy;
13. gjpg;Gupik
14. fly;> jiug;gilfSf;Fj; Njitahd rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;
15. kj;jpa murpd; rl;lq;fis cUthf;FjYk;> fyfj;ij mlf;FjYk;.
16. ika murhq;fj;jpd; epyg;gFjpia epu;thfk; nra;jy;.
17. rptpypad; kf;fSf;F ,uhZtg; gapw;rp toq;Fjy;.
18. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fSf;fhd rl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.
Nkw;gb nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L gpd;tUk; mjpfhuq;fk; kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd>
1. ntspehl;L njhlHGfs; gw;wpa mjpfhuq;fs;> mjhtJ kj;jpa murhq;fk;

epyj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy; > fz;Lgpbj;jy; kw;Wk; ifg;gw;w KbAk;
2. mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapy; NtWgLj;jg;gl;bUg;gpDk;
khepyq;fs; njhlHgpy; fPo;tUk; ,Wjp KbntLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;ij rhHe;jjhFk;
1 . caupaj; jd;ik (cd;djj; jd;ik) rhu;e;j tpjpKiwfs;

2 . Nghu; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;
3 . tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfs;
4 . tup mwtply;> nryT nra;jy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;
1. caupaj; jd;ik (cd;djj; jd;ik) rhu;e;j tpjpKiwfs;: ahg;gpd; Mwhk;
mj;jpahaj;jpy; ,J njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. “,e;j ahg;G tiutjw;F Kd;dNu mnkupf;fhTf;F
cs;s fld;fs;> my;yJ VjhtJ nra;iffSf;fhf nra;J nfhz;l
cld;gbf;iffs; ,e;j ahg;G eilKiwf;F te;jjd; gpd;dUk; ngWkjp
cilajhf ,Uf;Fk;.” ,jd; gpufhuk;> ,t;thwhd fhuzpfis
xg;ge;jq;fis kPwp khepy muRfs; nraw;gl KbahJ mjd; NghJ
khepyq;fspd; RahjPd jd;ik ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;glhky;> Njrpa
murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; tpjpfSf;Fk; Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk; vd ahg;G Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf kj;jpa murpdhy;
gpwg;gpj;j Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpak; gw;wpa tpjpKiwfisf; fUj;jpw;
nfhs;shJ mijtplTk; Fiwe;jg;gl;r Cjpaj;ij jPu;khdpf;f
khepyq;fSf;F mjpfhuk; ,y;iy. mj;njhifapYk; $ba Fiwe;j gl;r
Cjpaj;ij jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;.
2 . Nghu; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;

,jd;gb ntspehl;L my;yJ rHtNjr jPtputhj Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J
murhq;fj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa muRf;F cz;L.
Njrpa ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd ,t;tjpfhuk; Nghu;Guptjw;fhd
mjpfhuj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb khepyq;Ff;F Clhf nry;Yk;
thndy;iyia jilnra;jy; kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F cupj;jhd tpkhd
epiyaq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;stjw;fhd mjpfhuk; kj;jpauRf;F
cz;L. mt;thNw Nghu;g;gpufldk;> rkhjhdk; nra;jy; Nghd;w
mjpfhuq;fSk; kj;jpa murpw;F cz;L.
3. tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfs;: jdpg;gilahf xU khepyj;jpw;F

khj;jpuk; md;wp> rfy khepyq;fisAk; cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; rfy
tu;j;jf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;ghfTk; rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;f fhq;fpu];
mjpfhuk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd tpjpKiwfspd; fPo; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpw;F ntspehl;ltu;fs; kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapYk;>
,e;jpa Nfhj;jpuq;fSf;fpilapYk; tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s mjpfhuk;
cz;L. ,jd; %yk; gue;j khDl eltbf;iffis top elhj;Jk;
mjpfhuk; fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wJ. mnkupf;fhtpy; Fwpj;jnthU khepyj;jpw;F
khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpahghuk; ,y;iy vdyhk;. cjhuzk; : 1824
- 1924 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; toq;fg;gl;l fpgd;]; xf;ld; “tof;Fj; jPu;g;G
khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd tu;j;jfj;ijj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ” ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; gpd;dUk; etPd njhlu;ghly;
gad;ghl;bd; gpd;dUk; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; tp];jupf;fg;gl;lJ.
mjd;gb nyhj;ju; rPl;L> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> kpd;dQ;ry;> ,izak;
cl;gl gue;j gug;gpyhd mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpaurpw;F cupj;jhdJ.
4. tup mwtply;> nryT nra;jy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;

fhq;fpu]; jdpj;J nghJeyid tpUj;jpr; nra;tjdhy; rl;lq;fis

gpwg;gpg;gjw;F ahg;G uPjpahd mjpfhuk; ,y;iy vdpDk; Fwpf;NfhSf;F
Vw;g tup mwtplTk;> nryT nra;aTk; KbAk;. cjhuzk; : kj;jpa
muRf;F fy;tp kw;Wk; tptrhak; njhlu;gpy; Neubahf jPu;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhtpbDk; mjw;fhf epjp xJf;fPL nra;aTk;
Ntshz;ik njhlu;ghd ed;nfhilfis toq;fTk; KbAk;.
kj;jpa muR khepyq;fSf;fhd epjpapid xJf;fPL nra;Ak;NghJ kj;jpa

murpd; epge;jidfis khepy muR Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. kj;jpa muR
epjpapid xJf;Fk;NghJ mjid vt;thW nrytpl Ntz;Lk; vd
jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;. epjpapid fl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;>
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mr;RWj;jiy tpLg;gjd; %yk; khepy muRfisAk;
egu;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfs; kPJ fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;f kj;jpa murpdhy;
KbAk;. cjhuzk; : ahNjDk; nraw;wpl;lj;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk; epjpapid
ahNuDk; egUf;F epwk;> ,dk;> ghy; kw;Wk; cly; jFjpfspy; VNjDk;
xd;iw fhuzq;fhl;b toq;fg;gLkhapd; my;yJ epjpAjtpap
kWf;fg;gLkhapd; toq;fg;gLk; epjpAjtp epWj;jg;gLk;.
,j;jifa epiyahdJ mNefkhd khepy muRfs; RahjPdkhf ,aq;fj;

jilahf mike;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; kj;jpaurpd; mjpfhuk; NkNyhq;Ftjw;F
1868 ,y; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l 05Mk; jpUj;jr;rl;lNk fhuzkhFk;. ,jd; %yk;
fhq;fpu]; ahg;gpid kPWjy; kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd; Kiwikapid
,y;yhnjhopj;jy; Nghd;w epiyikfis rupnra;aTk; rl;lj;jpd; %yk; rkkhd
ghJfhg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fs; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;f s;

rk\;b murhq;f Kiwf;F xU gpujhd vLj;Jf;fhl;L mnkupf;fhthFk;.
MapDk; md;W gpynly;gpahtpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rk\;b Kiwia tplTk;
jw;NghJ epyTk; rk\;b Kiw tpj;jpahrkhdjhFk;. cyfpy; ngUk;ghyhd
ehLfspd; rk\;b Kiw tpuptile;J nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jw;F
mnkupf;fh khj;jpuk; xU tpjptpyf;fy;y. E.S. Griffith (fpupgpj;) Fwpg;gpLtJ
Nghy “ mnkupf;f kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhu tsu;r;rpapd; Ntfj;ij
XusT jLf;ftpy;iyahapd; ntF tpiutpy; khepy murhq;fq;fs; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; epu;thfg; gFjpahf khwptpLk;” ,jd; gpufhuk; kj;jpa murpd;
mjpfhuq;fs; mjpfupg;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
1. mnkupf;fhtpy; Vw;gl;l murpay; nghUshjhu r%f khw;wq;fs; ikaj;jpy;

mjpfhuq;fisAk; me;j];ijAk; tYg;gLj;jpd.
2. ehl;bd; epyg;gug;gpd; tpupT> tpQQ
; hdj;Jiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wk; Mfpait
mnkupf;fhtpid ru;tNjrj;jpy; Kjy; ehlhf cau;j;jpaik.
3. mnkupf;fhtpy; Vw;gl;l cs;ehl;Lf; Fog;gj;ij mlf;f kj;jpauR vLj;j
eltbf;ifAk;> mjd; gpd;duhd Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g kj;jpa muR
vLj;j gpuaj;jdKk;.
4. cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mz;ikf;fhyj; jPu;g;Gf;fSk; mjd; %yk; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuk; vOr;rpAw;wikAk;. cjhuzk;: r%fg; ghJfhg;Gr;

rl;lq;fis ,aw;Wjy;> khepyq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s Nghf;Ftuj;ijf;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> tq;fp Kiwikiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
5. cyfg;Nghu;> kw;Wk; nghJTilik guTk; mghaj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
vd;gdtw;wpd; %yk; kj;jpa muR mjpfhuj;ijf; ifapy; vLj;jik.
6. kj;jpa murhq;fk; khepyq;fSf;F toq;Fk; khdpa cjtpfs; %yk;
kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fs; NkNyhq;Fjy;.
7. 1930y; Vw;gl;l cyfg;nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp
8. kf;fs; cs;sj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j khepy muir kpQr ; pa kj;jpa muRg;
gw;Wjy;.
9. jw;fhy ru;tNjr murpaypy; Kf;fpa ikag; Gs;spahf mnkupf;fh
nraw;gLjy;.
10. epjp njhlu;ghd epahahjpf;fj;jpd; %yk; kj;jpa muR gyk;ngWjy;.
kj;jpa muR kPjhd ahg;Grhu; tiuaiwfs;

rk\;b nraw;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;j kj;jpa murpd; kPJ rpy ahg;Grhu;
tiuaiwfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd mitfshtd.
1. gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; mjpfhuk; eltbf;iffSf;F jilfis V w; g L j ; J k;
tifapy; kj;jpa muR nraw;gl KbahJ
2. tup mwtply;> khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd tu;j;jfk; njhlu;gpy; kj;jpa
murpd; mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3. cs;sf fpsu;r;rpfspypUe;J khepyq;fisg; ghJfhf;f kj;jpa muR
flikg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzk; : cupa khepyj;jpy; mjpfhukpf;f
epWtdj;jpdhy; tpLf;fg;gLk; Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f [dhjpgjp
,uhZtj;ij mDg;g KbAk;.
4. khepyq;fspd; epyg;gug;;G kw;Wk; vy;iyfis kj;jpa muR kjpj;Jr;
nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
5. xU khepyj;jpd; xg;Gjy; ,d;wp xU khepyj;jpd; ngaiu khw;wNth
my;yJ epyg;gug;gpy; khw;wNth mjpfhuk; fpilahJ.
mnkupf;f khepy murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;

mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpd; %yk; kj;jpa muRf;F Fwpj;njhJf;fg;glhj rfy
mjpfhuq;fSk; khepy muRfSf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; kj;jpa murpd;
rl;lq;fNshL Kuz;ghlhj tiuapy; mtw;iw mDgtpf;f KbAk;. ,it
murpayikg;gpd; kl;LghLfSf;F khj;jpuNk tiuaWf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzk; :
ghlrhiyfs;> cs;Suhl;rp epWtq;fis cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fisf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
kj;jpa khepy muRfs; ,ize;J gad;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuq;fSk; cz;L. ,it

xj;jpaq;Fk; mjpfhuq;fshFk;. cjhuzk;: tup tpjpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
mt;thwhd khepyj;jpd; cs;sf nraw;ghLfspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk;
tpahghuj;ij jPu;khdpj;jy;> nghJf;fld; thq;Fjy;> vil kw;Wk; msTfis
epu;zapj;jy;> ePjpkd;wq;fis mikj;jy;> nghJf; fhupaq;fSf;fhf jdpahu;
nrhj;ij RtPfupj;jy;.

khepyq;fs;> khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpahghuj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Njitaw;w
mOj;jk; Vw;gLk; tifapy; my;yJ kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfspy;
jiyapLk; tifapy; nraw;gl KbahJ. cjhuzk; : xNu tpjkhd Njrpar;
rYif (Uniform National Teatment)
khepyq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd tu;j;jfk; vd;gtw;iw kj;jpa murpd;

rl;lj;JiwNa jPu;khdpf;Fk;. mit [dhjpgjpapd; mDkjp kw;Wk; ePjpkd;w
nfhs;if vd;gtw;Wf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
kj;jpa murhq;fk; khepy murhq;fk; xj;jpaq;F

1. khepyq;fSf;F 1. cs;Suhl;rp 1. tuptpjpg;G> Nrfupg;G
,ilapyhd kd;wq;fisj; kw;Wk; mwtPL.
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; jhgpj;jy;. 2. epjpapidf; fldhfg;
tu;j;jfj; 2. FbAupikAld; ngwYk; nryT
jPu;khdq;fs;. njhlu;Gila nghyp]; nra;jYk;.
2. Nghu;g; gpufldk;. eltbf;if. 3. jkJ murhq;fj;jpd;
3. jghy; Nrit. 3. Muk;g kw;Wk; jd;ikf;F Vw;g
4. epjp. ,ilepiyf; fy;tp. ePjpkd;wq;fis
5. cs;ehl;L epWTjy;.
ngUe;njUf;fs;. 4. rl;lq;fis tpjpj;jy;
6. ntspAwT. kw;Wk;
7. FbAupikia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;.
toq;fy; 5. rptpy; cupikfisg;
ghJfhj;jy;.
6. Nju;jy; elhj;Jjy;.
7. Rfhjhug; ghJfhg;G
8. eyd;Gup.
ahg;G uPjpahf fhzg;gLk; khepyq;fspd; mjpfhu fl;Lg;ghLfs;

rk\;b nraw;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;j kj;jpa murpidg; NghyNt
khepyq;fSf;Fk; tiuaiwfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khepy muRfSf;F
fPo;tUk; fl;Lg;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1 . ntspehLfSld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;sy;.
2 . NtW Njrq;fSld; flw;gil kw;Wk; tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F mt;tt; gpuirfSf;F mjpfhuk; toq;Fjy;
3 . gzj;jpid ntspapLjy; (Coning Money)
4 . fld; gj;jpuq;fis toq;fy; (Issuing of bills of Credit)
5 . Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tup tpjpg;G
6 . ntspehl;Lf; fg;gy;fspy; tup mwtply;
7 . eilKiwapy; Njrpa gilazp (National guard) vDk; khepy
,uhZtg;gil jtpu;e;j xj;jpirAk; epiyikapd; fPo; ,uhZtk; my;yJ
fg;gy; itj;jpUj;jy;.
8 . Ml;nfhzu; Miz toq;Fk; cupikapid (Writ of Habeas Corpus)
,uj;Jr; nra;a KbahJ.
9 . xU Fw;wk; GupAk; NghJ mf;Fw;wj;jpid khw;wf;$ba rl;lq;fis (ex-
post fecto legislation) cUthf;Fjy; $lhJ.
1 0 . Nghu;Gupjy;
1 1 . gpuGg; gl;lq;fis toq;Fjy; $lhJ.
khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;
If;fpa mnkupf;fhthdJ xU ,yl;rpa rk\b Ml;rp KiwahFk;. ,r;rk\;b
xU rpy #o;epiyfshy; Njhd;wpajhFk;. ,jid uPl; nt];l; (Read West)
gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. Rje;jpu ehLfshfr; nraw;gl;L te;j 13
mnkupf;f FbNaw;w ehLfs; $l;lhl;rp Kiwiaf; filg;gpbf;f Kf;fpa
fhuzk;> mtu;fspilNa epytpa g+ry;fSk;> cupikfis KOikahf
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f kdkpd;ikAkhFk;. MdhYk; mnkupf;ff; $l;lhll;rpapy;
khepyq;fs; Rahl;rpAld; nraw;gLfpd;wd. vQ;rpa mjpfhuq;fs;
khepyq;fSf;Nf nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mnkupf;f rk\;b murpayikg;gpd;gb khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; njhlu;Gfs;

rk\;b murpayikg;G jj;Jtq;fspd; mbg;gilapNyNa topelj;j g;gLfpd;wJ.
murpayikg;gpd; ehd;fhk; cWg;Giuapy; ,J njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gjpa khepyq;fis ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s my;yJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kj;jpa murpd;

fhq;fpu]pw;Nf mjpfhuk; cs;sJ. Mdhy; xU khepyj;jpw;Fs; ,Ue;J
gpwpnjhU khepyj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;f KbahJ. khepy munrhd;wpw;F NtW xU
khepy gpuir xUtupd; mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;gpy; tpNrl rYif
toq;fNth my;yJ toq;fhjpUg;gjw;Nfh rl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rYiffs;
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; vd;gd njhlu;ghd tplaq;fis kiwj;J nrayhw;wf; $lhJ.
khepy muRfs; jkJ gpuirfSf;F toq;Fk; rYiffis Vida

khepyq;fspd; gpuirfSf;Fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ rl;lg;ghJfhg;G>
rkhjhdkhf njhopy; xd;wpy; <Lgly;> ePjp epthuzj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
,jd;gb khepy muRfs; njhlu;GgLfpd;wd.
murpayikg;gpd; 4 cWg;Giuapd; 2Mk; cggpuptpd; gb Fwpg;gpl;l khepyk; xd;wpy;

Fw;wk; xd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L NtnuhU khepyj;jpw;F jg;gpr; nry;Yk;
xUtiu ifJ nra;J mk;khepyj;jpd; cupa mjpfhupaplk; xg;gilj;jy;
Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ahNjDk; khepyk; xd;W kw;nwhU
khepyj;jpd; Fw;wthspf;F ghJfhg;G toq;ff;$ba ,lkhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ
vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
gupG+uzkhd ek;gpf;if vDk; rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa khepy

mnurhd;W fUkkhw;w Ntz;Lk;. NtW khepy muRfspd; rl;l Mtzq;fs;>
ePjpkd;w nrad;Kiwfs; njhlu;gpy; ek;gpf;if itj;J fUkkhw;w Ntz;Lk;;.
khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd ,zf;fg;ghLk; xj;Jiog;Gk;

kj;jpa muRf;Fk; khepy muRf;Fk; ,ilapyhd mjpfhuj;jpid gfpu;e;Jf;
nfhs;tJ kl;Lkpd;wp khepy muRfSf;fpilNa xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk;
,zf;fg;ghL fUjpAk; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;;fg;gLtNj mnkupf;f rk\;b Kiwapd;
Kf;fpa gz;ghFk;.
xt;nthU khepyq;fspdJk; Nghuhl;lq;fis rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;g;gjw;F

murpayikg;gpd; %yk; tpjpKiwfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khepy muRfs;
jkJ khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd rl;lg;gpur;rpidfis cr;r ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F
vLj;Jr; nry;y KbAk;. ,jw;fhf khepyq;fSf;fpilapy; Kftu; epWtdq;fs;
(Agencies) cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
khepyq;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gLk; ,zf;fg;ghl;bid fhq;fpu]; mq;fPfupf;Fk;NghJ

mt;nthg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnahg;gk; ,l;l khepyk; mjw;F fl;Lg;gl;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.
mtw;iw Njrpa ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;. ,t;thwhd
xg;ge;jq;fs; gutyhf fhzg;gLk;. mtw;wpy; rpy
1 . #oy; ghJfhg;G
2 . Fw;wj; jLg;G
3 . ePu; cupik
4 . cau; fy;tpg; gupkhw;wk;
Njrpa ePjpkd;wKk; rk\;b thjKk;

kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd mjpfhu gfpu;T vt;thW ,lk;ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf murpay; nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; jPu;khdpf;f>
mj;jifa epiyapy; murhq;fk;> ahJ nra;a Ntz;Lk;> ahUf;fhf nra;a
Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;jy; njhlu;gpy; Njrpa ePjpkd;wj; njhFjp
tpNrlkhd gzpapid epiwNtw;Wfpd;wJ.
nkf;Nyh my;yJ NkupNyz;l; tof;Fj; jPu;g;gpd; %yNk mnkupf;f cr;r

ePjpkd;Wf;F ,t;tjpfhuk; 1819Mk; Mz;L xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;tof;F
jPu;g;gpd; NghJ cr;r ePjpkd;Wf;F kj;jpa murpw;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
fhzg;gLk; mjpfhug; gfpu;tpidg; jPu;khdk; nra;a Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
fhq;fpu]; If;fpa FbauR tq;fpia cUthf;Ftjw;F eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,jw;F Nkupyhe;J khepyk; vjpu;g;gpid ntspapl;lJ.
khepyj;jpy; gjpitg; ngwhj ve;jnthU tq;fpf;Fk; gj;jhapuk; mnkupf;f
nlhyu;fs; khepyj;jpw;F tupahf nrYj;j Ntz;ba epiy vw;gl;lJ.
,t;tupapid N[k;]; tpy;ypak; nkf;Nyh[; vDk; mnkupf;f tq;fpapd; gpujhdp
nrYj;j kWj;jhu;;. Nkupyhe;J khepyj;jpd; rhu;gpy; thjpl;l tof;fwpQu;fs;
murpayikg;gpd; gb tq;fpfis Muk;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpaurpw;F
toq;fg;gltpy;iy vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ldu;.
Fwpg;gpl;l mjpfhuq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd rl;lq;fisg;

gpwg;gpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuk; kj;jpa murpw;F cz;L vdTk;> khepy
rl;lq;fSf;Fk;> kj;jpa murpd; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Kuz;ghLfs;
Njhd;Wkhapd; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fNs Nky;epiy ngWk; vd
thjplg;gl;lJ.

kj;jpa murpd; ,Wjpf; Fwpf;Nfhs; epahakhdJ vd ePjpkd;wk;
jPug;gspj;jJ. ,r;nraw;ghL murpayikg;gpw;F KuzhdJ my;y vdTk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. cs;Siu mjpfhuk; (Implied Power) Njrpa
mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghd %yjj;Jtq;fs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;tof;Fj; jPu;g;gpd; %yk; kj;jpa murpd; mjpfhuq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.
mnkupf;f rk\;b Kiwapid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ Njrpa ePjpkd;wj;

njhFjp kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;fpilNa epyTk; njhlu;G vd;gd
Kf;fpakhdjhFk; mitfshtd>
1. Njrpa ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfSf;F khepy kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rp

epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghl;bid gurPyid nra;tjw;Fs;s mjpfhuk; kj;jpa
murpd; mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rpaila fhuzkhfpaJ.
2 . khepyq;fs; my;yJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; vy;yh

nraw;ghLfisAk; Njrpa rl;lj;ij kPWk; nraw;ghLfs; vdf; $wp kj;jpa
murpd; ePjpgjpfs; Kd;dpiyapy; thjpl KbAk;. cjhuzk; : 14Mk;
jpUj;jk; njhlu;gpyhd ePjpkd;wj;jpd; tpsf;fk; (rl;lj;jpd; cupa
topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;whJ ve;jnthU khepyKk; ve;jnthU egupdJk;
capiu kha;f;fNth> Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpf;fNth KbahJ.)
3 . Njrpa rl;lq;fs; rupahdit Nkyhdit vDk; tifapy; Ml;rp

epyTfpd;wJ. vdNt khepyk; my;yJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdk; xd;wpd;
rl;lq;fisAk; tpjpKiwfisAk; kPwp kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs; tYg;ngWfpd;wd.
Nkyhd Ml;rp ,lk;ngWtJ kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lq;fs; NtW

juj;jpyhd murhq;fk; xd;wpd; rl;lq;fNshL Kuz;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
khj;jpukd;wp kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;> nfhs;iffspy;
Kuz;gLk; NghJk; tYg;ngWfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; : %yg;nghUs; fl;Lg;ghL>
ePupd;juk;> Rj;jkhd fhw;W kw;Wk; 1965 Nju;jy; rl;lk;
rk\;b gw;wpa goikthjj;;jpy; ,Ue;J Gjpa rk\;b Kiw

Nehf;fp tsUk; mnkupf;fh
If;fpa mnkupf;fh cyfpd;; KjyhtJ rk\;b KiwAs;s ehlhFk;.
MapDk; mJ rk\;bapd; goik thjg; gz;gpid Ngzp te;js;sJ.
,e;epiyapy; mnkupf;f rk\;b Kiwapidf; ftdpj;J Vida ehLfSk;
rk\;b Kiwapy; Fjpf;f Muk;gpj;jd. vt;thwpUg;gpDk; khwptUfpd;w
epyikfspd; fhuzkhf mnkupf;fh Gjpa rk\;b mbg;gilfis Nehf;fp
efu;fpd;wJ. ,jw;F gpd;tUtdtw;iw fhuzq;fshff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
 Njrpa murpd; tsu;r;rp ,J midtuJk; gq;fspg;gpd; %yk;

Vw;gl;lnjhd;whFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; khepy kl;lj;jpy; epytpa gpur;rpidfs;
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr gpur;rpidfshf khwpd. MfNt

mtw;iw rf;jpkpf;f kj;jpa murpdhy; khj;jpuNk jPu;f;f KbAk; vDk;
fUj;J tYg;ngw;wik.
 Jupj nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpahdJ Njrpa ngUe;njUf;fs; kw;Wk; tq;fpfs;
Nghd;w epWtdq;fspd; Njita czu;j;jpaik. cjhuzk; ghupa
tu;j;jfk;> ghupastpyhd tptrhak; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;fq;fs;.
 kf;fspd; kdg;ghq;F khw;wk; cjhuzk;: mtu;fs; gykhd kj;jpa
murhq;fk; xd;wpid vjpu;ghu;j;jik.
mnkupf;f murpayikg;G jpUj;j tpjpKiwfs;

(nranyhOq;Ffs;)
mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpd; rk\;bj; jd;ik Ngzg;gLk; xU re;ju;g;gkhf
murpayikg;G jpUj;j topKiwfis Fwpg;gplyhk;. Ie;jhtJ
cWg;Giuapy; Ie;jhk; jpUj;j nranyhOq;fpd; %yk; ,J
tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;F ,U Kiwfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mitfshtd>
1 . fhq;fpu]pd; ,UrigfspYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikapid

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tNjhL mJ njhlu;gpy; khepy muRfspy; 3/4 ,d;
mDkjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. khepy rl;lkd;wq;fspd; %yk;
my;yJ ,J njhlu;gpy; elhj;jg;gLk; khehl;bd; %yNkh mDkjp
toq;f KbAk;.
2 . khepy muRfSk; murpayikg;G jpUj;jq;fis Muk;gpf;f KbAk;.

khepy muRfspd; 2/3 ,w;F mjpfkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; fhq;fpu]py;
Ntz;LNfhy; tpLf;Fk;NghJ fhq;fpu]pd; murpayikg;G cUthf;f
rk;Nksdk; (Constititutional Convetion) miof;fg;gLk;. gpd;G 3/4 khepy
muRfs; mt;Nahrdia mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,e;;jpah
,e;jpa murhq;f Kiwik Xu; RUf;fkhd Nehf;F
rl;lj;Jiw mikg;G (ghuhSkd;wk;)
,Ukd;wq;fis nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w Kiwik
01. 1k; kd;wk;> fPo;rig> Nyhf;rgh vd miof;fg;gLk;.
kj;jpauir gpujpepjpj;Jt gLj;Jk; ,k;kd;wk; 552w;F Nkw;g;glhj
cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;lJ ,tu;fSs; 530 cWg;gpdu;fs; khepyq;fspypUe;J
Neubahf kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLtu; 20cWg;gpdu;fs; A+dpad;
gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J kf;fshy; njupTnra;ag;gLtu; Mq;fpNyh-,w;jpa
r%fj;jtu;fspypUe;J 2cWg;gpdu;fis [dhjpgjp epakpg;ghu;. jw;g;NghJ 1k;
kd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; njhifahdJ 545Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;rigapd;
gjtpf;fhyk; 05Mz;LfshFk; ,jd;jiytu; rghehafu; Mthu;. ,r;rig
Xu;Mz;by; ,UKiw $l;lg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

mjpfhuk;
1. ehl;bw;f;Fj;Njitahd rl;lq;fis cUthf;fy;>Njitaw;w
rl;lq;fis ePf;Fjy;
2. ek;gpf;ifapy;yhg; gpNuuid%yk; ke;jpuprigapid fz;fhdpj;J
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
3. tuTnryTjpl;lj;ij mq;fpfupj;jy;
4. ehl;bd; epjpKfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;
5. nghJkf;fspd; Fiwfis fz;lwpe;J mjidePf;Fjy;
6. ntspehl;L nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
02. 2k; kd;wk;> Nky;rig> ,uh[;argh vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,r;rig 250cWg;gpdu;fis nfhz;l gytPdkhd Xu; ,uz;lhk; kd;wkhFk;
250cWg;gpdu;fSs; 238Ngu; me;je;j khepyq;fs;> A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspypUe;J
rdj;njhiff;Nfw;g;g njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu; ,r;rigf;fhd Nju;jy;
kiwKfNju;jyhf miktNjhL Fwpg;gpl;l xU khepyj;jpw;fhd cWg;gpdu;fs;
me;je;j khepyrl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLtu; kpFjp 12Ngu;
,yf;fpak;> tpQQ; hdk;> fiy> tptrhak;> njhopEl;gk; Nghd;wtw;wpy;
mDgtk;kpf;ftu;fis [dhjpgjp epakpg;ghu; ,r;rigfiyf;fg;glhj epue;jukhd
Xu;rigahFk; 31 cWg;gpdu; 2Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw gjtptpyf mNj
vz;zpf;ifahNdhu; cs;thq;fg;gLtu; rigcWg;gpdu; xUtupd; gjtpf;fhyk;
06Mz;LfshFk; cg[dhjpgjp ,jd; jiytuhf tpsq;Fthu;
mjpfhuk;
cyfpNy gytPdkhd 2k; kd;wkhf ,r;rig tpsq;Ffpd;wj mjhtJ ,it
kNrhjhf;fis jLj;JepWj;Jk; mjpfjuj;ijNa nfhz;Ls;sJ ,jd;gb
rhjhuzk Nrhjh-06 khjk; tpNrl kNrhjh -01 khjk; Mfpa fhyj;jpw;F
jLj;J epWj;jyhk;
epu;thfj;Jiw
,UgFjpfisf;nfhz;l epu;thfj;Jiw
01-cz;ikepu;thfk;
02-ehkepu;thfk;
cz;ik epu;thfk;
ahg;gpd; 74k;> 75k; ruj;Jgb gpujkiu jiytuhff; nfhz;l Xu; mikr;ruit
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ nghJj;Nju;jy; Kbtile;jjk; ngUk;ghz;ik Mrdq;fis
ifg;gw;wp ntw;wpaPl;ba fl;rpapd; jiytiu [dhjpgjp gpujkuhf epakpg;ghu;
gpujkupd; mjpfhuk;
1. jdf;F fPo; Xu; ke;jpuprigia cUthf;fy;
2. ke;jpupkhu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia jPu;khdpj;jy;
3. ke;jpupkhu;fSf;Fupa jpizf;fsq;fis xJf;Fjy;
4. ke;jpupkhu;fSf;Fupa nfhs;iffis tFj;jy;
5. ke;jpuprigapid fhyj;Jf;Ffhyk; khw;wp mikj;jy;
6. ehkepu;thfj;jpw;F MNyhrid toq;fy;
gpujku; jiyik jhq;Fk; ke;jpuprig ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F $l;lhf nghWg;G$w
flikg;gl;Ls;sJ ,t;mikr;ruitahdJ 03 tifahd mikr;ru;fis
cs;slf;fpaJ

1. fgpdl; mikr;ru;fs;
2. khepy mikr;ru;fs;
3. Jiz mikr;ru;fs;
,e;jpa murhq;f Kiwapy; gpujku; gjtp Kjd;ikahd ,lj;ij ngWfpd;wJ
murhq;fj;jpd; cz;ik epu;thfpahf gpujkNu tpsq;Ffpd;whu;
ehkepu;thfk;
[dhjpgjp murpd;jiytu;> murhq;fj;jpd; jiytu;> Ml;rpj;Jiwapd;jiytu;
MAjk; jhq;fpa gilfspd; jiytu; vd;W tpspj;jhYk; ,tu; Xu;
ehkepu;thfpahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;whu; ,tu; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjw; Fbkfd;
(buh];gjp) vdTk; mtu;thOk; ,lk; (buh];gjpgtd;) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;
[dhjpgjpahdtu; kf;fshy; kiwKfkhf Nju;thsu; fofk; xd;wpd; %yk;
njupT njupthfpd;whu;. [dhjpgjp Nju;jy; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd;
gb elhj;jg;gLk; Nju;thsu; fofj;jpw;f;F kj;jpa ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;>
khepy rl;l kd;w cWg;gpdufs; MfpNahiu kf;fs; njupT nra;a ,tu;fs;
[dhjpgjpia njupT nra;tu;. ,j;Nju;jypy; Rkhu; 5000Ngu; thf;fspg;gu;
,tw;Ws; ngWk; ghd;ikia ngw;Wf; nfhs;gtu; [dhjpgjpahthu;.
[dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 05 Mz;Lfs; MFk;.
mjpfhuk;
rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuk; epu;thf mjpfhuk; ePjp mjpfhuk;
1. rpk;khrdg; gpurq;fk; 1. gpujkiu epakpj;jy; 1. Fw;wthspfSf;F
epfo;j;Jjy; 2. mikr;ru;fis kd;dpg;G toq;fy;>
2. ghuhSkd;wj;ij epakpj;jy; jz;lidf;
$l;ly;> fiyj;jy;> 3. khepy MSdiu fhyj;ij Fiwj;jy;
xj;jpitj;jy; epakpj;jy; Vida mjpfhuk;
3. ghuhSkd;wpy; 4. cau;ePjpkd;w 2. murpd; Mizfis
cs;s epakd epjpgjpfis gpwg;gpj;jy;
cWg;gpdu;fis epakpj;jy; 3. xg;ge;jq;fs;>
epakpj;jy; 5. Nju;jy; nrhj;Jf;fis
4. ghuhSkd;w Mizahdiu ifahSjy;
Kuz;ghLfis epakpj;jy; 4. murhq;fj;jpw;F
jPu;j;Jitj;jy; 6. rl;lkh mjpgiu topfhl;ly;
5. kNrhjhf;fSf;F epakpj;jy;
,Wjp xg;gkply; 7. fzf;fhsu;
ehafj;ij
epakpj;jy;
ePjpj;Jiw
ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fSf;F tpsf;fkspf;Fk; ePjpj;Jiw ePjpgjpfs;
epakdk;> gjtpfhJfhg;G> ntspahu;jiyaPL vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahf
nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ
fl;likg;G
1. cau;ePjpkd;wk;
2. Nkd;KiwaPl;LePjpkd;wk;
3. khepyePjpkd;wk;
4. khtl;lePjpkd;wk;
5. tl;lhuePjpkd;wk;
6. ,uhZtePjpkd;wk;

cau;ePjpkd;wk;
gpujkePjpauriuAk; Vida 25 ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;l cau;mikg;ghFk;
,tu;fs; gpujkrpghu;Rgb [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;g Lfpd;wdu; ,tu;fs; 65taJ
tiu gjtpapypUg;gu; ,jd; epiyahd ,Ug;gplk; GJby;ypapy; mike;Js;sJ
mjpfhuk;
1. kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfis jPu;j;jy;
2. rl;lj;ij kPWNthu;kPJ eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;
3. kf;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;
4. murpay;jpl;lj;jpYs;s gpur;rpidfis jPu;j;jy;
5. kj;jpa>khepy muRfSf;F ,ilapy; cwTfis NgDjy;
murpaw;fl;rpfs;
,e;jpahtpDila murpaw; fl;rpfs; FWfpafhy murpay; tuyhW nfhz;ljhf
tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,d> kj> rhjp> nghUshjhu uPjpahf gy;NtWgl;l murpaw;
fl;rpfis fhzyhk;
1. ghujPa [djh fl;rp
2. fhq;fpu]; fl;rp
3. fk;A+dpr fl;rp
4. jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;w fofk;
5. mz;zh jpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;w fofk;
,e;jpa rk\;b Kiwik

,e;jpa murpayikg;G 1950Mk; Mz;L rdtup 26Me; jpfjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J 395 cWg;GiufSk; 09 mj;jpahaq;fisAk; nfhz;l ePz;l MtzkhFk;.
,e;jpa rk\;b murpd; murpayikg;gpw;F Vw;g gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfspd;
xd;wpizg;ghFk; (Union of States). ,J kj;jpa murhq;fj;ijAk; 29
gpuhe;jpaq;fisAk; 09 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhFk;.
gpuhe;jpa murhq;fq;fSf;Fk; (State) A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fkpilapy; (Union

Territories) Kf;fpa NtWghnlhd;W cz;L. khepy muRfSf;F
murpayikg;gpd; %yNk toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ rk\;b KiwahFk;. mtw;wpy;
kf;fshy; Neubahfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; rl;lkd;wKk;> mikr;ruitAk;
cz;L. khepy MSeu; kj;jpa muirg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdhYk; khepy
murpd; epiwNtw;W fUkq;fs; njhlu;gpy; MSeUf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
mjpfhuq;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vdpDk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; nghJthf kj;jpa murpdhNyNa

epUtfpf;fg;gLk;. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s VO A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; Ie;J kj;jpa
murpd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sd. ,tw;wpy; rl;lkd;wq;fs; ,y;iy. ,jw;F
tpjptpyf;fhf ,e;jpahtpd; jiyefuhd GJby;yp> kw;Wk; GJr;Nrup
(Puducherry) Mfpa ,U A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; (Union Territories) MFk;.
,it ,uz;bYk; rl;lkd;wq;fSk;> epiwNtw;W fUkq;fSf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
mikr;ruitAk; cz;L. kj;jpa murpd; gpujpepjpahf Jizepiy MSeu;
(Lieutenant Governor) nraw;gLthu;.

,e;jpa rk\;b Kiwapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
rk\;b mikg;gpidf; nfhz;l ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk;
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; rpytw;iw fPo;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
a) Neubahf rk\;bj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;jhik: ,e;jpa murpy; fhzg;gLk;

rk\;bj; jd;ik murpayikg;gpy; Neubahf fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;
“khepyq;fspd; xd;wpak;” vd;Nw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa Ml;rp Kiw
rk\;bah xw;iwahl;rpah vd;gJ murpayikg;gpy; Neubahf
ntspg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
b) rk\;bf;Fupa jd;ikfs; fhzg;gLjy;: xw;iwahl;rp kw;Wk; rk\;bahl;rp

vd;gij Neubahf ntspg;gLj;jhtpbDk; ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLtJ rk\;b
KiwahFk;. murpayikg;gpy; khepy muRfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;> kj;jpa
khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; mjpfhuq;fisg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy; vd;gd
njspthff; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
c) ghjpr;rk\;b: murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Fk;NghJ mjpy; fhzg;gl;l

xw;iwahl;rpg; gz;Gfs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf khepy muRffis
epu;tfpj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;iwf; fiyg;gJ njhlu;gpy; muRf;Fs;s
mjpfhuq;fs; fhuzkhf ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig “miuFiw rk\;b
Kiw" vd rpy Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;.
d) tYtile;J tUk; rk\;b Kiwik: vdpDk; fle;j MW jrhg;gjq;fshf

,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp rk\;bKiwapid kpfTk;
tYthf;fpAs;sJ. ,jpy; gpujhd %d;W fhuzq;fs; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpAs;sd.
i. khepyf;fl;rpfspd; nry;thf;F:
khepy muRfspd; RahjPdj;jpw;fhf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy;
mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;buhj rpwpa murpay; fl;rpfs; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd;
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;L khepy muRfSf;fhf njhlu;e;J
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLjy;. cjhuzk;: m]hk; fz guprj;> [k;K
fh\kPu; khehl;Lf; fl;rp
ii. gpujhd fl;rpfSf;F vjpuhf nraw;gLk; khepyf;fl;rpfs;:

,e;jpahtpy; gy;NtW khepyq;fspy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; mjpfhuk;
kpf;f fl;rpfshd fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; ghujpa [djh fl;rpfSf;F
vjpuhd fl;rpfs; mjpfhuj;jpid ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs;
fhzg;gly; kw;Wk; mf;fl;rpfs; khepyq;fspd; jd;dhjpf;fj;jpw;fhf
(Regional Autonomy) mf;fiwAld; nraw;gl;lik fle;j rpy
jrhg;jq;fshf ,e;jpa murpaypy; fhzf;fpilj;j tpNrl gz;ghFk;.
iii. cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fuk; NkNyhq;Fjy;:

kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; khepy murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy;
fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfs; (inter - state relations)> khepyq;fspd;
Rje;jpuj;ij nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; tiutpyf;fzk; nra;tjw;F
,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wk; fhl;Lk; mf;fiw.
tpNrlkhf murpayikg;gpd; 352 MtJ cWg;Giuapd; fPo; mtrufhy

mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jkf;F vjpuhd fl;rpfs; Ml;rpapy;
,Uf;Fk; khepyq;fisf; fiyj;J tpLtjw;Ff; fhq;fpu]; Nghd;Nw
ghuhjpa [djh fl;rp murhq;fKk; Kaw;rpj;j gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jiyapl;L mt;thW fiyg;gJ murpayikg;Gf;F
KuzhdJ vdj; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ.
jj;jkJ mjpfhuk; njhlu;gpy; kj;jpa kw;Wk; khepy

murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd fUj;J NtWghLfspd; NghJ
khepyq;fspd; RahjPdj;ij ghJfhj;Jf; nfhLg;gjw;F cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
mjpf mf;fiw fhl;b tUfpd;wik fle;j rpy jrhg;jq;fshf
tsu;r;rpaile;J te;Js;s Gjpa gz;ghFk;.
,t;thW murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giufis nghUs;Nfhly; nra;jjd;

%yk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; rk\;bg; gz;Gfis kpfTk; rf;jp
kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;F cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F Kbe;Js;sJ.
e. mjpfhug; gq;fPl;by; rkr;rPuw;wj; jd;ik: mjpfhug; gq;fPl;by;

khepyq;fspilNa rkr;rPuw;wj; jd;ik (Asymmeetical Power - Sharing)
fhzg;gLjy; vd;gJ ,e;jpa rk\;b Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk; kw;WnkhU
tpNrl gz;ghFk;. rk\;b myFfSf;F gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs;
rk mstpy; ,y;iy vd;gJk;> rpy gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F Vida
gpuhe;jpaq;fis tplTk; mjpfhuk; cz;L vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
cjhuzk; : Ik;K> fh\;kPu;> Nfhth> gQ;rhg;> mrhk;> ehfyhe;J>
epNrhuhk;> kdpg;G+u;> rpf;fpk; Mfpa khepyq;fSf;F Vida khepyq;fis
tplf; $Ljy; mjpfhuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;khepyq;fspd; kf;fs;
,af;fq;fSk; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; mtw;Wf;F
mjpfg;gbahd Rahl;rpia toq;FtJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
f. rhj;tPf Kiwapy; mike;j Gjpa khepyf; Nfhup;f;iffs;: ,e;jpahtpy;

Gjpa khepyq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy; vjpu;g;Gf;fs; fhzg;gbDk; xg;gPl;L
uPjpapy; mJ mikjpahdJk; td;Kiwfsw;wJkhd nraw;ghlhfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rl;b];fhu; (Chhattisgarh)> cj;jufhz;l; Mfpa
khepyq;fs; 2000Mk; Mz;bYk; 2004Mk; Mz;by; njYq;fhdh khepyKk;
Gjpjhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd;gb Gjpa khepyq;fis Vw;gLj;jTk;>
,Uf;fpd;w khepyq;fisg; gpupg;gjw;Fk; mjd; cs;sf vy;iyfis
khw;wpaikg;gjw;Fk;> r%fj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;fpzq;f Gjpa
khepyq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; ,e;jpa rk\;b Kiwapy; fhzg;gLk;
nefpo;TWjd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfshFk;.

g. mjpfupj;J tUk; khepy mjpfhuq;fs;: mJ khepy muRfSf;Fr; Rahl;rp
mjpfhuj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; ntspg;ghl;bidf; fhl;Lk; tifapy;
gazpj;jpUg;gJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; mz;ikf;fhy Nghf;fhFk;.
h. murpay;> r%f> fyhrhu khw;wq;fs; ,e;jpahtpd; rk\;bj; jd;ikia

mjpfup;f;fpd;wJ: murpay; gd;ikthjKk;> murpd; rk\;bAk; ,e;jpa
kf;fspd; murpay; mwptpYk;> ,e;jpa murpay; fyhrhuj;jpYk; gpujhd
nfhs;if mk;rkhf khwpAs;sik ,e;jpa rk\;b Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;
rf;jpkpf;fjhff; fhzg;gLtjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzpahFk;.
,e;jpa rk\;bapd; mbg;gil

,e;jpa rk\;bapd; mbg;gilfis fPo;tUk; gz;Gfspd; fPo; fye;Jiuahlyhk;.
01. gykhd kj;jpa muR: ,e;jpa murpd; ngsjpfj; jd;ikapd; fhuzkhf
mjid xw;iwahl;rp munrhd;whf Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;a KbahJ.
vdNt ,jw;fhd rpwe;j jPu;T rk\;bahFk;. vdpDk; mjw;fhf gykhd
kj;jpa murhq;fk; xd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fSk;
fhzg;gl;ld. mitahtd
i. gykhd kj;jpa munrhd;wpd; Njit Fwpj;j ru;tNjr mDgtq;fs;
(mnkupf;fh> fdlh> mT];Nuypah).
ii. ,e;jpa ghfp];jhd; gpuptpdhy; Vw;gl;l frg;ghd mDgtq;fs; Clhf
kPz;Lk; ,e;jpah murpay; uPjpahd gpuptiltjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fisj;
jLg;gjw;fhd Njit.
iii. ghfp];jhdpy; Vw;gl;l gifik czu;T fhuzkhf ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gj;
njhlu;gpy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
iv. KO ,e;jpahitAk; If;fpag;gLj;jpa fl;rpnahd;W fhzg;gLjy;.
(,e;jpa fhq;fpu];)
v. gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l kj;jpa kag;gLj;jg;gl;l
Ml;rp Kiw kw;Wk; mjd; fl;likg;Gfisj; njhlu;e;J Kd;ndLj;jy;.
vd;gd mitahFk;.
tuyhw;W uPjpahf Nehf;Fk;NghJ FbNaw;wthj Ml;rpapd; fPo; gpupj;jhdpah

,e;jpahit xw;iwahl;rp KiwapNyNa Ml;rp nra;jJ. 1935 ahg;Gr;
rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpy; rk\;br; rhaiyf; nfhLf;f Kad;whYk; ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghu; fhuzkhf mJ njhlu;e;Jk; xw;iwahl;rp murhfNt
tYg;ngw;wJ. NkYk; RahjPd muRfshf ,Ue;j kd;du; Ml;rp epytpa
ehLfs; (Princely States) ,e;jpahTld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;lik mf;fhyj;jpy;
,lk;ngw;w xd;whFk;.
mjw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;j mjpfhuk;> epjp mjpfhuk; kw;Wk;

mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khepy murhq;fq;fs; kPJ
rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iwg; gupghypg;gjw;Fkhd kj;jpa
muRf;Fs;s rl;l uPjpahdJk;> eilKiw rhu;e;jJkhd ,aYik
fhzg;gLtJk; ,e;jpahtpd; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; gyk; epiyj;jpUg;gjw;fhd
fhuzkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLtJ miuFiw rk\;b vDk; thjj;jpw;Fg;
gykhd kj;jpa muR fhzg;gLtJ fhuzkhfpAs;sJ.

02. nefpo;Tjd;ik: ,e;jpa rk\;b Kiwapd; nefpo;Tj;jd;ikahdJ kj;jpa
murhq;fk; khepy murhq;fq;fis kpifj;Jr; nraw;gLtjd; kPJ
fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;fhf murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jq;fisf;
nfhz;Ltuj; Njitapy;iy. murpayikg;gpd; jpUj;j nrad;KiwAk;
nefpo;Tj;jd;ik cilajhFk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; mNefkhd
rk\;bg; gz;Gfis ghuhSkd;wpd; ,U rigfspdJk; mWjp;
ngUk;ghd;ikapd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;. mt;thW khw;wpaikf;f
50% khepyq;fspd; mDkjp ngwg;gl;L rdhjpgjpapd; xg;gKk; mDkjpAk;
Njitg;gLk;. kj;jpa murpd; tpUg;gpd;gb gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. Muk;gj;jpy; nkhop vDk; epajpia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L 17 gpuhe;jpaq;fshf Muk;gkhd ,e;jpa muRfspd; xd;wpak;
(Union of States) jw;NghJ ,dk;> kjk;> gpuNjr jdpj;Jtk; Nghd;w r%fg;
gy;tifikfspd; mbg;gilapy; khepyq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
,jd;gb ,e;jpa rk\;b Kiwapy; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; nkhop> kjk;>
gpuNjr gy;tifikfis Ml;rpf; fl;likg;gpd; %yk; ntspg;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,jd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUthFk;.
03. rl;l cUthf;f cwT: rk\;b Kiwapd; ikag;gz;ghff; fUjg;gLtJ

rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; gq;fplg;gl;L
,Ug;gjhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfhug; gq;fPl;by; %d;Wgl;bay;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:
i. kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s 97 tplaq;fs; (kj;jpa muRg;

gl;bay;)
ii. khepy murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s 66 tplaq;fs; (khepy muRg;
gl;bay;)
iii. ,U muRfSk; mDgtpf;ff;$ba mjpfhuq;fs; 47 (xj;jpaq;Fk;
gl;bay;)
vDk; tifapy; tpjpKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;L %d;W gl;bay;fspy; mjpfhuq;fs;
gq;fplg;gl;Ls;sd. mit tUkhW
kj;jpa muRg; gl;bay; khepy muRg; gl;bay; xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;bay;

1. ghJfhg;G 1. kf;fs; eyNdhk;gy;
2. ntsptptfhuk; 1. tptrhak;. 2. njhopyhsu;
3. njhlu;ghly; 2. fhzp tplaq;fs; gpur;rpidfs;
4. epjp 3. tu;j;jf VfNghf
3. re;ijfs;
5. tup cupik
6. ntspehl;L kw;Wk; 4. ge;jak; kw;Wk; 4. mj;jpatrpag;
khepyq;fSf;fpilap #jhl;lk;. nghUl;fs;
yhd tu;j;jfk; 5. vupthA kw;Wk;
7. fk;gdpfisg; gjpT vupthAg; nghUl;fs;.
nra;jy;
8. tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; 6. Rfhjhuk;> kw;Wk;
kUj;Jtk;.
fhg;GWjp
9. Ruq;fj; njhopy; 7. fy;tp
10. rpy fy;tp
epWtdq;fs; 8. tu;j;jfk;
Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; 9. ngUe;njUf;fs;
epWtdj; njhlu;Gfs;
kj;jpaurpw;F ,k;%d;W gl;bay;fspYk; mlq;fhj NtW rpy mjpfhuq;fSk;

xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;bay; njhlu;gpy; kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fSk;
khepy muRfspd; rl;lq;fSk; Kuz;gLk;NghJ kj;jpa murpd; rl;lq;fNs
NkNyhq;Fk;. Mjyhy; khepy muRfspd; rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
gue;jjy;y.
vt;thwhapDk; mtw;Wf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fs; kf;fspd; tho;Tld;

gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sd vdyhk;. rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; Ngzy;> tptrhaKk;
ePu;ghrdKk; ,tw;Ws; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. kj;jpa murpd; rl;lq;fspy;
Xustpw;Ff; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; mfo;Tf; ifj;njhopy;fis epUtfpf;f
KbAk;. fy;tp khepyq;fSf;F cupaJ.
Rfhjhuk;> ePu;g;ghrdk;> ngUe;njUf;fs;> tu;j;jfk; vd;gd khepyq;fSf;F

cupad. ,it xj;jpaq;F gl;baypy; cs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpYk;
rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;f KbAk;. kj;jpa muNrhL Kuz;gl;l khepy
rl;lq;fSf;F rdhjpgpjpapd; xg;Gjy; fpilf;Fkhapd; mit
Vw;GilatdthFk;.
nghJthfr; rk\;b munrhd;wpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; kj;jpa khepy
muRfSf;fpilapyhd mjpfhug; gq;fPL nefpo;tw;w (cWjp kpf;f) jd;ikiaf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;. xUJiwapdhy; kw;WnkhU Jiwapid ghjpg;gilar; nra;a
KbahJ. ahg;Gj; jpUj;jq;fSf;fhd tpjpKiwfSk; fbdkhdit.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; jdpj;Jtkhd rpy tpjpKiwfshy; XusT
nefpo;Tj; jd;ikapid mJ nfhz;Ls;sJ. xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;baypy; kj;jpa
khepy muRfspd; njhlu;Gfspy; XusT nefpo;Tj; jd;ik fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rdhjpgjp mDkjpg;ghuhapd; khepy rl;lq;fs; kj;jpa muRld; Kuz;gl;lhYk;
mit eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; vDk; jj;Jtj;jpw;F Vw;g nefpo;r;rp NkYk;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fspd; fPo; kj;jpa muR> khepyq;fspd; tplaq;fspd; kPJ
rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;f KbAk;. ,uh[;a rghtpd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fspy; 2/3
gq;F cWg;gpdu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fshapd; khepyq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; xU tUlj;jpw;F eilKiwapy; ,Uf;ff; $bathW
rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;f KbAk;. mtw;iw ePbg;gjhapd; tUlhe;jk;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; Nahrid Kd;itf;fg;gl;L Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk;: 1950 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; tpiy
epu;za rl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpy; NtW rk\;b muRfisg; Nghd;W gpuhe;jpa
murhq;fq;fSf;F> kj;jpa rl;lrigapy; rkkhd cWg;gpdu;fs; fpilg;gjpy;iy
vd;gij Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F xJf;fpf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy mjpfuq;fis Njrpa

ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; XusT fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. gpuhe;jpaj;jhy; nrhj;Jf;fis
ifg;gw;Wk; NghJ my;yJ kPsf; ifaspf;Fk; NghNjh mJ nry;Ygbahtjw;F
rdhjpgjpapd; mDkjp mtrpakhFk;. ,jd;%yk; nrhj;Jf;fis ifg;gw;Wjy;

kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;F el;l<Lfis toq;Ftij cWjpg;gLj;j kj;jpa muRf;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
fhzp njhlu;ghd rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpj;jy; mbg;gil cupikfspy; ,Ue;J
tpLtpf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk; khepy muRfs; mJ njhlu;gpy; rl;lq;fisg;
gpwg;gpf;Fk;NghJ rdhjpgjpapd; xg;Gjy; mtrpakhFk;. khepy MSeUf;F
khepyj;jpdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fisr; rdhjpgjpapd; mDkjpf;fhf
jLj;Jitf;fTk; KbAk;.
04. epjpj; njhlu;Gfs;: ntw;wpfukhd rk\;b Kiwf;F kj;jpa khepy
muRfspd; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd Nghjpa epjp fhzg;gl Ntz;baJ
mj;jpatrpakhFk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G ,J njhlu;gpy; njspthd
fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. gpuhe;jpaq;fs; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tup Kiwfspd; fPo; tup mwtpLk;
cupik kj;jpauRf;FupajhFk;. mNjNghy; KOehl;bw;Fk; xNutpjkhd
tupKiw Njitg;gLk; ,lj;J mjw;fhd mjpfhuKk; kj;jpa muRf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gpuhe;jpa muRfSf;Fk; ahg;gpdhy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l
tupapid mwptpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
,j;jifa rpf;fyw;w tupf;nfhs;ifapd; fhuzkhf mit Kuz;glhJ.

vdpDk; ,jd; %yk; rpf;fy; xd;Wk; vOe;Js;sJ. mjhtJ
khepyq;fSf;fhd tup NghJkhdjd;W vd;gjhFk;. ,g;gpur;rpidia
jPu;g;gjw;fhf tupg;gfpu;T kw;Wk; md;gspg;G vDk; ,U Kiwfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
tupg;gfpu;T vd;gJ kj;jpa murpd; tup tUkhdj;ij gpuhe;jpaq;fSld;
gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;syhFk;. tUkhd tupapidf; fl;lhakhfg;
gfpu;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Rq;ftup tpUg;gj;jpd; ngaupy;
gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gLk;. NjitNaw;gLk; khepyq;fSf;F kj;jpauR
md;gspg;Gfisr; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
kj;jpa muRf;Fupa tupKiwfs; khepy muRfSf;fhd tuptiffs;

1. tptrhak; rhuh tup 1. fhzp tup
2. ,iwtup 2. fhzp tUkhd tup
3. Rq;ftup 3. ehza tup
4. fk;gdp tup 4. tptrhaj;jpd; kPjhd tup
5. %yjd tup 5. tptrhaf; fhzp nrhj;Jf;fs;
6. nrhj;J tup kPjhd tup
7. khepyq;fSf;fpilNaahd tu;j;jf 6. fQ;rh kw;Wk; Nghijg;nghUs;
eltbf;if tup kPjhd tup
8. kuz tup
9. Kj;jpiu tup
10. Xa;T+jpa tup
11. tpw;gidf; nfhs;tdT tup
12. gj;jpupif tup
13. gq;Fr; re;ij kPjhd tup

05. epu;thf cwTfs;: kj;jpa muRf;F cupj;jhd vy;yhj;JiwfisAk; jkJ
epu;thf Ml;rp Kiwf;F Vw;w tifapy; gupghydk; nra;J nfhs;s
$btthNw ,e;jpa epu;thf Kiw fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. NjitNaw;gbd;
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfis khepy muRfisf; nfhz;L
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
khepyq;fs; jkJ epu;thfg; nghwpKiwfspd; %yk; jkJ Njitfis

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;. mj;Jld; cld;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; kj;jpa
muRf;Ff; ifaspf;fTk; KbAk;. xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;baypy; cs;s
tplaq;fSf;F ,J nghUe;Jk;. nghJthf ,g;gl;bay; khepy
muRfshNyNa epUtfpf;fg;gLk;.
vdpDk; Njrpa ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; mt;tidj;J tplaq;fisAk;

gupghydk; nra;Ak; nghUl;L kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;Ltu
KbAk;. khepy murpd; epu;thfk; vt;thW mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid
kj;jpa muR topelj;jTk;. MNyhrid toq;fTk; KbAk;. ,q;F Njrpa
uPjpapy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tplaq;fis topelj;jpr; nry;Yk; tifapy;
gpuhe;jpaq;fis kj;jpa muR ifahsyhk;.
06. murhq;fq;fSf;fpilNaahd Kuz;ghLfs;

cs;sf murhq;fq;fSf;F ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghl;L jPu;tpd;NghJ ,e;jpa cr;r
ePjp kd;wk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. khepyq;fs; my;yJ khepy kj;jpa
muRf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; rl;luPjpahd Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fj;
Njitahd mbg;gil ePjp mjpfhuk; cr;r ePjpkd;Wf;F cupaJ.
cs;sf murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; my;yJ nghJkf;fspd;
Kf;fpa mgpyhi\fs; njhlu;gpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wpd; fUj;jpid mwpe;Jnfhs;s
rdhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd ePu; gad;ghL gw;wpa gpur;rpidfis Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tJ kj;jpa murpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;Tf;fhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
kw;WnkhU epWtdk; rdhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; khepyq;fq;fSf;fhd
rigahFk;. Kuz;ghLfSf;F VJthf mike;j fhuzq;fisj; Njbawpe;J
Kuz;ghLfisj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd gupe;Jiufis toq;FtNj ,jd;
gzpahFk;.
miuFiw rk\;b vd;Dk; tifapy; ,e;jpah
,e;jpa rk\b KiwahdJ> 29 khepyq;fisAk; 09 a+dpad; gpuNjrq;fisAk;
nfhz;like;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf ,e;jpah $l;lhl;rpj;
jd;ikfisAk; mjw;F vjpuhd xw;iwahl;rpj; jd;ikfisAk; xUq;Nf
nfhz;L mike;Js;sJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf ,e;jpah xU mu;j;j my;yJ ghjp
rk\;b vd;W tpku;rpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd tplaq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW
Nehf;f KbAk;.
,e;jpahtpd; $l;lhl;rpj; jd;ikfs; my;yJ rk\;bj; jd;ikfs;.

1. vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G fhzg;gLjy;: ,e;jpa murpayikg;G 1950Mk;
Mz;L rdtup 26Me; jpfjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 395 cWg;GiufSk; 09
mj;jpahaq;fisAk; nfhz;l ePz;l MtzkhFk;.
2. XusT nefpohj; jd;ik nfhz;l murpayikg;G: ,q;F rpy
jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L
ngUk;ghd;ikAk;> NtW rpy jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
%d;wpy; ,uz;L ngUk;ghd;ikAld; miuthrpf;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspd;
rk;kjKk; mtrpakhFk;.
3. tYthd ePjpg; Gduha;T ngw;w ePjpj;Jiw: kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;

khepy murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;Gfs; (inter - state
relations)> khepyq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ij nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy;
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;tjw;F ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wk; fhl;Lk; mf;fiw.
tpNrlkhf murpayikg;gpd; 352 MtJ cWg;Giuapd; fPo; mtrufhy

mjpfhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jkf;F vjpuhd fl;rpfs; Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk;
khepyq;fisf; fiyj;J tpLtjw;Ff; fhq;fpu]; Nghd;Nw ghuhjpa [djh
fl;rp murhq;fKk; Kaw;rpj;j gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
jiyapl;L mt;thW fiyg;gJ murpayikg;Gf;F KuzhdJ vdj;
jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ.
4. kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ rig fhzg;gLjy;: kj;jpa

ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; khepyq;fspd; eyd;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak;
Nehf;fpy; ,uz;lhtJ kd;wk; xd;W ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk; ,e;j tifapy;
,e;jpahtpy; uh[;a rgh fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
07. mjpfhug; gq;fPL: rk\;b Kiwapd; gpujhd gz;ghff; fUjg;gLtJ

rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; kj;jpa khepy muRfSf;fpilapy; gq;fplg;gl;L
,Ug;gjhFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfhug; gq;fPl;by; %d;W gl;bay;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mitahtd:
i. kj;jpa murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s 97 tplaq;fs; (kj;jpa muRg;

gl;bay;)
ii. khepy murpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;s 66 tplaq;fs; (khepy muRg;
gl;bay;)
iii. ,U muRfSk; mDgtpf;ff;$ba mjpfhuq;fs; 47 (xj;jpaq;Fk;
gl;bay;)
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; $l;lhl;rpf;F vjpuhd jd;ikfs;

01. $l;lhl;rp vd;w nrhy; murpay; ahg;gpNyNa fpilahJ khwhf
“khepyq;fspd; xd;wpak;” vd;Nw cs;sJ.
02. nghJthf rk\;b ehLfpspy; ,ul;ilf; FbAupikNa fhzg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; mkupf;fh. Mdy; ,e;jpahtpy; xw;iwf; FbAupikNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

03. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpw;Nf cupj;jhd mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fs;: ,jd;fPo;
,e;jpa kj;jpa muR xw;iwahl;rp murhf ,aq;f KbAk;. ,J ahg;gpd;
352 njhlf;fk; 360 tiuapyhd cWg;Giufs; %yk; kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpw; F
fpilj;Js;sJ. cjhuzk; :- ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpw;F Vw;g cs;sf
my;yJ ntspthupahd vjpu;g;nghd;W cUthfpAs;sJ vdf; fUJkplj;J
mtrufhyj;ijg; gpufldk; nra;a KbAk;. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;
,UrigfspYk; mDkjp ngwhjtplj;J ,U khjfhyj;jpw;Fs; mJ
,uj;jhFk;. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpuhe;jpa muRfSf;F khj;jpuk;
cupj;jhd mjpfhuq;fs; kPJ rl;lq;fis tpjpf;f KbAk;. ,J ntFthf
tpku;rdj;jpw;Fs;shfpAs;s Xu; mjpfhukhFk;. MapDk; kj;jpauR
jkf;nfjpuhd fl;rpfs; Ml;rpaikj;Js;s khepyq;fisf; fiyg;gjw;fhf
mtrufhy mjpfhuj;ijj; jd;dpr;irahfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;w
Fw;wr;rhl;L gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vOe;Js;sJ. mt;tjpfhuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jk; murpayikg;G Vw;ghl;il ,e;jpa cr;r ePjpkd;wk; gy
jlitfs; epuhfupj;Js;sJ.
04. khepyq;fspilNa rkkhd epiy fpilahJ. [k;K fh\kPu; khepyj;jpw;F

rpwg;G me;j];j;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mq;F mnjw;nfd jdpahd
murpay; ahg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
05. Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT ahg;gpd; nefpohj; jd;ik fhzg;glhik.
06. mjpfhug;gq;fPl;y; kj;jpa muR mjpf mstpyhd mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sik.
07. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,uz;lhtJ rigapy; khepyq;fSf;F rk gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,y;iy. cjhuzk;: gQ;rhg; - 01> fh\;kPu; - 02> jkpo;ehL 07> fu;ehlfk; -
12
08. khepy muRfspy; Kf;fpa nghWg;Gf;fis tfpf;fpd;w IAS> IPS
mjpfhupfis kj;jpa muNr epakpf;fpd;wik.
09. khepy muRfisf; fiyf;fpd;w mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L.
10. ehL KOtJk; xw;iw ePjpj;Jiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
11. khepyj;jpd; ngausT epu;thfj; jiytuhd MSeu; [dhjpgjpahy;
epakpf;fg;gl;L nghWg;Gs;s mjpfhuk; kpf;ftuhfj; jpfo;fpd;whu;.
12. khepyq;fs; epjptrjpf;fhf kj;jpa muirr; rhu;e;Nj cs;sd.
13. kj;jpa murhq;fk; jhd; tpUk;gpa Neuj;jpy; kj;jpa murpd; Ml;rpia
khepyq;fspy; cUthf;fyhk;.
,tw;iw tpl gpd;tUk; 03 Kf;fpa Vw;ghLfSk; $l;lhl;rpf;F vjpuhd
jd;ikfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
01. rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtNjhL njhlu;ghd
Vw;ghLfs;.
02. epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtNjhL njhlu;ghd
Vw;ghLfs;.
03. kj;jpa khepy muRf;fpilapyhd epjp cjtpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
Vw;gLfs;.
01. rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtNjhL njhlu;ghd
Vw;ghLfs;.
i. xj;jpaq;F gl;bay; mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ kj;jpa
khepy muRfspilNa Nkhjy; Vw;gLkhapd; kj;jpa murhq;f
rl;lNk Nkyhdjhff; fUjg;gLk;.
ii. xj;jpaq;F gl;baNyhL rk;ke;jkhd xU tplak; njhlu;ghf khepy
muR rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;Fk; NghJ mr;rl;lj;Jld; Gjpa
gFjpiar; Nru;f;fTk;> mjid khw;wTk; KOikahf mfw;wTk;
kj;jpa muRf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
iii. khepy muRf;Fupa xU tplak; njhlu;ghf khepy muR ,aw;wpa
rl;lk; njhlu;ghf uj;J mjpfhuj;ijg; gpwg;gpf;f kj;jpa murpd;
[dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
iv. khepyq;fs; mitapd; jPu;khdk; xd;wpd; %yk; kj;jpa muR
rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;f KbAk;.
v. ,e;jpah ifr;rhj;jpLk; midj;J ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs;
njhlu;ghf KO ,e;jpahtpYk; nry;YgbahFk; rl;lq;fis
cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa muRf;F cz;L.
vi. nghJ mtrufhy epiy> khepyq;fNshL njhlu;ghd mtrufhy
epiy> epjp mtrufhy epiy Mfpa 03 re;ju;g;gq;fspYk;
khepyq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa muRf;F cz;L.
02. epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;JtNjhL njhlu;ghd

Vw;ghLfs;.
i. rpy fUkq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;JkhW khepyq;fisg; gzpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; kj;jpa muRf;F cz;L.
ii. rpy tplaq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F mfpy ,e;jpahtpYk;
nry;YgbahFk; tifapy; rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
kj;jpa muRf;F cz;L.
iii. Kjyikr;ru;fSf;F vjpuhf Mizf;FOf;fis epakpf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; kj;jpa muRf;F cz;L.
iv. mfpy ,e;jpa epu;thf Nritiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa
muRf;F cz;L.
03. kj;jpa khepy muRf;fpilapyhd epjp cjtpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;

Vw;gLfs;.
i. rfy gpujhd tupfisAk; tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpa murpw;Nf
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ii. epjp Mizf;FO> jpl;lkply; Mizf;FO vd;gdtw;wpd; %yk;
khepyq;fSf;F toq;Fk; epjpia kj;jpa muR fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.

iii. khepyq;fs; NtW %yhjhuq;fspy; ,Ue;J epjpiag; ngWtjw;F
kj;jpa murpd; Kd; mDkjpiag; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
RUf;fkhff; $wpd; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G xU kuG uPjpahd $l;lhl;rpapy;
fhzg;gLfpd;w $l;lhl;rpg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wNghjpYk; mtrufhy
epyikfisAk;> Nghu; epyikfisAk; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L $l;lhl;rpf;F vjpuhd
gz;Gfs; GFj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gilfs;
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murpayikg;gpw;F mika me;ehl;bd; $l;Lr; rk\;b
murpayikg;Ng nraw;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; mJ eilKiwapy; rk\;bahfNt
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. gpuhd;rpa Mf;fpukpg;G> etPdkakhjypd; jhf;fq;fs; Nghd;w
tuyhw;W uPjpahd jhf;fq;fs; fhuzkhf me;ehl;by; fhzg;gl;l $l;Lr;
rk\;b Kiw rk\;b Kiwahf khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
me;ehL 1848> 1874> 1999 Mfpa Mz;Lfspd; murpayikg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jq;fs; Clhf XusT ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l
nray;Kiwnahd;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,q;F Rtpl;ru;yhe;J Njrj;jpid
cUthf;Fk;NghJ mq;F thOk; gy;ypd kf;fs; FOf;fisAk;
Xupdkhf;Ftjw;F Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gfpug;gl;l Ml;rp (Shared Rule)
Rahl;rp epu;thfk; (Self Rule) vd;gdNt Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd
murpayikg;G rpj;jhe;jq;fshFk;. fd;ld;fspd; rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Vw;ghLfs; Rakhffr; nraw;glf;$baijg; Nghd;W kj;jpa
murpd; epu;thfj;jpy; fd;ldpd; gq;Fgw;wYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murhq;f Kiwik Xu; RUf;fkhd Nehf;F

rl;lj;Jiw
Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; rl;lkd;wk; ngluy; mrk;gpsp vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J ,U
rigfisf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
01. Njrpa rig> gpujpepjpfs; rig (The National Council)
02. muRfspd; rig> nrdl; rig (Council of States)
1. Njrparig ( The National council ) - Kjyhk; kd;wk; vdTk;.

gpujpepjpfs;rig vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ
Njrparig cWg;gpdu;fs; ngluy; mrk;gpspapd; Rtp]; kf;fis
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. 24000 kf;fSf;F xU gpujpepjp vd;w tifapy;
Njrparigapd; cWg;gpdu; njupT mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Njrpa rigahdJ 200
cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Njrpa rigapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 04 tUlq;fshFk;.
rigapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; Deputies vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. Rtpl;ru;yhe;J
murpay; jpl;lkhdJ vjpu;f; fl;rpapid mDkjpf;ftpy;iy. Rtp]; murpaypy;
murpay; fl;rpfspd; gq;F ve;j Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; ngWtjpy;iy.
2. muRfspd; rig( Council of States ) - ,uz;lhk; rig> muRfspd;
rig> Nky; rig> nrdl; rig vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
Rtp]; ngluy; mrk;gpspapd;. fd;uq;fspd; eyTupikiag; ghJfhf;Fk;
Nehf;Fld; rk\;bapd; fd;uq;fSf;F gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;Ftjw;fhfNt
,r;rig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. muRfspd; rigapd; cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if 46
MFk;. Rtprpd; 20 KOf; fd;ld;fSk; 06 miuf; fd;ld;fSk; nkhj;jkhf 46

cWg;gpdu;fis muRfspd; rigf;F mDg;Gfpd;wJ. (20 X 2 = 40) + (6 X1 =
6) + 46 ngUk;ghyhd fd;ld;fspy; gjtpf;fhyk; 03 tUlq;fshf cs;sJ.
kw;wa fd;uq;fspy; 1-4 tiuahd tUlj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhf muRfspd; rig
cWg;gpdu;f;spd; gjtpf;fhyk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
ngluy; mrk;gpspapd; mjpfhuq;fs;

rl;lj;Jiw epu;thfj;Jiw ePjpj;Jiw
njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;
1. rl;lj;ijAk; Mf;Fk; 1. ,U rigfSk; xU 1. ePjpj;Jiwapd;
mjpfhuk; ngluy; ,ize;j $l;lj; mYty;fis
mrk;gpspapd; ,U njhlupy; ngluy; Nkw;ghu;it
rigfSf;Fk; fTd;rpy; nra;jy;.
cz;L. cWg;gpdu;fisAk; 2. ePjpj;Jiwapd;
2. kNrhjhf;fis rhd;ryiuAk; ePjpgjpfis
Muk;gpj;J itf;Fk; njupT nra;jy;. epakpj;jy;.
gzpapidAk; 2. MAjg; gilfspd; 3. kd;dpg;G kw;Wk;
ngluy; mrk;gpsp fl;lisapLk; nghJ kd;dpg;G
epiwNtw;Wfpd;wJ. jsgjpfisAk; toq;Fjy;. kd;dpg;G
3. xt;nthU tUlKk; njupT nra;jy;. toq;fg;gLtJ ,U
tuT nryTj; 3. ngluy; fTd;rpiy rigfspd; xU
jpl;lj;jpid fl;Lg;gLj;jp ,izg;Gf;
fUj;jpy; vLg;gJld; Nkw;ghu;it $l;lj;jpy;
rigapy; mjid nra;jy;. jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;w
epiwNtw;Wfpd;wJ. 4. Nghu; kw;Wk; J. khwhf nghJ
4. rfy epjp rkhjhdj;ij kd;dpg;ghdJ ,U
njhlu;ghd gpufldg;gLj;Jjy;. rigfshYk;
kNrhjhf;fSk; 5. Rtprpdhy; kw;w Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w ehLfSld; jdpj;jdpahd
d. ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l $l;lq;fs; %yk;
5. murpd; epjpf; cld;gbf;iffis jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;w
fzf;Ffis mq;fPfupj;jy; J.
mq;fPfupg;gJld; 6. rk\;b rptpy; 4. epu;thfr;
rk\;b NritapidAk; rpf;fy;fis
murhq;fj;jpdhy; ngluy; mrk;gpsp Vw;gLj;jf; $ba
MNyhrpf;fg;gLk;> Nkw;ghu;it tpjj;jpyhd ngluy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l nra;fpd;wJ. fTd;rpypd;
nghJf; 7. fd;uq;fs; jhk; jPu;khdq;fSf;F
fld;fisAk; epiwNtw;w vjpuhd
mDkjpf;fpwJ. Ntz;ba rl;lq;fs; Nkd;KiwaPLfis
my;yJ flikfis ngWjy;.
epiwNtw;w jtWk; 5. Rtp];
gl;rj;jpy; murpayikg;Gf;F
fd;uq;fSf;F tpsf;fTiu
vjpuhf jiyaPL toq;Fjy;.
nra;Ak; ,t;tjpfhuk; rk\;b
mjpfhuj;ijf; ePjpj;Jiwf;F
nfhz;Ls;sJ. toq;fg;gltpy;iy.

epu;thfj;Jiw
Rtpr;ru;yhe;jpd; epu;thf mjpfhuk; Bundesrat my;yJ FederalCouncil vd
miof;fg;gLk; 7 Ngu; nfhz;l xU FOtpdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
epu;thff; FONt murpd; jiyikafkhfTk; epu;thfj;jpd; jiyikafkhfTk;
cs;sJ. ,J ngausT mjpfhuj;ijAk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijAk;
nraw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
,e;j epu;thff; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; Gjpjhfj; njupT nra;a g;gl;l rl;lkd;wj;jpd;
mjhtJ ngluy; mrk;gpspapd; ,U mitfsJk; KjyhtJ ,izg;Gf;
$l;lj;jpd; NghJ njupT nra;ag;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 4
Mz;LfshFk;. kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; njupT nra;ag;glyhk;. njuptpd; NghJ
gpd;tUk; epge;jidfs; Ngzg;gLk;.
1. xU khepyj;jpypUe;J xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l fTd;]pyu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gl
KbahJ
2. ,uj;j cwTfshYk; jpUkz cwTfshYk; njhlu;G l;l cWg;gpdu;fs;
xNu Neuj;jpy; ,jpy; mq;fk; ngw KbahJ
3. kugpd; mbg;gilapy; $l;lhl;rpr; rl;lkd;wj;jpypUe;Nj ,tu;fs; njupT
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. Mdhy; mt;thW njupT nra;ag;gl;lTld; mtu;fspd;
jq;fspd; cWg;Gupikiaj; Jwf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Rtp]; epu;thff; FOtpd; Kf;fpa mk;rk; $l;Lg; nghWg;ghFk;. epu;thff;

FOtpdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdj;jpw;F vy;yh cWg;gpdu;fSk; $l;lhff;
fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk; - Vw;W tpsf;fk; $w Ntz;Lk;. “xUtUf;fhf VO Ngu; -
VO NgUf;fhf xUtu;” vd;gjhFk;.
ngluy; mrk;gpsp xt;nthU tUlKk; ngluy; fTd;]pYf;fhd xU
jiytiuAk; cg jiytiuAk; njupT nra;fpwJ. xNu egu; njhlu;e;J tUk;
,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F xNu gjtpf;Fj; njupT nra;ag;gl KbahJ. MdhYk;
xt;nthU xd;Wtpl;l tUlq;fspYk; mtu; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; mg;gjtpf;Fj;
njupT nra;ag;glyhk;. toikahf xt;nthU tUl KbtpYk; cg – jiytu;
jiytuhfTk; NtW Xu; cWg;gpdu; cg – jiytuhfTk; njupT
nra;ag;gLtJ tof;fkhfp tUfpwJ. ,t;tpU mYtyfg; gjtpfSk; ,e;j 7
cWg;gpdu;fSf;fpilNaAk; khwp khwpr; nrd;W tUk;.
nghJtpy; ngluy; fTd;]pypd; (epu;thff; FOtpd;) jiytu; Rtp];
$l;likg;gpd; [dhjpgjpahf mwpag;gLtJz;L. MdhYk; ,e;jf; FOtpy;
cs;s kw;w cWg;gpdu;fs; mDgtpf;fhj ve;j tpN\l rYiffisAk; ,tu;
mDgtpg;gjpy;iy.
Rtp];ru;yhe;jpd; rk\;b epu;thfr; nraw;ghLfs; 7 jpizf;fsq;fsplk; gpupj;J

xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rhd;]yupdhy; (Chancellor) ,j;jpizf;fsq;fSf;fhd
nghWg;Gf;fs;> gpupTfs; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. VO jpizf;fsq;fSk;
gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. ntspehl;L mYty;fs; (Foreign Affairs)

2. cs;ehl;lYty;fs; (Home Affairs)
3. ePjpAk; nghyp}k; (Justice and Police)

4. ghJfhg;G> rptpy; ghJfhg;G> tpisahl;L (Defense, Civil Protection and
Sport)
5. epjp (Finance)
6. nghUshjhu tptfhuq;fs; (Economic Affairs)
7. Rw;whly;> Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; rf;jp / tY
(Environment, Transport, Communication and Enrgy) vd;gdthFk;.
rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs;
1. kNrhjhf;fisj; jahupj;jy; 1. rl;lj;ij mKyhf;fy;
2. kNrhjhf;fis mwpKfk; 2. ntsptptfhuq;fis
nra;jy; ifahSjy;
3. tpthjq;fspy; gq;nfLj;jy; 3. tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ijj;
jahupj;jy;
4. tUlh tUlk; epu;thfr;
nraw;ghLfspd; mwpf;ifiar; 4. cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisAk;
rku;g;gpj;jy; gilf;fl;Lg;ghl;lhsu;fis
epakpj;jy;
5. tUlhe;j tuT nryTj;
jpl;lj;ijj; Njrpa
mrk;gpspapy; mq;fPfupf;fr;
nra;jy;
6. rl;lj;Jiwia fiyf;Fk;
mjpfhuj;ijg;
ngw;wpUf;ftpy;iy.
ePjpj;Jiw
rk\;bapd; my;yJ $l;lhl;rpapd; kpf Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfspy; xd;W

ePjpj;Jiwapd; Nkyhd jd;ikahFk; (Authority of the Judiciary). MdhYk;
Rtp]; $l;lhl;rp Kiwapy; mnkupf;fh> ,e;jpah Nghd;w ehLfspy; cs;sJ
Nghd;W ePjpj;Jiw xU Kf;fpa ,lj;jpidg; ngw tpy;iy. 1874 k; Mz;ila
murpayikg;ghdJ ngluy; upgpAdy; vDk; rk\;b ePjpkd;wj;ij Vaud
khepyj;jpd; jiyefu; Y}rhdpy; (Lausanne) epWtjw;F mDkjp mspj;jJ.
Rtp]; $l;likg;gpd; xNu xU Njrpa cau; ePjpkd;wkhFk;. mnkupf;fhtpy;
cs;sJ Nghd;W ve;jf; fPohd rk\;b ePjpkd;wKk; ,q;fpy;iy. vy;yh
khepyq;fSf;Fk; xNu Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wkhfTk; ,J mike;Js;sJ.
,jd; ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if mikg;Gg; gw;wp murpayikg;G vJTk; $whJ
rk\;b $l;lj;jpd; KbTf;F tpl;Ltpl;lJ. Mjyhy; ,jd; vz;zpf;if
fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; mjpfupj;J tUtJz;L jw;NghJ 30 KONeu
ePjpgjpfisAk; 30 Row;rp Kiw my;yJ gjpy; ePjpgjpfisAk; (Alternates or
Substitute Judges) nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tu;fs; rk\;bg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U
mitfspdJk; ,izg;Gf; $l;lj;jpy; 6 Mz;Lfhy gjtpf;fhfj; njupT
nra;aggLfpd;whu;fs;. ,tu;fspd; jiytu; - cg jiytUk; njupT
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspd; njupT tplaj;jpYk; rl;lkd;wj;jpYk; epu;thff;
FOtpYk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; eilKiwfNs gpd;gw;wg;gLtJ Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.

mjpfhuq;fs;
1. rptpy;> Fw;wtpay;> epu;thfk; njhlu;ghd ePjpj;jiw mjpfhuq;fs; cz;L.
2. Neubahd tprhuizfisr; nra;tJld; kW tprhuizfisAk; my;yJ
Nky; tprhuizfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;
3. khepyq;fSf;fpilNa epfOk; gpzf;Ffisj; jPuj;;Jitf;f ,jw;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
4. ePjpg;Gduha;T tplaj;jpy; kpfTk; Fiwe;jsT mjpfhuj;ijNa ngw;Ws;sJ.
5. ghuhSkd;wr; rl;;lj;ijr; nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;f KbahJ.
6. khepyr; rl;lq;fis xU tUlj;jpw;Nf jLj;J itf;fyhk;
7. murpayikg;Gf;F ciu tpsf;fk; $Wk; mjpfhuk; ,jw;fpy;iy mJ
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Nf njspthf mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fl;rp Kiw
Rtp]; murpay; Kiwapy; gpujhd fl;rpfSk; rpwpa fl;rpfs; gyTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk; Nida ehLfSld; xg;gpLifapy; gzpfspYk;
nry;thf;fpYk; Fiwe;jsthditahfNt cs;sd. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshtd
1. ePz;l fhykhf epyTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j gpur;rpidfs; vJTk;
fl;rpfshy; Kd;itf;fg;glhik
2. nghUshjhu epiyfs; gw;wpa ghjfkhd epyikfs; fhzg;glhik
3. rkak; rhu; vjpu;g;Gf;fs; epythik
4. rl;lj;Jiw FWfpajhf ,Uj;jy;
5. fl;rpfs; vspa tpjj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
6. ntw;wpapd; ,Wkhg;G ,d;ik
7. kf;fs; jPu;g;G thf;nfLg;G
8. tu;f;f Ngjkpd;ik
9. ePz;lfhykhf xU fl;rpNa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Wf; fhzg;glhik
10. ehl;Lg;gw;W
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J Kiwik
Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpd; rk\;b Kiwik
rk\;b murpayikg;Gj; jj;Jtq;fSf;fika fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l xd;whf
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murpayikg;G fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F rk\;bapd; tpNrlkhd
khjpupahff; fUJk; $l;Lr; rk\;b (Confederal) Kiwapd; gz;Gfs; mjpfk;
,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. khepy myFfs; kj;jpa murpypUe;J xg;gPl;L uPjpahfr;
Rje;jpukhdJk; khepy myFfis Nktpr; nry;yf;$ba mjpfhunkhd;W
kj;jpa murplk; fhzg;glhikAk; $l;Lr; rk\;b Kiwiknahd;wpd;
mbg;gilg; gz;ghFk;. ,jw;fika Rtpl;ru;yhe;J fd;ld; (gpuhe;jpaq;fs;) 26
Tk;> efu rigfs; vd miof;fg;gLk; rpwpa 2>212 gpuNjrq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
$l;Lr; rk\;b murhq;f Kiw vd;gJ “,iwik nfhz;l muRfspd;

njhFjpnahd;W tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nehf;fnkhd;wpw;fhf my;yJ
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf murpw;Fupa ,iwik mjpfhuj;ijj; jd;dplk;
itj;Jf;nfhz;L xd;Nwhnlhd;W xd;wpizAk; $l;lzpahFk;”.
tpUj;jpaile;j rk\;b Kiwnahd;W fhzg;gl;lhYk;> Rtpl;ru;yhe;jhdJ
xg;gPl;L uPjpahfr; rpwpa ehlhFk;. ,jd; gug;gsT 41>285 (Km2) rJu

fpNyhkPw;wu;fshFk;.
Rtp]; rk\;bf;fhd murpayikg;Grhu; tpjpKiwfs;

rk\;b ahg;gpd; 1Mk; cWg;Giuf;F Vw;gr; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J fd;ld; 26 ,id
cs;slf;fpaJ. MW miu fd;ld;fshFk;. fd;ld; vd;gJ Rtpl;ru;yhe;Jf;Nf
cupj;jhd tpNrlkhd Ra epu;thf myfhFk;. miuf; fd;ld;fSf;Ff; $l
Vida fd;ld;fisg; Nghd;W xj;j epiynahd;W fhzg;gbDk; $l;L
epiwNtw;W rpj;jhe;jj;jpd;NghJ ,tw;Wf;F miu gpujpepjpj;JtNk
cupj;jhff;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fika Njrpa rigapy; Vida fd;ld;fSf;F
gpujpepjpfs; ,Utu; tPjk; fpilf;Fk;NghJ miuf;fd;ld;fSf;F gpujpepjp
xUtNu fpilg;ghu;. mNjNghd;W kj;jpa muR kl;lj;jpy; kf;fs; fUj;Jf;
fzpg;nghd;wpd; mq;fPfhuk; Njitahd NghJ fd;ld; Nju;jypy; ,jd; thf;F
miuthrpahfNt fUjg;gLk;.
1999Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;gpd;gb tiuaWf;fg;gl;Lf;
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $wKbahjstpw;F fd;ld;fs; ,iwik nghUe;jpa mynfhd;whf
cs;sJ. “fd;ld; ,iwik” vd;gJ jkJ G+Nfhs myfpDs; Rakhd
epu;thfk; njhlu;gpy; cupikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; vd;gNj ,jd;
nghUshFk;. kj;jpa muR fd;ld;fspd; ,iwikf;Ff; nfsutkspg;gjw;Ff;
flg;ghLilajhf ,Uf;Fk;. vt;thwhapDk; ,t;tpiwikahdJ
KOikahdjy;y. murpayikg;gpdhy; fd;ld;fspd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s
tiuaiwfs; rpy gpd;tUkhW:
01. murpayikg;G gpuirfSf;F mbg;gil cupikfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;Js;sJ. $ba rl;l uPjpahd kPs;fz;fhzpg;Gr; nra;Ak;
mjpfhuj;ij rk\;b ePjp kd;Wf;F xg;gilg;Gr; nra;Js;sjd;%yNk
fd;ld; mjpfhukpf;f mjpfhupfs; Clhf mbg;gil cupikfisg;
ghJfhf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ,t;Tupikfis kPWk; mjpfhuk; fd;ld;fSf;F
fpilahJ.
02. kj;jpa murpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l rl;lq;fis tpjpj;jy; kw;Wk;
epiwNtw;Wk; mjpfhuk; %yKk; fd;ld;fspd; ,iwikia
kl;Lg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
kj;jpa murplk; cs;s mjpfhuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Ltjd; %yNk

rk\;b Ml;rpKiwf;Fk; fd;ld;fSf;Fkpilapyhd mjpfhug; gfpu;T
,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jw;fika rk\;b murplk; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fs;
murpayikg;gpy; njspthfr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;fika kj;jpa
murhq;fk; my;yJ fd;ld; murhq;fq;fSf;F cupajy;yhj
tplaj;Jiwnahd;W fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
murpayikg;gpy; vOj;J%yk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;glhj GjpaJiwfs; njhlu;ghf

rl;lj;ij tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,ay;ghfNt fd;ld;fSf;F cupj;jhFk;.
mNjNghd;W murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jQ;nra;jy; kj;jpaurpd;
tplaj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhFk;. vdNt kj;jpa murpd; %yNk mjpfhug; gfpu;T
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; kj;jpa murplk; fhzg;gLk; ,t;tjpfhuk;
fd;ld;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; $l;L epu;thfk; vDk; jj;Jtj;jpd; %yk;
kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
Xuq;f Nkw;ghu;itnahd;W Njitg;gLk; gzpfSf;fhf kl;Lg;gLj;jg;
gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J rk\;b Kiwapy; cs;slq;Fk;
Nkw;ghu;itj; jj;Jtj;ijr; rk\;b muR nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. ,jd;%yNk
rk\;b murpd; fPo; kl;lk; tiuapyhd mjpfhu xg;gilg;G (Subsidiarity) vDk;
Nfhl;ghL fl;Lg;ghLilajhf khWfpd;wJ.
fd;ld;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Rahl;rp epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs;

fd;ld;fSf;F fPo;tUk; Rahl;rp epu;thf mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. khepyk; vDk; fd;ld; murpayikg;G: khepyq;fSf;Fupa
murpaykg;gpid cUthf;Fk; nghWg;G khepyq;fsplNk
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fd;lNd jkJ Ml;rp Kiwiaj; jPu;khdpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
2. gpuNjr uPjpahd epu;thf myF: me;je;jf; fd;ld;fs; jkJ gpuNjrj;jpd;

epu;thf rigfSf;F gy;NtW mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpAs;sd. MapDk;
Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpd; NghJ mt;tjpfhuq;fis xg;gilj;jjd;
gpd;dUk; mbg;gil cupikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tifapy; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J
rk\;b ePjpkd;wpd; %yk; ghJfhg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
3. fy;tp: Guhjhd fhyk; njhl;Nl fd;ld;fSf;Nf fy;tpj;Jiw cupajhf

,Ue;jJ. mjdhy; fd;ld;fs; %yk; ghltpjhdq;fis cUthf;fTk;>
fy;tpg; gzpahsu; FOtpdiuj; njupT nra;jYk; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. nghJkf;fs; rkhjhdk;: mikjpahd fhyg;gFjpfspd; NghJ kf;fspd;
rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZk; nghWg;G fd;ld;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
5. fyhrhuk;: fyhrhu eltbf;iffSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;FtJk; fyhrhu
cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jYk; rpy tiuaiwfspd; fPo; fd;ldpd;
nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
6. cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;: tPjpfis cUthf;Fjy;> ePu;> kpd;rhu

trjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy; vd;gd mNef re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fd;ldpd;
nghWg;ghf cs;sJ.
7. Neu;tup: fd;ld;fSf;F jj;jkf;Fupa tupfis mwtpl;Lf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;>
tupapidj; jPu;khdpf;fTk; KbAk;.
fd;ld;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,ad;wstpy; fPo; kl;lk; tiuapy; mjpfhuk; xg;gilf;fg;gly; njhlu;ghd
Nfhl;ghL (Principle of subsidiarity) rl;lj;ijr; nraYUg;gLj;Jtjw;NfJtjhf
cs;sJ. rk\;b murpd; rl;lq;fSs; mNefkhdit kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
%yk; md;wp fd;ld;fs; %yNk nraYUg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk;
fd;ldpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nky;epiyf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. NkNy
Fwpg;gplg;gl;l nfhs;iff;fika cr;rstpy; kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fis
nraYUg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuj;ij fd;ld;fSf;F toq;f Ntz;bNaw;gl;Ls;sJ.
rpy fl;likg;Gfisg; gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk; rk\;b kl;lj;jpy; jPu;khdk;
vLg;gjw;Fk;> mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; fd;lDf;F tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rk\;b murhq;fk; Rakhfr; rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ mJnjhlu;gpy;
fd;ld;fSf;F mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;fika rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk;NghJ fd;ld;fsplk; MNyhrid ngwy;

,lk;ngWfpwJ. ,jw;fika rl;lk; njhlu;ghd Kd;nkhopTfisr; rk\;b rl;l
thf;fj;jpdUf;F mwptpg;gjw;F Kd;du; fd;ld;fSf;F mr;nraw;ghL
njhlu;ghf mOj;jk; nfhLf;Fk; tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
rk\;b rl;lthf;fj;Jiw ,U rigfshy; MdJ. ,jd; Njrpa rig kf;fisg;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJld; mur rig fd;ld;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;fpwJ.
mur rigapy; fd;lDf;Fr; rkkhd gpuepjpjpe;Jtk; fpilf;Fk;. mt;tf;
FOf;fSf;Fr; rkkhd mjpfhuq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. vt;thwhapDk; mur rig
njhlu;gpy; fd;lDf;F tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l mOj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Vnddpy; murrigapd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij rl;l uPjpahff; fl;Lg;gl;bUf;ff;
$ba Kiwapy; MNyhridfis fd;ld;fSf;F toq;f KbahjpUg;gNj
,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
vt;thwhapDk; fd;lDf;Fj; Njrpa rigapd; kPJ kiwKfkhf mOj;jj;ij
Nju;jy; KiwapD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. mg;gpujpepfs; kPs njupT
nra;ag;gLk;NghJ fd;ld;fSf;F kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G mtrpag;gLfpd;wJ.
mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;Gk; fd;ld;fSk;

mNjNghy; kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G Kiwapd; %yk; kj;jpa murpd;
epu;thfj;ij rpf;fyilar; nra;Ak; tha;g;gpidf; fd;ld;fSf;Fg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;Js;sJ. ,jw;fika rk\;br; rl;lk; kw;Wk; rl;l kWrPuikg;G
vd;gd kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;gpw;F cl;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd Nfhug;gLk;
NghJ mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G elj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F ,UKiwfspy;
fUj;J fzpg;G eilngWfpd;wJ.
i. nghJthd rl;lnkhd;whf ,Ug;gpd;> kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G khw;W

topKiwnahd;whFk;. Ik;gjhapuk; tiuapyhd gpuirfs; my;yJ
fd;ld;fs; vl;L Nfhupf;if tpLj;jpbUg;gpd; kl;LNk kf;fs; fUj;Jf;
fzpg;G eilngWk;. kf;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ikapdu; mDkjpj;jhy; rl;l
Kd;nkhopT Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ii. murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;jk; my;yJ ru;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fSf;F tUjy;

MfpaitfSf;F fl;lhak; kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G elj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thwhd epiyikfspy; ,ul;ilg; ngUk;ghd;iknahd;W Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

,ul;ilg; ngUk;ghd;ik vd;gJ fd;ldpd; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fSk; ehl;L
kf;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; mq;fPfhuKk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tijNa Fwpf;Fk;.
,zf;fg;ghl;L rdehaKk; fd;ld;fSk;

$l;L epu;thfj;jpw;fhd xOq;F KiwfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf kj;jpa murpd;
nfhs;iffspy; njhlu;GWtjw;Ff; fd;ld;fSf;F NtW KiwfSk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. “,zf;fg;ghl;L rdehafthjNk” (Consunsus Democracy)
milahsk; fhzj;jf;f tpjpKiwahf cs;sJ. me;ehL rl;lj;ij tpjpf;Fk;
NghJ murpay; fl;rpfs;> mOf;ff; FOf;fs; vd;gd fd;ld; kw;Wk; khfhz
rl;l cUthf;fj;jpd;NghJ kpf neUq;fpajhf vLf;fg;gLk; cld;ghLfspd;
tpisT vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. Neubr; rdehafthj gpuNahfq;fNs
,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
me;ehL epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw ,zf;fg;ghl;L rdehafj;jpw;fhd rpwe;j
cjhuzkhFk;. rk\;b fTd;rpy; vDk; $l;luRg;Nguit ($l;L
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw) vd;gNj mq;Fs;s epiwNtw;Wj;JiwahFk;. ,J rk\;b
gpujpepjpfs; 7 Ngiuf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mt;ntOtUk; ,Urigfs; %yk; njupT
nra;ag;gLtu;. ,tu;fNs VO mikr;Rf;fspd; mikr;ru;fshtu;. mt;NtO
egu;fspy; ,Ue;J rk\;b epiwNtw;Weu; njupTnra;ag;gLthu;. ,JNt $l;L
epiwNtw;Wf; FO vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
murhq;fk; jPu;khdnkLf;Fk;nghOJ mt;NtO egu;fSf;Fk; rkkhd thf;F
fpilf;Fk;. ,jd; jiytu; rkkhdtu;fspilNa Kjd;ikahdtu; kl;LNk
vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;. $l;bzf;fg;ghnlhd;W Vw;gLtNj ,jd;
tpisthFk;.
ePjpkd;wKk; fd;ld;fSk;
fd;ldplk; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuj;ij Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F me;ehl;bd;
ePjpkd;w KiwAk; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ. Rtpl;ru;yhe;J ePjpkd;wKiw
Vida rk\;b Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.
NtW rk\;b muRfisg; Nghd;W kj;jpa murpd; eltbf;iffSf;Fk; khepy

mur eltbf;iffSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahd ePjpkd;wq;fs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,q;F
fd;ld;fs; cUthf;fpa ePjpkd;wq;fNs fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpw;F fd;ld;
rl;lj;ijAk; rk\;br; rl;lj;ijAk; nghUs;Nfhly; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
rk\;b cau; ePjpkd;wk; fd;ld;fspy; ,Ue;J fpilf;fg;ngWk;
Nkd;KiwaPLfisAk;> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; tplaj;Jiwfs; njhlu;gpy;
Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis jPu;g;gjpy; kl;LNk gq;Fnfhs;fpd;wJ.
gpuNjr murpaYk; Rtp]; rk\;b KiwAk;

Rtp]; gpuNjr murhq;fk; (Local Government) Ml;Gy uPjpahfTk;
rdj;njhiff;F Vw;gTk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;ljhFk;. fd;lidg; Nghd;W
gpuNjr myFfSk; (cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;) rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ me;ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; tpNrl gz;ghFk;. mtw;wpw;Fj;
jkJ Ml;Gyj;jpw;Fl;gl;l rl;l uPjpahd cupik fhzg;gLtJld; mit
RahjPdkhf my;yJ Vidatw;Wld; ,ize;J nraw;glTk; KbAk;. ,jd;gb
fd;ld;fshy; cs;Suhl;rp tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; tiuaiwfis Vw;gLj;j
KbahJ. ,t;thW cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSf;Fk; fd;ld;fSf;F ,izahd
cupikf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J rk\;b Kiw cyf rk\;b Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J

NtWgLk; tpjk;
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murhq;fk; %d;W jsq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
a. kj;jpa muR
b. fd;ld;
c. nfhk;A+d; (cs;Suhl;rp kd;w epWtdq;fs;)
,k;Kiwapy; kj;jpa muRtiu fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; xj;Jiog;G
Kiw xd;wpD}lhf VWtupir vDk; (Bottom Up) jd;ik Vw;glf;$ba
Kiwnahd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. epiyf;Fj;J kw;Wk; fpilahd xj;Jiog;ig
%d;W murpay; jsq;fspYk; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ,jid mjpfhuk;
gfpug;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiwikf;F Vw;g Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf cs;sJ.

 nfhk;A+d; vDk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; Nritfisg;
gfpuf;$ba jd;dhjpf;fk; nfhz;l epWtdkhFk;. gpuNjr kf;fspd;
md;whl tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;Gila rfy nghWg;Gf;fSk; ,jw;F
cupj;jhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzk; : gpuNjr tPjpfis epu;khdpj;jy;>
fz;fhzpj;jy;> thA kw;Wk; ePu; toq;fy;> foptfw;wy;> Mrpupau;fisj;
njupT nra;jy; kw;Wk; ghlrhiyfis cUthf;Fjy;.
 jkJ Mjhuj;jpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisANk fd;ld;fs;

jf;fitj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sd. cjhuzk; : fyhrhuk;> nkhop> fy;tp>
rkak;> r%ff; nfhs;iffs;> Rfhjhuk;> r%f Nritfs;
 Njrpa ,iwikNahL Neubj;njhlu;GWk; nghWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;

mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;FupajhFk;. cjhuzk; : ,uhZtk;>
epjpf; nfhs;iffs;> ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;> r%fg; ghJfhg;G> #oy;>
tYr;rf;jp> cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;
,t;tplaq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd epjpia me;je;j muRfs; tup mwtPL

nra;tjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s $bajhf ,Uj;jy; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J Kiwapy;
fhzg;gLk; tpNrlgz;ghFk;. Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; xt;nthU myfplKk; fhzg;gLk;
mjpfhuq;fisg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltiz %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
murpayikg;Gr; fd;ld; murpayikg;Gr; fd;ld;fs; %yk;

rl;lj;jpw;fika rk\;b rl;lj;jpw;fika tpjpf;fg;gl;l
Rtp]; murpay; Kiw fd;ld; murhq;fk; rl;lj;jpw;fika
fk;A+Df;Ff;
fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuk;
1. rk\;b mjpfhu 1. fy;tp (Kd;gs;sp
mikg;G 1. fd;ld; mjpfhu kw;Wk; mbg;gilf;
2. ntspehl;L epWtd mikg;G fy;tp)
eltbf;iffs; (jkJ 2. foptfw;wy;
3. gilAk; rptpy; ahg;gpw;fika) Kfhikj;Jtk;
ghJfhg;Gk; 2. fd;ld; fPjk;> nfhb 3. nfhk;A+d; kl;lg;
4. Njrpa ngUe;njU fd;ld;fSf;fpilah ghlrhiyfs;
5. mZ rf;jp d xj;Jiog;G 4. gpuNjr
6. jghy; kw;Wk; 3. nghyp]; cl;fl;likg;G
njhiyj; njhlu;Gfs; 4. fyhrhuk; 5. gpuNjr nghyp];
7. epjpf; nfhs;iffs; 5. nghJkf;fs; 6. gpurhTupik
8. r%fg; ghJfhg;G Rfhjhuk; 7. efu tup
(Xa;T Kiw) 6. fd;ld; ngUe;njU
9. rptpy; kw;Wk; 7. tdk;> ePu; kw;Wk;
Fw;wtpay; rl;lk; ,aw;if tsq;fs;
10. fy;tp> 8. fy;tp (,ilepiy)
njhopy;El;gg; 9. ghlrhiy>
gy;fiyf;fofk; gy;fiyf; fofk;
11. tYr; rf;jpf; 10. #oy; ghJfhg;G
nfhs;if 11. ,aw;if> kuGupik
12. #oy; ghJfhg;G ghJfhg;G
13. gpurhTupik 12. fd;ld;fSf;Fupa
14. rk\;b tupfs; tup
vdNt Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; gad; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;jpw;F Vw;g KOikahd

rk\;b my;yJ $l;lhz;ik rk\;b vd;w tiuaiwf;Fs; cs;slq;f
khl;lhJ vd;gJ njspthFk;. mjpfhuj;ijg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy; vDk;
rpj;jhe;jjpd; mbg;gilapy; ghu;f;ifapy; rk\;b kw;Wk; $l;lhz;ikr; rk\;b
vd;w ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lnjhU Kiwahf mjidf; fz;Lf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
$l;lhz;ikr; rk\;bapd; gz;ghf kf;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mjpfuk;
nfhz;l RahjPd kw;Wk; ,iwikkpF “xd;wpize;j muRfs;”
fhzg;gLtjhFk;. ,e;j xd;wpize;j murpy; gytPdkhd kj;jpa murpw;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jd; rl;lg;G+u;t jd;ik>
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J KiwapDs;Sk; epyTtjhy; rk\;b gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l
murpayikg;G vdf; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
,jd; gpufhuk;> $l;lhz;ikr; rk\;bapd; gz;G ahnjdpy; kf;fsplkpUe;J
ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mjpfhuj;ijr; RahkhfTk; jw;JzpTlDk; gad;gLj;Jk;
“$l;lizf;fg;gl;l muRfs;” fhzg;gLtjhFk;. ,f;$l;bizf;fg;gl;l murpy;
gytPdkhd kj;jpa muRf;F Fiwthd mjpfhuq;fNs ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gLk;.
,jd; nghUj;jg;ghl;bidg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ Rtpl;ru;yhe;J $l;Lr; rk\;bapd;
gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ vdyhk;.
vt;thwhapDk; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J #o;epiyfspd; mbg;gilapy; rk\;b my;yJ
$l;lhz;ik vd;gjpy; mlq;ftpy;iy vd;gjhFk;. mjpfhug; gfpu;T rpe;jidf;F
Vw;g rk\;b kw;Wk; $l;L rk\;b Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l xU
KiwahFk;.

ngupa gpupj;jhdpah
gpupj;jhdpahtpy; xw;iwahl;rpNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy;
xw;iwahl;rpapd; tpNrlg; gz;G xU kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; r%fj;jpd;
vy;yh JiwfisAk; cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; rl;lq;fis
cUthf;FtJk;> mtw;iw xNu fl;likg;gpw;F Vw;g kj;jpa murpd;
rl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g eilKiwg;gLj;JtJkhFk;. vdpDk; gpupj;jhdpah
jw;NghJ xw;iwahl;rpj; jd;ikapy; ,Ue;J khw;wk; mile;JtUfpd;wJ.
,it njhlu;ghf tpsq;Fk; Kd; gpupj;jhdpa murpay; mikg;gpd;
,ay;gpid gpd;tUkhW Nehf;f KbAk;.
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs;
01. vOjg;glhj murpayikg;G: cyfpd; Vida ehLfSf;F
vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;nghd;W fhzg;gbDk; gpupj;jhdpahtpy;
mt;thwhd Ml;rp %yf;nfhs;iffs; mlq;fpa
murpayikg;nghd;W fhzg;gltpy;iy.
02. vOjg;gl;l rpy tpjpfs; fhzg;gLjy;: gpupj;jhdpahtpw;F vOjg;gl;l
murpayikg;nghd;W fhzg;gltpy;iyahapDk; mjd; murpay;
fl;likg;G> kf;fspd; mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> gpuirfSf;Fk;
murpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis topelhj;Jk; tpjpfspd;
njhFg;nghd;W (Body of Rules) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ePz;lfhyk;
gpd;gw;wpte;j kuGfSk; tof;fhWfSk; murpayikg;gpd; gFjpahfj;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thwhd gy;NtW tof;fhWfSf;Fr;
rl;lG+u;tkhd mq;fPfhuk; fpilj;Js;sJ. cjhuzk; :
ghuhSkd;wpd; MAl;fhyk; Ie;J tUlq;fs; vd;gJ (Parliament
Act, 1911) kd;dupd; mikr;ru;fs; ghuhSkd;Wf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $w
flikg; gl;Ls;sik.
03. rk;gpujha mbg;gilapyhd murpay; epWtdq;fs;: ,jd;gb>

murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; egu;fNshLk; nghJ kf;fs;
mjpfhu epWtdq;fNshLk; njhlu;Gila mjpfhuj;jpid
topelhj;Jtjw;Fk; tYg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
rk;gpujhaq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspd; njhFg;ghf gpupj;jhdpa
murpayikg;ig mwpKfg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jdhy; gpupj;jhdpa
murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd epWtdf; fl;likg;Gf;Fs;>
i. ghuhSkd;wk;
ii. mikr;ruit jiyapyhd murhq;fk;
iii. ePjpkd;wk;
iv. kd;du; / Kb
v. rptpy; Nritfs;
vi. ];nfhl;yhe;J> Nty;]; kw;Wk; tl mau;yhe;Jf;F murpay;
mjpfhuq;fis gutyhf;fpAs;s epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; epu;thff;
fl;likg;Gfs; Mfpad cs;slq;Fk;.
04. murpay; %yf; nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLjy;: mj;NjhL
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpy; tYkpf;f fUj;Jf;fSk; %yf;
nfhs;iffspd; njhFjpnahd;Wk; cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. mitahtd:
i. rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
ii. ghuhSkd;w ,iwik (Ml;rp njhlu;ghd caupa mjpfhuq;fs;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sik)
iii. mikr;ruitapd; $l;Lg;nghWg;G Nghd;w vz;zf;fUf;fs;
mNjNghd;W
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghLfis topelhj;Jk;
tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tof;fhWfs; gythFk;. mitahtd:
i. rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs;
ii. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;
iii. nghJr; rl;lj;jpdhy; cUthd rk;gpujhaq;fs;
gpd;dzp - xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;G

ngupa gpupj;jhdpahTld; Nty;]; cs;spl;l ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk;
];nfhl;yhe;J vd;gd 1707k; Mz;L murpay; uPjpahf xd;wpize;jJ.
1800k; Mz;L mau;yhe;Jk; ngupa gpupj;jhdpahTld; ,ize;jJ.
1922,y; mau;yhe;J Rje;jpu Fbaurhdjd; fhuzkhf mau;yhe;jpd;
ngUk;gFjp gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpuptile;jJ. ,e;epiyapy;>
mau;yhe;jpd; xU gFjpahd tl mau;yhe;J khj;jpuk; gpupj;jhdpahTld;
vQ;rpaJ. vdNt ngupa gpupj;jhdpah vd;gJ gpd;tUk; 04 $Wfisf;
nfhz;ljhFk;.
1. , q;fpyhe;J
2. Nty;];
3. ];nfhl;yhe;J
4. mau;yhe;J
,t;thwhd gFjpfs; mlq;fpa gpupj;jhdpah rk;gpujhaG+u;tkhf

xw;iwahl;rpahfNt fUjg;gl;lJ. xw;iwahl;rpapd; rl;l uPjpahd
mjpfhuKk; xNu %yhjhuj;jpypUe;Nj nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
mt;thwhdnjhU Kiwapy; mjpfhuk; murhq;fj;jpy; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk;.
fPo; kl;lj;jpw;fhd mjpfhuq;fs; murpayikg;gpd; Clhf md;wp kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk;. murpay; mikg;gpD}lhf
,t;tjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ rk\;b KiwhaFk;.
gpuNjr murhq;fk; (cs;Suhl;rp) fhzg;gbDk; mitAk; kj;jpa

murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhfNt fhzg;gLk;. ,it
kj;jpa muRf;F fPo;g;gl;lNjhL mjpfhuq;fis kPs g; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
KbAkhd tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
xw;iwahl;rp nghJthf ,dk;> epyk;> nkhop my;yJ fyhrhuk;
vd;gtw;why; gpupe;jpuhj r%fj;jpNyNa fhzg;gLk;. mjdhNyNa
xw;iwahl;rp r%fg; gy;tifikapid ntspf;fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
gpupj;jhdpah kw;Wk; gpuhd;]; vDk; ,U INuhg;gpa xw;iwahl;rp
muRfisAk; Nehf;Fifapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f rpy NtWghLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ gpuhd;rpid tplTk; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; tu;f;f
czu;T mjpfkhFk;. ,J gpupj;jhdpahtpy; tuyhw;W uPjpahf
tsu;r;rpailj;j xd;whFk;. If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F
,izj;Jf;nfhz;l gpuNjrq;fspd; jdpj;Jt milahsq;fs; gytw;iw
nfhz;bUe;jikahy; mJ Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj gy;ypd murhfpaJ.
,jd;NghJ gpuirfs; ];nfhl;yhe;J> Mq;fpyk;> Nty;]; kw;Wk; Iup];
Nghd;w ,dj;Jt milahsq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,jw;F khwhd
,dj;Jtj;ijf; nfhz;lNj gpuhd;rhFk;.
If;fpa ,uhr;rpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; KO
r%fj;jpw;Fk; Vw;Gilajhf ,Ue;jNghJk; rpy rl;lq;fs; ];nfhl;yhe;J>
Nty;]; kw;Wk; tl mau;yhe;J Mfpatw;Wf;F kl;LNk nghUe;jpaJ.
1927 - 1977 tiu epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fspy; gy tl mau;yhe;Jf;F
khj;jpuk; Vw;Gilaitahf ,Ue;jd.
If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fs; ,q;fpyhe;J> ];nfhl;yhe;J> Nty;]; kw;Wk;
tl mau;yhe;J cs;slq;Ffpd;wJ. ,jpy; kpfg;ngupa myF
,q;fpyhe;jhFk;. mq;F gpuptpidthjj;ijf; fhz Kbtjpy;iy.
If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; vd mwpag;gLk; ngupa gpupj;jhdpah tuyhw;W

uPjpahf xd;wpize;j ehly;y. 1990fs; tiu tl mau;yhe;jpy;
gpuptpidg; Nghuhl;lk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ ];nfhl;yhe;jpy; gpuptpid
,af;fk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nty;]pd; ,d milahsk; murpaypy;
tYtile;J nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. Nkw;$wg;gl;l gpd;dpzpNyNa
gpupj;jhdpah xw;iwahl;rp fl;likg;gpypUe;J ntspNawpAs;sJ. .
];nfhl;yhe;J
5.1 kpy;ypad; kf;fs; thOk; ];nfhl;yhe;jpw;F me;ehl;bd; nkhj;j
epyg;gug;gpy; 1/3 gq;F cs;sJ. 1603,y; 6k; N[k;]; kd;dupd;
fhyj;jpy; ];nfhl;yhe;Jk; ,q;fpyhe;Jk; xNu Kbapd; fPo; te;jJ.
1707 Nk 1k; jpfjp ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l xd;wpizg;Gr; rl;lk; (Act of

Union) %yk; ];nfhl;yhe;J gpupj;jhdpahTld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
“kzpkFlq;fspd; xd;wpizg;G” vdf;Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; thapyhf
gpupj;jhdpa nt];l; kpdp];lu; rigapy; ];nfhl;yhe;J mku;e;J rl;lk;
,aw;wNtz;Lk; vdTk; mJNt ];nfhlyhe;Jf;Fk; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;
rl;lkhf mikaNtz;Lk; xd;wpizg;gr; rl;lk; 1707 Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
,e;jitfapy; ];nfhl;yhe;jpdu;fs; gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
nfhz;Ltug;gLk; rl;ljpl;lq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; mbg;gilahdJk;
fl;lhakhdJk; vd Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;. vdpDk; ];nfhl;yhJf;nfd
jpUr;rigfs;> ghlrhiyfs;> gpu];ngNlupad; kjk; vd;gdtw;wpy;
Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW ngupa gpupj;jhdpahTld; murpay;
uPjpahf xd;wpize;jhYk; jkJ fyhrhu milahsq;fis
Ngzpf;nfhs;s ];nfhl;yhe;jpdu;fs; mf;fiw fhl;bdu;.
mj;NjhL ];nfhl;yhe;J ePjpkd;Wf;F cupj;jhd rYiffs; kw;Wk;

mjpfhuq;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;lJ.
,jd;gb ,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wk; ];nfhl;yhe;jpd; rl;lq;fis khw;w
Kbe;jhYk; ,J mk;kf;fspd; ey;tho;Tf;F fhuzkhf mika
Ntz;Lk;. ];nfhl;yhe;jpd; jdpahu; rl;lj;ij khw;wf;$lhJ vd 1907
cld;gbf;ifapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
1997y; epwNtw;wg;gl;l kf;fs; jPu;g;G thf;nfLg;gpd; gpufhuk;
];nfhl;yhe;Jf;F ghuhSkd;wk; mikf;Fk; tifapy; kf;fs; tpUg;gk;
ngwg;gl;L 1999y; mnjw;nfd jdpahd ghuhSkd;wk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1998,y; gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wk; epiwNtw;wpa ];nfhl;yhe;J
rl;lj;jpy; (Scotland Act, 1998) mjpfhug; gutyhf;fNk fhzg;gl;lJ.
];nfhl;yhe;J rl;lj;JiwahdJ “];nfhl;yhe;J ghuhSkd;wk;” vd;Nw
miof;fg;gLfpd;wmNj Ntis “n`hyp&l;” vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J 129 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lnjhU
rigahFk;. gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fs; MFk;.
]nfhl;yhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gpupj;jhdpah rpy tpla
mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpAs;sJ. ,tw;wpw;fhf rl;lkpaw;w KbAk;.
cjhuzkhf> r%f Nrit> fy;tp> tPlikg;G Nghd;wd. MapDk; rpy
tplaq;fspy; gpupj;jhdpah mjpfhuk; ngw;Wf; fhzg;gLk; cjhuzkhf
ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if> FbtuT> murpay; ahg;G Nghd;w tpalq;fs;.
,jw;fpilapy; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J nrd;W Rje;jpu murhf
khwNtz;Lk; vd;w ];nfhl;yhe;J Njrpa ,af;fq;fSk; njhlu;e;Jk;
nraw;gl;LtUfpd;wd. 2014,y; gpupe;J nry;tjw;fhd kf;fs;
fUj;Jf;fzpg;G thf;nfLg;nghd;W eilngw;wJ. vdpDk; gpupe;J
nry;tjw;F 45% ];nfhl;yhe;jpd; kf;fNs ,jw;F Mujtspj;jdu;.
];nfhl;yhe;J gpupj;jhdpahNthL ,ize;jpUg;gpDk; mq;F tYkpf;f
Njrpa ,af;fnkhd;W cs;sJ.
Nty;];
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; nkhj;j gug;gpy; 1/12 gq;Fk; kf;fs; njhifapy; 5%
Nty;Rf;F cupajhFk;. 13Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo;
te;j Nty;]; 1536,y; gpupj;jhdpah nfhz;Lte;j xUjiygl;r
rl;lj;jpdhy; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; epu;thf Kiwikf;Fs; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb> Nty;rpd; epu;thfj;jpid mjw;fhfNt cUthf;fg;gl;l

jpizf;fsk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ. mj;jpizf;fsj;jpw;F nghWg;ghd
mikr;ru; xUtUk; ,Ue;jNjhL> ,jd;fPo; Nty;]pd; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk;
fy;tpr; rigfs; jhgpf;fg;gl;ld.
Nty;Rld; njhlu;Gila ngUk;ghyhd epu;thfr; nraw;ghLfs;

cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. Nty;]pd;
mgpyhi\fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Njrpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpDs;
Fiwe;jgl;rk; 35 Mrdq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,Ug;gpDk; jw;NghJ
Nty;i]g; gpujpepjpj;Jk; nra;a 40 Mrdq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nty;]; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; Ra Ml;rpapid

Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l Njrpathj ,af;fk; tpUe;jpaile;jJ. Nty;Rf;F
mjpfhuq;fisg; gutyhf;Fk; Kfkhf Kw;WKOjhf Nty;Rf;F
nghUe;Jk; tifapyhd rl;lk; xd;W gpwg;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy. 1998,y;
Nty;]; murhq;frl;lk; (Government of Weles Act) cUthf;fg;gl;ljd;
gpd;du; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpw;F jdpahdnjhU epu;thf nghwpKiwnahd;W
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid Nty;]; murhq;f rig (Wales Assembly
Government) vd miog;gu;.
1998y; Nty;Rf;F vd;W jdpahdnjhU ghuhSkd;wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

60 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l ,jd; gjtpf;fhyk; 05 tUlq;fshFk;.
,jw;nfd 20 tplaq;fspy; mjpfhuq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
cjhuzkhf Rfhjhuk;> tptrhak;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
tl mau;yhe;J
,jd; gug;gsT 50>000 rJuf; fpNyhkPw;wu;fshtJld; ,q;F Rkhu; 1.7
kpy;ypad; kf;fs; njhif fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;
rdj;njhifapy; 2.5% MFk;. tl mau;yhe;J 12Mk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; fPo; Msg;gl;lJ. xl;Lnkhj;j mau;yhe;Jk; fp.gp.
1800,y; gpupj;jhdpahNthL ,ize;jJ.
mau;yhe;J 1922,y; Rje;jpu murhdJ. ,J Iup]; ,dj;jtu; tho;e;j

fTz;bfSk;> 26 Gjpa muRfSk; xd;wpize;Nj cUthdJ. vdpDk;
tl mau;yhe;J gpupj;jhdpahtpd; xU gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. FbauRld;
,izahj 06 fTz;bfs; tl mau;yhe;Jld; ,ize;J nfhz;ld.
1920 ,y; tl mau;yhe;jpw;fhd jdpahd ghuhSkd;wk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J 1921 Kjy; 1970 tiu fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jd;
%yk; <uitfisf; nfhz;l rl;lj;JiwAld; mjpfhug; guyhf;f
Ml;rpKiwnahd;Wf;F top Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t;turpayikg;gpy;
kj;jpaurpd; mjpfhuq;fs; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jd.
xg;gilf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fspy; kj;jpauR jiyaplhJ vDk; nfhs;if
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
tl mau;yhe;jpd; kf;fs; fpwp];jt kw;Wk; Gul;l];jhe;J vd ,U
kjg;gpupTfis gpd;gw;Wgtu;fshf fhzg;gl;ldu;. fpwp];jt kf;fSf;F
gpupj;jhdpahTld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; Njit fhzg;gl;lhYk;
Gul;l];jhe;J kf;fSf;F Rje;jpuNk Njitahf ,Ue;jJ.
vt;thwhapDk; tl mau;yhe;jpd; fj;Njhypf;f kw;Wk; fpwp];jt
kf;fSf;F ,ilapy; fhzg;gl;l Kuz;ghLfs; njhlu;e;Jk; epytpad.
mk;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSk;
Njhy;tpaile;jd. ,k;Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T eltbf;iffs;> mau;yhe;J
murhq;fKk; If;fpa ,uhr;rpa murhq;fKk; xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gl
Muk;gpj;j fhykhd 1980 kw;Wk; 1990 jhrhg;gjq;fspy; eilngw;wJ.
1998 Vg;gpuy; 10Mk; jpfjp ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l ngupa nts;sp

cld;gbf;if (Good Friday Agreement) Kf;fpakhdnjhU
iky;fy;yhFk;. ,jd; gadhf 1998,y; tl mau;yhe;Jr; rl;lk;
(Northen Ireland Act, 1998) epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNjhL 2002 ,y; Gjpa tl
mau;yhe;J Ml;rp Kiw Muk;gkhdJ. ,jd;fPo; tl mau;yhe;jpw;F
mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fg;gl;l Ml;rp Kiwnahd;W fpilj;jJ.
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fypd; Muk;gk;

Nty;];> ];nfhl;yhe;J kw;Wk; tl mau;yhe;J Nghd;w gpuhe;jpaq;fspd;
gpuNjr Njrpathjq;fspd; Njhw;wk; gpupj;jhdpa mjpfhug;
guyhf;fj;jpw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
mjpfhuj;ijg; gutyhf;fk; nra;jy; (Devolution) vd;gjd; Nfhl;ghl;L

tpsf;fk; ahnjdpy; munrhd;wpd; kj;jpa mjpfhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;l
tplag; gug;Gf;fis tpUg;Gld; cg myFfSf;F toq;FtjhFk;. ,J
mjpfhuj;jpidg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sk; xU khjpupahFk;.
,q;F mjpfhuj;ijg; guyhf;Fk;NghJ rk];bapYk; Fiwthd mjpfhu

gq;fPNl fhzg;gLk;. 1974 Nju;jypd;NghJ ];nfhl;yhe;J Njrpaf;
fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; mWtu; ghuhSkd;Wf;F njupthfpaik> njhopy;
fl;rpapd; rk;gpujhaG+u;tkhd mbg;gilf;F rthyhdJ. ,q;fpUe;J
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; vDk; tplak; tYthd Kiwapy;
Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;epiyapy;> ];nfhl;yhe;J> Nty;]; kw;Wk; tl mau;yhe;J njhlu;gpy;
gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wk; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;iffs;
Njhy;tpaile;jikAk;> mikr;ru;fs; ,g;gpuNjr kf;fs; njhlu;gpy;
fuprid nfhs;shik my;yJ Fiwe;j fuprid vd;gtw;iw
fhuzkhff; nfhz;Lk; kf;fSf;F jkJ tho;f;if njhlu;ghd
jPu;khdj;ij jhq;fNs Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;G toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vDk; Nfhupf;if Kd;dpiy mile;jJ.
,jd;gb 1998,y; ];nfhl;yhe;J rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. 1999,y;
];nfhl;yhe;jpw;fhd ghuhSkd;wk; Muk;gkhdJ. 1998,y; mjpfhug;
gutyhf;fk; Nty;];f;Fk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ];nfhl;yhe;jpw;fhd
mjpfhug;gutyhf;fr; rl;lj;Jld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ,J Fiwthd mjpfhuk;
nfhz;l rig xd;whFk; (Assembly). ];nfhl;yhe;jpd; rl;lj;Jiw
“ghuhSkd;wk;” vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
1998 Vg;gpuy; 10Mk; jpfjp ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l “ngupa nts;sp

cld;gbf;if”Ald; (Good Friday Agreement) tl mau;yhe;J
rl;lj;Jiw (Northen Ireland Assembly) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nty;];> tl mau;yhe;J kw;Wk; ];nfhl;yhe;J Mfpatw;wpy;

rkepiyaw;w mjpfhu guyhf;fNy ,lk;ngw;Ws;sik njspthfpd;wJ.
,jpy; ];nfhl;yhe;jpw;Nf mjpf kw;Wk; tYthd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;
fpilj;Js;sJ. ,J rk];bf;F xg;ghdjhFk;. gpupj;jhdpahtpy;
fhzg;gLk; ,t;tpNrl jd;ikahy; mjd; mjpfhuikag;gLj;jy;
mbj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;Ls;sjhf tpku;rfu;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. ,jd;
fhuzkhfNt Nguhrpupau; N[k;]; kpr;ry; (James Mitchell) “gpupj;jhdpah
xw;iwahl;rp vd;gjpYk; ghu;f;f muRfspd; $l;likT” vd;fpd;whu;.
guyhf;fj;jpd; msnty;iy
];nfhl;yhe;J> Nty;]; kw;Wk; tl mau;yhe;J Rahl; rpapd; fPo;
mjpfhuq;fs; ,t;thNw guyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F ,U
jiyg;Gf;fspy; mjpfhuq;fs; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
1. nghJ xJf;fPL ,it njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; nt];l; kpdp];lu;
ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; (ngupa gpupj;jhdpah ghuhSkd;wk;) fhzg;gLk;.
2. Fwpg;glj;jf;f xJf;fPL. ,it njhlu;ghf gpuhe;jpa ehLfshd
];nfhl;yhe;J> Nty;]; kw;Wk; tl mau;yhe;J Nghd;wtw;wpw;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
];nfhl;yhe;Jf;F mjpfhuk; guyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Kiw

gjpndhU jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; ,t;tjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
i. Fw;wtpay; rl;lk;> fy;tp> #oy;> Rfhjhuk;> ePjpkd;wq;fis

cUthf;fy;> cs;Suhl;rp> nghyp];> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghd
gue;j mjpfhuq;fs;.
ii. Njrpa tUkhd tupfs; gTz; xd;wpy; %d;W ngd;];fs; tiu
khwj;jf;f tup mwtPl;Lf;fhd mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
iii. rpy nfhs;ifj; Jiwfs; njhlu;gpy; nt];l;kpd;];lu;
ghuSkd;wj;jplk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. cjhuzk; : ghJfhg;G>
ntspehl;L nfhs;if> murpaw; fl;rpfis gjpT nra;jYk;
mtw;wpw;F epjp toq;FjYk;> Njrj;JNuhfr; nray;fs; nghd;w
tplaq;fspy; mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nty;Rf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fs;
i. Nty;]; Njrpa rigf;F (National Assembly) Muk;gj;jpy;
Jizepiyr; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuNk toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jpy;
Njrpa rl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw; fhd KOikahd
tpsf;fq;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jd. cjhuzk; : Nty;rpd; Njrpa
tplag;gug;Gfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuk;
ii. Nty;rpd; (nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahu; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l
nghJkf;fs; Nrit toq;Fk;) RahjPd epWtdq;fspd;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpj;jy;.
iii. Nty;Rf;fhd xl;Lnkhj;j epjp xJf;fPLfs; njhlu;ghd
mjpfhuq;fs;
iv. Nghf;Ftuj;J> r%fg; ghJfhg;G> Rfhjhuk;> Clfj;Jiw
v. ,jw;F epiyahd tup mwtpLk; mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.
tl mau;yhe;jpw;fhd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;
i. Nty;]; kw;Wk; ];nfhl;yhe;J mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;ijg;
ghu;f;Fk;NghJ ,t;tpuz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;glnjhU epiyapy; tl
mau;yhe;J cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ii. Rfhjhuk;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp> #oy;> fy;tp> tptrhak;>
r%f Nrit> tPL> cs;Suhl;rp> Nghf;Ftuj;J> fyhrhuk;>
tpisahl;L> ePjpkd;wk;> nghyp]; Nghd;wd njhlu;gpy; G+uz
rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; cz;L.
iii. epiyahd tup mwtpLtjw;fhd mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.
2010 kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;gpd; gpd;du; Nty;rpd; rl;lthf;f
mjpfhuq;fs; mjpfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 2011,y; Vw;gl;l ,e;j
kWrPuikg;Gf;F Vw;g gutyhf;fy; tplaq;fs; 20,w;F rl;lq;fis
Mf;Fk; mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhf nt];l;kpd;];lu;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjp Njitapy;iy. ,t;tjpfhug;
gutyhf;fj;jpd;NghJ gpupj;jhdpahtpy; rpy khfhz kf;fSf;F jkJ
vjpu;fhyj;ij jPu;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cau;e;jgl;r mjpfhuq;fs;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
gpupj;jhdpahtpy; jw;NghJs;s murpayikg;G xw;iwahl;rp Kiwapy;
,Ue;J tpyfpr; nrd;Ws;sJ vd;gij vk;khy; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. vdpDk;
,J rk];b Kiwapid Nehf;fp nry;ytpy;iy. ,jw;Fg;gjpyhf ika
mjpfhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;lj;jf;f msit cg myFfSld;
gfpu;e;Jnfhz;L gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G kuGtopte;j cau;Fb gpuKfu; tFg;gpdiu
ghJfhg;gJk;> gpuNjr milahsq;fis kjpf;Fk; gpd;Gyj;jpYk;
cUthfpAs;sJ vd ,Wjpahff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,jd;gb Njrpa murpay;
uPjpahf gpupj;jhdpah mjd; gpuNjr milahsq;fis xd;whfg; Ngz
topNaw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. vt;thwhapDk; fle;j rpy jrhg;gjq;fshf
gpuNjr milahsq;fs; Kd;dpiy mile;Js;sikiaf; fhzyhk;.
,jdhy; gpupj;jhdpah rk];b kw;Wk; xw;iwahl;rp Mfpa (Binary)
,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;ljhf cs;sikia fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ,jid
fyg;G (Hybrid) Ml;rpKiw vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. gpupj;jhdpahtpy;
rkepiyaw;w mjpfhug; gq;fPl;L KiwNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ vd
vk;khy;Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
,yq;if
xw;iw kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l munrhd;W mjpfhuj;ij gutyhf;Fk;
fl;likg;gpid Nehf;fp epiykhw;wk; miljy; njhlu;gpyhd
cjhuznkhd;whf ,yq;ifAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;epiykhw;wk; 1987
,y; ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpay; mikg;gpy; mjpfhu gutyhf;fj;jpid
Nehf;fhf nfhz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l 13 Mk; jpUj;jj;JlNd
Muk;gkhfpaJ.
,yq;ifapy; xw;iw kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l mur Kiwikf;fhd

fl;likg;Grhu; mbg;gilahdJ gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jtj;jpd; fPo;
cUthfpaJ. 1818 gpufldj;jpd; %yk; kiyehl;L gpuNjrj;ij
gpupj;jhdpaupd; Vida epu;thf tyaq;fSld; ,izj;jy;> KO
ehl;bidAk; murpay; uPjpahf xd;wpizj;jy; Mfpad ,jd; Muk;g
gbepiyahFk;. 1833 Nfhy;GUf; Mizf;FOtpd; gupe;Jiufis eil
Kiwg;gLj;jpad; %yk; epu;thf kWrPuikg;Gfs; Clhf fhydpj;Jt
ikag; gLj;jpa mur epu;thf fl;likg;gpw;fhd mbg;gil ,lg;gl;lJ.
1931 nlhd%u; murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpYk; 1947 Nrhy;gup murpay;
mikg;gpd; fPOk; ,k;ikag;gLj;jpa xw;iwahl;rp mur fl;likg;G
njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. Nrhy;gup murpay; mikg;gpy; ,yq;if
muR xw;iwahl;rp murhf milahsg; gLj;jglhtpl;lhYk;> murpd;
fl;likg;ghdJ xw;iw kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l xd;whfNt ,Ue;jJ.
,J gpupj;jhdpa xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;gpidNa gpd;gw;wp apUe;jJ.
,yq;if muir xw;iwahl;rp murhf Kjd;Kjyhf 1972 Mk; Mz;L
Kjyhk; FbauR murpay; mikg;G gpufldg;gLj;jpaJ. ,t;turpay;
mikg;gpd; ,uz;lhk; cWg;Giu ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ “,yq;if
FbauR xw;iwahl;rp murhFk;”. ,t;TWg;Giu 1978Mk; Mz;L
,uz;lhk; FbauR murpay; mikg;gpYk; cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ.
1987 ,y; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l 13tJ murpay; mikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk;
cUthf;fg;gl;l khfhzrig Kiwik %yk; xw;iw kw;Wk;
ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l mur fl;likg;gpy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,k;khw;wk;
“mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; nra;jy;” vDk; fl;likg;gpDs; Vw;gl;lJ.
mjpfhu ghytyhf;fk; vd;gJ rk];b mur fl;likg;G xd;wpid
cUthf;Ftjy;y. mJ xw;iw kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy;
,Ue;J khw;wk; milfpd;w rk];b KiwikapYk; Fiwe;jstpy;
gpuNjr Rahl;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk; murpay; mikg;G fl;likg;nghd;wpid
Njhw;Wtpg;gjhFk;. “mjpfhu gutyhf;fk;” (Devolition) vd;gJ xw;iw
kw;Wk; rk\;b vDk; ,U khjpupfSf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l munrhd;wpid
cUthf;Fk; mur khjpupnahd;whFk;. ,J “fyg;G” (Hybrid)
KiwahFk;.
,yq;ifapd; xw;iwahl;rp mur fl;likg;ig kWrPuikg;gjw;fhd
gpujhd fhuzk; jkpoupd; ,dKuz;ghNlahFk;. ,k;Kuz;ghL %d;W
murpay; fhyfl;lq;fspy; tpUj;jpaile;j xd;whFk;.
mf;fhyfl;lq;fshtd>
i. 1930 fspd; kj;jpa fhyk; njhlf;fk; jkpo; jiytu;fspd; rk
gpujpepjpj;Jt Nfhupf;if KjyhtJ murpay; fl;lkhf mike;jJ.
ru;trd thf;Fupikapd; fPo;> rl;lf; fofj;jpy; rpq;fstu;fspd;
Nkyhjpf;fj;ij jtpu;g;gjw;fhf rl;lrigapy; rpq;fstu;fs; 50 tPjKk;
midj;J rpWghd;ikapdu; rhu;gpy; vQ;rpa 50 tPj gpujpepjpj;JtKk;
,Uf;fjf;fjhf (Balanced) mika Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ jkpo;
jiytu;fspd; Nfhupf;ifahf mike;jJ.
ii.1952Mk; Mz;lhfpd;wNghJ jkpo; jiytu;fs; rk];b murpay;

mikg;ikg; nghd;wpid Ntz;baik ,jd; ,uz;lhk; fl;lkhFk;.
xw;iwahl;rpapd; fPo; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspd; cupikfs; kPwg;gLfpd;wd

vd thjpl;L jkpo; murpay; jiytu;fs; jkpo; nkhop NgRfpd;w
kf;fs; ngUghd;ikahf tho;fpd;w tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F
khfhzq;fSf;F gpuNjr Rahl;rpia toq;f Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpdu;.
rk];b fl;rpapd; Nahridapy; ,t;thwhdnjhU rk];bNa Kd;
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk; 1957 gz;lhuehaf;f - nry;tehafk;

xg;ge;jk; kw;Wk; 1965 ll;yp Nrdhehaf;f - nry;tehafk; xg;ge;jKk;
,yq;ifapd; xw;iwahl;rp mur fl;likg;gpid khw;wpaikf;Fk;
murpay; tuyhw;W nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpakhd ,U iky;
fw;fshFk;. ,t; xg;ge;jq;fs; ,uz;bYk; rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo;
jiytu;fs; rk];bapYk; Fiwthd mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; xd;wpf;fhd
Gjpa fl;likg;G xd;wpf;F cld;gl;ldu;. ,t; cj;Njr gpuNjr
myFfs; “ul;lrgh” (cs;Suhl;rp rigfs;) vd mwpag;gl;lJ.
vjpu;f;fl;rp kw;Wk; Vida vjpu; FOf;fspd; ghupa vjpu;g;gpdhy;
,t;tpuz;L tha;g;Gf;fSk; gpd;dilitr; re;jpj;jd.
iii. %d;whtJ fl;lk; ,d uPjpahd rptpy; Aj;jkhFk;. mJ 1983,d;

gpd;du; tpUj;jpaile;J 2009Mk; Mz;Ltiu ePbj;jJ. ,yq;ifapd;
xd;iwahl;rpapy; kWuPikg;Gf;fhd Gjpa eltbf;iffs; ,k;%d;whk;
fl;lj;jpNy Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lJ. 1987,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l
kfhzrig rPu;j;jpUj;jk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa “mjpfhug;gfpu;T” Gjpa
Kiwapyhd epWtd njhFjpahFk;.
1987 [{iy khjk; ,yq;ifapd; [dhjpgjpAk; ,e;jpahtpd;
gpujkUk; ifrhj;jpl;l ,yq;if - ,e;jpa cld;gbf;ifapd; %yk;
xw;iwahl;rp KiwapypUe;J ,e;epiykhw;wj;jpw;fhd mbg;gil
,lg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; xw;iwahl;rpapy; rPu;j;jpUj;jj;ij
Vw;gLj;JtJ njhlu;gpy; ,t; cld;gbf;ifapy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l
gpujhd nfhs;iffs; gpd;tUkhW:
a. ,yq;if r%fj;ij gy;ypd r%fkhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
b. jkpo; nkhopia ngUghd;ikahf NgRk; kf;fs; thOk;
tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fis jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspd; G+u;tPf
tho;tplkhf Vw;Wnfhs;sy;.
c. tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fis jw;fhypfkhf
xd;wpizj;J khfhz rig xd;wpid jhgpj;jy;.
13Mk; jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo;> ,yq;if - ,e;jpa cld;gbf;if %yk; tlf;F

fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;F cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;l kfhzrig Kiwik KO
ehl;bw;Fk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 13Mk; jpUj;jj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
khfhz rigfs; rk];b KiwapYk; ghu;f;f Fiwe;j mjpfhu
gutyhf;fk; xd;whf ,Ug;gpDk;> ,jd; %yk; ,yq;ifapd; xw;iwahl;rp
mur fl;likg;gpw;fhd kWrPuikg;G Muk;gpj;J itf;fg;gl;likahy;
,j;jpUj;jk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jnjhd;whfpaJ.
khfhzrig KiwAk; gutyhf;fKk;

13tJ murpay; mikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; kj;jpa> khfhz kw;Wk;
gpuNjr vd;w %d;W kl;lq;fspyhd murhq;f epWtdq;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jpUj;jj;jpd; gf;ftpisnthd;whf
,yq;ifapd; gpuNjr murhq;fk; (cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs;) murpay;
mikg;G uPjpahf milahsk; fhzg;gl;likia Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,yq;ifapy; ePz;l fhykhf epytp tUfpd;w ,dg;gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;thf
gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspYk; gy;NtW Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,k;Kaw;rpfs; ahg;GuPjpahfTk; (1931> 1947> 1972> 1978 Mfpa
ahg;Gf;fspy; rpy Vw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngw;wd) ahg;Gf;Fg; Gwk;ghfTk; (gz;lh
nry;th cld;gbf;if> ll;yp nry;th cld;gbf;if> khtl;l mgptUj;jp
rig) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. MapDk; ,it vJTk; ,yq;ifap;d;
rpWghd;ik kf;fis jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf
,yq;ifapd; jkpo; kf;fs; ,jdhy; fLikahfg; ghjpg;Gw;wik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. ,jd; gpufhuk; 1987 [_iy 29k; jpfjp [dhjpgjp
N[ Mu; [atu;jdTf;Fk; ,e;jpa gpujku; uh[Pt; fhe;jpf;Fk; ,ilapy;
,lk;ngw;w cld;gbf;ifapd; gb murpay; ahg;gpw;F 13k; jpUj;jk;
nfhz;Ltug;gl;L mjd;top khfhz rig murhq;f Kiw jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J njhlu;ghf murpayikg;gpd; mj;jpahak; 17A ,d; 154 k; gpupTk;
1987k; Mz;L 42k; ,yf;fr; rl;lKk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW cUthf;fgl;l khfhz rigahdJ ,yq;ifapy; ,Uf;fpd;w

xt;nthU khfhzj;jYk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. MdhYk; tlf;Ff; fpof;F
khfhzq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; xUtUl fhyj;jpw;F mit ,uz;Lk;
xd;whf ,ize;J xNu khfhz rigahf ,aq;Ftjw;F mDkjp
toq;fg;gl;lJ. MapDk; xU tUlj;jpd; gpd;du; fpof;F khfhz kf;fs;
tlf;F khfhzj;Jld; ,iza tpUk;Gfpwhu;fsh ,y;iyah vd;gj
thf;nfLg;gpd; %yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ.
,t;thf;nfLg;ig xj;jp itf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F ,Ue;jikahy;
17 tUlq;fs; xj;jpitf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. MapDk; 2007Mk; Mz;L Mf];l;
khjk; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhz rigfs; ,U
khfhzq;fshfg; gpupe;J nraw;gl mDkjp toq;fg;gl;L 2008 Nk 10k;
jpfjp Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
,e;epiyapy; KjyhtJ khfhz rigj; Nju;jy; tlNky;> tlkj;jp> Cth>
rg;ufKth Mfpa ehd;F khfhzq;fSf;Fk; 28.04.1988y; elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
gpd;du; Nky;khfhzk;> kj;jpakhfhzk; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd Nju;jy;
02.06.1988y; ,lk;ngw;wJ. njd;khfhzj;jpw;fhd Nju;jy; 09.06.1988,Ykhf
%d;W fl;lq;fshf ,lk; ngw;W ve;j gpuNjrj;jpw;F khfhz rig
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd khfhz rigr;rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lNjh
mj;jifa tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fSf;fhd Nju;jy; 19.11.1988y;
,lk;ngw;wJ. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; 1990fspy; ,lk;ngw;w jdpehl;Lf;
Nfhupf;ifg; Nghuhl;lk; fhuzkhf mg;Nghija [dhjpgjpahd uzrpq;f
gpNukjhrtpdhy; tlf;F fpof;F khfhz rig fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. ve;j
gpuNjrj;jpw;F khfhz rig cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd khfhz
rigr;rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lNjh mj;jifa tlf;F fpof;F khfhz
rigiaj; jtpu Vida 7 khfhz rigfSk; ,d;Wtiuf;Fk;
,aq;fptUfpd;wJ.
2007Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; tlf;F> fpof;F
khfhz rigfs; ,U khfhzq;fshfg; gpupe;J nraw;gl mDkjp
toq;fg;gl;L 2008 Nk 10k; jpfjp Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl;L jw;NghJ 9
khfhzq;fSk; ,yq;ifapy; ,aq;fp te;jhYk; fhzp> nghyp];
mjpfhuq;fisf; Nfl;L khfhz rigfs; kd;whb tUtijf;
fhzKbfpd;wJ.
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;
kj;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l Gjpa murhq;f mjpfhu epWtdNk khfhz
rigfshFk;. murpay; mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; nra;jy; vd;w
tifapDs;NsNa khfhz rig Kiwik cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
khfhz rig Kiw murpay; mikg;gpd; gFjpnahd;whf murpay;
mikg;gpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdpDk; khfhz rig Kiwapd;
fl;likg;G kw;Wk; nray; xOq;Ffs; ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpdhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. (mjhtJ 1987Mk; Mz;L 42Mk; ,yf;f
khfhz rigfs; rl;lj;jpdhyhFk;)
khfhz rigfis murpay; mikg;G rPu;j pUj;jk; xd;wpdhy; md;wp
nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;f KbahJ vdpDk; mjd; nraw;ghLfis
ghuhSkd;wpd; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikapdhy; jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;
vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. ,jdhy; rpyu; ,yq;ifia gFjp rk];b
murhf mwpKfg;gLj;JtNjhL rpyu; ,yq;if xw;iwahl;rpf;
fl;likg;gpid nfhz;l Mdhy; rk];b gz;Gfis cs;slf;fpa Ml;rp
Kiwnad fUJfpd;wdu;. mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tpjk;
ehk; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W khfhz rigapd; Kiwapd; fPo;

murpay; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; xd;Nw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J
epu;thfg; gutyhf;fj;jpw;F (Decentralization) mg;ghy; nrd;w xd;whFk;.
,jd;%yk; epu;thf mjpfhuk; khj;jpukpd;wp kj;jpaurpd; rl;lj;Jiw>
epiwNtw;W kw;Wk; ePjp mjpfhuq;fSk; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
,J ,e;jpahit Nghd;W %d;W gl;bay;fspy; gutyhf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. mitahtd:
1. khfhz rig gl;bay; (Provincial Councial List)

2. xJf;F (kj;jpa) gl;bay; (Recerved List)
3. xj;jpaq;F gl;bay; (Concurrent List)
kj;jpa muRg; gl;bay; khfhzg; gl;bay;. xj;jpaq;F gl;bay;
1.mur ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; 1.nghyp]; kw;Wk; 1.jpl;lq;fis
Njrpa ghJfhg;G nghJkf;fs; mikjp jahupj;jy;
2.ntspAwT nraw;ghLfs; khfhz 2.cau; fy;tp> fy;tp
3.jghy; kw;Wk; njhiyj; nghUshjhuj; kw;Wk; fy;tpr;
njhlu;Gfs; jpl;lkply; Nritfs;
4.thndhyp kw;Wk; 2.cs;Suhl;rp 3.Njrpa uPjpapyhd
njhiyf;fhl;rp khfhz tPlikg;G tPlikg;Gfis
5.ePjpj;Jiw kw;Wk; fl;Lkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;
6.Njrpa tUkhdj;jpw;fhd (Njrpa tPlikg;G 4.nrhj;Jf;fisr;
nraw;ghLfs; mgptpUj;jp mjpfhu RtPfupj;jy;>
7.ntspehl;L kw;Wk; rigapd; mr;RWj;jp
khfhzq;fSf;fpilap nraw;jpl;lq;fs; ngw;Wnfhs;sy;
yhd tpw;gid kw;Wk; jtpu;j;J) 5.Rfhjhu jpl;lkply;
tu;j;jf 3.khfhz tPjpfs;> 6.gpwg;G> ,wg;G>
8.eltbf;iffs; ghyq;fs; kw;Wk; jpUkzg; gjpTfs;
9.JiwKfq;fs; kw;Wk; Xlj;Jiwfs; 7.tptrha kw;Wk;
Xlj; Jiwfs; (Njrpa fkeyr; Nritfs;
10.tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J ngUe;njUf;fSf;F 8.#oy; ghJfhg;G
kw;Wk; tpkhd cupj;jhd kj;jpa 9.xsljk; kw;Wk;
epiyaq;fs; muRf;F cupj;jhd er;R tiffis
11.Njrpa Nghf;Ftuj;J ngUe;njUf;fSf;F epUtfpj;jy;
12.mur fhzpfs;> fdpa cupj;jhd ghyq;fs; 10.gj;jpupif> E}y;>
tsr; Ruq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Xlj;Jiwfs; thuhe;j
13.FbtuT> Fbafo;T jtpu;j;J) rQ;rpiffis
kw;Wk; gpurhTupik 4.r%f Nritfs; mr;rply;
14.Nju;jy;fis kw;Wk; Gdu;tho;T 11.$l;LwT>
eilKiwg;gLj;jy; 5.khfhzg; $l;LwT tq;fpfs;
15.rdj;njhif Nghf;Ftuj;J 12.tbfhyikg;G
fzf;nfLg;G 6.tptrha kw;Wk; 13.kPd;gpb
16.thz;ikj;njhopy; fkey Nritfs; eltbf;iffs;
kw;Wk; njhopw; 7.fpuhkpa 14.tpohf;fs; kw;Wk;
gapw;rpfs; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; fz;fhl;rpfis
17.njhy;nghUspay; Rfhjhuk; elhj;Jjy;
nraw;ghLfs; 8.RNjr itj;jpak; 15.Rw;Wyh
18.mur Mtzf;fhg;gfk;> 9.cs;Suhl;rp ,af;fq;fs;
njhy;nghUs; kd;wq;fshy; 16.Nrit
,lq;fs; kw;Wk; Ngzpr;nry;fpd;w gzpkidfs;
vr;rq;fSk; thbtPLfs; 17.tpiyf;
10.fhzp kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghL
tbfhyikg;G 18.czTfs; kw;Wk;
11.tpyq;F czT
Ntshd;ik fsQ;rpaq;fis
12.mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; elhj;jpr; nry;yy;
jpl;lkply; 19.efuq;fisAk;>
13.ed;elj;ij fpuhkq;fisAk;
epiyaq;fs; / kPsg; ngauply;
rPu;jpUj;jg;gs;spfs; 20.tpyq;F
14.tpisahl;Lk; Ntshz;ik
mjid 21.ju;k
Nkk;gLj;jYk; nraw;ghLfSk;
15.ge;jak; kw;Wk; ju;k];jhgdq;fS
#jhl;lq;fs; k;
16.khfhz
gl;baYf;Fs;
mlq;Fk; Fw;wq;fs;
17.ePu;kpd; cw;gj;jp>
tYr;rf;jp cw;gj;jp
kw;Wk;
tpUj;jpr;nra;jy;
18.epjpapid
fldhfg; ngwy;
khfhz rigfspd; rl;lj;JiwAk; epiwNtw;Wj;JiwAk;

khfhz rigapd; rl;lj;Jiw
khfhzq;fspd; gug;gsT rdj;njhif mbg;gilapy; mk;khfhz
cWg;gpdu;fs; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;fs;. khfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;
nkhj;j vz;zpf;if 455. mjpy; 437 cWg;gpdu;fs; thf;fspg;gpd; NghJ
njupT nra;ag;gLtu;. NkYk; xU khfhzj;jpy; $Ljyhf thf;ifg;
ngWk; fl;rpf;F Nghd]; Mrdk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; 18 Mrdq;fs;
epakd Kiwapy; njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
40>000 kf;fSf;F 1 gpujpepjp my;yJ rJu iky;fSf;F 1 gpujpepjp

vd;W rig jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. rig jPu;khdj;jhy; ehlhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fSk; gq;Fgw;wyhk;. thf;fspf;Fk; cupik mtu;fSf;F
fpilahJ. khfhz rig fiyf;fg;glyhk; my;yJ [dhjpgjpapd;
ngaupy; MSduhy; fiyf;fg;glyhk;. khfhz rigiaf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xj;jp itg;gjw;Fk; nra;jpfis $Wtjw;Fk; ciu
epfo;j;Jtjw;Fk; MSdUf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
khfhz rigapd; rl;lj;Jiwf;fhf xt;nthU khfhzj;jpYk; xt;nthU
rl;l rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. tlf;Ff; fpof;F khfhzq;fisg;
nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; xUtUl fhyj;jpw;F mit ,uz;Lk; xd;whf
,ize;J xNu khfhz rigahf ,aq;Ftjw;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
MapDk; xU tUlj;jpd; gpd;du; fpof;F khfhz kf;fs; tlf;F
khfhzj;Jld; ,iza tpUk;Gfpwhu;fsh ,y;iyah vd;gj thf;nfLg;gpd;
%yk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ. ,t;thf;nfLg;ig xj;jp
itf;Fk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F ,Ue;jikahy; 17 tUlq;fs;
xj;jpitf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. MapDk; 2007Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; cau;
ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhz rigfs; ,U khfhzq;fshfg;
gpupe;J nraw;gl mDkjp toq;fg;gl;L 2008 Nk 10k; jpfjp Nju;jy;
elhj;jg;gl;lJ.
khfhz rigfSf;fhd mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; xt;nthU
khfhzj;jpYk; rdj;njhif> gug;gsT vd;gdtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
khfhz rigfSf;fhd mq;fj;jtu; vz;zpf;if tiuaWf;fg;gLk;.
5tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw eilngWk; tpfpjhrhuj; Nju;jy; xd;wpd; %yk;
khfhz rig mq;fj;jtu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
kfhz rigfs; ,aq;f Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ me;j khfhzj;jpy;
mike;Js;s Nju;jy; khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtiu khfhz rigapd; epfo;r;rpfspy;
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F xU jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk; epiwNtw;wp gq;Fgw;wr;
nra;ayhk;. mt;thW gq;Fgw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUf;F rigapy;
ciuahw;Wtjw;F mDkjpAz;L MapDk; rig jPu;khdpj;jhy; jtpu
thf;fspf;f mDkjp fpilahJ.
rigapd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; Kjyikr;rupd; mNyhridAld; MSeu;
khfhz rigiaf; fiyf;fyhk;. mj;Jld; khfhz rigiaf;
$l;Ltjw;Fk;> xj;jpitg;gjw;Fk;> nra;jpfs; tpLg;gjw;Fk; MSeUf;F
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
mjpfhuk;
khfhz rigapd; gpujhd flik khfhz murhq;fq;fSf;Fupa
rl;lq;fis Mf;FtjhFk;. ,jw;F %d;W tpjkhd topfs; ifahsg;gLk;.
1. khfhz rig gl;baypy; cs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghdit.
cjhuzk;: nghypRk; nghJ xOq;Fk;> cs;Suhl;rp mjpfhuk;>
njUf;fs;> nghJr;Nrit Nghd;w 37 tplaq;fs;. ,it njhlu;ghf
khfhz rig rl;lq;fis ,aw;wyhk;.
2. Nkw;$wg;gl;l 37 tplaq;fSs; tuptpjpg;G> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghd
8 tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf vt;tsT vy;iyf;Fs; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njhlu;ghf ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lq;fis ,aw;wpf;
nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
3. xj;jpaq;F gl;baypy; cs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; rl;lq;fis
,aw;wyhk;. MapDk; ghuhSkd;wj;ij MNyhrpj;jjd; gpd;dNu
,g;gl;baypy;cs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf rl;lkpaw;wyhk;.
khfhz rigahy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fs; ahTk; MSeupd; xg;gj;jpd;

gpd;dNu rl;lkhf mKYf;F tUk;.
khfhz epu;thfj;Jiw
khfhz epu;thfj;JiwahdJ gpd;tUkhW mike;jpUf;Fk;.
01. MSeu;
02. Kjyikr;ru; cl;gl Itu; mlq;fpa mikr;ruit.
MSeu;
khfhz rigapd; epu;thfj;Jiwapy; xt;nthU khfhzj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU
mSeu; ,Ug;ghu;. ,tu; [dhjpgjpahy; Neubahf epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;.
,jd; gpufhuk; ,tu; [dhjpgjpapd; gpujpepjpf;F rkkhf kjpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;.
gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J tUlq;fshFk; vd 154M(5)k; cWg;Giu
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. MapDk; [dhjpgjp tpUk;Gk; tiuf;Fk; gjtp
tfpf;fKbAk; vd murpayikg;gpd; 154M(2)k; gpupT Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
[dhjpgjp Kd;dpiyapy; rj;jpag;gpukhzk; nra;J gjtpNaw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.
epakpf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; MSeu; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhfNth NtW
cj;jpNahfq;fisNah tfpf;f KbahJ. MSeupd; rk;gsk; kw;Wk;
Xa;T+jpak; vd;gdtw;iw ghuhSkd;wk; xU jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk; KbT
nra;ayhk;.
[dhjpgjpf;F Kftupapl;L vOjg;gl;l ,uh[pdkh fbjk; xd;wpd; %yk;
MSeu; gjtp tpyf KbAk;. gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf ,ilf;fhyj;jpy;
,tu; kPjhd r%fkspf;fhNjhu; cl;gl miug;gq;fpdupd; xg;gkplg;gl;l
Fw;wg; gpNuuiziaf; nfhz;L te;J 2 /3 ngUk;ghd;ikahy;
(r%fkspf;fhNjhu; cl;gl) epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; [dhjpgjp mtiug;
gjtpapy; ,Ue;J ePf;fyhk;.
1. murpay; ahg;ig Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kPwpa Fw;wk;.
2. gjtpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fis J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jik.
3. ,yQ;r Coy; Fw;wr;rhl;L
VNjDnkhU tplak; njhlu;ghf khfhz rig nraw;gl Ntz;Lkh

,y;iya vd;gJ njhlu;ghf [dhjpgjpapd; MNyhridAld; MSeu;
jw;Jzptpd; Ngupy; KbTfis ntspaplyhk;. ,J njhlu;ghf ve;j
ePjpkd;wj;jpYk; Nfs;tp vOg;g KbahJ vd gupT 154C(2)
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;j mjpfhuq;fs;.

1. khfhz rigiaf; $l;Ljy;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;. MapDk;
,Ukhjq;fSf;F mku;tpid xj;jpitj;jy; MfhJ.
2. khfhzrigapy; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fSf;F xg;gkpLjy;.
3. khfhz rigf;F nra;jpfis tpLj;jy;.
4. khfhz rig ,aw;whJ ,Uf;Fk; rl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf khfhz
rigf;F mwptpj;jy;.
5. rpy rl;lq;fSf;F xg;gkpl kWj;J kPs; guprPyidf;fhf
rl;lrigf;F mDg;g KbAk;.
6. rpyrl;lq;fis cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; guprPyidf;fhf MSeu;
mDg;gyhk;. ,jd;NghJ Fwpj;j kNrhjh rupahdJ vd ePjpkd;wk;
jPu;gg
; spj;jhy; MSeu; fl;lhak; xg;gkpl Ntz;Lk;. jtwhdJ vd
jPu;gg
; spj;jhy; xg;gkply; $lhJ.
7. [dhjpgjpapd; fUj;jpid mwptjw;fhf mDg;gpitj;jy;
epu;thfj;Jiwrhu; mjpfhuk;
1. khfhz rigapd; epu;thfj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.
2. khfhz rigapd; ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;ijg;ngw;wtiu
Kjyikr;ruhf epakpj;jy;.
3. khfhz rigapd; Vida mikr;ru;fis Kjyikr;;rupd;
rpghupRld; epakpj;jy;.
4. ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g khfhz rig epu;thfj;ijf;
nfhz;L nry;Yjy;.
5. mikr;ruitapd; jPu;khdq;fisf; Nfl;Lg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
6. mikr;ru;fs; jdpg;gilahf Kd;itf;Fk; MNyhridfis
mikr;ruitf;F mDg;Gjy;.
7. kfhz mikr;ru;fs;> khfhzg; gfpuq;f Nrit mYtyu; Clhf
epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy;.
ePjpj;;Jiwrhu; mjpfhuk;.
khfhz rigapd; rl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf Fw;wk; ,ioj;Njhiu my;yJ
khfhz rigf;fhf ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa rl;lj;jpid kPwpa xUtiu
kd;dpg;G toq;f my;yJ jz;lidiaf; Fiwf;f mjpfhuk; cz;L.
xU MSeNuh my;yJ VjhtJ xU khfhz rigNah MSeUf;F
my;yJ khfhz rigf;Fg; gzpf;fg;gl;l murpaw; jp;l;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;
toq;fg;gl;l fl;lisfSf;F xj;Jiof;fNth my;yJ
eilKiwg;gLj;jNth kWj;jhy; [dhjpgjp mk;khfhzj;jpd; epu;thfj;ij
murpay; jpl;lj;jpw;F mika elhj;j Kbahj epiy vOe;Js;sJ
mwpe;J mk; khfhz rigapd; rfy my;yJ rpy flikfis jhd;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. my;yJ ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; xg;gilf;fyhk;. NkYk;
ghuhSkd;wk; $lhjpUf;Fk; re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mDkjpia
vjpu;ghu;j;J khfhz rigfspd; nra;jpfis mDg;gpitf;fyhk;.
khfhz mikr;ruit.
xU khfhzj;jpd; MSeUf;F cjTtjw;Fk; MNyhrid toq;Ftjw;Fk;>
Kjyikr;riuj; jiytuhff; nfhz;l 5w;Fk; Nkw;glhj NtW
mikr;ru;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa mikr;ruit xd;W cUthf;fg;gLk;;.
MSdu; jkJ flikfisr; nra;Ak;NghJ murpaw; jpl;lk;
mDkjpj;jit jtpu Vida tplaq;fspy; mikr;ruitapd;
MNyhridapd;gbNa Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
mikr;ruitapd; gpujhd flik khfhz rigapdhy; ,aw;wg;gLk;
rl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g khfhz epu;thfj;ij elhj;JtjhFk;. ,e;jtifapy;
khfhz mikr;Rf;fs; mt; mikr;Rf;fspd; fPo; ,aq;Fk;
jpizf;fsq;fs;> mtw;wpd; epjp epiy Nkw;ghu;it vd;gdtw;iw
ftdpj;jy; ,jd; gpujhd gzpahFk;. ,ijtpl khfhz rigf;Fj;
Njitahd kNrhjhf;fis cUthf;fy;> khfhz rigapd; MSq;fl;rp
cWg;gpdu;fspd; MjuTld; kNrhjhf;fis epiwNtw;Wjy; Nghd;w
gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
mikr;ruitapd; flikfs;
1. khfhz rigapdhy; ,aw;wg;gLk; rl;lq;fSf;F mikthf
khfhz epu;thfj;ijf; nfhz;L elhj;Jjy;.
2. mikr;ru;fs; jdf;Ff; fPo; cs;s jpizf;fsq;fspd;
nraw;ghLfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;.
3. khfhz rigapd; rl;lrigf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $Wjy;.
Kjyikr;ru;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l khfhz rigapd; MSeu; mk;khfz rigf;F njupT
nra;agl;l mq;fj;jtu;fSs; ahu; ngUk;ghd;ik mq;fj;jtu;spd;
Mjuitg; ngw;Ws;shu; vd fUJthNuh mtiu Kjyikr;ruhf
epakpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; xU rigf;F njupT nra;ag;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fspy;
ngUk;ghyhNdhu; Fwpj;j xU fl;rpapd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhy;
mf;fl;rpapd; jiytiu MSeu; Kjyikr;ruhf epakpg;ghu;.
Kjyikr;rupd; MNyhridg;gbNa Vida mikr;ru;fs; njupT
nra;ag;gLtu;. Kjyikr;rNu khfhz rigapd; jiytuhfTk;
fhzg;gLthu;.
,jd;gb khfhz rigapd; mikr;ru;fis epakpj;jy;> ePf;Fjy;>
mikr;Rf;fis xJf;Fjy;> khw;Wjy;> mikr;Rf;fSf;Fupa
jpizf;fsq;fis xJf;Fjy;> khw;Wjy; vd;gdtw;wpy; Kf;fpa
nghWg;Gilatuhf Kjyikr;rNu fhzg;gLthu;.
khfhz mikr;ruit khfhz rigf;Ff; $l;lhfg; nghWg;GilajhFk;.
mikr;ruit kPJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yhg; gpNuuiz xd;;iwf; nfhz;Lte;J
epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; khfhz rigapd; mikr;ruitiag; gjtp
ePf;fKbAk;.
Kjyikr;rupd; flikfs;.
1. khfhzj;jpy; mYty;fs; njhlu;ghd epu;thfr; rl;lk;
,aw;Wtjw;fhd gpNuuizfs; vd;gd njhlu;ghf
mikr;ruitpapd; jPu;khdq;fis MSeUf;F mwptpj;jy;.
2. MSeu; Nfl;Fk;NghJ khfhzj;jpd; mYty;fs; njhlu;ghd
rl;lkpaw;Wjy; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis rku;g;gpj;jy;.
3. Vida mikr;ru;fSld; ,ize;J khfhzrigapd;
rl;lj;Jiwf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $Wjy;.
4. Vida mikr;ru;fspd; gzpfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;.
5. kfhzrigf;Fk; MSeUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,izg;Gg; ghykhfr;
nraw;gLjy;.
khfhz ePjpj;Jiw
khfhz rigapd; ePjpj;Jiwf;Fg; nghWg;ghf Nky; ePjpkd;wk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; xt;nthU khfhzj;jYk; xt;nthU
Nky; ePjpkd;wk; cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,yq;ifapd; Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspy;
,Ue;J gpujk ePjpauru; xt;nthU khfhz Nky; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk;
Njitahd vz;zpf;ifAs;s ePjpgjpfis epakpg;ghu;. ,e;ePjpgjpfs;
gpujk ePjpaurupdhy; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;glyhk;.
epjp Mizf;FO
khfhz rigf;F epjpfis gq;fPL nra;tjw;nfd gpujpepjpj;Jtk;tha;e;j
xU Mizf;FO epWtg;gLk;. ,J Itiuf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
1. kj;jpa tq;fp MSeu;.
2. jpiwNrupapd; fhupajuprp.
3. %d;W rKjhaq;fisAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; 3 gpujpepjpfs;.
khfhzq;fspd; Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; NghJkhd epjpfis
murhq;fk; NghJkhd epjpfis murhq;fk; epjp Mizf;FOtpd; rpghuprpd;
NgupYk; mtu;fspd; MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wk; tUlhe;j tuT
nryTj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;Jk; toq;Fk;.
,ijtpl epjp Mizf;FO tUlhtUlk; toq;fg;gLk; epjpapid
khfhzq;fspilNa vt;thW gfpu;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;if gw;wpAk;
khfhz rigapd; epjp njhlu;ghf [dhjpgjp Mizf;FOtpw;F mDg;Gk;
NtW tplaq;fs; gw;wpAk; [dhjpgjpf;F ,t;thizf;FO rpghupRfis
toq;Fk;.
khfhz rigf;nfd gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;.

,J njhlu;ghf murpayikg;gpd; 9k; ml;ltizapd; 1k; epuy;
njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.
1. cs;Su; rl;lKk; xOq;Fk;.
xt;nthU khfhzj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU nghyp]; gil ,aq;Fk;. ,J
“khfhz nghyp]; gil” vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,ij tpl Njrpa
kl;lj;jpy; nghyp];kh mjpgu;> gpujp nghyp];kh mjpgu;> rpNu\;l
nghyp]; juj;jpdu; MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpa xU “Njrpa nghyp];
gpupT” xd;Wk; ,aq;Fk;.
khfhz nghyp]; gpupthdJ Njrpa gpuptpy; ,Ue;J flik top
mDg;gg;gl;l nghyp]; mjpgu;fs;> cjtpg; nghyp]; mjpgu;fs;
vd;NghiuAk; khfhzj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l khfhz cjtpg; nghyp];
mjpgu; vd;NghiuAk;> khfhzj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l khfhz cjtpg;
nghyp]; mjpgu;> gpujk ,d;];ngf;lu;> cjtpg; nghyp]; ,d;];ngf;lu;>
rh[d;l;fs;> fhz;];Nlgps;fs; MfpNahiuAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
xt;nthU khfhzg; gpuptpw;Fkhd Ml;Nru;j;jy; gpd;tUk;
3cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l xU khfhzg; nghyp]; Mizf;FOthy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
1. khfhzj;jpd; gpujpg; nghyp]; kh mjpgu;.
2. [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLk; xUtu;.
3. khfhz Kjyikr;rupdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; xUtu;.
2. fhzpAk; fhzpaku;Tk;.
fhzp kPjhd cupik> fhzp kw;Wk; fhzp mgptpUj;jp vd;gd
khfhz rigfSf;F mjpfhug; gutyhf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fshFk;.
vdpDk; mt;thwhd mjpfhug; gutyhf;fYf;F gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
tpjptpyf;fhf ,Uf;Fk;.
1. mur fhzpfs;.
a. ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd fhzpfis vt;tpj
kl;Lg;gLj;jYk; ,d;wp ,yq;if murhq;fk; gad;gLj;Jk;.
b. khfhz rigfSf;F mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Njitg;gLk;
fhzpfs;.
,t;thwhd Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfj; Njitg;gLk; fhzpfspd;
gad;ghl;Lj; jpllq;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Njrpa
nfhs;iffSf;F ,zq;f cUthf;f Ntz;baJ khfhz
rigapd; flikahFk;. ,t;thwhd jpl;lq;fspd; fPo;
fhzpiag; guhjPdg;gLj;jy; my;yJ ifaspj;jy; khfhz
rigapd; MNyhridapd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.
2. mur fhzpfspd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghf nfhs;ifia
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mjpfhuk; nfhz;Ls;s xU Njrpa fhzp
Mizf;FOTk; epWtg;gLk;.
3. khfhzq;fSf;fpilapyhd ePu;gg
; hrd> fhzp mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lq;fs;.
,j;jifa jpl;lq;fs; (cjhuzk;: kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lk;) ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
,t;thwhd fhzpfSf;fhd fhzp cupikia ngw
tpUk;GNthiuj; njupTnra;jy; njhlu;ghd jj;Jtq;fSk;;>
msitfSk; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpdhyNa epu;zapf;fg;gLk;.
vdpDk; ,j;jj;Jtq;fis eilKiwapy; gpuNahfpj;jy; fhzp
cupik ngw tpUk;GNthiuj; njupT nra;jy; vd;gd khfhz
rigapd; mjpfhuq;fSf;F cl;gl;bUf;Fk;.
3. tptrhaKk; ifj;njhopYk;.
,yq;if KOtjpYk; tptrha mgptpUj;jp rk;ge;jkhf Njrpa
nfhs;iffis cUthf;fp mKyhf;Fjy; kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F
xJf;fg;gl;l xU tplakhFk;. xU khfhzj;jpDs;> my;yJ xU
khtl;lj;jpDs; xUkhtl;l tptrhaj;jpl;lj;ij jahupj;J nraw;gLj;jy;>
tsq;fisAk; nritfisAk; xOq;FgLj;jy;> tpisnghUl;fis
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;gd khfhz rigfSf;FupajhFk;. NkYk; rpwpa
mstpyhd ePu;gg; hrd Ntiyfisg; Gduikg;Gr; nra;jYk;> guhkupj;jYk;
rigapd; flikahf ,Uf;Fk;. ifj;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghf xU
Njrpa nfhs;ifia cUthf;fp mKyhf;Fjy;> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F
cupajhFk;. ,f;nfhs;iff;F cl;gl;L jkJ nrhe;jg; gFjpf;Fs;Ns
njhopy;fis epWTtjw;Fk; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; khfhz rig mjpfhuk;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
4. fy;tpAk; fyhr;rhuKk;.
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> njhopEl;gf;fy;Y}upfs;> Njrpa ghlrhiyfs; vd;gd
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;ljhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. khfhz
rig ,uz;lhk; ju fy;tp kl;lk; tiuf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cilaitahff;
fhzg;gLk;. vdpDk; khfhz murhq;fk; mur epjpapd;wp jdpahu;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fis epWtp Kfhik nra;a KbAk;. fyhrhu
nraw;ghLfis elhj;JtJk;> Nkk;gLj;JtJk; khfhz rigfspd;
nghWg;ghFk;.
khfhz rig Kiwapd; ed;ikfs;

1. Fiwe;jsthd mjpfhug; gq;fPl;ilahtJ ,k;khfhz rigr;rl;lk;
jkpo;NgRk; kf;fSf;F toq;fpAs;sJ.
2. khfhz kf;fsJ tpUg;Gf;fisAk; mgpyhirfisAk; mwptjw;F
me;j khfhz kf;fshy; Msg;gLtjw;Fk; khfhz rig rpwe;j
fskhf mikfpd;wJ.
3. ,yq;ifapd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fypd; cr;rfl;lkhf khfhz rig
Kiwik mike;Js;sik.
4. kj;jpapy; Ftpe;Js;s mjpfhuq;fs; khfhz kl;lj;jpyhtJ

gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl ,k; khfhz rig cjTfpd;wJ.
5. khfhz kl;lj;jpy; rpwpa mstpyhtJ mgptpUj;jpfis
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; khfhz rigg; gpujpepjpfs; mJ njhlu;ghd
jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; khfhz rig topnra;Js;sJ.
6. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; fy;tp> fyhrhuk;> tptrhak;> fhzp Nghd;w

mgptpUj;jp nraw;jpl;lq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf mj;jifa
mjpfhuq;fspy; rpytw;iw khfhz rigfSf;F toq;fpajd; %yk;
khfhz uPjpahd mgptpUj;jp ghupastpy; vOr;rpailAk; tha;gi; gg;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
7. ,yq;ifapy; ,dg;gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;thf gz;lh – nry;th xg;ge;jk;>

ll;yp – nry;th xg;ge;jk; vd;gd cUthf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; mit
vOj;JUtpy; rl;lkhf;fg;gltpy;iy. mJTk; Fwpg;g hf khtl;l
mgptpUj;jp rigr; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lNghjpYk; mJ ghuhSkd;wr;
rl;lkhf ,Ue;jNj jtpu murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,r;rl;lNk ,dg;gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;thf
murpayikg;gpdhy; cs;thq;fg;gl;l rl;lkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
khfhz rig Kiwapd; FiwghLfs;.

1. khfhz rig murhq;fKiwahdJ ,yq;ifapy; ePz;lfhykhf
epytp te;j ,dg;gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPu;thf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
mt;thwhapd; ,dg;gpur;rpid epytpa tlf;F> fpof;Fg;
gFjpfSf;F khj;jpuk; Kd;itj;jpUf;fyhk;. Mdhy; KO
,yq;iff;Fk; khfhz rig Kiwia cUthf;fpaikahdJ
vkJ ehl;bw;F ghupa nghUshjhur; Rikia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
2. ,t;turhq;f Kiwapy; tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; tho;e;j
K];ypk; kf;fsJ mgpyhirfs; tplaj;jpy; ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhfNt =yq;fh K];ypk;
fhq;u]; K];ypk; myF xd;iwf; Nfhup tUfpd;wJ.
3. mjpfhug; gq;fPl;ilg; nghWj;jtiuf;Fk; fhzp> nghyp];
mjpfhuk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; xU gytPdkhd mjpfhug; gq;fPNl
fpilj;Js;sJ. ,J tplaj;jpy; gz;lh nry;th> ll;yp nry;th
xg;ge;jq;fs; Nkd;ikAilaitahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
4. khfhz rigf;nfd mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; $l

kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; gpb fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nghypRk; nghJ
xOq;Fk;> fy;tpAk; fy;tpr;NritAk;> fhzp> fld; ngWjy;> tup
tpjpj;jy;> Rw;whly;> fkj;njhopy;> Rfhjhuk; Nghd;w 8
tplaq;fspy; khfhz rigfs; rl;lk; ,aw;wyhk; vd
ghuhSkd;wk; xU rl;lj;ij ,aw;wpf;nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdf;
$wg;gl;lJ. ,jid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl kj;jpa muR
jdJ vNjr;rjpfhu eltbf;iffspy; ,wq;fyhk;. Vnddpy; ,J
njhlu;ghd vy;iyfs; vJTk; murpay; jpl;lj;jpy; njspthf
tiuaWf;fl;l;L ,Uf;ftpy;iy. eilKiwapy; ,uz;L tUlq;fs;
Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;j tlf;F fpof;F khfhz murhq;fk;
Nghf;Ftuj;J> ngUe;njUf;fs; njhlu;ghf rl;lq;fs; cUthf;f
Kide;jNghJ ghuhSkd;wk; ,aw;wpa rl;lj;jpd; Clhf
mjidj; jLj;jpUe;jJ.
5. khfhz rigf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fisf; $l

eilKiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;F kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F
mjpfhuk; mspf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,jdhy; mit
eilKwg;gLj;jg;glhkNyNa cs;sJ. cjhuzkhf: khfhz
rig Kiw Muk;gpj;J Kg;gJ tUlq;fs; MfpAk; ,Jtiu ve;j
khfhzj;jpYk; nghyp]; gpupt Muk;gpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
6. kf;fspdhy; njupT nra;ag;glhj MSeUf;F kf;fshy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l Kjyikr;riu tpl mjpfhuq;fs; mjpfupj;Jf;
fhzg;gLtjhdJ kf;fshl;rpj; jj;Jtj;jpw;F KuzhdJ.
7. xj;jpaq;F gl;baypy; cs;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; rl;lkpaw;Wk;
mjpfhuk; khfhz rigfis tpl kj;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Nf
$Ljyhf cs;sJ.
8. khfhz rigfs; jkJ epjp tUkhdq;fSf;F nrhe;j gyj;jpy;
jq;fpapUg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; $wg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. khwhf
kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; epiyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
13MtJ jpUj;jj;Jld; ,yq;if xw;iwahl;rp fl;likg;gpypUe;J
tpyfpapUg;gij fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,jd;%yk; rk];b Kiwapid
Nehf;fp gazpg;gij fhz Kbe;jhYk;> cau; ePjpkd;wj;jhy;
fle;jfhyq;fspy; toq;fg;gl;l ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;Gfspy; xw;iwahl;rpj;
jd;ikiag; Ngzpf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. khfhz
rigfSf;Fupa nghyp]; kw;Wk; fhzp mjpfhuq;fis
gpuNahfpg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gLkhapd; ,yq;if ,e;jpahtpd;
mjpfhug; gq;fPl;Lf;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd xd;whf khwptpl tha;g;Gz;L.
gpuhd;];
xw;iw kw;Wk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l murpd; fl;likg;gpidg; gw;wp
Nehf;Fk;NghJ gpuhd;]pd; murpay; mikg;G Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
1978Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpdhy; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l epiwNtw;W
[dhjpgjp Kiwik gpuhd;rpd; Ie;jhtJ FbauR murpayikg;igr;
rhu;e;jNj.
gpuhd;rhdJ cyfj;jpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w KjyhtJ rdehaf
FbaurhFk;. 1789Mk; Mz;L Gul;rpNahL kd;duhl;rp Kiwik
tPo;r;rpaile;J gpuhd;]; rdehaf FbaurhdJ. ,jd; gpujhd
Nfhrkhf Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;gJ
fhzg;gl;ld. ,J Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; rkj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lnjhU murpayikg;ghFk;.
gpuhd;]; mjpfhuj;ij ngupJk; ikag;gLj;jpa murhFk;. Xu; mjpfhu
epWtdj;jpdhy; Ml;rp mjpfhuk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJ
xw;iwahl;rpapd; tpNrl gz;ghFk;. xw;iwahl;rpahdJ “gy;fyhrhuk;
Fiwthf cs;s muRfspNyNa” rpwg;ghfj; njhopw;gLk; vd;gJ
nghJthd fUj;jhFk;. ,jw;F gpuirfs; midtUf;Fk; nghJ Njrpa
tpUg;G mtrpakhFk;. tYthd xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;gpw;F tYthd
njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;W fhzg;gLtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
mjdhy; rpwpa ehLfSf;Nf xw;iwahl;rp Kiw nghUj;jkhdkhdJ
vd;gJ gpurpj;jkhd fUj;jhf cs;sJ. vdpDk; xw;iwahl;rp
gy;tifikia nfhz;l ngupa muRfSf;F nghUe;jhJ vd;gJ ,jd;
nghUsy;y.
gd;ikr; r%fk; xd;wpy; xw;iw kw;Wk; ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwnahd;W
nraw;gLk;NghJ kj;jpa murhq;fk; cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd;ghy;
jkJ tpOkpak; kw;Wk; gpujpgypg;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk;. ,t;thwhd
epiyapd; fPo; cg Njrpa myFfSf;F RahjPdkhf rl;lk; kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s KbahjNjhL cs;Suhl;rp
epWtdq;fshy; rpw;rpytw;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gb mOj;jk; nfhLf;f
KbAk;.
jw;fhy kj;jpakag;gl;l xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;Gf;F Kd;duhd
gpuhd;]; 1789 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l Gul;rpNahL kd;duhl;rp Kiw
tPo;r;rpaile;J rdehaf FbauR Kiwnahd;W cUthfpaJ. mur
khjpup xd;whf FbauR Kiwikapd; gpujhd ,ay;G mur jiytuhd
[dhjpgjp kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLtjhFk;.
1789 gpuhd;]; Gul;rpapd; gpd;duhd murpay; tuyhw;wpDs; gpuhd;rpy;
Ie;J FbauR murpayikg;Gfs; cUthfpAs;sd. ,t;nty;yh
murpayikg;GfSk; VNjhnthU tifapy; td;Kiw uPjpahd mjpfhuk;
khw;wiljy; (Violent Transition) vd mwpag;gl;lJ. ,it xt;nthU
murpayikg;Gk; gpuhd;rpd; FbauR (Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; vd)
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
KjyhtJ FbauR Kiw 1792 Mk; Mz;L XIVMk; Y}ap murdpd;

tPo;r;rpNahL Muk;gpj;J 1804 ,y; neg;Nghypad; nghdghl; gpuhd;rpa
Nguurdhf (Emperor of First France Empire) mjpfhuj;jpw;Fg;
gpuNtrpj;jJld; Kw;Wg; ngw;wJ. neg;Nghypadpd; mjpfhuk; KbTw;w
gpd;du; jw;fhypf FbauRfs; gy Njhw;wk; ngw;whYk;> 1848 ,y;
,lk;ngw;w murpay; khw;wj;Jld; KjyhtJ FbauR KbTf;F te;jJ.
,jd; gpd;du; 1848 ,y; ,uz;lhtJ FbauR Kiwf;fhd mj;jpghuk;

,lg;gl;lJ. ,jd; [dhjpgjpahf Y}tp neg;Nghypad; 1852 ,y;
gpuhd;rpd; kd;duhl;rp Kiwapid cUthf;fp jhNd Nguurd; vd
Fwpg;gpl;ljd; %yk; ,uz;lhk; FbauR KbTf;F te;jJ. 1870 ,y;
N[u;kdpAld; (mg;Nghija gpuprpah) Vw;gl;lg; Nghupy; gpuhd;];
Njhy;tpaile;jNjhL IIIMk; Y}tp neg;Nghypad; 1852 ,y;
cUthf;fpa ,uz;lhtJ NguuRk; fPo;epiyaile;jJ.
mLj;jgbahf Njhw;wk; ngw;w %d;whk; FbauR Kiw ePz;lfhykhf

Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jhYk; mJ KOikahd murpay; cWjpg;ghl;il
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sj; jtwptpl;lJ. ,e;j Fbaurpd; fPo; 1929 -1939
tiuahd jrhg;jq;fspy; khj;jpuk; Rkhu; 18 murhq;fq;fs; Njhd;wp
kiwe;jd vd;gij cjhuhzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. 1940 ,y; N[u;kdp
gpuhd;rpdhy; Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lik %d;whtJ FbauR tPo;r;rpAWtjw;F
toptFj;jJ.
,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;j;jpd; epiwNthL 1946,y; ehd;fhk; FbauR Kiw
Muk;gkhdJ. ehd;fhk; FbauR KiwahdJ %d;whk; FbauR
Kiwapd; ePl;rpahFk; vd;why; mJ jtwpy;iy. vdNtjhd; %d;whtJ
FbauR Kiw vjpu; Nehf;fpa rpf;fy;fis ehd;fhk; FbauR KiwAk;
vjpu; Nehf;fpaJ.
cyfg; Nghupd; gpd;du; ru;tNjr muq;fpy; ,lk;ngw;w FbNaw;wthj

Nghl;bAld; gpuhd;rpa fhydpj;Jt Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,e;j
murpay; Fog;gepiy ehd;fhtJ FbauR Kiwapid murpay; uPjpapy;
rpf;fYf;F cs;shf;fpaJ. vt;thwhapDk; ehd;fhk; FbauR
KiwahdJ gpuhd;]; vjpu; Nehf;fpa ghuJ}ukhd nghUshjhu
tPo;r;rpapypUe;J mjid XusT kPl;nlLj;jJ vdyhk;. vdpDk; mJ
gpuhd;rpa NguuRthjj;jpid ntspg;gLj;jf;$ba murpay; uPjpahd
cWjpg;ghl;ilg; NgZtjw;Fg; NghJkhdjhf mikatpy;iy.
Fwpg;ghfg; gpuhd;Rf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd my;[Pupahtpy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;
fhuzkhf ehd;fhtJ FbauR Kiw murpay; uPjpahd cWjpaw;w
epiyf;F js;sg;gl;lJ.
eilKiwapy; cs;s Ie;jhk; FbauR KiwahdJ ,uz;lhk; cyfg;

Nghupd; gpd;du; gpuhd;rpy; jiy J}f;fpa murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
neUf;FjYf;Fj; jPu;thfTk;> mNjNghy; ePz;lfhykhf epytpte;j
cWjpaw;w murpay; epiyikfSf;fhd jPu;NthL Kd;dpiy
mile;jjhFk;.
,jd;gb 1958,y; ,Ue;J rl;lkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ. mjNdhbize;j

tifapy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ahg;GW jd;ikAk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F te;j rhs;]; bNfhy; muR Gjpa
murpay; mikg;nghd;iw cUthf;f Muk;gpj;jhu;. 1958Mk; Mz;L
nrg;nlk;gu; khjk; 28Me; jpfjp Gjpa murpayikg;G mWjpg;
ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNjhL mJ gpuhd;]pd; Ie;jhk;
Fbaurpd; murpay; mikg;gpd; Muk;gj;ij gjpT nra;jJ. gpuhd;rpa
murpay; jpl;lk; xU KfTiuiaAk; 92 tpjpfisAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mj;Jld;> mJ 15 jiyg;Gf;fshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1957Mk; Mz;Ltiu epytpa nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; Fog;gepiy
KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJld; rhu;s;]; bNfhypdhy; Ie;jhk; FbauR
KiwahdJ gpuhd;rpd; gykhd kj;jpakag;gl;l xw;iwahl;rpj; jd;ik
nfhz;l murpidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. ,j;jifa murpay; mikg;nghd;W
Njhw;wk; ngWtjpy; gpuhd;rpy; epytpa fPo;tUk; tuyhw;W uPjpahd
fhuzpfs; VJthfpd.
1. nghUshjhu> mwpT rhu;e;j kw;Wk; fyhrhu uPj pahfg; gpuhd;rpd;
jiyefu; ghup]py; epytpa mjpfhuj;Jtk;
2. gpuhd;rpd; murpay; tho;tpid ghup]py; ,Ue;j murpay;
ikaNk epUtfpj;jik.
3. gpuhd;rpid ntspehl;L kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L vjpupfsplkpUe;J
ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhuk;
mtrpakhapUe;jJ.
gpuhd;rpa murpayikg;G ,uz;L Nfhl;ghLfis ikakhf itj;Nj
jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ.
01. FbauRg; ghuhSkd;w Kiw: ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U mitfSk;
Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;litahFk;. murhq;fj;jpd; cWjpiag; NgZk;
nghUl;L rl;lkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; ntFthff;
Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rl;lkdwj;jpw;F ehl;Lf;F Njitahd
rl;lq;fs; midj;Jk; cUthf;fg;gLkhapDk;> tpjpfis
cuthf;Ftjw;fhd KOikahd mjpfhuk; murhq;fj;jpw;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
02. jdp egu; jiyik: BNfhypd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,zq;f mtuJ
jdpg;gl;l jiyikfis cWjpg;gLj;j murpayikg;gpy; gy tpjpfs;
Nru;f;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ehl;bd; jiytu; kf;fs; gpujpepjpahf ,Uf;f
Ntz;LNk jtpu ghuhSkdwj;jpDilajhf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
[dhjpgjpf;F epu;thfj;Jiwapy; mjpf gq;F cs;sJ vd;gij
ntspf;fhl;l epu;thfj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; [dhjpgjp
kw;Wk; gpujku; kj;jpapy; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk; mikjp
kw;Wk; neUf;fb fhyq;fspy; nraw;gLj;Jk; tz;zk; rpy rpwg;G
mjpfhuq;fs; [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thwhd murpay; jpl;lj;jpd; tpNrl gz;Gfis fPo;tUkhW Nehf;f
KbAk;.
1. nefpoh murpay; ahg;G: 05tJ FbauR ahg;ghdJvOjg;gl;l
nefpoh ahg;ghFk;. murpay; ahg;gpid jpUj;Jtjhapd; mk;
kNrhjhtpid [dhjpgjpNa nfhz;L tu KbAk;. ghuhSkd;wpd;
,U rigfspYk; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;wg;gl;L
gpd;dH kf;fs; jPHg;gpw;F tplg;gl;Nl mq;fPfupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
murpay; ahg;Gj; jpUj;j kNrhjhit kf;fs; jPHgpw;F
tplj;Njitapy;iy vd [dhjpgjp fUJk;gl;rj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wpd;
02 rigfspYk; 3/5 ngUk;ghd;ikAld; epiwNtw;wg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; FbauR jd;ikia jpUj;jNth> khw;wNth KbahJ.
2. ,Urigfis nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;: rl;lj;Jiwahd
ghuhSkd;wk;> Njrpa Nguit> nrdl;rig vDk; ,U rigfisf;
nfhz;lJ. Njrpa Nguit cWg;gpdHfs; NjHjy; %yk; kf;fshy;
05 tUl gjtpf; fhyj;jpw;F njupag;gLtJld; nrdl; cWg;gpdHfs;
kiwKfkhf NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtH.
3. mjpfhu nrwpT kpf;f [dhjpgjp: gpuhd;rpa murpay; ahg;ghdJ
ghuhSkd;w murhq;f KiwAk; [dhjpgjp murhq;f KiwAk;
,ize;j ahg;ghFk;. ,jdhy; ,tH ehk epHthfpahfTk; ,y;yhJ
cz;ik epHthfTk; ,y;yhJ ,Ug;gJld; ,tH 05 tUl
gjtpf;fhyj;jpw;fhf kf;fshy; njupag;gLfpd;whH.
4. XusT mjpfhuk; gilj;j mikr;ruit
mikr;ruit $l;lq;fspd; jiytuhf [dhjpgjp tpsq;Ffpd;whH. ,q;F
mikr;ruit cWg;gpdHfs; vtUk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; my;yH.
mikr;ruit kPJ ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuiziaf; nfhz;Lte;J
epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; mikr;ruit gjtp tpyFk;.
5.
6. kjr;rhHgw;w kf;fshl;rp FbauR
7. kf;fs; jPHg;G Kiw
8. [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wpy; mjpfhuq; gq;fPl;il nfhz;l murpay;
ahg;G
9. ,Utifahd ePjpkd;wq;fs; - rhjhuz ePjpkd;wq;fs; >
Ml;rpj;Jiw ePjpkd;wq;fs; vd ,Utifahd ePjpkd;w Kiwik.
10. gyfl;rp Kiw
11. murpayikg;Gf; FO
[dhjpgjp Kiw
Ie;jhtJ FbauR Kiw BNfhy; Kiw (Gaullist System) vd
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jsgjp rhu;s;]; BNfhypd; murpay; kw;Wk;
jdpg;gl;l tpUg;Gf;fSf;F Vw;g> xU egiur; Rw;wp mjpfhuq;fs;
xd;WFtpAk; tifapy; murpayikg;ig cUthf;f Ntz;ba Njit
mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ.
gpuhd;]pa murhq;f Kiw [dhjpgjp kw;Wk; ghuhSkd;w murhq;f

Kiwapid fyg;Gr; nra;j murhq;f KiwahFk; ,Ug;gpDk;
ghuhSkd;w Kiwiaia tpl [dhjpgjp Kiwf;Nf mjpfk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sJ.
Ie;jhk; Fbaurpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpajd; %yk; gpuhd;rpa

murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fz;L nfhs;syhk;. III
Mk;> IV Mk; FbauR Kiwfspy; fhzg;gl;l gpujhd FiwghL
ahnjdpy; gytPdkhd jiyikj;Jtk; cUthf;fg;gl;likAk; murpay;
fl;rpfs; kpfTk; nefpo;rpahd Kiwapy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;likAkhFk;.
,f;FiwghLfis eptu;j;jpf;Fk; tifapy; Ie;jhk; FbauR
KiwikAk;> mjd; murpayikg;Gk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;l [dhjpgjp gjtp
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;%yk; ,jw;F Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l ghuhSkd;w
KiwikahdJ> ,uz;lhe;ju mk;rkhf Mf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jid Nguhrpau;
epA+kd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. “murpayikg;G epu;thfj;
Jiwia tYg;gLj;jp ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ijf;
Fiwj;JtpLfpd;wJ”
Gjpa murpayikg;gpd; tpNrlkhd cUthf;fkhf ,e;j epiwNtw;W

mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjp gjtp gpuhd;rpd; Fbaurpd; cau;e;j
,lkhf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwia rl;lj;Jiwf;Fk;
Nkyhf cau;j;jp itj;jy; ,jd; gpujhd gz;ghFk;.
,jd;NghJ ru;trd thf;Ffshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; [dhjpgjpapd;
];jpuj;jd;ik njhlu;gpyhd gpur;rpidia jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
Muk;gj;jpy; [dhjpgjp 80>000 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l Nju;jy;
fy;Y}up Clhf [dhjpgjpia njupT nra;jy; gpNuupf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;
1962,y; ,lk;ngw;w nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;gpy; [dhjpgjp
,ul;il thf;F Kiwikapd; %yk; kf;fshy; Neubahfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; vd Vw;Wnfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb KjyhtJ
Nju;jypy; ve;jnthU Ntl;ghsUf;Fk; Njitahd ngUk;ghd;ikia
ngw Kbahjtplj;J ,Uthuq;fSf;Fs; ,uz;lhk; thf;nfLg;gpid
elhj;jp [dhjpgjpapid njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,jid ,ul;il
thf;F Kiw (Dual Voting) vd;gu;. ,e;j ,uz;lhtJ thf;nfLg;gpy;
Kjyhk; Nju;jypy; Kjy; ,uz;L ,lq;fisg; ngw;wtu;fs; khj;jpuNk
Nghl;bapLtu;. ,tu;fSs; 50% thf;Ffisg; ngWgtu; [dhjpgjpahfg;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLthu;. 1979y; B v];lhq; ,uz;lhtJ Rw;W
thf;nfLg;gpy;jhd; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
Muk;gj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf; fhyk; 7 tUlkhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;du;
2002,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l khw;wj;jpd; %yk; 5 tUlq;fshff;
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. mNj Nghd;W xUtu; vj;jid jlitfSk;
[dhjpgjpahfj; njupT nra;ag;glyhk;. Nju;jypy; 50 tPj thf;Ffisg;
ngWfpd;wtu; [dhjpgjpahfj; njupT nra;ag;gLthu;.
mjpfhuq;fs;
ikathjj;ij tYg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Ie;jhk; Fbaurpd; fPo;
[dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:
1. rk;gpujhag;G+u;tkhd mjpfhuq;fs;: murpd; jiytuhf
rk;gpujhaG+u;tkhff; fpilf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs;.
2. murpay; uPjpahf tYg;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyikfSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; tifapyhd mjpfhuq;fs;:- [dhjpgjp Njrpa
xw;Wikapd; rpd;dkhthu;. mtu; fl;rp murpaYf;Fk; r%fj;jpd;
murpay; NtWghLfSf;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;ltu;. BNfhy; my;[Pupa
gpur;rpidapd; NghJk;> 1976,y; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu kw;Wk; epjp
neUf;fbapd;NghJk;> (Giscard Estaing) nraw;gl;l tpjk; ,jw;fhd
vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;.
3. mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fs; :- FbauRf;F> Njrj;jpd;
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk;> Ml;Gy xUikg;ghl;bw;Fk;> ru;tNjr
cld;gbf;iffis Vw;Wnfhs;tjw;Fk;> nghJ epWtdq;fSf;F
jilfs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fis
gad;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
epUthf mjpfhuk;
 jiyik epUthfp vd;w Kiwapy; gpujkiuAk;> Vida cau;
mjpfhupfisAk; epakpf;fpd;whu;.
 [dhjpgjp gpujkiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a KbahJ. gpujku;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gr; nrhy;y Ntz;batuhthu;.
 gpujku; gjtpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;jhy; mjid Vw;f Ntz;Lk;.
 gpujku; MNyhridg;gb mikr;ru;fis epakpf;fTk;> gjtp ePf;fTk;
nra;fpwhu;.
 J}Jtu;fisAk; jsgjpfisAk; epakpf;fpd;whu;.
 ,tu;jhd; jiyik jsgjp cld;gbf;iffis nra;fpd;whu;.
 murpayikg;Gf; FOj;jiytiu epakd; nra;fpd;whu;.
 mikr;ru; FOf;$l;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Ffpd;whu;.
mikr;ru;fs; ,tUila MNyhridfis Gwf;fzpf;f khl;lhu;fs;.
 ntspehl;L cwTfspy; ehl;bd; gpujpepjpahf mjpf mjpfhuj;ij
nrYj;Jfpd;whu;.
rl;l mjpfhuk;
 rl;lk; ,aw;Wtjpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,ize;j gFjpahf
fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.
 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; ghuhSkd;w rl;lq;fis gpufldk; nra;fpd;whu;.
[dhjpgjp ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; rl;lj;ij kWguprePyid nra;a
ghuhSkd;wj;Jf;F mDg;gyhk;. ghuhSkd;wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLj;J nraw;gLk;.
 ghuhSkd;wk; Nfl;lhy;> [dhjpgjp ve;j kNrhjhitAk; kf;fs;
jPu;g;Gf;F tplyhk;. thf;nfLg;G rhjfkhf ,Ue;jhy; [dhjpgjp
rl;lkhfg; gpufldk; nra;thu;.
 gpujku; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspd; rghehfau;fSld;
fye;jhNyhrpj;J Njrpa rigiaf; fiyf;fyhk;.
 xuhz;by; ,uz;L Kiw ,r;rigiaf; fiyf;f KbahJ.
 mikr;ruitapy; ,aw;wg;gl;l mtru rl;lq;fSf;F xg;Gjy;
toq;Ffpd;whu;.
 ghuhSkd;wk; ,tuJ mwpf;iffisg; gbf;fyhNk jtpu tpthjpf;ff;
$lhJ.
ePjp mjpfhuk;
 kd;dpg;G toq;fy;> jz;lidiaj; jhkjg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk;.
 ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuj;jpw;F cj;juthjk; toq;fy;.
 ePjpj;Jiwapd; kpf;Fau; FOTf;F jiyik jhq;Ffpd;whu;.
neUf;fb fhy mjpfhuk;

 murpayikg;gpd; 16 tJ tpjpg;gb> gpujku; ,uz;L rig
rghehafu;fs; murpayikg;G FOtpdUld; MNyhrpj;J KO
mjpfhuj;ijAk; gpuNahfpf;fyhk;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspYk; jpwe;j thf;nfLg;G %yk;
mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;W ,tu; kPJ Fw;wk; rhl;lyhk;. cau;
ePjpkd;wk; mjid tprhupf;Fk;.
 [dhjpgjp gjtp ntw;wplkhdhy; nrdl;bd; rghehafu; 20 njhlf;fk;
35 ehl;fs; tiu ,ilf;fhy [dhjpgjpahf flikahw;Wthu;.
 ,f;fhyg;GFjpf;Fs; Gjpa [dhjpgjpf;fhd Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
 xU kNrhjhit kf;fs; thf;nfLg;Gf;F tLtJ> Njrpa rigiaf;
fiyg;gJ ,t;tpuz;L mjpfhuq;fisj; jtpu Vida midj;J
mjpfhuq;fisAk; ,ilf;fhy [dhjpgjp nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.
rl;lj;Jiw
gpuhd;]pd; Ie;jhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; gb rl;lj;Jiwahd
ghuhSkd;wk; Njrpa Nguit> nrdl; rig Mfpa ,U mq;fq;fisf;
nfhz;l rl;lkd;wkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Njrpa mrk;gpsp
577 cWg;gpdu;fs; 5 tUl fhyjpw;Fs; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
%yk; kf;fshy; njupe;njLf;fgLfpd;wdu;. gpujku; ,U rigfspd;
rghehafu;fSld; MNyhrpj;J [dhjpgjp Njrpa rigiaf;
fiyf;fyhk;. [dhjpgjp neUf;fb fhy mjpfhuq;fis nrYj;Jk;
NghJ mtu; rigiaf; fiyf;f KbahJ. Xuhz;L fhyj;jpw;Fs;
,r;rigia ,U jlitfs; fiyf;f KbahJ. Njrpa rigf; $l;lk;
Mz;bw;F ,UKiw elf;Fk;. Njrpa mnrk;gpspapdJk; nrdw;wpdJk;
mku;Tfs; ,U jlitfs; khj;jpuNk ,lk; ngWfpd;w J. murpay;
ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; KjyhtJ mku;T xf;Nlhgu; khjk; 02Mk; jpfjp
Muk;gpj;J 80 ehl;fSf;F eilngWk;. ,uz;lhtJ mku;T Vg;uy;
02Mk; jpfjp Muk;gpj;J mJ 90 ehl;fSf;F Nky; ePbf;f KbahJ.
MfNt nkhj;jkhf 05 khjq;fs; 20 ehl;fSf;F ,t;tku;Tfs;
,lk;ngWk;. 6 khjq;fSf;F xUKiw $l;lk; eilngWk;. mrhjhuz
$l;lj;njhlu;fs; [dhjpgjp> gpujku;> ngUk;ghd;ik Njrpa rig
cWg;gpdu;fs; Nfhupdhy; $l;lg;glyhk;. gpujku; my;yJ 1/10 gq;F
cWg;gpdu;fs; tpUg;gj;jpw;F ,zq;f xt;nthU mitAk; ,ufrpa
FOf;fshf khwyhk;.
mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; gzpfs;
 ve;j kNrhjhitAk; ,r;rig mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.

 rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> mbg;gilr; rl;lq;fs;> rhjhuz
rl;lq;fs; cj;juTfSk;> fl;lisfisAk; gpwg;gpj;jy;
 epjp kNrhjh ,q;Nf jhd; mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.
 cld;gbf;iffs;> Nghu; gpufldq;fs; Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd
jPu;khdq;fs; ,q;F epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 murpay; ahg;Gj; jpUj;j kNrhjh ,q;Fjhd; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
 murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhd ek;gpf;ifapy;yhg; gpNuuid nfhz;L
tUjy;
 mikr;ru;fs; Njrpag; Nguitf;F nghWg;Gilatu;fs;
mikr;ruitf;F vjpuhf ek;gpf;ifapy;yh gpNuuidia Njrpa
Nguit nfhz;L te;J epiwNtw;wpdhy; mikr;ruit gjtp
tpyFk;. mikr;ru;fs; vtUk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
my;y. ,jdhy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
mikr;ru;fSf;F fpilahJ.
 [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf Fw;wg; gpNuuidia nfhz;L tUjy;
 12 ehl;fSf;F Nky; Nghu;r;rl;lj;ij ePbf;f mq;fpfhuk; toq;Fjy;
 Xg;ge;jk;> nghUj;jhiz vd;gtw;Wf;F mq;fpfhuk; toq;Fjy;
 Mizf;FOf;fis epakpj;jy;
 cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,r;rigf;F
cz;L. mtu;fis gjtp ePf;Fk; jPu;khdk; ,r;rigapy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;
 1/10 cWg;gpdu;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;lhy; ek;gpf;ifapy;yhg; gpNuuiz
nfhz;L tuKbAk;. 48 kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;F gpd; thf;nfLg;G
eilngWk;. thf;nfLg;G ngw;wp ngw;why; murhq;fk; ,uh[pdhkh
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ek;gpf;ifapy;yhj; jPu;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy;
mNj $l;lj; njhlupy; NtW ek;gpf;ifapy;yhg; gpNuuiz nfhz;L
tu KbahJ. gpujku; Nfhupf;if tpl;lhy; gpNuuiz nfhz;L
tuyhk;.
nrdl; rig
gpuhd;rpd; nrdw; rig gpuNjr uPjpapyhd myFfSf;Fk;> gpuhd;Rf;F
ntspNa thOk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fSf;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.
,r;rig 321 – 346 tiuapyhd cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lJ. gpuhd;]py;
,Ue;J > flYf;F mg;ghy; cs;s khepyk; > gpuhd;]pf;F
ntspNaAs;s gpuhd;]pau; vd gyjug;gl;ltu;fs; njupTnra;ag;gLtu;
gjtpf;fhyk; 9 Mz;Lfs;. Njrpa tig cWg;gpdu;fs;> khepyg;
nghJf;FO cWg;gpdu;fs;> efu rig gpujpepjpfs; cs;slf;fpa
Nju;thsu;f; FOtpdhy; njupe;njLf;fg;gLfpd;w du;. 1/3 gq;g
cWg;gpdu;fs; 3 Mz;fSf;nfhUKiw Xa;T ngWtu;. epjp
kNrhjhf;fs; ,q;f njhlq;f KbahJ. rhjhuz kNrhjhf;fs;
,r;rigapYk; njhlq;fg;glyhk;. Nghu;> cld;gbf;if nra;jiy fPo;
rigahd Njrpa rigAld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;fpd;wJ. ,U rigfSf;Fk;
fUj;J Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;lhy; 7 Njrpa rig cWg;gpdu;fs;> 7
nrdl;lu;fs; ,ize;j FO Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,f;FOthy; G+ry;fs; jPu;f;f
Kbahtpl;lhy; Njrpa rig ,Wjp jPu;g;ig toq;Fk;. [dhjpgjp gjtp
ntw;wplkhdhy; ,r;rig rghehafu; ,ilf;fhy [dhjpgjpahf flik
Guptu;.
murpayikg;Gf;FO (Constitational Council)

 ,f;FO 9 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. [dhjpgjp> Njrpa rig
rghehafu;> nrdl; rghehafu; jyh 3 cWg;gpdu;fis
epakpf;fpd;whu;.
 1/3 gq;F cWg;gpdu;fs; 3 Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiw
khw;wg;gLfpd;wdu;. Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjpkhu;fs; ,f;FOtpy; mq;fk;
ngWfpd;wdu;.
 [dhjpgjp ,f;FOj; jiytiu epakpf;fpd;whu;.
 xU thf;nfLg;gpy; rk thf;Ffs; tpOe;jhy; Kbnra; thf;fpid
(Casting Vote) toq;fyhk;.
 Nju;jy;fisf; fz;fhzpj;J jPu;g;G toq;fy;.
 kf;fs; thf;nfLg;igf; fz;fhzpf;fpd;wJ.
 vy;yhr; rl;lq;fSk; ,jd; mDkjpiag; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
 ,jw;F Nky; NtW ve;j Nky;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wKk; fpilahJ.
ePjpj;Jiw
[dhjpgjp ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuj;jpw;F cj;juthjk; mspf;fpd;whu;.

,tUf;F cjtpahf ePjp mikr;ru;> ,tuhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; jiyik
ePjpkd;wk;> ehl;Lf;FOtpd; MNyhridf;F ,zq;f [dhjpgjp
cWg;gpdu;fis njupe;njLfpd;whu;. gjtpf; fhyk; 4 Mz;Lfs;.
$l;lq;fSf;F [dhjpgjpAk;> [dhjpgjp ,d;Nwy; ePjp mikr;rUk;
jiyik jhq;Fthu;. ePjpgjp epakdq;fis Kd;ndLfpd;wJ.
ePjpgjpfspd; xOq;F Kiw FOthfTk; cs;sJ. Fw;w kd;dpg;Gf;fspy;
,f;FO <LgLfpd;wJ.
cau; ePjpkd;wk;
 24 epiyahd ePjpgjpfSk;> 12 Vida ePjpgjpfSk; cs;sdu;.
 Miuthrp cWg;gpdu;fis nrdl; rigAk;> miuthrp
cWg;gpdu;fis Njnrpa rigAk; epakpf;fpd;wJ.
 jd; cWg;gpdu;fspypUe;J xU jiytiuj; Nju;e;njLf;fpd;wJ.
 [dhjpgjp kPJ Fw;w tprhuizia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
 Fw;wr; rhl;Lf;fis ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U gpupTfSk; nffhz;L
tuyhk;.
 cau; mjpfhupfisAk; ,t; ePjpkd;wk; tprhupf;Fk;.
gpuhd;]pa fl;rp Kiw

gpuhd;]; gy fl;rp Kiwia gpd;gw;Wk; xU ehlhFk;. nghJTlik
fl;rp> Nrhrypr fl;rp> kf;fs; FbauR ,af;fk;> Gjpa fbauRfspd;
xd;wpak; vd;W gy;NtW fl;rpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F cs;sij
Nghd;W mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; fl;rpfs; NtW vq;Fk; ,y;iy vd;Nw
$wyhk;. gpuhd;]; ehl;by; murhq;fj;jpd; ];jpukpd;ikf;Fk;>
mikr;ruit mbf;fb Njhd;wp kiwtjw;Fk; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;w gy
fl;rp KiwNa fhuzkhFk;.
mbf;fb Gjpa fl;rpfs; Njhw;wk; ngWtJk;> gioa fl;rpfs;

nry;thf;fpog;gJk;> xU fl;rp gy gpupTfshf gpuptJk;> fl;rp
eyptiltJk;> gpd;du; typikailtJk; toikahd xd;whfp tpl;lJ.
gpuhd;]; kf;fspd; jdpj; jd;ikAk;> mtu;fsJ njhlu;r;rpaw;w murpay;

tuyhWk; gy fl;rp Kiwf;F toptFj;jd. Y}ap kd;dupd;
ru;tjpfhuKk;> mjw;F vjpuhf gpuhd;]pag; Gul;rpAk;> neg;Nghypadpd;
NguuRk;> mjd; gpd; Njhd;wpa FbauRfSk; gpuhd;]pa kf;fis gy
gpupTf;Fs;shfpaJ. ,J gy fl;rp Kiwf;F toptFj;jJ. gpuhd;]pa
kf;fspd; kdg;ghq;Fk; gy fl;rp Kiwf;F fhuzkhFk;. gpuhd;]pa
kf;fs; jkJ nrhe;j fUj;jpd; gb njhopw;glf; $ba gz;G
nfhz;ltu;fs;. ,JTk; gy fl;rp Kiw Njhd;Wtjw;F xU
fhuzkhFk;.
fl;rp Kiwapd; ,ay;Gfs;

1. gy fl;rp fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
2. fl;rpfspd; nfhs;iffSf;fpilNa gyj;j NtWghLfs;
cs;sik.
3. mbf;fb fl;rpfs; Njhd;wp kiwjy;.
4. fl;rpfSf;fpilNa xOf;ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; FiwT
5. rpy jPtpu fl;rpfs;> rpy kpjthj Nghf;Filad.
6. cWjpahd fl;rpfs; ,y;yhik.
7. gy fl;rpfSf;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ntspNa epiyahd
mikg;Gf;fs; ,y;iy.
8. ehl;bd; njd; gFjpapy; tyJrhup fl;rpfs; mjpf nry;thf;F
cilad.
gpuhd;rpd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;

I. murpay; mjpfhuj;jpid gutyhf;Fjy; (Devolution) gpuhd;rpa
murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. murpay; mjpfhukhdJ kj;jpa
murpay; ikj;jpypUe;J ntspNawhj> mjhtJ cs;Suhl;rp
my;yJ khfhz rigfs; myFfSf;F gutyhf;Fjy;> murpay;
mjpfhuj;jpid gutyhf;Fjy; vd milahsk; fhzyhk;. ,jw;F
khwhf gpuhd;rpy; epu;thfg; gutyhf;fNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
II. epu;thf mjpfhuj;jpid gutyhf;Fjy; (Decentralization) epu;thf

mjpfhuj;ij gutyhf;Fk;NghJ gpuNjr myFfSf;F murpay;
RahjPdk; xd;W fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,jD}lhf murpayikg;gpd;
xw;iwahl;rpj; jd;ik ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. tYthd kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jhy; murhq;fj;jpd; epu;thf ikak; kj;jpa muRf;F
fPohf nraw;gLtNj ,jd; %yk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. gpujhdkhf
gpuhd;rpd; Ie;jhk; FbauR Kiwapd; %yk; murpay; mjpfhu
gutyhf;fkd;wp epu;thf gutyhf;fNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
murpay; mjpfhuj;jpid ikag;gLj;Jk; gpujhd epWtdk;
[dhjpgjpahthu;. gpuhd;rpd; murpayikg;G vd;gJ [dhjpgjp kw;Wk;
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf;Fk; Nkyhf mur mjpfhuj;jpid
xd;WFtpj;jpUf;Fk; murhq;fkhFk;.
gpuhd;rpd; epu;thf mjpfhuq;fis gutyhf;Fjy;

epu;thfg; gutyhf;fy; fl;likg;Gf;fs;
gpuhd;rhdJ INuhg;ghf; fz;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lhYk; gpuhd;Rf;Fupa 6

jPTfs; gpuhd;Rf;F ntspNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,itfs;
“nkw;Nuhnghypw;wpad; gpuhe;jpaq;fs;” vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit
tUkhW.
01. INuhg;ghtpy; xU jPT (Nfhu;rpfh)
02. fupgpad; jPTg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,uz;L jPTfs; (Fthu;lu;Nyhg;>
khu;l;bdpf;)
03. njd; mnkupf;fg; gpuNjrj;jpy; xU jPT (FahNd)
04. Mgpupf;fhtpd; mUfpy; ,U jPTfs; (kNahl;> uPA+dpad; jPT)
,jd; mbg;gilapy; gpuhd;rhdJ 22 gpuhe;jpaq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpuhd;rpd; cs;Suhl;rp - (Jiz (cg) Njrpa kl;lk;)

gpuhd;rpd; murhq;fkhdJ cg Njrpa myFfspd; xl;Lnkhj;j
epu;thfKk; eilngWk; tz;zk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s typikahd
kj;jpa murhq;fkhFk;. cgNjrpa murhq;fq;fs; 03 kl;lq;fspy;
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nghJj; jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy; vd;gJ
,k;%d;W jsq;fspYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. mitahtd:
1. gpuhe;jpaq;fs; (Regions)
2. jpizf;fsq;fs; (gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; rpwpa gpuNjr myFfs;)
3. nfhk;A+d;fs; (kf;fs; myFfs;) vDk; cs;Suhl;rp
mikg;Gfs;
gpuhe;jpaq;fs; (Regions)
cs;ehl;bidAk; ntspNa fhzg;gLk; 6 gpuhe;jpaq;fisAk; ,izj;Nj
,t; 22 gpuhe;jpaq;fSk; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. MapDk; gpuhd;rpa
rl;lrigapy; 2014k; Mz;L vLf;fg;gl;l jPu;khdj;jpd; gb 2016 [dtup
1k; jpfjp njhlf;fk; eilKiwahFk; tpjkhf 13 gpuhe;jpaq;fshff;
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; rpy ,U gpuhe;jpaq;fs; xU
gpuhe;jpakhf ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. vdNt jw;NghJ 13 gpuhe;jpaq;fNs
gpuhd;rpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F vd gpuhe;jpa
fTd;rpy;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; cWg;gpdu;fs; tpfpjhrhuj;
Nju;jy; xd;wpd; %yk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fg;
nghWg;ghd mk;rq;fs; tUkhW>
1. ghlrhiyfs;njhlu;ghd tplaq;fisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;
2. cl;fl;likg;G trjpf;fhd nrytPdq;fisak; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
mjpfhuk; jpizf;fsq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd
3. fy;tp
4. nghJg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
5. gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;Tfs;
6. tu;j;jfu;fSf;fhd cjtp kw;Wk; MNyhridfs; toq;Fjy;.
jpizf;fsq;fs;
gpuhd;]py; cUthf;fg;gl;l 13 gpuhe;jpaq;fisAk; 96
jpizf;fsq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; mjpfhupfs; gpupgf;l;
mjpfhupfs; vd miof;fg;gLtu;. ,tu;fs; [dhjpgjpahy;
epakpf;fg;gLtu;. ,tu;fsJ gzpfs; njhlu;ghf murpayikg;gpd; 72k;
gpupT Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,tu;fsJ gpujhd gzp jpizf;fsq;fis
Nkw;ghu;it nra;tJld;> murhq;fj;ij fPo; kl;lq;fspy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtJkhFk;. jpizf;fsq;fSf;fhd nghWg;Gf;fs
tUkhW.
1. r%f eyd;Gupf; nfhLg;gdTfs;

2. ghlrhiyf; fl;blq;fs;
3. cs;sf tPjpfs;
4. fpuhkpag; Nghf;Ftuj;J
5. efu cl;fl;likg;Gf;fs;
muz;b];kd;l;fs;
gpuhd;rpd; jpizf;fsq;fs; muz;b];kd;Lfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jw;NghJ gpuhd;rpy; 322 muz;b];kd;Lfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghJthf
vkJ gupghirapy; khtl;lq;fs; (Districts) vDk; gpupTfSf;F
cjhuzkhff; nfhs;s KbAk;. muz;b];kd;LfNs fd;ld;fshfTk;
fk;A+d;fshfTk; gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;wpd; mjpfhupfs; cjtp gpupgf;l;
mjpfhupfs; vd miof;fg;gLtu;. ,tu;fs; [dhjpgjpahy; epakdk;
nra;ag;gLtu;.
fd;ld;fs;
jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; muz;b];kz;Lfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; cl;gpupNt
fz;ld;fs; MFk;. jw;NghJ gpuhd;rpy; 3530 fz;fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
fk;a+d;fs;
jpizf;fsq;fs; kw;Wk; muz;b];kz;Lfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; kw;WnkhU
cl;gpupT fk;A+d;fs; MFk;. jw;NghJ gpuhd;rpy; 36383 fk;a+d;fs
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,tw;wpy; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; epWtdq;fis 4 gpupTfshf tFj;Jf;

fhl;l KbAk;.
1. gpujpepjpj;Jt rig
2. gpupngf;l; mjpfhupfs;
3. kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; gpuNjr fsf; fhupahyaq;fs;
4. njhopw;rq;fq;fSk; mKf;ff; FOf;fSk;
,jd;gb kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;> kj;jpa murpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk;

gpuNjr rptpy; r%fq;fSk; jPu;khdnkLj;jypy; gq;F nfhs;fpd;wd.
gpuepjpj;Jt rig gpujpepjpj;Jt rigfis vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk;
fhzyhk;. gpuhe;jpa kl;lq;fspy; kiwKfkhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;l ,U
rigfs; cs;sd.
01. gpuhe;jpa kz;lyq;fs;
02. nghUshjhu r%ff; FO
vd;gdNt mitahFk;. jpizf;fs kl;lq;fspy; jpizf;fsr;
rigfis fhzKbAk;. nfhk;A+d; kl;lj;jpy; efu rigfs;
njhopw;gLfpd;wd.
jpizf;fsq;fspdhNyNa 22 tiuahd gpuhe;j paq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Ma;T uPjpahfNth my;yJ Ntnwe;j
tifapNyDk; gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpf;F gq;fspg;G toq;FtNj ,jd;
nghWg;ghFk;. gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhup gpupg; ngf;l; Mthu;.
mtUf;F cjtpahf gpuhe;jpa rigfs; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu> r%ff;
FOf;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gpuhe;jpa rigfs; gpujpepjpj;Jt
FOf;fs; %d;wpdhy; MdJ.
01. gpuhe;jpa rigfspy; ,Ue;J kj;jpa rl;lj;Jiwf;F njupT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;s gpujpepjpfs;
02. jpizf;fsq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;
03. nfhk;A+d; rigfspd; gpujpepjpfs;
gpuhe;jpa tuT nryT jpl;lj;jpid epiwNtw;WtNj gpuhe;jpa rigapd;
nghWg;ghFk;. MNyhrid toq;FtNj nghUshjhu> r%ff; FOtpd;
gzpahFk;. ,jpy; njhopw;rq;f kw;Wk; mKf;ff; FOf;fSk;
cs;slq;Fk;.
me;je;j gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fupa jpizf;fsq;fSf;F> jpizf;fs

rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd; cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if 17 - 109
tiu khWgLfpd;wJ. mjd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ru;trd thf;Ffshy;
tpfpjhrhu Nju;jy; Kiwapy; MW Mz;L gjtp fhyj;jpw;Fj; njupT
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jpy; 1/2 gq;F cWg;gpdu;fs; 03
tUlq;fSf;nfhUKiw khw;wpaikf;fg;gLtu;. ,jd; epiwNtw;W
jiytu; jpizf;fs kl;lj;jpy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; gpupg;ngf;l; Mthu;.
mjd; epfo;r;rp epuy;> fhy ml;ltiz> mjd; tuT nryTfis ,tNu
jahupg;ghu;. ,j;jpizf;fsq;fs; kj;jpa muRf;F Nritfis nra;Ak;
xU KftuhfNt nraw;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ tPjp> ghlrhiy kw;Wk;
eyNdhk;G Nritfis jpl;lkply; vd;gitahFk;. rl;lj;jpdhy;
jilnra;ag;glhj tiuapy; jkJ nfhs;iffis njhlf;fp itf;f
KbAk;.
nfhk;A+d; vd;gJ gpuhd;rpd; midj;J efu rigfSf;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJg; ngauhFk;. nfhk;Adpd; msTf;F Vw;g
khw;wkilAk; Nju;jy; Kiwf;F Vw;g ru;t rd thf;Ffshy; njupT
nra;ag;gLk; efu rigfs; nfhk;A+d; kl;lj;jpy; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
nfhk;Adpd; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; rig efurigahFk;. mjd;
epiwNtw;W cj;jpNahfj;ju; efugpjh Mthu;. ,jd; gpujhd
nghWg;Gf;fshtd>
1. kj;jpa murpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wy;>
mr;Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhd mwtPLfis
Nkw;nfhs;tNjhL Nrit toq;Fjiy gpujhd gzpahf
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ.
2. jkJ mjpfhuj;jpw;F cl;gl;ltifapy; rl;lj;jpdhy;
jiltpjpf;fg;glhj nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgly;> mJ xg;Gikahd
tuTnryT jpl;lk; xd;wpid Kd;itg;gjw;Fk;
flikg;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpupngf;l; mjpfhupfs;
1. gpupngf;l; FO vd;gJ gpuhd;rpd; epu;thfj;jpy; kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpidg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JtNjhL gpuNjrq;fspy;
Nritahw;Wk; kj;jpa murhq;f mikr;Rf;fspd; gzpfis gpuNjr
kl;lq;fspy; ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;Ak; murhq;fj;jpd; milahskhf
gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; gpurd;dkhFk; cj;jpNahfj;ju; FohkhFk;.
mtu;fis>
i. gpuhe;jpa gpupngf;l;
ii. jpizf;fs gpupngf;l;
iii. cg gpupngf;l; vDk; kl;lq;fspy; fhzyhk;.
gpuhd;rpd; kj;jpa muRf;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpku;rdq;fs;
01. gpuhe;jpa gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ kj;jpapd; mDkjpiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sik.
02. epu;thf gutyhf;fj;jpw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fl;lisfs;> epu;thf
nranyhOq;Ffs; rpf;fy; jd;ikaile;Js;sd. mjdhy; mjd;
nraw;ghLfs; jhkjkiltjw;Fk; epu;thf nryTfs;
mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; fhuzkhfpAs;sJ.
03. ,k;Kiw gpuNjr NjitfSf;F nghUj;jkw;wjhf cs;sik.
kj;jpa murpd; tpjpKiwfs;> topelj;jy;> MNyhridfisg;
gupe;Jiuf;Fk;NghJ mjid xNutifapNyNa Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
,jdhy; ,it nefpo;r;rpaw;wjhFk;. gpuNjr jdpj;Jtj;jpid
fUj;jpw; nfhs;tJk; ,y;iy.
04. ,k;Kiw gpuNjr gpur;rpidfis gpuNjrq;fspNyNa

jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd Kiwapid tiuaWf;fpd;wJ.
05. ,k;Kiw rdehafkw;wjhFk;. gpuNjr cs;Suhl;rp myFfs;

epu;thf Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tpku;rdq;fSf;F kj;jpapy; kj;jpa murhdJ 1980
jrhg;jq;fspy; ,Ue;J kWrPuikg;Gfis mwpKfg;gLj;jp tUfpd;wd.
f.ngh.j. (c/j)
murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk;
 murpayikg;G khjpupfs;
1. mnkupf;f murpayikg;G
2. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
3. Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murpayikg;G
4. gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G
5. gpuhd;rpa murpayikg;G
gh&f; g];kpy;fhd;
(BA, MA, PGDE, MPhil(R))
mnkupf;f murpayikg;G
mnkupf;fhtpy; nraw;gLtJ rk\;b murpayikg;ghFk;. ,jdhy; mjpfhuq;fs;
kj;jpa-khepyq;fSf;fpilapy; murpayikg;gpD}lhf gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mnkupf;fhtpy; kj;jpa-khepy mjpfhuq;fs; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Kiwfs;
gpd;tUkhW:
1. Fwpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk;: kj;jpauRf;nfd murpayikg;gpdhy; Fwpj;J
xJf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. xJf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk;: kj;jpa muRf;F Fwpf;fg;glhj mjpfhuq;fs;
khepyq;fSf;F cupj;jhFk;.
3. xj;jpaq;Fmjpfhuk;: kj;jpa-khepy murhq;fq;fs; ,ize;J gad;gLj;Jk;
mjpfhuk;
4. jilnra;ag;gl;l mjpfhuk;: rk\;bj; jd;ikia ghJfhg;gjw;fhf kj;jpa khepy
murhq;fq;fSf;F rpy mjpfhuq;fs; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfs;

 vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G: mnkupf;f murpayikg;G vOjg;gl;l rl;l
MtzkhFk;. kpfr; rpwpa Mtzkhd ,J fhq;fpu]; rl;lk;> toikfs;> ePjpkd;w
jPu;g;Gf;fs; %yk; tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sd.
 toikfs; kw;Wk; kuGfs;: murpayikg;ig tiue;Njhu; tof;fhWfs; kw;Wk;
kuGfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Js;sdu;.
 cWjpj; jd;ik: mnkupf;f murpayikg;G xg;gPl;L uPjpahf nefpohj; jd;ik
nfhz;ljhFk;. murpayikg;gpy; nfhz;L tug;gLk; ve;jnthU jpUj;jj;jpw;Fk;
fhq;fpurpd; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAk; khepyq;fspd; ¾ rk;kjKk; mtrpakhFk;.
 rk\;b ,ay;G: gy;tifikapid mq;fPfupj;J Njrq;fspd; RahjPdj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;s Rje;jpukhd muRfs; xd;wpize;J cUthfpaNj mnkupf;f
rk\;bahFk;. 13 khepyq;;fspy; Muk;gpj;J jw;NghJ 50 khepyq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;: tYNtwhf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpayikg;Ng
mnkupf;fhtpd; mbg;gil. Kj;JiwfSf;fpilapy; mjpfhu Ntwhf;fk;
gpd;gw;wg;gLtNjhL mitfSf;fpilapy; rkepiy jiyaPLfSk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ePjpg;Gduha;T: fhq;fpu]; ,aw;Wk; rl;lq;fs; murpayikg;Gf;F Kuzhapd;
mtw;iw nry;Ygbaw;wjhf;Fk; mjpfhuk; mnkupf;fhtpd; ePjpj;Jiwf;F cz;L.
 FbauR: mnkupf;fh XU rk\;bf; FbaurhFk;. ,jd; [dhjpgjp kiwKf
kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLthu;. ,tUf;F murpayikg;gpD}lhf mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 J}a [dhjpgjp: mnkupf;fh J}a [dhjpgjp Ml;rpia gpd;gw;Wk;
murpayikg;ghFk;.
Farook fasmilkhan BA, PGDE, MA, MPhil(R)

mnkupf;f kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis gpd;tUk; 4 tplaq;fspd; fPo; Muhayhk;.
1. kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fSf;fhd Nkd;ikj; jd;ik: murpay; mikg;gpd; VI

cWg;GiuahdJ ‘murpayikg;G mjd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; Fbaurpd; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Ff; fPo; ,lk;ngWk; xg;ge;jq;fSk;
ehl;bd; gpujhdkhd rl;lkhFk;’ vd Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,t;TWg;Giuf;fika
kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fs; NkyhdJ vd;gNjhL khepyq;fs; kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fis
kPwp flikahw;w KbahJ.
2. Nghu; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;: ru;tNjr jPtputhj mikg;gpypUe;J my;yJ

ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhg;gJ kj;jpaurhFk;. ,jw;fhf
kj;jpauRf;F Nghu; GupAk; mjpfhuKk; cz;L. khepyq;fspd; thd; vy;iyia
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; khepyq;fSf;F cupj;jhd tpkhd epiyaq;fis ifg;gw;wp;f;
nfhs;sTk; kj;jpauRf;F mjpfhuKz;L.
3. tup mwtPLk; nryT nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuKk;:

 kj;jpauR khepyq;fSf;F xJf;Fk; epjpapd; %yk; khepyq;fSf;F epge;jid
tpjpf;f KbAk;.
 khepyq;fSf;F epjp Njitg;gbd; kj;jpauir rhu Ntz;Lk;.
 kj;jpauR epjpapid xJf;Fk; NghJ mjid vt;thW nrytpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
epge;jid tpjpf;f KbAk;.
 khepyq;fSf;F xJf;Fk; epjpapid epWj;jp tpLtjw;fhd gaj;ij Vw;gLj;jp
khepy muRfis fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
4. khepyq;fSf;fpilapy; ru;tNjr uPjpapy; tu;j;jfj;ij jPu;khdpj;jy;:

 khepyq;fSf;fpilapy; kj;jpauR tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl KbAk;.
 ePjpkd;w jPu;g;Gf;fs; %ykhf kj;jpauRf;F tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd gy
mjpfhuq;fs; tp];jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ru;tNjr uPjpahf tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl kj;jpauRf;Fupa mjpfhuk;
jdpKjd;ikahdjhFk;.
mnkupf;f khepy murhq;fq;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs;

 kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpw;F Fwpf;fg;glhj mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; khepy
murhq;fq;fis rhUk;.
 kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpd; rl;lq;fNshL Kuz;glhj tifapy; mtw;iw mDgtpf;f
KbAk;.
 khepyq;fs; my;yJ khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpahghuj;jpy; Njitaw;w
mOj;jj;ij kj;jpauR Vw;gLj;jf; $lhJ.
 kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpd; tuptpjpg;G Kiwfis kPwhj tifapy; khepy murhq;fq;fs;
tuptpjp;f;f KbAk;.

kj;jpauR kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s jilfs;
 khepyq;fspd; mjpfhuk;-nghWg;GfSf;F jil Vw;gLk; tifapy; kj;jpauR
nraw;gl KbahJ.
 khepyq;fSf;F tup mwtply;- tu;j;jfk; njhlu;gpy; kj;jpaurpd; mjpfhuk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
 khepyq;fis ,af;FtJ njhlu;ghf kj;jpaurpd; mjpfhuk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
 cs;ehl;L fpsu;r;rpfspypUe;J khepyq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghWg;G kj;jpauRf;F
cz;L.
khepyq;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tiuaiwfs;

 ntspehLfSld; xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;sy;.
 NtW ehLfSld; flw;gil> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
 gzj;jpid ntspaply;.
 fld; gj;jpuq;fis toq;Fjy;.
 Vw;Wkjp-,wf;Fkjp tup tpjpg;G.
 ntspehl;Lf; fg;gy;fspy; tup mwtply;.
 ,uhZtk; my;yJ ,uhZtg;gil itj;jpUj;jy;.
 Nghu; Gupjy;.
mnkupf;fhtpd; kj;jpaurpd; mjpfhuk; tsu;r;rp mile;Js;sikf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;
 khepyq;fs; gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf kj;jpaurplk; jq;fpapUj;jy;.
 mnkupf;f murpd; gpui[ vd;w Njrpathjj;jpd; vOr;rp.
 kj;jpauRf;F rhjfkhd jPu;g;Gf;fs;.
 kj;jpauRf;F rhu;ghd fhq;fpurpd; rl;lq;fs;.
 khepyq;fshy; jPu;ff
; Kbahky; Nghd gpur;rpidfSf;F kj;jpaurplk;
jq;fpapUj;jy;.
 Jupj nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp> tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; gy epUthfq;fSf;fhd Njit.
khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs;
mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpd; gb kj;jpa-khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd mjpfhuq;fs; ahg;G

uPjpahf topelhj;jg;gLtJ Nghy khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk;
murpayikg;G rl;lg;gbNa topelhj;jg;gLfpwJ. murpayikg;gpd; 4 Mk; cWg;Giu
,J njhlu;ghf gpd;tWkhW $Wfpd;wJ.
 Gjpa khepyq;fis cUthf;Fjy;-,izj;Jf; nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghf kj;jpauRf;Nf

mjpfhuk; cs;sJ.
 xU khepyk; jkJ gpui[fSf;F toq;Fk; rYiffis> cupikfis Vida
khepyq;fspd; gpui[fSf;Fk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

 xUtu; Fwpj;j khepyj;jpy; Fw;wr; nranyhd;iw Gupe;J tpl;L NtnwhU
khepyj;jpw;F jg;gpr; nry;thuhapd; mtiu ifJ nra;J mk;khepyj;jpd; cupa
mjpfhupaplk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;LNk jtpu Fw;wthspf;F ghJfhg;G toq;Fk;
,lkhf nraw;glf; $lhJ.
 gupG+uz ek;gpf;if vDk; rpj;jhe;jj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa khepy munrhd;W
fUkkhw;w Ntz;Lk;. Vida khepy muRfspd; rl;l Mtzq;fs;> epjpKiwfs;
njhlu;gpy; ek;gpf;if itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mnkupf;f murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;j Kiw
 mnkupf;f murpayikg;G jpUj;jKiw njhlu;ghf 5 Mk; cWg;Giuapy;

tptupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpayikg;Gj; jpUj;j Kiwfs; ,U top Kiwfspy;
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
1. fhq;fpurpd; ,U rigfspYk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikNahL khepy muRfspy; ¾

rk;kjj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
2. khepy muRfSk; murpayikg;G jpUj;j nrad;Kiwfis Muk;gpf;fyhk;.

khepy muRfspy; 2/3 ngw;W fhq;fpurplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;J> fhq;fpu];
2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik rk;kjpj;J gpd;G khepyq;fs; ¾ gq;fpdu; mt;
Nahridia rk;kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jpa murpayikg;G
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G 1950 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;turpayikg;G 395
cWg;GiufisAk; 09 mj;jpahaq;isAk; nfhz;l ePz;l ahg;ghFk;.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G jd;id “gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; xd;wpizg;G” vd;Nw
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpah xU kj;jpauirAk; 29 khepyq;fisAk; 7 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
 khepy murhq;fq;fs; kj;jpa muRf;F mLj;j epiyapy; cs;s epu;thf
myfhFk;. ,jw;F kf;fshy; Neubahf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLk; rl;l kd;wk; cs;sJ.
mtw;wpypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gLk; mikr;ruitAk; cz;L.
 xt;nthU khepyq;fSf;Fk; kj;jpaurhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; MSeu; xUtu;
fhzg;gLthu;. khepy murpd; epu;thfk; njhlu;gpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuNk
MSeUf;F fhzg;gLk;.
 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; nghJthf kj;jpa murpdhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;. vdpDk;
,uz;L A+dpad;fs; ,jw;F tpjptpyf;fhdJ.
 kj;jpaurpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;fpd;w 5 A+dpad;fSf;Fk; tpjptpyf;F ngw;w 2
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghL vd;dntdpy; mt;tpuz;L
A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspYk; rl;l kd;wKk; mikr;ruitAk; cz;L. mj;NjhL
kj;jpaurhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; Jiz MSeUk; cz;L.
 GJby;yp> GJr;Nrup Mfpa ,uz;L A+dpad;fNs ,t;thW Raepu;thfk;
nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,e;jpa murpy; fhzg;gLk; rk\;bj;jd;ik Neubahf fhl;lg;gltpy;iy. mJ
rk\;bnad;Nwh xw;iwnad;Nwh ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy. vdpDk; mjpfhug;gfpu;T
Kiw> vOjg;gl;l ahg;G> ePjpkd;w fl;likg;G vd;gtw;iw ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLtJ rk\;b KiwahFk; vdyhk;.
 NkYk; ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk; NghJ mjpy; xw;iwahl;rp
gz;GfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. khepyq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> khepyq;fis
cUthf;Fjy;> murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jjy;> khepyq;fis fiyj;jy; vd;gtw;wpy;
kj;jpauRf;F Rakhd mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLtjhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
xw;iwahl;rp gz;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd vdTk; $wyhk;.
 ,jdhy; ,e;jpa murpayikg;ig xw;iw vd;Nwh rk\;bnad;Nwh Fwpg;gplhky;
mjid ghjpr;rk\;b/mu;j;j rk\;b vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; kw;WnkhU tpNrl gz;G mjpfhug; gq;fPl;by;
rkr;rPuw;w jd;ik fhzg;gLtjhFk;. mjhtJ gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;F mjpfhuk; rk
mstpy; gq;fplg;gltpy;iy. (c+k;) [k;G> fh\;kuP ;> Nfhth> gQ;rhg;> mrhk;
vd;gd Vida khepyq;fis tpl $Ljyhd mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

 ,e;jpahtpy; Gjpa khepyq;fis Njhw;Wtpg;gJ kj;jpauRf;F ,yFthdjhFk;.
rl;b];fhu;> cj;jufhz;l; Mfpa khepyq;fs; 2000 Mk; Mz;bYk; njYq;fhdh
khepyk; 2004 Mk; Mz;bYk; Gjpjhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.
 khepy muRfSf;F Rahl;rp mjpfhuk; mjpfupf;fg;gLtJ jw;NghJ ,e;jpa
murpayikg;gpd; mz;ikf;fhyg; Nghf;fhFk;.
 fle;j 6 jrhg;jq;fshf ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa khw;wk;
rk\;b tYkpf;fjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F %d;W tplaq;fis gpujhd
fhuzq;fshff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. rpwpa murpay; fl;rpfs; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;wp gpuhe;jpa

RahjPdj;jpw;fhf njhlu;e;J kj;jpaurhq;fj;Jld; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <Lgly;.
2. fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; gh.[.fl;rpfSf;F vjpuhd fl;rpfs; gpuhe;jpa mjpfhuj;jpid

ifg;gw;wp khepyq;fspd; jd;dhjpf;fj;jpw;fhf Fuy; nfhLj;jy;.
3. khepyq;fspd; RahjPdj;ij ghJfhf;f cr;r ePjpkd;wk; fhl;Lk; mf;fiw:

murpayikg;gpd; 352 MtJ cWg;Giuapd; fPo; mtrufhy mjpfhuj;jpid
gad;gLj;jp kj;jpaurpy; ,Uf;Fk; fl;rpfs; jkf;F vjpuhd khepyq;fspy;
,Uf;Fk; fl;rpfis ,y;yhky; nra;a khepyq;fis fiyf;f Kw;gl;l
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jiyapl;L mt;thW fiyg;gJ
murpayikg;Gf;F vjpuhdJ vdj; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ.
,e;jpa rk\;bapd; mbg;gil gz;Gfs;

1. gykhd kj;jpauR:
tuyhw;W uPjpahf gpupj;jhdpah ,e;jpahit xw;iwahl;rp KiwahNyNa Ml;rp
nra;jJ. 1935 ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; rk\;br; rhaiy nfhLf;f Kad;whYk;
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; fhuzkhf njhlu;e;Jk; xw;iwahl;rp murhf fhzg;gl;lJ.
Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,e;jpah jdp xw;iwahl;rp murhf gpufldg;gLj;jg;glhky; gue;j
epyg;gug;G fhuzkhf rk\;bahf khw Ntz;ba Njit ,Ue;jJ. vd;whYk; gykhd
kj;jpa murpd; Njit xd;W ,e;jpahtpy; njhlu;e;Jk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F gpd;tUk;
fhuzq;fs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld.
I. gykhd kj;jpaurpd; Njit Fwpj;j ru;tNjr mDgtq;fs;.

(mnkupf;fh> fdlh> mT];jpNuypah)
II. ,e;jpa–ghfp];jhd; gpuptpidahy; kPz;Lk; ,e;jpahTf;Fs; gpuptpid
re;ju;g;gj;ij jLg;gjw;F
III. ghfp];jhd; ehl;Lld; Vw;gl;l gifik czu;tpdhy; ghJfhg;G njhlu;gpy;
,Ue;j Njit.
IV. KO ,e;jpahitAk; If;fpag;gLj;jpa fl;rpnahd;W fhzg;gl;lik.
kj;jpaurplk; fhzg;gl;l rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuk;> epjp mjpfhuk;> epu;thfj;Jiw
mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fs;> khepyq;fs; njhlu;gpy; kj;jpauRf;F
fhzg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; vd;gd kj;jpaurpd; gykhd ,Ug;Gf;F Vida
fhuzq;fshFk;.

2. nefpo;Tj; jd;ik
,e;jpa rk\;b Kiwapd; gz;G murpayikg;G nefpo;Tj; jd;ikahdJ. khepyq;fs;
njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fspYk; murpayikg;G jpUj;jr; nrad;KiwapYk; kj;jpauRf;F
nefpo;e;J nfhLf;ff;$baJ. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gy rk\;bg; gz;Gfis
ghuhSkd;wpd; ,U rigfspdJk; mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik %yk; khw;wpaikf;f
KbAk;. rpy rk\;bg; gz;Gfis khw;wpaikf;f ghuhSkd;wj;NjhL khepyq;fspd;
50% mDkjpAk; mtrpak;.
3. rl;l cUthf;f cwT
rk\;b murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd gz;G kj;jpa–khepyq;fSf;fpilapy; mjpfhug;

gq;fl
P hFk;. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfhug; gq;fPl;by; %d;W gl;bay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
I. kj;jpauRg; gl;bay; (97 tplaq;fs;)

II. khepyg; gl;bay; (66 tplaq;fs;)
III. xj;jpaq;Fk; gl;bay; (47 tplaq;fs;)
kj;jpauRf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fs; Kf;fpakhd mjpfhuq;fshFk;. ghJfhg;G>
ntsptptfhuk;> njhlu;ghly;> epjp> tup> ntspehL kw;Wk; khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd
tu;j;jfk;> tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; fhg;GWjpfs;> Rfhjhuk;> rpy fy;tp epWtdq;fs; vd;gd
,jpy; rpythFk;.
khepyq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuk; gue;jjy;y. vt;thwhapDk; kf;fspd;
md;whl tho;Tld; gpd;dpg;gpize;Js;sJ. rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; Ngzy;>
tptrhaKk; ePu;g;ghrdKk;> fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> ePu;g;ghrdk;> ngUe;njUf;fs;> tu;j;jfk;
vd;gd rpythFk;.
xj;jpaq;F gl;baypy; kf;fs; eyNdhk;gy;> njhopyhsu; gpur;rid> tu;j;jf VfNghf
cupik> mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; epu;thfk;> r%f> nghUshjhu tplaq;fs; vd;gd
mlq;Fk;. xj;jpaq;F gl;baypy; kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fSk; khepy muRfspd;
rl;lq;fSk; Kuz;gLk; NghJ kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fNs NkNyhq;Fk;. mj;NjhL
khepyq;fSf;F xJf;fpf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpy mjpfhuq;fisAk; kj;jpauR XusT
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;.
mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fspd; fPo; kj;jpauR khepyq;fspd; tplaq;fs; kPJ rl;lq;fis
gpwg;gpf;f KbAk;. uh[rghtpd; nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fspy; 2/3 cWg;gpdu;fs;
ifnahg;gkpl;lhy; khepyq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; xU
tUlj;jpw;F eilKiwapy; ,Uf;ff;$bathW rl;lq;fis gpwg;gpf;f KbAk;.
4. epjpj;njhlu;Gfs;
,e;jpa murpayikg;G kj;jpa–khepy epjpj; njhlu;Gfs; njhlu;gpy; njspthff;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. xU rk\;b ntw;wpfukhf miktjw;F kj;jpa–khepyq;fSf;F epjp
njhlu;Gfs; rpwe;j Kiwapy; jpl;lkpl;L ,Uf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
 khepyq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tupKiwapd; fPo; tup mwtpLk; cupik kj;jpauRf;F

cz;L.
 KO ehl;bw;Fk; xNu tpjkhd tup Kiwapd; fPo; tup tpjpf;Fk; mjpfhuKk;
kj;jpauRf;Fz;L.
 khepyq;fSf;F ahg;gpdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tupapid mwtpLk; mjpfhuk;
cz;L.

 khepyq;fSf;fpilapyhd tupKiwapy; rpf;fnyhd;W mz;ikf;fhykhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,g;gpur;rpidia jPu;g;gjw;F tupg;gfpu;T kw;Wk; md;gspg;G vDk;
,U Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. tupg;gfpu;T vd;gJ kj;jpa murpd; tup
tUkhdj;ij khepyq;fSld; gq;fpl;Lf; nfhs;tjhFk;. md;gspg;G vd;gJ
khepyq;fSf;F Njitg;gLk; NghJ kj;jpauR toq;FtjhFk;.
kj;jpauRf;Fupa tupKiwfs; khepy muRfSf;Fupa tupKiwfs;
tptrha tup fhzp tup

,iwtup fhzp tUkhd tup
Rq;f tup ehza tup
fk;gdp tup tptrhaj;jpd; kPjhd tup
%yjd tup fQ;rh kw;Wk; Nghijg; nghUs; tup
kuz tup
5. epUthf cwTfs;
kj;jpauRf;Fupa Ml;rp Kiwf;F Vw;w tifapy; gupghydk; nra;J
nfhs;sf;$bathNw ,e;jpa epUthf Kiw fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. kj;jpauR
jd;Dila epUthfj;jpid khepy muRfis nfhz;L epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s
KbAk;. khepy muRfSk; jkJ mjpfhuj;jpid cld;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy;
ifaspf;fTk; KbAk;. khepy muRfspd; epUthfj;ij topelj;jTk; MNyhrid
toq;fTk; kj;jpauRf;F KbAk;.
6. khepy murhq;ff;fSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs;
kj;jpa–khepyq;fSf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLk; NghJ cau; ePjpkd;wk;

jPu;g;gspf;Fk;. mj;NjhL khepyq;fSf;fpilapy; Vw;gLk; gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;ff
; khepy
rigAk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kuz;ghLfSf;fhd fhuzq;fis ,dq;fz;L
gupe;Jiufis toq;FtNj ,jd; gzpahFk;.
xw;iwahl;rpg; gz;Gfs;
,e;jpa rk\;b Kiw xw;iwahl;rp Kiwapid rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit tUkhW:
1. mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fs;
352 njhlf;fk; 360 tiuapyhd cWg;Giufs; mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fs;: ,jd; fPo;
kj;jpauR xw;iwahl;rpahf ,aq;f KbAk;. (c+k;) Njrpa mtru epiynahd;W
Vw;gLkplj;J kj;jpauR mtrufhy mjpfhuj;ij gpufldg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jd; fPo;
KO muirAk; khepyq;fs; cs;slq;fshf kj;jpauR jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;
nfhz;L tu KbAk;. mtrufhy mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,U rigfspYk;
mDkjp ngwg;gl;lhy; ePbj;J nfhz;L Nghfyhk;. ,y;yhJtpbd; ,U khjj;jpw;Fs;
,uj;jhfp tpLk;.

2. epjp neUf;fb epiyfs;
ehl;by; Njrpa nghUshjhu jhf;fk;> epjp neUf;fb epiy> fld; Rik vd;gd ghupa
rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;Jk; NghJ my;yJ ehl;il ghjpf;Fk; epiy tUk;NghJ kj;jpauR
KO ehl;ilAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tu KbAk;. ,jd; fPo; kj;jpaurpd;
epjpf; nfhs;ifiaNa rfy khepyq;fSk; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t; mjpfhuk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Neubahf [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;bUg;gJ kw;nwhU
rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.
3. khepy mtru epiyfs;
khepyq;fspy; cs;ehl;Lf; Fog;gNkh my;yJ gaq;futhj jhf;Fjy; my;yJ
VjhtJ Njrpa Nguplu; Vw;gLk; NghJ khepyq;fs; kj;jpaurplk; mtru Ntz;LNfhs;
tpLf;fyhk; my;yJ kj;jpauR khepyq;fis Nfl;fhky; jhkhf mtrufhy
epiyapid gpufldg;gLj;jp ghjpf;fg;gl;l khepyj;ij my;yJ khepyq;fis jkJ
fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L tu KbAk;.

Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murpayikg;G
Rtpl;ru;yhe;J rk\;b Kiw
 Rtp]; murpayikg;G rk\;b jj;Jtq;fspd; fPo; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l
murpayikg;ghapDk; mJ rk\;bapd; tpNrl khjpupahd $l;Lr; rk\;bapd;
gz;Gfis mjpfk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
 $l;Lr; rk\;b vd;gJ “cld;ghL” vd;W mu;j;jg;gLk;. mjhtJ Kd;du; RahjPd
muRfshff; fhzg;gl;lit nghJj; NjitfSf;fhf jq;fSf;Fs; Xu; murhf
cld;gLjy; $l;Lr; rk\;bahFk;.
 $l;Lr; rk\;bapy; kj;jpaurpypUe;J xg;gPl;L uPjpahf Rje;jpukhdJk; khepy
murhq;fq;fis Nktpr; nry;yhj mjpfhunkhd;W kj;jpaurplk; fhzg;glhikAk;
$l;Lr;rk\;bapd; mbg;gilg; gz;ghFk;.
 vdpDk; Rtpl;ru;yhe;J KOikahf $l;Lr; rk\;bia nfhz;bUf;fhkYk;
mNjNtis $l;Lr;rk\;bapd; gz;Gfis mjpfk; xj;jpUg;gjhYk; rk\;bf;Fk;
$l;Lr; rk\;bf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l murpayikg;G vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Rtpl;ru;yhe;J 26 fd;ld;fisAk; (khepyq;fs;) 2222 efuhl;rp gpuNjrq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
 Rtpl;ru;yhe;J murpay;> nghUshjhu uPjpahf tpUj;jpaile;j ehlhf ,Ue;jhYk;
,jd; gug;gsT 41285 km2 MFk;.
 Rtp]; murpayikg;G $l;Lr;rk\;bahapDk; eilKiwapy; rk\;bahfNt
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fshf gpd;tUtdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. gpuhd;rpa Mf;fpukpg;G
2. etPdkakhjypd; jhf;fq;fs;
3. 1848> 1874> 1999 Mz;Lfspd; murpayikg;Gfs; XusT kj;jpauRf;F
Kf;fpakspj;jy;.
 gfpug;gl;l Ml;rp (Shared Rule)> Rahl;rp epUthfk; (self Rule) Mfpa ,U

rpj;jhe;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapNy Rtp]; murpayikg;G fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rtp]; rk\;bf;fhd murpayikg;G tpjpKiwfs;

 Rtpl;ru;yhe;J 26 fd;ld;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy; 20 KOf;fd;ld;fSk; 6
miu fd;ld;fSkhFk;. fd;ld;fs; vd;gJ Ra epu;thf myfhFk;.
 1999 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l ahg;gpd; gb fd;ld;fs; gyk; nghUe;jpa
,iwik myfhf cs;sd.
 kj;jpauR fd;ld;fspd; ,iwikf;F nfsutkspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 KO fd;ld;fs; $l;L epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapYk; rl;lj;JiwapYk; KOikahd
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fpilf;Fk; NghJ miu fd;ld;fSf;F mtw;wpd; miuthrpNa

fpilf;Fk;. (c+k;) KO fd;ld;fSf;F rl;lj;Jiwapy; ,U Mrdk;
fpilf;Fk;NghJ miuf;fd;ld;fSf;F 1 Mrdk; fpilf;Fk;. mNjNghd;W
kj;jpaurpd; fUj;Jf; fzpg;nghd;Wf;F KO fd;ld;fSf;F 1 thf;Fk;
miufd;ld;fSf;F miu thf;Fk; fpilf;Fk;.
 Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy; kj;jpa murpw;F Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;jpd;
mbg;gilapNyNa mjpfhug; gfpu;T ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jd;gb kj;jpauRf;F
Fwpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vOj;J %yk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;glhj
tplaq;fs; midj;Jk; fd;ld;fSf;F cupj;jhFk;.
 murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jk; mjpfhuk; kj;jpauRf;FupajhFk;. vdpDk; fd;ld;fs;
gy xd;W Nru;e;jhy; mt;tjpfhuj;jpYk; rpy epge;jidfis kj;jpauRf;F tpjpf;f
KbAk;.
murpayikg;gpdhy; fd;ld;fspd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tiuaiwfs;.

1. murpayikg;gpdhy; gpui[fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil cupikfis
kPw KbahJ.
2. kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fspd; %yKk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; %yKk; fd;ld;fspd;
,iwik kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fd;ld;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs;
1. fd;ld; murpayikg;G: Rtpl;ru;yhe;J KO ehl;Lf;Fk; murpayikg;nghd;W
fhzg;gLtJ Nghd;W xt;nthU khepyq;fSf;Fk; murpayikg;ig
itj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
2. gpuNjr epu;thfk;: xt;nthU fd;ld;fSk; gpuNjr epUthf rigfSf;F gy;NtW

mjpfhuq;fis toq;fpAs;sd. mtw;wpw;F jkJ Ml;Gyj;jpw;Fl;gl;l rl;l uPjpahd
mjpfhuk; fhzg;gLtNjhL Vida gpuNjr epUthf myFfSld; ,ize;J
nry;yTk; KbAk;.
3. fy;tp: Guhjd fhyk; njhl;Nl fd;ld;fSf;F fy;tp mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fiyj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fTk;> fy;tpg; gzpahsu;fis cUthf;fTk; mjpfhuk;
cz;L.
4. nghJkf;fs; rkhjhdk;: nghJkf;fspd; rkhjhdj;ij NgzTk; mjw;fhf

nraw;glTk; fd;ld;fSf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
5. fyhrhuk;: fyhrhu xj;Jiog;ig NgzTk; mjid ghJfhg;gjw;Fk;

fd;ld;fSf;F mjpfhuk; cz;L.
6. cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;: nghJkf;fSld; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfis fd;ld;fs; Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
7. Neu;tup: tupapid jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; jkf;Fupa tupfis

mwtpl;Lf;nfhs;sTk; mjpfhuk; cz;L.

fd;ld;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 mjpfhug;gfpu;T fPo;kl;lj;jpypUe;J Nky; kl;lk; tiuf;Fk; Rtpl;ru;yhe;jpy;
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
 kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fs; mNefkhdit fd;ld;fs; %yNk
nraYUg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
 rk\;b murhq;fk; rpy rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fk; NghJ fd;ld;fSf;F mwptpf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
 mNjNghd;W kj;jpaurpd; jPu;khdq;fSf;F fd;ld;fs; rpy mOj;jk; nfhLj;J
jkJ Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itf;f KbAk;
 rpy rl;l Kd;nkhopTfis fd;ld;fs; kj;jpaurplk; rku;g;gpf;f KbAk;.
 kj;jpaurpd; rl;lj;Jiw ,U rigfshyhdJ. Njrpa rig kf;fisg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j> mur rig fd;ld;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;.
mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;Gk; fd;ld;fSk;

 kf;fs; jPu;g;gpd; %yk; kj;jpaurpd; epUthf tplaq;fspy; fd;ld;fs; gq;F
nfhs;s KbAk;.
 rk\;b rl;lk;> murpayikg;G tplaq;fs; vd;gd kf;fs; jPu;g;Gf;F tplg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
 kf;fs; jPu;g;G ,U Kiwfspy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
1. 50000 gpu[fs; my;yJ 8 fd;ld;fs; kj;jpauRf;F Nfhupf;if tpLj;jpUg;gpd;
kf;fs; jPu;g;G eilngWk;.
2. murpayikg;G jpUj;jk; my;yJ ru;tNjr xg;ge;jq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;F fl;lhak;
kf;fs; jPu;g;G elj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 kf;fs; jPu;g;G rl;lkhtjw;F fd;ld;fspd; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fSk; ehl;L kf;fspy;
ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd; mq;ff P huk; mtrpakhFk;.
ePjpkd;wKk; fd;ld;fSk;
 Rtpl;ru;yhe;J ePjpkd;w Kiw Vida rk\;b Kiwfspy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;ljhFk;.
 Vida rk\;b muRfisg; Nghd;W kj;jpauRf;Fk; khepyq;fSf;Fk; vd;W
jdpj;jdp ePjpkd;wq;fs; ,y;iy. ,q;F fd;ld;fs; cUthf;fpa ePjpkd;wq;fNs
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
 ,e;ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F kj;jpaurpd; rl;lq;fisAk; fd;ld;fspd; rl;lq;fisAk;
nghUs; Nfhly; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
 cau; ePjpkd;wk; fd;ld;fspd; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngWk; Nkd;KiwaPLfisAk;
kj;jpaurpd; gpur;rpidfisAk; jPu;g;gjpy; khj;jpuk; gq;F nfhs;fpwJ.
Rtp]; murhq;fk; %d;W jsq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. kj;jpauR
2. fd;ld;fs;
3. nfhk;A+d;fs;

fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fp mjpfhu xOq;fikg;nghd;W Rtp]; murpaypy; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
%d;W epWtdq;fSf;fpilapy; xj;Jiog;G fhzg;gLfpwJ. nfhk;A+d;fs; vDk;
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy; Nritfisg; gfpuf;$ba jd;dhjpf;fk;
nfhz;l epWtdkhFk;. gpuNjr kf;fspd; md;whl tho;f;ifNahL njhlu;Gila rfy
nghWg;Gf;fSk; nfhk;A+d;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;.
(c+k;) gpuNjr tPjpfis epu;khzpj;jy;> fz;fhzpj;jy;> thA kw;Wk; ePu toq;fy;>

foptfw;wy> Fwpj;J xJf;fg;glhj vy;yh mjpfhuq;fSk; fd;ld;fisr; NrUk;
(c+k;) fyhrhuk;> nkhop> rkak;> Rfhjhuk;> Njrpa ,iwikNahL Neub
njhlu;GWk; nghWg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs; kj;jpauirr; NrUk;. (c+k;)
,uhZtk;> ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;> epjpf;nfhs;if.

gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G
gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs;
 gpupj;jhdpah cyfpy; xw;iwahl;rp Kiwf;F rpwg;gpj;J $wg;gLk; ehlhFk;.
vdpDk; mJ xw;iwahl;rp jd;ikapypUe;J khw;wkile;J tUfpwJ.
 cyfpd; Vida ehLfSf;F vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;nghd;W fhzg;gbDk;
gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Ml;rp gw;wpa %yf; nfhs;iffs; mlq;fpa vOjg;gl;l
murpayikg;G fhzg;gltpy;iy.
 vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;nghd;W fhzg;gltpy;iyahapDk; mjd; murpay;
fl;likg;G> kf;fspd; ,iwik> gpui[fSf;Fk; muRf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;ig
topelhj;Jk; njhFg;nghd;W (Body of rules) fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 mj;NjhL gy;NtW kuGfSk; tof;fhWfSk; murpayikg;gpd; gFjpahfj;
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ.
 gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd epWtd fl;likg;Gfshf ghuhSkd;wk;>
mikr;ruit> ePjpkd;wk;> Kb> rptpy; Nritfs; cs;slq;Fk;.
 gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;gpy; tYkpf;f %ynfhs;iffspd; njhFg;nghd;W
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mit:
1. rl;l Ml;rp
2. ghuhSkd;w ,iwik
3. mikr;ruitf; $l;Lg;nghWg;G
 gpupj;jhdpa murpayikg;G epWtdq;fis topelhj;Jk; tpjpfshf rl;ljpl;lq;fs;>
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lq;fs;> nghJrl;l rk;gpujhaq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gpupj;jhdpahtpd; xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;G

 gpupj;jhdpahTld; Nty;];> ,q;fpyhe;J kw;Wk; ];nfhl;yhe;J vd;gd 1707 ,y;
,ize;jd. 1800 ,y; mau;yhe;J ,ize;jJ. 1922 ,y; mau;yhe;J Rje;jpu
FbaurhdNjhL tl mau;yhe;J gpupj;jhdpaTld; vQ;rpaJ.
 gpupj;jhdpah ehd;F gFjpfshff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; mJ xw;iwahl;rp murhFk;.
 xw;iwahl;rp muR vd;gjhy; xU kj;jpaurpypUe;Nj KO ehLk; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;.
mjpfhuk; murhq;fj;jpy; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk;.
 gpuNjr murhq;fk; fhzg;gbDk; mit kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
fl;bg;ghl;bw;Fs;NsNa nraw;gLk;. kj;jpauR tpUk;gpd; mjpfhuq;fis
mjpfupj;Jf;nfhLf;fTk; KbAk;. mjpfhuq;fis kPsTk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;
KbAk;

 gpupj;jhdpahtpd; xw;iwahl;rp gpuhd;ir tpl fl;likg;gpy; NtWgl;ljhFk;. mNj
Nghd;W tu;f;f czu;Tk; gpuhd;ir tpl NtWgl;ljhFk;. xt;nthU myFk;
jdpj;Jtkhd ,dk;> fyhrhuk;> gz;ghl;il nfhz;L fhzg;gl;ljhy; gpupj;jhdpah
tuyhw;wpypUe;Nj gy;ypd murhFk;.
 gpupj;jhdpah ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl rl;lq;fs; KO r%fj;jpw;Fk;
Vw;Gilajhf ,Ue;j NghjpYk; rpy rl;lq;fs; ];nfhl;yhe;J> Nty;];> tl
mau;yhe;J Mfpatw;Wf;F nghUe;Jk;.
 If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fs; ,q;fpyhe;J> ];nfhl;yhe;J> Nty;]; kw;Wk; tl
mau;yhe;J gFjpfis cs;slf;fpaJ. ,jpy; ,q;fpyhe;J ngupa myfhFk;.
 mz;ikf;fhykhf gpupj;jhdpahtpy; gpuptpidthjg; Nghuhl;lk; tYg;ngw;W
tUfpwJ. ];nfhl;yhe;J> tl mau;yhe;J Nghd;w gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk;
gpuptpid ,af;fq;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
];nfhl;yhe;J
 51 ,yl;rk; kf;fs; ];nfhl;yhe;jpy; tho;fpwhu;fs;. nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 1/3 gq;F
];nfhl;yhe;jhFk;.
 gpupj;jhdpahTld; murpay; uPjpahf xd;wpize;jhYk; jkJ fyhrhu
milahsq;fspy; jdpj;Jf; fhzg;gl;ldu;.
 gpupj;jhdpah ];nfhl;yhe;ij jdJ rl;lj;jpdhy; Ml;rp nra;jhYk;
];nfhl;yhe;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpup];gNlupad; kjk; kw;Wk; jpUr;rigfis
rl;lj;jpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ.
 ];nfhl;yhe;J ePjpkd;Wf;F cupj;jhd rYiffs; kw;Wk; mjpfhuq;fs;
njhlu;e;Jk; ,Ue;jJ.
 ];nfhl;yhe;jpd; jdpahu; rl;lj;ij khw;w KbahJ vd 1907 cld;gbf;ifapy;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 ];nfhl;yhe;Jf;F jdpahd ghuhSkd;wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ];nfhl;yhe;J Njrpa ,af;fq;fs; gpupj;jhdpahtpypUe;J gpupe;J Rje;jpu murhf
khw Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nghuhl;lk; njhlu;e;j tz;zKs;sd. 2014 ,y; gpupe;J
nry;tjw;fhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G thf;nfLg;G eilngw;wJ. vdpDk; 45% kf;fNs
gpupe;J nry;y thf;fspj;jdu;.
Nty;];
 nkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 1/12 gq;F Nty;]; MFk;.
 1536 ,y; gpupj;jhdpah nfhz;L te;j rl;lj;jpdhy; ,q;fpyhe;jpd; epUthf
Kiwikf;Fs; te;jJ.
 Nty;]pid epu;tfpf;f jpizf;fsk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jpizf;fsj;jpw;F
nghWg;ghf mikr;ru; xUtu; fhzg;gl;lhu;. ,tupd; fPo; Rfhjhu kw;Wk; fy;tp
rigfs; jhgpf;fg;gl;ld.
 gpupj;jhdpah ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Nty;];f;F 35 Mrdq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Nty;]; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;L njhlf;fk; Ra Ml;rpapid nfhz;l
Njrpa ,af;fk; tpUj;jpaile;jJ.
 ];nfhl;yhe;J Nghd;W Nty;];f;F KOikahd mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk;
toq;fg;gltpy;iy. 1998 ,y; Nty;]; murhq;fr; rl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;ljd;
gpd;du; mg;gpuNjrj;jpw;F jdpahd epUthf rig cUthf;fg;gLs;sJ. ,jid
Nty;]; murhq;fr; rig vd miog;gu;.

tl mau;yhe;J
 17 ,yl;rk; kf;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;. nkhj;j epyg;gug;G 50000 rJu

fpNyhkPw;wufshFk;.
 mau;yhe;J fp. gp 1800 ,y; gpupj;jhdpahTld; ,ize;jJ.
 mau;yhe;J 1922 ,y; Rje;jpu murhd NghJ tl mau;yhe;J gpupj;jhdpahtpd;
xU gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jJ.
 1920 ,y; tl mau;yhe;jpw;fhd jdpahd ghuhSkd;wk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
1920-1970tiu fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; xd;W tl
mau;yhe;jpw;fhf toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 tl mau;yhe;J kf;fs; fpwp];jtk;> Gul;l];jhe;J vd ,U kjq;fis
rhu;e;jtu;fs;. fpwp];jt kf;fSf;F gpupj;jhdpahTld; ,ize;jpl Njit
fhzg;gl;lhYk; Gul;l];jhe;J kf;fSf;F Rje;jpuNk Njitahf ,Ue;jJ.
,jdhy; ,U kj kf;fSf;Fkpilapy; Kuz;ghLfs; njhlu;e;J epytpd.
mau;yhe;J murhq;fKk; gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fKk; xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gl;ljhy;
Kuz;ghL XusT fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1998 ,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l ngupa nts;sp cld;gbf;if tl mau;yhe;J rl;lk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lNjhL 2002 ,y; Gjpa tl mau;yhe;J Ml;rp Kiw Muk;gkhdJ.
,jd; fPo; tl mau;yhe;J mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fg;gl;l Ml;rp Kiwnahd;W
fpilj;jJ.
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;
 Nty;];> ];nfhl;yhe;J kw;Wk; tl mau;yhe;J Nghd;w gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; Njrpa

thj Njhw;wNk gpupj;jhdpah mjpfhug; gutyhf;fNk fhuzkhFk;.
 mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; vd;gJ munrhd;W jdJ mjpfhuq;fis cs;Su;
jhgdq;fSf;F gutyhf;fk; nra;tjhFk;. ,J rk\;biag; Nghd;W mjpfhuj;ij
gq;fL P nra;tjy;y.
 kj;jpauR jkJ mjpfhuq;fs; rpytw;iw tpUg;Gld; gutyhf;FtJk;
tpUg;gkpd;Nwy; mjpfhuq;fis kPsg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJkhFk;.
 gpupj;jhdpahtpy; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk; 1974 Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;dNu tYthf
vOe;jJ. ];nfhl;yhe;J ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; mg;gpuNjr kf;fspd;
Njitfis> Fiwfis epiwNtw;whik> Nty;];> tl mau;yhe;J njhlu;gpy;
gpupj;jhdpah ghuhSkd;wk; gpd;gw;wpa nfhs;if Njhy;tpaile;jik vd;gd
mjpfhug; gutyhf;fj;jpw;F mbg;gilahf mike;jJ.
 1998 ,y; ];nfhl;yhe;J rl;lk; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;gb 1999 ,y;
];nfhl;yhe;J ghuhSkd;wk; Muk;gkhdJ.
 1998 ,y; Nty;];f;F Assembly vd;w rig xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
Nty;]pd; rl;lj;Jiwf;F nghWg;ghf cs;sJ.
 1998 April ,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l ngupa nts;sp cld;gbf;ifAld; tl
mau;yhe;J rl;lj;Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,q;Nf mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; xt;nthU gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sNjhL mtw;Wf;fpilapy; rkkhd jd;ik fhzg;gltpy;iy.
];nfhl;yhe;Jf;Nf mjpf mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,jd;gb gpupj;jhdpahtpy; xw;iwahl;rpf; fl;likg;Gf;Fs; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhYk; mq;Nf fhzg;gLk; gutyhf;fk; rk\;b ehLfspd;
mjpfhug; gfpu;T Nghy fhzg;gLfpwJ.

mjpfhu msnty;iy
1. ];nfhl;yhe;Jf;F mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s tpjk;.
 Fw;wtpay; rl;lk;> fy;tp> R+oy;> Rfhjhuk;> ePjpkd;wq;fis cUthf;Fjy;>
cs;Suhl;rp> nghyp];> Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;.
 Njrpa tUkhd tupfs;.
2. Nty;];f;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuq;fs;

 Nty;]; Njrpa rigf;F Jiz epiyr;rl;lthf;f mjpfhuNk
toq;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahu; Nrit toq;Fk; RahjPd epWtdq;fspd;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpj;jy;.
 Nty;];Rf;fhd epjp xJf;fPl;L mjpfhuq;fs;.
3. tl mau;yhe;jpw;fhd mjpfhug;gutyhf;f Kiw

 Nty;]; kw;Wk; ];nfhl;yhe;J Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lnjhU epiyapy;
tl mau;yhe;jpd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 Rfhjhuk;> R+oy;> tptrhak;> fy;tp> r%f Nrit> tPL> cs;Suhl;rp>
Nghf;Ftuj;J> fyhrhuk;> tpisahl;L> nghyp];> ePjpkd;wk; Nghd;wd
njhlu;gpy; mjpfhuk; cz;L.
 vdpDk; Nty;]; Nghd;Nw tl mau;yhe;Jf;Fk; epiyahd tup mwtpLk;
mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.

gpuhd;rpa murpayikg;G
 gpuhd;rpa murpayikg;G xw;iw kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gLj;jg;gl;l murpayikg;ghFk;.
 gpuhd;]; cyfpy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w KjyhtJ rdehaf FbaurhFk;. 1789 Mk;
Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp gpuhd;rpy; rdehaf Ml;rp kyu fhuzkhf
mike;jJ.
 Rje;jpuk;, rkj;Jtk;, rNfhjuj;Jtk; vd;gd gpuhd;rpa Gul;rpapd; murpayikg;gpd;
mbg;gilahf fhzg;gl;ld.
 gpuhd;]; mjpfhuj;ij Xuplj;jpy; ikag;gLj;jpa murhq;f KiwahFk;. nghJthf
xw;iwahl;rpapy; mjpfhuq;fs; midj;Jk; xU kj;jpa murplk; fhzg;gLk;. xU
kj;jpaurhq;fNk KO ehl;ilAk; epu;thfk; nra;Ak;. gpuhd;]; xw;iwahl;rp
vd;gjhy; Nkw;gb gz;Gfs; kj;jpaurhq;fj;jplk; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; 1958 Mk; Mz;L
b-Nfhyhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l murpayikg;G xw;iwahl;rp vd;gNjhL mjpfhuq;fs;
midj;Jk; murhq;fj;jplk; khj;jpuk; kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 nghJthf xw;iwahl;rpahdJ ,d, kj, nkhop uPjpahf jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;j
ehLfSf;F rpwg;ghfg; nghUe;Jk;. mjhtJ gy ,d, kj, nkhop, fyhrhuk; xU
ehl;by; fhzg;gLk; NghJ ,ay;ghf mtw;Wf;fpilapy; Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;Wk;.
,k; Kuz;ghLfis xw;iwahl;rpia tpl rk\;bj; jj;Jtk; %yk; rpwg;ghd
jPu;it toq;f KbAk;.
 vdNt gd;ikr; r%fk; nfhz;lnjhU ehl;by; xw;iw kw;Wk; kj;jpag;gLj;jg;gl;l
murhq;f Kiw nraw;gLk; NghJ mJ gy rthy;fs; epiwe;j mk;rkhFk;.
kj;jpauR jdJ tpUg;gq;fisAk; mgpyhi\fisAk; cs;Su; jhgdq;fs; %yk;
gpuNahfg;gLj;Jk;. ,t; cs;Su; jhgdq;fs; ghupa mjpfhuq;fis
nfhz;bUf;fhjjhy; jkJ RahjPdj;jd;ikia ,oe;J kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpw;F
fPo;g;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l 5 Mk; FbauR ahg;G 1958
Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l 2 Mk; FbauR ahg;gpd; gz;Gfis mjpfkhf
xj;Js;sJ.
 Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifapd; ghuhSkd;w Kiw, [dhjpgjp Kiw vd;gd gpuhd;rpa
murpayikg;gpd; ghuhSkd;w Kiw, [dhjpgjp Kiwia xj;Js;sJ.
 1789 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gl;l Gul;rpNahL kd;duhl;rp Kiw tPo;r;rpaile;J rdehaf
FbauR Kiwnahd;W cUthfpaJ. FbauR Kiwikapd; gpujhd ,ay;ghf
murpd; jiytu; kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
 1789 gpuhd;rpa Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; jw;NghJ tiu 5 FbauR ahg;Gfs;
cUthfpAs;sd. 1 Mk; FbauR ahg;G 1792 Mk; Mz;bYk; 2 Mk; FbauR
ahg;G 1848 Mk; Mz;bYk; 3 Mk; FbauR murpayikg;G 1852 Mk; Mz;bYk;

4 Mk; FbauR ahg;G 1946 Mk; Mz;bYk; 5 Mk; FbauR ahg;G 1958 Mk;
Mz;bYk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
 eilKiwapYs;s 5 Mk; FbauR ahg;G ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;du;
jiyj;J}f;fpa murpay; nghUshjhu gpd;dilTf;F jPu;thfTk; mNj Nghy
ePz;lfhykhf epytp te;j cWjpaw;w murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; jPu;thf te;jjhFk;.
 1958 Mk; Mz;L rhu;s;]; b Nfhypdhy; 5 Mk; FbauR ahg;G
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lNjhL gykhd kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l xw;iwahl;rp
murhq;fj;jpidAk; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ.
gpuhd;rpa murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd ,ay;Gfs;

1. FbauR [dhjpgjp
 rhu;s;]; b Nfhypd; murpay; kw;wk; jdpg;gl;l tpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;Nfw;g
5 Mk; FbauR ahg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jdpegiu Rw;wp mur mjpfhuq;fs; xd;W Ftpa Ntz;Lk; vd;w Njit
mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ.
 3 Mk; 4 Mk; FbauR Kiwapd; tPo;r;rpf;F gpujhd FiwghL gytPdkhd
jiyikj;JtKk; nefpo;r;rpaw;w murpay; fl;rp KiwAkhFk;.
 ,f;FiwghLfis ePf;f 5 Mk; FbauR ahg;G gykhd [dhjpgjpia
jhgpj;jJ.
 FbauR [dhjpgjp epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nghUe;jpatuhf fhzg;gl;lhu;.
rl;lj;Jiwia tpl epiwNtw;W Jiw cau;e;j ,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jd; %yk; rl;lj;Jiw ,uz;lhe;ju epiyapy; itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 Muk;g murpayikg;gpy; [dhjpgjp Nju;jy; fy;Y}upapD}lhf njupT nra;Ak;
Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ.
 vdpDk; 1962 ,y; ,lk;ngw;w nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd; gb [dhjpgjp
,ul;il thf;Fupik %yk; kf;fshy; Neubahfj; njupT nra;Ak; Kiw
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
 ,ul;il thf;FKiw vd;gJ KjyhtJ Nju;jypy; ve;jnthU Ntl;ghsUf;Fk;
mWjp ngUk;ghd;ik fpilf;fhtpl;lhy; ,Uthuq;fSf;Fs; ,uz;lhk;
thf;nfLg;gpid elhj;jp [dhjpgjpapid njupT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
,uz;lhtJ thf;nfLg;gpy; Kjyhk; Nju;jypy; Kjy; ,uz;L ,lq;fis
ngw;wtu;fs; khj;jpuNk Nghl;bapLtu;. ,jid ,ul;il thf;FKiw vd
miog;gu;.
 [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 5 tUlq;fshFk;.
 [dhjpgjp rl;lj;Jiw rhu;e;J ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;ly;, xj;jpitj;jy;, Njrpa
rigia fiyj;jy;, mku;TfSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy; cl;gl ,d;Dk; gy
mjpfhuq;fis nrYj;Jfpwhu;.
 [dhjpgjp epu;thfj;Jiw rhu;e;J gpujku;, mikr;ruit mikr;ru;fis
epakpj;jy;, ePf;fy;, khw;wk;; nra;jy;, jdf;Fj; Njitahd ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fis epUthfj;jpw;Fs; mikj;jy; cl;gl ,d;Dk; gy
mjpfhuq;fis nrYj;Jfpwhu;.
 [dhjpgjp rk;gpujhag+u;t mjpfhuq;fshf mur ,yl;rpid itj;jpUj;jy;, Gfo;
gl;lq;fs; toq;fy;, fhzp ed;nfhil toq;fy;, rk;gpujhag+u;t tpohf;fSf;F
jiyik jhq;Fjy; cl;gl gy mjpfhuq;fis nrYj;Jfpwhu;.

 ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;J ePjpj;Jiwapd; ghJfhtydhf [dhjpgjpNa nraw;gLfpwhu;,
cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;, ePf;Fjy; cl;gl gy mjpfhuq;fis
nrYj;Jfpwhu;.
 NkYk; [dhjpgjp mtrufhy mjpfhuq;fshf Njrj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;Jf;Fk;
ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; jiyik jhq;Fjy;, mtruf;fhyj;ij gpufldg;gLj;jp rfy
mjpfhuq;fisAk; gpuNahfpj;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fis nrYj;Jfpwhu;.
2. gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;
 mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;jpypUe;J mikf;fg;gl;lhYk; ngUk;ghYk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpypUe;J ngUksT tpLtpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 Njrpa rigapypUe;J xUtiu [dhjpgjp gpujkuhf epakdk; nra;fpwhu;.
vdpDk; Njrpa rig cWg;gpdiuNa gpujkuhf epakpf;f Niz;Lk; vd;w epajp
,y;iy. mj;NjhL gpujku; Njrpa rigapd; ngUk;ghd;ikapdupd;
ek;gpf;ifia ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W mtrpakpy;iy. khwhf mtu;
[dhjpgjpapd; ek;gpf;ifia ngw;why; NghJkhdJ.
 gpujkupd; rpghuprpd; mbg;gilapy; [dhjpgjp mikr;ruitf;F Njitahd
mikr;ru;fis epakdk; nra;fpwhu;.
 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; mikr;ru;fshf epakdk; ngw;wJld;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; thf;fspf;Fk; cupikapid ,oe;J tpLfpd;wdu;.
 mikr;ruit ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;G nrhy;y Ntz;bajpy;iy vd;gNjhL
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; ngw Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
 Njrpa rigahy; gpujku; my;yJ mikr;ruitia ek;gpf;ifapy;yhg;
gpNuuiz %yk; gjtp tpyf;f KbahJ.
3. ghuhSkd;wk;
 gpuhd;rpa rl;lthf;fkd;wk; ghuhSkd;wk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
 ,J Njrparig, nrdl;rig vd ,U kd;wq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
 Njrpa rigapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; vz;zpf;if 577 MFk;.
 5 tUl fhyj;jpw;F kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLfpwhu;fs;.
 ,U rigfspYk; Njrpa rigNa mjpfhuk; $baJ.
 nrdl;rig 348 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
 ,J xU epue;ju rigahFk;. 3 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw 1/2 gFjpapdu;
khWtu;.
 cWg;gpdu;fs; 6 tUlq;fSf;F Nju;jy; FOf;fs; %yk; njupthfpd;wdu;.
gpuhd;rpd; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;

gpuhd;rpy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk; vd;gJ murpayikg;gpD}lhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy.
mjhtJ murpay; mjpfhukhdJ kj;jpaurpypUe;J ntspNawhjthW
ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cs;Su; jhgdq;fSf;F mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy;
nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; mjpfhuk; xg;gilf;ftpy;iy. khwhf gpuhd;rpy;
epUthfg; gutyhf;fNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. cs;Su; jhgdq;fs; ,e;epUthfg;
gutyhf;fj;jpD}lhfNt mjpfhuq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wd. bNfhy; Ie;jhk;
FbauR ahg;gpid cUthf;Fk; NghJ tYthd kj;jpaurhq;fj;jhy; murpd;
mjpfhuq;fs; nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W fUjpdhu;. ,e;j kj;jpakag;gLj;jg;gl;l

murhq;fj;jpd; epiwNtw;W epWtdkhf [dhjpgjpNa fhzg;gLthu;. ,e;epUthfg;
gutyhf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhf gpuhd;rpa cs;Su; jhgdq;fs; RahjPdkhf ,aq;F
jd;ik Fiwe;J kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs;NsNa nraw;gLfpd;wd.
gpuhd;rpd; epUthf mjpfhug; gutyhf;fk;

gpuhd;rpy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fr; nrad;Kiwad;wp epUthfg; gutyhf;fNk
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e; epUthfg; gutyhf;fk; 03 kl;lq;fspy; eilngWk; tz;zk;
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mitahtd:
1. gpuhe;jpaq;fs;
2. jpizf;fsq;fs;
3. nfhk;A+d;fs;
gpuhd;]; 22 gpuhe;jpaq;fisAk; 96 jpizf;fsq;fisAk; 36383 nfhk;A+d;fisAk;

nfhz;Ls;sd. cs;Su; jhgdq;fspd; epUthf jPu;khdq;fs; ,k; %d;W jsq;fspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; epWtdq;fis 4 gpupTfshf
tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. gpujpepjpj;Jt rig
2. gpupngf;l; mjpfhupfs;
3. kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpd; gpuNjr fsf; fhupahyaq;fs;
4. njhopw; rq;fq;fSk; mKf;f FOf;fSk;
gpujpepjpj;Jt rig
gpujpepjpj;Jt rigfis vy;yh kl;lq;fspSk; fhzyhk;. gpuhe;jpa kl;lq;fspy;
gpuhe;jpa kz;lyq;fs;> nghUshjhu r%ff; FO fhzg;gLfpd;wd. jpizf;fs
kl;lq;fspy; jpizf;fs rigfisf; fhzKbAk;. nfhk;A+d;fs; kl;lj;jpy; efu
rigfs; njhopw;gLfpd;wd. gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpf;F gq;fspg;G toq;FtNj ,jd;
nghWg;ghFk;. gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhup gpupngf;l; mjpfhupahthu;.
gpuhe;jpaq;fs; %d;W FOf;fshy; MdJ.
1. gpuhe;jpa rigfspy; ,Ue;J kj;jpa rl;lj;Jiwf;F njupT nra;ag;gl;l

gpujpepjpfs;.
2. jpizf;fsq;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;.
3. nfhk;A+d; rigfspd; gpujpepjpfs;.
jpizf;fsq;fis epUtfpf;f jpizf;fs rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd;

cWg;gpu;fspd; vz;zpf;if 17–109 tiu khWgLfpd;wJ. cWg;gpdu;fs; tpfpjhrhu
thf;Ffshy; kf;fspd; %yk; 6 tUlq;fSf;F njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jpy; ½
gq;fpdu; 3 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw khw;wpaikf;fg;gLtu;. ,jd; jiytu;
jpizf;fs kl;lj;jpy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; gpupngf;l; Mthu;.
nfhk;A+d;fs; vd;gJ efu kl;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; epUthf myFfshFk;. ,jd;

cWg;gpdu;fs; kf;fshy; njupTnra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jd; epiwNtw;W cj;jpNahfj;ju;
efugpjh Mthu;. kj;jpa murpdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;wy;>
tup mwtPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Nghd;w gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

gpupngf;l; mjpfhupfs;
gpupngf;l; mjpfhupfs; vd;gJ kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpid gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jp gpuNjr

kl;lq;fspy; Nritahw;Wk; cj;jpNahfj;ju; FohkhFk;. ,tu;fs; mikr;Rf;fspd;
gzpfis gpuNjr kl;lq;fspy; ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; gpd;tUk;
%d;W kl;lq;fspy; gzpahw;Wfpwhu;fs;.
1. gpuhe;jpa gpupngf;l;
2. jpizf;fs gpupngf;l;
3. cg gpupngf;l;
gpuhd;rpy; kj;jpauRf;F vjpuhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk; tpku;rdq;fs;
 gpuhe;jpa gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ kj;jpaurpd; mDkjpapid ngw;Wf;

nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.
 epUthf gutyhf;fj;jpw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;lisfs;> nranyhOq;Ffs;
fhuzkhf epUthf nraw;ghLfs; rpf;fyile;Js;sd.
 gpuNjr epUthfj;jpd; RahjPdj; jd;ik mw;Ws;sJld; gpuNjrj;jpd;
jdpj;Jtj;jd;ik fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy.
 kj;jpaurhq;fj;jpd; ru;thjpfhug; Nghf;F mjpfupj;Jf; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
 gpuNjr gpur;rpidfis gpuNjrq;fspNyNa jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Kiwapid
tiuaWf;fpd;wJ.
 rl;lj;Jiwapd; nry;thf;F Fiwf;fg;gl;L mJ epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapd;
fl;Lg;ghl;bw;Fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;sJ.

myF-11 nghJf; nfhs;ifahf;fk; murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;
cah;ju murwptpay; khzth;fSf;fhd…..
myF-11
nghJf; nfhs;ifahf;fk;
(Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk;)
1
S.VARATHARAJ-SLTS, M.A IN POLITICAL SCIENCE 0788998431
,t; myfpy; fw;fNtz;ba tplaq;fs;
1-nghJf; nfhs;if vd;gjd; mwpKfk;
2- nghJf; nfhs;if vd;gij tiutpyf;fzk; nra;jy;
3-nghJf; nfhs;ifapd; mtrpaq;fs; my;yJ Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs;
4- nghJf; nfhs;iff;Fk; murpay; nrad;Kiwf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
njhlh;Gfs;
5- nghJf;nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;
6- nghJf; nfhs;if -murpay; fl;rpfs;
7- nghJf; nfhs;if – rptpy; r%fk;
8-NghJf; nfhs;ifAk; rh;tNjr r%fKk

9- nghJf; nfhs;iff;Fk; gzpf; FOtpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlh;Gfs;
10-KbTiu
2
nghJf; nfhs;ifahf;fk;.( Public Policy)

mwpKfk;
,d;iwa cyfpy; tsh;e;J tUk; xU Jiwahf
nghJeph;thfKk; nghJf; nfhs;iaAk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,d;W nghJj; Jiwahd jdpahd
xU Jiwahf tsh;r;rp fz;Ls;sJ. etPd murpay;
r%f tho;tpy; nghJf; nfhs;ifahdJ Kjd;ikahd
,lj;jpidg; gpbj;Js;sJ.
“nghJf; nfhs;if” vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; rupahdJk;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $baJkhd tiutpyf;fzk; xd;iwf; fhzKbahJs;sNjhL>
murwptpayhsu;fs; ,J njhlu;gpy; Kd;itj;Js;s gy;NtW tiutpyf;fzq;fspd;
Clhf mur nfhs;if vd;gjd; fUj;jpid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
nghJf; nfhs;if njhlu;ghd rpy tiutpyf;fzq;fs;

• nghJf; nfhs;if vd;gJ murhq;fk; vd;d nra;fpd;wJ? (What Governmentdo?)
murhq;fk; mtw;iw Vd; epiwNtw;Wfpd;wJ? (Why do they do it?) kw;Wk; mjD}lhf
vj;jifa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;? (What Difference does it make?) vd;gjhFk; vd
Njhk]; Mu;. il (Thomas R. Dye) tiutpyf;fzk; nra;Js;sshh;
• murpDila epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk; xd;wpy; nraw;wpl;lkhf;fg;gl;l my;yJ

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;w mgpyhirfs;> tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; vd;gdNt
nghJf;nfhs;if vd nùhy;l; yh];nty; (Harrold Lasswell) tiutpyf;fzk;
nra;Js;sshh;.
• nghJkf;fspd; ftdj;jpw;Fl;gl;l gpur;rpidnahd;iwj; jPu;jJ

; f nfhs;tjw;F
cupa mjpfhuk; kpf;f nraw;ghl;lhsu; xUtu; my;yJ gyu; mwpTG+u;tkhf
Kd;ndLf;Fk; nraw;ghLfs; nghJf; nfhs;if vd N[k;]; md;lu;rd;
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;Js;sshh;
,t;thNw Nguhrphpah; tpf; vd;gth; nghJf;nfhs;if vd;gJ jpl;lkpl;l xU

Kaw;rpahFk; vd tiutpyf;fzk; nra;Js;sshh;. mjhtJ nghJ eyed
3
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;l Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; %ytsq;fisAk;

jpl;lkpl;L gad;gLj;Jk; nrad;Kiw vd tpsf;Ffpd;whh;.
,t;thNw N`gh;l; irkd; vd;gth; nghJ ,yf;fpid wpiwNtw;Wtjw;fhd

FOf;fspd; $l;Lwthd nrad;KiwNa nghJf;nfhs;if vd tiutpyf;fzk;
nra;Js;sshh;.
,t;thW Nkw; $wg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fspy;
,Ue;J nghJf;nfhs;if vd;gJ mnjhlh;ghf
gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s
Kbfpd;wJ.
• nghJf; nfhs;ifahdJ Xu; murpay;

nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J nghJg;gpur;rpidfisf; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
• nghJf; nfhs;if vd;gJ xU nranyhOq;fhFk;. ,J ntWkNd xU nfhs;if
Mtzk; khj;jpukd;W.
• nghJf; nfhs;ifapid cUthf;FtJ> nraw;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; kjpg;gpLtJ

murpay; fl;likg;gpy; cs;s mjpfhupfshtu;.
• nghJf; nfhs;ifapD}lhff; fye;Jiuahlg;gLfpd;w nghJthd gpur;rpidfs;

cz;ikahditahf my;yJ fw;gid rhu;e;jitahf ,Uf;fyhk;.
• Mjyhy; nghJf; nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; tbtk;> cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk;

nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;w eilKiwfs; vd;gd nfhs;if tFg;G
mjpfhukpf;f epWtdq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w jfty;fSf;F Vw;g vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk;
khw;wkilayhk;.
nghJf; nfhs;if fw;ifapd; gpd;dzp

• mur nfhs;if xU fw;ifahf mnkupf;f rpe;jidg;gs;spfspd; CNl
gapy;tjw;F Muk;gkhdJ.
• nghJf; nfhs;ifapid cUthf;FtJ murpay;thjpfspd; gzpahFk;. mjidr;

nraw;gLj;JtJ epUthfpfspd; gzpahFk; vd;gJ nghJthf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
xd;whFk;. mjd;gb nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jyhdJ xU njhopy;El;gk;
4
rhu; nrad;KiwahFk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNtjhd; epu;thfj;jpd; kPJ

murpay;thjpfSk; nghJkf;fSk; mOj;jq;fis gpuNahfpf;f $lhJ vd
Muk;gj;jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
vt;thwhapDk; nghJj;Jiwapy; fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpidfis (cjhuzk;

njhopy;tha;g;gpd;ik) jPu;g;gjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l nfhs;ifapd; %yk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l ngWNgWfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;gJ Gydhfpd;wJ.
• Mjyhy; nghJf; nfhs;if tFj;jy; vDk; murpay; nrad;Kiwf;Fk;

nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; vDk; epUthf nrad;Kiwf;Fk; ,ilapy;
,ilntsp njhlu;gpid (Missing Link) kPsTk; fl;likg;gjw;F 1960 fspy;
murwptpayhsu;fs; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
• mjd; gadhf murwptpaypd; cgJiwahf nghJf; nfhs;iffisf; fw;wy;

Kd;dpiy ngw;wJ. mf;fw;if ,Utpjkhd jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lJ.
1-nfhs;ifrhu; fw;if (Study of Policy) :-

murnfhs;ifnahd;W ntw;wpaspg;gjpy; my;yJ Njhy;tpailtjpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; epge;jidfs; ahit? nfhs;ifrhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; vt;thW Njhw;wk;
ngWfpd;wd? mit vt;thW murpay; epfo;r;rp epuYf;Fl;gLfpd;wd? Nghd;w
tplaq;fis Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpf; fw;wy; vd;gNj ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
2-nghJf; nfhs;ifapDs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fw;if (Studies 'in' Pollicy) :-

,jd; fw;wy; Nehf;F nfhs;ifnahd;iw ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F
vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wp Muha;tjhFk;.
nghJf; nfhs;ifia Vd; fw;f Ntz;Lk;? (Kf;fpaj;Jtk;)
1. tpQ;Qhd Nehf;fpy; Fwpg;gpLNthkhapd; nghJf;

nfhs;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; mjd; tpisTfisAk;
tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L fw;gjd; %yk; kpfTk;
njspthd murhq;f nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;>
tpisjpwidg; ngw;Wnfhs;tjw;Fk;
5
Njitahd gupe;Jiufis Kd;itg;gjw;Fkhd ,aYik epGzu;fSf;Ff;

fpilf;Fk;.
2. murpay; Nehf;fpy; $wpd; nghJf; nfhs;ifapidf; fw;gjd; %yk;

vg;gbepiyapYs;s murhq;fq;fs; (Njrpa> gpuhe;jpa> gpuNjr)
nghJg;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjpy; ntw;wpfukhfr; nraw;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij
mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
3. gpuNahf uPjpapy; Nehf;fpd; nfhs;ifrhu;

gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F gpuirfs; vd;w
tifapy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd nghWg;Gk; cupj;Jk;
nghJkf;fSf;F cz;L. gpuirfs; nfhs;if
eilKiw gw;wpa njsptpidg; ngw;wpUj;jy;
mtrpakhdjhFk;. mt;thwpy;yhtpbd; murpay;
Kiwiknahd;wpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fs;
kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; tpisTfs; rhjfkhdjh? my;yJ
ghjfkhdjh?vd;gJ njhlu;gpyhd jPu;khdj;jpw;F
tuKbahJ.
nghJf; nfhs;ifAld; njhlu;Gila vz;zf;fUf;fs;
nghJf; nfhs;if gw;wpa vz;zf;fUf;fs; %d;iw mwpe;Jnfhs;sy; ,q;F

mtrpakhFk;. ,jd;gb
1-nfhs;ifg; gFg;gha;T (Policy Analysis)

murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; kPJ nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs; mtw;wpd; tpisTfis
tptupj;jy; kw;Wk; njspTgLj;jyhFk;.
nfhs;ifapd; tiutpyf;fzk; kw;Wk;
nranyhOq;F gw;wpa fUJNfhs;fis
cUthf;FtJk;> ,j;Jiwapy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s Ma;Tfis xd;W jpul;lTk;
Kaw;rpg;gNj nfhs;ifg; gFg;gha;tpd; gzpahFk;.
6
2-nfhs;if MNyhrid (Policy Advice)

,JNthu; murpay; nrad;KiwahFk;. fhzg;gLk;
epiyikfis khw;wpaikj;J gad;kpf;f
epiyiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Nehf;fpy; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;ba eilKiwfis gupe;Jiug;gjd; %yk;
mur epWtdq;fis topelj;JtJ kw;Wk;
mOj;jq;fisg; gpuNahfpg;gJ njhlu;gpy; murpay;
uPjpahd tiyaikg;nghd;wpid cUthf;fpf; nfhs;sy; ,jd;ghw;gLk;.
murpay;thjpfs;> epu;thfpfs;> nghJrd Clfq;fs;> rptpy; mikg;Gfs;>
njhopw;rq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; murpay; fl;rpfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW jug;Gf;fs; ,g;gzpapy;
<Lgl;Ls;sd.
3-nfhs;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; (Policy Leadership)

jdp egnuhUtu; my;yJ FOf;fs;
nghJg;gpur;rpidnahd;W njhlu;gpy; murpd; ftdj;ij
<u;g;gjd; %yNk nfhs;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk;
cUthfpd;wJ. nghJg; gpur;rpidia murhq;fj;jpd;
epfo;r;rp epuYf;F cl;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ nfhs;ifj;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; %ykhFk;.
nfhs;ifr; nrad;Kiw (Policy Process)

murhq;fj;jpd; fle;jfhy mDgtq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl nghJf;nfhs;iffs;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj;
jPu;T fhz;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpahdJ rpwe;j vjpu;fhyj;ij
cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
nfhs;ifr; nrad;Kiw gy;NtW fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;l

xU tl;lr; nrad;KiwahFk;. (Policy Circle). ,jd;gb
epWtdnkhd;wpd; gzpahsu;fspd; nraw;wpwd;>
7
nfhs;ifapd; ngWNgw;iw kjpg;gply;> nfhs;ifapy; khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;>

epiwT nra;jy; Nghd;w gbKiwfs; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.
nghJg;gpur;rpid
gbkiw-
6gbKiw- gbKiw-1
6
gbKiw-5 gbKiw-2
gbKiw-4 gbKiw-3
nghJf; nfhs;if nrad;KiwahdJ nghJg;gpur;rpid xd;wpid ikakhf

itj;Nj ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,g; nghJf; nfhs;if tl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
gbKiwfs; gpd;tUtdtw;iw Kiwg;gb njspTgLj;jp epw;fpd;wd.
gbKiw 1- epfo;r;rp epuiyj; jahhpj;jy;

gbKiw 2- nfhs;if cUthf;fk;
gbKiw 3- nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
gbKiw 4- nfhs;ifia kjpg;gply;
gbKiw 5- nfhs;if kW rPuikg;G
gbKiw 6- nfhs;ifia KbtWj;jy;.
• nfhs;ifr; nrad;Kiwapid tl;lkhf fhl;LtJ rpf;fyhdnjhU

nrad;Kiwia ,yFgLj;jpf; fhl;Ltjw;fhFk;.
• murpay; Kiwnahd;wpd; mjpfhu epWtdj;jhy; nghJg;gpur;rpid xd;iw

jPh;g;gjw;fhf gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba topKiwfis vLj;Jiug;gNj murpd; ,f;
nfhs;ifAUthf;fj;jpd; NghJ ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
8
• nfhs;if epfo;r;rp epuy; (Policy Agenda) ,q;F Kf;fpak; tha;e;jjhFk;. jug;gl;l

fhy vy;iyapy; mur mjpfhupfspd; ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs;
my;yJ gpur;rpidfspd; gl;bay; vd;gNj ,jd; nghUshFk;.
• nfhs;if cUthf;fk; (Policy Making) vd;gJ fle;jfhyg; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj;

jPu;Tfhz;gJk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wtpUf;Fk; ghjfkhd epiyikfisj; jLj;J
nfhs;tjw;Fkhd rl;lq;fisg; gpwg;gpj;jyhFk;.
• nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jy; (Policy Implementation) vd;gJ rl;l%yk;

xd;W rl;lkhfpa gpd;du; ,lk;ngWtjhFk;.
• nfhs;if kjpg;gPL (Policy Eveluvation) vd;gJ mur nfhs;ifapd; tpisTahJ

vdf; ftdk; nrYj;JtjhFk;. ,jd;%yk; nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; %yk; vjpu;g;ghu;j;j
tpisTfs; epiwNtwpAs;sjh? vd;gJ gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLk;.
• nfhs;if kWrPuikg;G (kPsha;T) (Policy Revision) vd;gJ nfhs;if kjpg;gPl;bd;

gpd;du; mjpy; cupa khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjhFk;.
• nfhs;iffisf; iftpLjy; (Policy Termination) vd;gJ fhyhtjpahd kw;Wk;

kWrPuikf;f Kbahj nfhs;iffisf; iftpLjyhFk;.
nghJf;nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

1-kf;fs; mgpg;gphak;
2-gFj;jwpT
3-murpay; nghUshjhu #o;epiyfs;
4-murpay;thjpfs;
5-rpty; Nritahsh;fs;
6-murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; eyd;NgZk; FOf;fs;
7-njhoy;rhh; epGzj;Jth;fs;
9
nghJf; nfhs;iffSk; murpay; mjpfhu epWtdq;fSk;
• rdhehaf munrhd;wpd; gpuirfshy; ahNjDk; xU epWtdk; my;yJ epWtdj;

njhFjp nghJg;gpur;rpidfspd; Nghjhd nfhs;if tFg;G> mf;nfhs;iffis
eilKiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; nfhs;ifrhu; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;> mj;jifa
epWtdq;fSf;F mt;thwhd mjpfhuq;fs; fpilg;gJ epahakhdjh? kw;Wk;
ePjpahdjh? vd;gJ gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; murpay; mjpfhu epWtdq;fs;
(Political Authority) vdg;gLk;.
• nghJkf;fspd; gpur;rpidfspd; NghJ mj;jifa Kiwahd mjpfhuq;fisf;

nfhz;l epWtdq;fs; %d;W fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1- rl;lthf;fj;Jiw
2- murpay; epiwNtw;Wj; Jiw
3- ePjpj;Jiw
nghJf; nfhs;ifAk; rl;lj;Jiwapd;

tfpghfKk; :-
• kf;fsplkpUe;J mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;w kf;fs;
gpujpepjpfspd; Clhf kf;fs; ,iwikapid murpd;
,iwik mjpfhuj;NjhL ,izj;J rl;lq;fis
cUthf;Fk; epWtdkhfr; rl;lj;Jiw mwpag;gLk;.
• kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;> nghJthd gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ r%fj;jpy; epyTk;

Njitfisr; rl;lj;Jiwapy; Kd;itj;J mjpy; murhq;fk; jiyapLtjw;fhd
nraw;ghl;bid Muk;gpg;gu;.
• nghJg;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;Fk; nrad;Kiwf;fhf epjp xJf;fPl;bid

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; mjpfhuk; rl;lj;Jiwiar; rhu;e;jJ.
10
• vdpDk; eilKiwapy; rl;lj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fs; tpiuthf tPor

; ;rpaile;J
tUfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW>
1-murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; tsu;r;rp

murpay; fl;rpKiwapd; tsu;r;rpAld; thf;fhsu;fs; jkJ thf;fpid Fwpj;j
Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;gNt gad;gLj;Jtu;. ahNjDnkhU fl;rp Nju;jypd; gpd;du
rl;lj;Jiwapd; ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;jpidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Skhapd; mjd;
tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;gNt rl;lj;Jiwia topelj;Jk; Nghf;fpidf; fhzf;$bajhf
cs;sJ.
2-rpf;fyile;Js;s r%fg; gpur;rpidfs;

r%fg; gpur;rpidfs; ngUfpAs;sjhy;
rl;lj;Jiwapdhy; ,g;gpur;rpidfis jPu;jJ
;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd ,aYik Fiwe;J tUfpwJ.
eilKiwapy; mur nfhs;ifapd; jd;ikahdJ tpNrl
epGzu;fisf; nfhz;l mYtyfq;fs; vDk; epUthf
mikg;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J itf;Fk; nfhs;iffSf;F
mDkjpapid toq;Fk; ,wg;gu; Kj;jpiuahf
rl;lj;Jiw khwpAs;sikiaf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
3-nfhs;if cUthf;Fk; epWtdkhd rl;lj;JiwahdJ nfhs;ifapd;

NkNyhl;lkhd tplaq;fis khj;jpuNk toq;Ffpd;wJ. cz;ikapy; ,Wjpapy;
nraw;gLj;jg; NghFk; nghJf; nfhs;ifiaj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; rl;lj;Jiwapd; gq;F
Fiwe;jstpdNjahFk;.
vdNtjhd; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; KOikahf <LgLk;

gzpf;FOtpdupd; nraw;ghLfspd; %yNk nfhs;ifapd; ,ay;G
xOq;fikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gJ Ma;Tfspd; %yk; njspthfpd;wJ.
11
nghJf; nfhs;ifAk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; tfpgq;Fk;.

• murpay; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F Vw;g mur nfhs;ifapid
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhu epWtdk; murpay;
epiwNtw;Wj; JiwahFk;. Mjht mikr;ruitahFk;.
• NkYk; murpay; epUthfk; nghJkf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;

$w Ntz;Lk;. nghJkf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; $wy; vd;gJ
rl;lj;Jiwf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$wy; %yk; rl;lkd;wk; kf;fSf;Fg; nghWg;Gf;$WtJk;
gjpyspj;jYkhFk;. ,J ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; ,ay;ghFk;.
• rdhjpgjp murhq;f Kiwapy; murpay; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw nfhs;ifia eil

Kiwg;gLj;Jtjpy; jiyikj;Jtk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jiyikj;Jtk;
rdehafg; gpukhzq;fSf;F mg;ghw;gl;L ,Uf;Fkhapd; mjid khw;Wtjw;fhd
,aYik rl;lrigf;F cz;nldpDk;> murpay; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw jw;Nghija
rpf;fhu;e;j r%fj;jpy; nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jYf;fhfg; ngUk;ghYk; epue;ju
rptpy; epUthfj;Jiwapdupy; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
• vdpDk; mNefkhd muRfspy; nghJf; nfhs;if njhlu;ghd Muk;gk; murpay;

epiwNtw;Wj;JiwapdhNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ghuhSkd;
murhq;fKiwapy; mikr;ruitf;F> rl;lj;Jiwapd; epfo;r;rp epuiyj; jahupf;f
KbAk;.
• ,jdhy; nghJf; nfhs;if cUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwapy; rl;lj;Jiwapid tpQ;rp
murpay; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
nghJf;nfhs;ifAk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; tfpgq;Fk;.

• ePjpj;JiwahdJ nghJf; nfhs;if njhlu;gpy; mjpfsT
ftdk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; ,y;yhtpbDk; mJ njhlu;gpy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;f epWtdkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
• nfhs;if njhlu;gpy; vOfpd;w rl;lg;gpur;rpidfspd; NghJ

mtw;iw nghUs;Nfhly; nra;tJk; mtw;wpd; ahg;GW
jd;ikapidg; (murpayikg;Gld; xj;Jg;Nghfpd;wjh?
,y;iyah?) guprPypg;gJk; ePjpj;JiwahFk;.
12
• ,jdhy; nghJf; nfhs;if tFj;jypy; ePjpj;Jiw gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy; kw;Wk;

mjd; eilKiwfisj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• VNjDk; rl;lk; ehl;bd; mbg;gilr; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jhJ vd ePjpkd;wk;
jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ nfhs;if epiwTngWfpd;wJ. ,t;tjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;
gLj;Jtjw;F ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F ePjpg; Gduha;T mjpfhuk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
mj;NjhL rpy ehLfspy; ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F ePjp Kd;dha;T mjpfhuk
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J xU rl;lkhdJ rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gLjtjw;F Kd;
mjhtJ rl;l%ykhf ,Uf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; MNyhrid toq;Fk;
mjpfhuj;ij ePjpkd;wq;fSf;F toq;fpAs;sJ.
cjhuzk; : ,yq;ifapd; 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd;

fPo; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; epiwNtw;w vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w rl;lk; my;yJ rl;l%yk;
njhlu;gpy; Kiwg;ghL nra;ag;gLfpd;w NghJ mJ ahg;Gld; xj;Jj;Jg; Nghfpd;wjh?
,y;iyah? vd;gJ Fwpj;J ePjpkd;wj;jhy; topfhl;ly;fs; nra;aKbAk;.
,d;Dk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nfhs;ifahdJ Kiwahd nranyhOq;fpidg;

gpd;gw;wpapUf;ftpy;iyahapd; mjw;nfjpuhf eltbf;if vLf;fTk;> nfhs;if
eilKiwr; nraw;ghl;bidr; rPu;nra;tjw;Fk; ePjpkd;Wf;Fs;s upl; fl;lis vDk;
tpNrl fUtpapidg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
nghJf; nfhs;ifAk; epue;ju epiwNtw;Wj;JiwAk;.
13
• epue;ju epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw vd;gJ njhlu;r;rpahd mbg;gilapd; fPo; nghJf;

nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fr; rkfhy cyfpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
epWtdkhFk;. mJ gzpf;FO Kiwapid ikag;gLj;jpaJ.
• ,e; epiwNtw;Wj;JiwahdJ> murpaypy; eLepiyahfTk; tpNr epWtdq;fisf;

nfhz;lJkhFk;.
• murhq;fk; khwpdhYk; epue;ju epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw khw;wkilahJ. mJ

njhlu;e;J ,aq;Fk;. mjd; gpujhd gzp mur nfhs;iffis
eilKiwg;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,J murpay; epUthfj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; fPo;
RahjPdkhfr; nraw;gLk; epWtdkhFk;.
• ,it rk;gpujhaG+u;tkhd nghJf; epUthff; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F ,zq;ff;

nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fk; epWtdk; my;yntdpDk;> r%fg; gpur;rpidfspd;
rpf;fhu;e;j jd;ik> nfhs;if njhlu;ghd KOikahd nranyhOq;Ffisj;
jPu;khdpg;gjw;F rl;lj;Jiwf;F KbahJ Nghdik> epue;ju gzpf;FOthsu;fs;
ngw;Ws;s mwpT kw;Wk; jfty;fs; nghJf; nfhs;iffis tYT+l;Ltjhy;
eilKiwapy; murpay; epWtdq;fisj; jhz;b epUthfj;jpy; Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;G ,f;FOtpdUf;Ff; fpilj;Js;sJ.
• rpy Ma;thsu;fs; cyfpd; cz;ikahd nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fshf epUthf

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fNs cs;sdu; vd;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; ,J murpay; mjpfhu
Kiwf;Fl;gLk; xd;whf cs;sJ.
• kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis kpfTk; ntw;wpfukhfTk; nraw;wpwDlDk; jPu;f;Fk

Kiwahf mjpfhuj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;Fk; Kiwik nghJf; nfhs;if cUthf;f
eilKiwapd; mz;ikf;fhyg; Nghf;fhf cs;sJ. rk];b murpayikg;Gfspy;
kj;jpa muRf;F rkhe;jukhfg; gpuhe;jpa muRfs; nraw;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpDs;Sk;
rl;lj;Jiw> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> ePjp kw;Wk; epue;ju epUthfk; Nghd;w
mikg;Gfspd; nraw;ghLfisf; fhzKbAk;.
• ,tw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf fPo; kl;lj;jpy; cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fs; vd;w gpuNjr

murhq;fq;fSk; gpuNjr nghJg;gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;gpy; nraw;gLk; mjpfhukpf;f
epWtdq;fshf cs;sd.
14
nghJf; nfhs;iffSk; murpay; fl;rpfSk;

• nghJf; nfhs;if nranyhOq;fpd; vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; murpay; fl;rpfs;
Kf;fpakhdit. murpay; epfo;r;rp epuy; kw;Wk; nfhs;if epfo;r;rp epuy;
vd;gtw;wpd; cUthf;fj;jpy; murpay; fl;fpfs; Kf;fpa gzpapid Mw;Wfpd;wd.
• murhq;fj;jpdhy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Jiwfs; Fwpj;J kf;fspilNa

NgRnghUshf;Fjy; kw;Wk; mtw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;jj; Njitahd murpay;
xj;Jiog;gpidf; fl;bnaOg;GtNj murpay; epfo;r;rp epuiy jahupj;jy; vdg;gLk;.
• nghJ kf;fspilNa fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf

murhq;fj;jpd; ftdj;jpw;F Kiwahf mDg;gp itf;fg;gLjNy nfhs;if epfo;r;rp
epuyhFk;.
• rdehaf r%fj;jpDs; fhzg;gLk; kf;fspd; Njitfs; kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jpdhy;

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba gpur;rpidfis xOq;fikg;gJ murpay;
fl;rpfshFk;.
• nghJkf;fspd; Njitfshd mgpyhirfis xd;Wj;jpul;b mjw;F xj;Jiog;G

toq;Fk; murpay; fl;rp mq;Fs;s kf;fspd; mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; murhq;f mjp
fhuj;jpidf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;. ,jd;gpd; mtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;fhfr; rl;lq;fs;
mjhtJ nfhs;iffis cUthf;Fk;.
fhzg;gLk; nfhs;iffspy; cs;s rhjf ghjf tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; kf;fisj;

njspT+l;Lk;. mjd;%yk; ,jd; murpay; epfo;r;rp epuy; tYT+l;lk; ngWfpd;wJ.
,t;thW etPd rpf;fhu;e;j r%fq;fspy; nfhs;if cUthf;fr; nrad;Kiwf;F
murpay; xj;Jiog;gpidf; nfhz;LtUk; gpujhd Clfkhf murpay; fl;rpfs;
khwpAs;sd.
15
nghJf; nfhs;ifAk; rptpy; r%fKk;.

• nghJkf;fspd; tho;f;if gpd;tUk; %d;W
kl;lq;fspy; nraw;gLtjhf
tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb
1-nghJr; nranyy;iy (Public Sphere) –

nghJg; nghUs; kw;Wk; NritcUthf;fy; njhlu;gpy;
muR kw;Wk; murhq;fk; nraw;gLk; vy;iy ,JthFk;.
nghJthdJk; jpwe;j jd;ikahdJk; vd;gNj ,jd;
gz;ghFk;
2-jdpahs; nranyy;iy (Private Sphere) –

jdpj;jdp egu;fshff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisr; nra;Ak;
vy;iyahFk;. ,J tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJk; %baJkhd
xd;whff; fUjg;gLk;. re;ij vd;gJ jdpj;jdp egu;fspd;
Mirfisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf me;eje;j egu;fs;
Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; xd;whFk;.
3-rptpy; vy;iy (Civil Sphere) –

,jid Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l
vy;iyahf etPd murpay; r%f rpe;jidahsu;fs;
milahsg;gLj;J fpd;wdu;. ,t;nty;iyapy; jdpahs;
gz;GfisAk; nghJ vy;iyapd; gz;GfisAk;
fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk;. egu;fspd; RatpUg;gpy; nghJ
eyDf;fhfr; nraw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; gythFk;. muRfs;>
re;ijfSf;F mg;ghy; ,t;nty;iy rptpy; r%fk; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
16
• rptpy; r%f mikg;G vd;gJ kdpju;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; re;jpf;Fk;> nghJg;

gpur;rpidfisg; NgRk; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;fhd jPu;Tfisf; fhZk; vy;iyahFk;.
mq;F nraw;gLk; epWtdq;fisr; rptpy; r%f epWtdk; vd;gu;.
• nghJf; nfhs;ifr; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghl;lhsuhf ,e;epWtdq;fs;

fhzg;gLtNjhL ,J nfhs;if tl;lj;jpd; vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; gq;Fgw;Wk;.
nghJf; nfhs;ifr; nrad;Kiwapy; rptpy; r%fk; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

nraw;ghLfs;
1-r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpf;fhu;e;j gpur;rpidfSf;F murpay; epfo;r;rp epuy;
kw;Wk; nfhs;if epfo;r;rp epuypy; mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;Jjy;.
2-Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;jJ
; f;nfhs;tjw;fhff; Fwpj;j jug;Gfisj;
njspT+l;Ltjw;fhf egu;fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fisr; re;jpj;jy;.
3-khw;Wf; nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd

gupfhuq;fSf;fpilapy; cld;ghnlhd;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.
4-nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ nraw;ghL kw;Wk;

,af;fj;jd;ikapidg; Ngzpf;nfhs;sy;.
• rptpy; r%fk; nfhs;if MNyhridfs;> trjpfis toq;Fjy; kw;Wk;

tpku;rdj;jpw;F kl;Lk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspD}L
njspthfpd;wJ.
• vdpDk; fle;j rpy jrhg;jq;fspd; mDgtq;fs; ,jw;F mg;ghy; nrd;
nraw;ghnlhd;wpid ,e;epWtdq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;nfhs;fpd;wd vd;gijj;
njspthf;fpAs;sJ. ,jd;gb rptpy; r%f mikg;Gfs; nfhs;if eilKiwahf;fy;
nraw;ghl;by; Neubahd gpujpepjpnahUtuhf khwpAs;sJ.
• jw;NghJ rpy murhq;fq;fs; jkJ nfhs;iffis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfr;

rpy gzpfis rptpy; r%fj;jpd; mq;fkhd murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSf;F (NGOs)
toq;fpAs;sd. murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; rptpy; r%f epWtdq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
xj;Jiog;gpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> tWik xopg;G vd;gtw;wpd; Njhuiznahd;whf
khwpAs;sJ.
17
nghJf; nfhs;iffSk; gzpf;FO KiwAk;.

• gzpf;FO vDk; jkpo; nrhy;Yf;F Mq;fpy nkhopapy; Bureaucracy vd;w gjNk
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gjkhdJ Bureau + Krutos vd;w nrhw;fspdhy; MdJ.
Bureau vd;gJ mjpfhupfshtu;. Krutos vd;gJ epUthfk; vd;gjhFk;.
,jd;gb gzpf;FO vd;gJ mjpfhupfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; epUthf Kiwik
vd;gij milahsg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
• ehk; ,q;F gzpf;FO vd;gij nghJf; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;

gad;gLj;Jk; epUthfg; gpuptpdiuNa fUJfpd;Nwhk;.
•gzpf;FO Kiwikapd; gioikf; Nfhl;ghl;bid N[u;kd;

Njrj;jpd; r%ftpayhsuhd nkf;]; ntgu; (Max Webber)
Kd;itj;jhu;. kdpju;fs; mjpfhuj;jpw;F mbgzptJ
vt;thW? vDk; Nfs;tpapid ntgu; (1864 - 1920)
vOg;gpdhu;. mjpfhuj;jpd; gpd;dhy; cs;s mjpfhuj;JtNk
(Authority) ,jw;fhd fhuzk; vd;gNj ,tupd; gjpyhFk;.
nkf;]; ntgu; gy;NtW r%fq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l mjpfhu
Kiwik %d;wpid milahsk; fz;Ls;shu;. mitahtd:
1- kuGuPjpahd mjpfhu Kiwik

2- ftu;r;rpfukhd (trPfukhd) mjpfhu Kiwik
3- rl;ltpay; mjpfhu Kiwik vd;gitahFk;.
• tpNrlkhf Kd; etPd r%fj;jpy; kuGuPjpahd KiwapNyNa

mjpfhuk; fpilj;jJ. ,d;Dk; rpy r%fq;fspy; ahNuDk;
eguplk; fhzg;gLk; tpNrlkhd Fzhk;rq;fs; fhuzkhf
cUthFk; mjpfhu KiwAk; cz;L. jdp egu; <u;g;gpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthFk; trPfukhd mjpfhu
Kiwik kuGuPjpahdJk; kw;Wk; etPdkhdJkhd
r%fq;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l r%fq;fspy; fhzyhk;.
•etPdkakhf;fYf;F cs;shfpAs;s r%fq;fs; eyd;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L kpfTk; rpwg;ghd Kiwfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gpDk;> mt;thwhd Kiwapy;
18
mjpfhu gykhdJ xOq;fikg;G uPjpahf xUtu; nfhz;bUf;Fk; gjtpepiy>

mg;gjtpapd; rl;lj;jpl;lq;fs; ClhfNt fpilf;fpd;wJ vd;fpd;whu;.
• gjtpf;Fupa Ntiyfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F NghJkhd mjpfhuq;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy;

toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thwhd xOq;fike;j egupd; elj;ijiaf;
fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; rl;lNkahFk;. ,t;thwhd rl;luPjpahd mjpfhu Kiwik
gykpf;fjhTk;> nraw;wpwd; kpf;fjhfTk;> rpf;fdkhdJkhd xd;whFk; vd
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
•ntgu; Fwpg;gpl;lgb ,yl;rpaG+u;tkhd gzpf;FOthl;rpf;F Vw;g xOq;fikf;
fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhu xOq;fikg;gpy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk;.
1-gbepiy (Hierarchy)
gzpaftikg;G Kiwapy; gjtpfs; NkypUe;J fPohfr;
nry;Yk; tifapy; cUthf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jd;gb
fPo;epiyg; gjtptfpg;Nghu; Nky; epiyapy; gjtp tfpf;Fk;
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; fz;fhzpg;Gf;F cl;gLtu;.
,jd;gb gzpaf mikg;gpy; midj;J
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; epu;tfpg;gpw;F cl;gLtu;.
2-njhopw; gpupg;G (Division of Labour)

gzpf;FO mikg;gpy; Nritahsu;fs; gpupf;fg;gl;bUg;gu;. mJ tpNrlj;Jt
%yf;nfhs;ifia (Specialization) mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L eilngWk;. ,jd;gb
njhopw; gpupg;G Clhf rpw;rpy fhupaq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhff; Fwpg;gpl;l
19
nghWg;G tha;e;jJiwfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mikg;gpd; VNjDk; gjtpAs;s

egu; gjtpf;Fupa nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; nghWg;Gf;$w Ntz;Lk;.
,jd;%yk; gjtp tfpf;fpd;w egUf;F mjid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mjpfhu gyk;

ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. Ghupa epWtdq;fspy; epUthf tFg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;.
epWtdj;jpd; gy;NtW gjtpfSf;F ,ilapy; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtNj
mtu;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;.
• mj;NjhL epWtd cWg;gpdu;fs; Cjpak; ngWtu;. epWtdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rl;l

jpl;lq;fSf;F Vw;g mtu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. mj;NjhL fy;tp
kw;Wk; jpwd;fis ikag;gLj;jpNa njhopypy; ,izf;fg;gLtu;.
• epWtdj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l Nritahsu;fs; ahUk; ,y;yhjpUg;gNjhL mq;F

nghJj;njhlu;nghd;Nw fhzg;gLk;.
• ,tu;fs; rk;gpujhaG+u;tkhf jkJ flikfs; njhlu;gpy; vOj;J%yk; jfty;fis

itj;jpUg;gu;.
• gzpf;FO Kiwapy; cj;jpNahfj;ju; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;Ff; fPo;gbe;J

nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. ntgu; cyfpy; tpUj;jp mile;J fhzg;gl;l gzpaf Ml;rp
Kiwapd; Clhf nfhz;L elhj;jg;gLk; epu;thf Kiwikfspy; mbg;gilg;
gz;Gfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Kd;khjpupf; fl;likg;G xd;wpid
Kd;itf;fNt Kaw;rpj;Js;shu;.
• ,jd;gb rkfhy cyfpy; muRfs; jkJ Ntiyfis mjhtJ nghJf;

nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; gzpf;FO Kiwapy;
nghJthfg; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; fz;Lnfhs;s KbAk;.
• rpy fhupaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fg; nghWg;G tha;e;jJk; mjpfhuk;

toq;fg;gl;lJkhd fhupahya Kiw xd;W fhzg;gly;.
• ,f;fhupahya Kiwikapy; njhopy; gpupg;GfSf;F Vw;g gzpfs;

tFf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;
20
• fw;wy; nrad;Kiwapy; gzpf;FO vd;gjd;

%yk; mwpag;gLtJ mf;fhupaq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf NkypUe;J fPo; Nehf;fpg;
gue;Js;s gjtpfspd; njhFjpnahd;W
xOq;fikf;fg;gl;bUj;jyhFk;.
• mt;tg;gjtpfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfr;
rl;lj;jpd; %yk; mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
• mt;tg;gjtpfSf;F ,ilapy; nghJthd
mjhtJ cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhd njhlu;Gfs;
fhzg;gly;.
• murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F fPog

; be;J nraw;gLtNjhL murpay; uPjpahf
eLepiy Kiwnahd;W fhzg;gly;.
nghJf; nfhs;ifAk; rh;tNjr KiwikAk;

nghJf;nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfspy; kpf Kjd;ikahd Xh; tplakhf
rh;tNjr KiwikAk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. muRfs;
jw;fhyj;jpy; jkJ Kjd;ikia ,oe;J tUtjhy;
muRfspd; nghJf;nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; rh;tNjr
Kiwikapd; jhf;fk; ,d;W jtph;f;f Kbahj
xd;whfptpl;lJ. ,jd;gb>
1-cyfkakhf;fk;
2-nghUshjhuj;jpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;
3-jdpahh; Jiwapd; tsh;r;rp
4-muRfspd; gy;fpg; ngUfpAs;s Njitfs;
5-rh;tNjr mikg;Gf;fspd; Njhw;wKk; Mjpf;fKk;
6-rptpy; mikg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; nghJf;nfhs;if
cUthf;fj;jpy; rh;tNjr Kiwikapd; jhf;fk; epfo;e;J tUfpd;wd.
21
mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf> cyf murpaw; jiyth;fs;> ty;yuRfs;> gpuhe;jpa ty;yuRfs;>

gpuhe;jpa xOq;fikg;Gf;fs;> Clfq;fs;> fld;toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs;> mKf;ff;
FOf;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; nry;thf;Ffs; mjpfhpj;Js;sd.
KbTiu
vdNt njhFj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspy; njsptila Kbfpd;wJ.

nghJf; nfhs;iffs; ntw;wplq;fspy; ,Ue;J cUthhjpy;iy. nghJf;nfhs;if
tFg;ghsh;fs; nfhs;if tFg;gjw;F gy;NtW tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpy;
vLf;fpd;whh;fs;. xt;nthU nfhs;ifAk; murpayikg;gpw;F ,zq;fpajhfNt
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mNj Nghd;W cs;ehl;bd; murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu
epiyikfSf;Fk;> rh;tNjr KiwikfSf;Fk; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; cl;gl;Nl
xt;nthU ehLfSk; nghJf;nfhs;iffis cUthf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa
nghJf;nfhs;if cUthf;fkhdJ jtph;f;f KbahjthW gy;NtW fhuzpfspd;
jhf;fq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ.
,jpy; rh;tNjr Kiwik Kjd;ikahdJ. Njrpa ghJfhg;G> r%fg; nghJeyd;>

Njrpa nfsutk;> fUj;jpay;> mjpfhuk; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; rh;tNjr
Kiwikapd; jhf;fk; nghJf;nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,jpy;
rh;tNjr xOq;fikg;Gf;fspd; tfpgq;F gpujhdkhdjhfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
22
G.C.E. Advanced Level New Syllabus - 2017
POLITICAL SCIENCE
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk;
nwghAjPd; m`kl; m`;rd; > jh`hefu; > %J}u; - 07

Nguhrpupau; [aNjt cad;nfhl mtu;fs; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk;
njhlu;gpy; Fwpgg;pl;l rpy fUj;Jf;fs; ( ,izaj;jpypUe;J groundviews.org )
,yq;ifapYs;s rpNu\;l murpay; tpQ;QhdpAk; Ma;thsUkhd Nguhrpupau; [aNjt cad;nfhl

mtu;fs; “ The 20 A : A very Wrong Approach to Constitution Making” vd;w jiyg;gpyhd Mf;fj;jpy;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; gy FiwghLfisf; nfhz;Ls;sjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
mjhtJ 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa FiwghLfspy; xd;whf mjd; Mjuthsu;fSk;>

tbtikg;ghsu;fSk; murpayikg;ig cUthf;Ftjpy; jtwhd mZFKiwia Nju;e;njLj;Js;sjhf
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. mtu;fs; fle;jfhy murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpypUe;J gbg;gpidfisf; fw;Wf; nfhs;s
kWj;jpUg;gjhfTk; fw;Wf; nfhz;lit midj;Jk; jtwhdit vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. NkYk; ,t; 20
MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ r%fj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd [dehaff; fl;likg;gpidAk; murpayikg;Gthjj;jpd;
mjd; nrhe;j Kw;Nghf;fhd etPdj;Jt kuGfis Kw;wpYk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
NkYk; “End to Srilanka’s Democracy : Shouldn’t it be Resisted ?” vd;w jiyg;gpyhd Mf;fj;jpy;

murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jjj;jpd; tpjpfs; mtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fspYk; tpisTfspYk; kpfTk;
mopTfukhdit : ,t;tpisTfs; rpy Fwfpa fhyit : rpy eLj;jukhdit : rpy
ePz;lfhyj;jpw;Fupait vdf; Fwpg;gpl:;Ls;shu;.
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; : Xu; mwpKfk;
 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd jpUj;jq;fspy; xd;whf

murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; cs;sJ.
 2015 Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;l murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19tJ jpUj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l rpy
mk;rq;fis jpUj;jpAk;> rpytw;iw ePf;fpAk;> [dhjpgjpf;F mjpfhuq;fis gyg;gLj;Jk; tifapy;
,j;jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sJ.
 murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ ghuhSkd;wk;> mikr;ruit> nghJr;Nrit> ePjpr;Nrit

Nghd;w mk;rq;fspy; Kf;fpa khw;wq;fis cs;thq;fpapUe;jJ. ,t;thwhd mk;rq;fspy; kPz;Lk;
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapNyNa murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;Ls;sJ.
 vdpDk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpypUe;J 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; Kw;WKOjhf

ePq;fptpltpy;iy. mjpYs;s rpy mk;rq;fs; ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpYk; cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 ,t; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; cj;Njr rl;l %yk; 2020 nrg;lk;gu; 01 Mk; jpfjp
tu;j;jkhdpapy; gpuRupf;fg;gl;L 2020 nrg;lk;gu; 03k; jpfjp kf;fSf;F fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ.
 ,j;jpUj;jkhdJ 2020 nrg;lk;gu; 22 ghuhSkd;wpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ,j;jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghd
tpthjq;fs; ,lk;ngw;W 2020 xf;Nlhgu; 22 Mk; ghuhSkd;wpy; 156 thf;Ffshy; ( 2/3 )
epiwNtw;wg;gl;L 2020 xf;Nlhhu; 29 Mk; jpfjp rghehafupd; rhd;Wg;gLj;jYld; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
 ,t; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf mur jiytuhd

[dhjpgjpaplk; ,Ue;J ePf;fg;gl;l rl;l > epiwNtw;W> ePjp mjpfhuq;fis kPz;Lk; mtUf;Nf
toq;Fk; tifapy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l xd;whf cs;sJ.
 ,J tu;jkhdpapy; gpuRupf;fg;gl;L> ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J ,yq;ifiar; Nru;e;j

gy;NtW jug;gpduhYk; Fwpg;ghf murpay; fl;rpfs;> mKf;ff;FOf;fs;> rptpy; r%fk; kw;Wk; gy;NtW
nghJ kf;fspdhYk; vjpu;f;fg;gl;L te;jJ.
 Fwpg;ghf ,j;jpUj;jkhdJ ,yq;if murpayikg;ig kPWtjhfTk;> [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fis

gyg;gLj;jp ghuhSkd;wk;> mikr;ruit> ePjpr;Nrit kw;Wk; RahjPd Mizf;FOf;fspd;
mjpfhuq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ vd;nwy;yhk; tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,t;thwhd tpku;rdq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lhYk; Vd; ,j;jpUj;jkhdJ murpayikg;gpy;

cs;thq;fg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;fhd gpd;dzpapid mwpe;J itj;jpUg;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;dzp
 ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tug;gLtjpy; gy;NtW fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpapUe;jd.

mtw;wpid gpd;tUkhW Muhayhk;.
1. ];jpukhd Ml;rpapid Vw;gLj;Jjy;
Fwpg;ghf %y murpayikg;G> murpayikg;gpw;fhd 18 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; ,Ue;j epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw

Nghy; 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw mikatpy;iy. 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; [dhjpgjpia
tpl rl;lj;Jiw> mikr;ruit ( gpujku; ) vd;gd Kf;fpak; ngWk; epiy fhzg;gl;lJ.
,e;epiyapid jfu;j;jp rl;lj;Jiwapd; fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gl;l epiwNtw;Wg; gjtpapid
kPz;Lk; cUthf;fp mtw;Wf;F mjpf mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; ];jpukhd Ml;rpapid
Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vDk; Nehf;fpy; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ
2. rl;lj;Jiw epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw vd;gtw;WfSf;fpilapyhd Kuz;ghLfis jtpu;j;jy;
2015 Mk; Mz;Lf;F gpwFs;s ,yq;if murpay; R+o;epiyia mtjhdpf;Fk; NghJ mq;F rl;l –
epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw vd;gd Kuz;gLk; epiy Njhd;wp murpay; ,Ogwp epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyia
jtpu;j;J epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf;F rl;lj;Jiwapid tpl mjpf mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk;
epiyahd > cWjpahd Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
3. [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fis mjpfupj;J ehl;by; Jupj nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
Fwpg;ghf murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;f

Ntz;ba epiy> gpujkupd; Mnyhridg;gb nrayhw;w Ntz;ba R+o;epiyfs; Vw;gl;ljdhy; ,yq;ifapd;
Jupj nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ xU fdthfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f; fdit edthf;f [dhjpgjpf;F
mjpf mjpfhuq;fis toq;Ftjd; %yk; ehl;bd; Jupj nghUshj mgptpUj;jpapid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;
vdf; fUjg;gl;ljd; gadhf murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
4. murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfis epf;Fjy;
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ cWjpahd epiyahd Ml;rpia [dhjpgjp Kd;nfhz;L

nrt;yjw;F jilahd gy mk;rq;fis nfhz;bUe;jJ. ,e;epiyapid ePf;FJk; ,t; 20 MtJ
jpUj;jj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
5. murpay; ,Ogwp epiyapdhy; murhq;f nraw;ghLfs; jhkjkhtij jLj;jy;.
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19MtJ jpUj;jk; eilKiwapypUe;j fhyg;gFjpapy; rpy murpay; ,Ogwp epiyfs;

Vw;gl;L murhq;f nraw;ghLfs; ];jk;gpjkilAk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ. mjhtJ rl;l – epiwNtw;W
JiwfSf;fpilapyhd ,Ogwp> mikr;ruit [dhjpgjpf;fpilapyhd ,Ogwp vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.
cjhuzkhf xU ehl;by; ,uz;L gpujku; vd;fpd;w epiy cUthdij Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t;thwhd epiy
Vw;gLtij jLg;gJk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ.
6. [dhjpgjpapd; tpUg;gpw;fika nraw;glf;$ba ghuhSkd;wj;jpid cUthf;Fjy;.
[dhjpgjpahdtu; rl;lj;Jiwapd; fl;Lg;ghLfSf;F cl;gl;bUf;Fk; NghJ mtuhy; jd; tpUg;gg;g

; b
nraw;gl KbahJ. vdNt [dhjpapd; tpUg;gpw;fika nraw;gl;L ehl;il mgptpUj;jp nra;af;$ba
fl;lis rl;lq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fupa ghuhSkd;wk; xd;W Njitg;gl;ljdhy; mt;thwhd
ghuhSkd;wj;ij cUthf;Fk; tifapy; ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
7. ghuhSkd;w Nguitapid cUthf;Fjy;.
Murpayikg;gpw;fhd 18 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ghuhSkd;w Nguitapid kPz;Lk; cUthf;Fk;

Nehf;fpYk; ,j;jpUj;jk; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jKK; ePjpkd;wKk;
 ,t; 20MtJ ,j;jpUj;jkhdJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l NghJ ,jw;f vjpuhf cau;

ePjpkd;wj;jpy; 39 kDf;fs; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;ld.
 ,j;jpUj;jk; murpayikg;Gld; Kuz;ghLtjhy; mjd; rpy Vw;ghLfis jpUj;j ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; 2/3

ngUk;ghd;ikAld; kf;fs; jPu;g;Gk; mtrpakhFk; vDk; fUj;Jf;nfsy;yhk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,j;jpUj;j;jpYs;s rpy Vw;ghLfs; [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fis mjpfupf;Fk; mNjNtis mit

kf;fs; ,iwikAld; Kuz;gLtjhfTk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;J
 rpy jug;gpdu;fs; ,j;jpUj;jj;jpd; Vw;ghLfs; nghJr;Nrit> ePjpr;Nrit> nghyp]; Nrit kw;Wk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; RahjPdj;jd;ikia kPWtjhf Fw;wQ;rhl;bdu;.
 ,t;thwhd tof;Ffs; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljhdy; cau; ePjpkd;wk; ,t; 20 MtJ

jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghf Muha;e;J mjpy; rpy khw;wq;fis Kd;itj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf ,j;jpUj;jj;jpYs;s
rpy ruj;Jf;fis epiwNtw;w ghuhSkd;wpd; jdpj;j ngUk;ghd;ikAld; kf;fs; jPu;g;Gk; mtrpak;
vdf; Fwpgg;pl;lJ. “ghuhSkd;w FO tpthjj;jpd; NghJ [dehafj;jpw;F tpNuhjkhd mk;rq;fs;
,j;jpUj;jj;jpypUe;J ePf;fg;gl;L rkug;gpf;fg;gLk;” vd cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; rl;lkh mjpgupdhy;
fUj;Jf;fs; Fwpg;gplg;gl;likAk; mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,t;thwhd xU epiyapy; cau; ePjpkd;wk; jdJ
Kbtpid 2020 xf;Nlhgu; 10 Mk; jpfjp rghehafUf;F mDg;gp itj;jJ. rghehafu; 2020 xf;Nlhgu;
20 Mk; jpfjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ePjpkd;w jPu;g;gpid thrpj;jhu.
 me;j mbg;gilapy; cau; ePjpkd;wj; jPug

; ;gpd; mbg;gilapy; ghuhSkd;w FO tpthjjj;jpd; NghJ
cj;Njr 20 MtJ jpUj;jr; rl;l %yq;fspYs;s rpy mk;rq;fs; khw;wg;gl;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpy;
rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 vdNt Muk;gj;jpy; tu;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gl;l cj;Njr 20 MtJ jpUj;jr;rl;l %y

mbg;gilfisf; nfhz;L ,Wjpahf epiwNtw;wg;gl;l 20 MtJ jpUj;jr;rl;lk; mikatpy;iy
vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
 ,j;jpUj;jkhdJ cau; ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;G> murpay; rl;rpfs; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; fUj;J
epiyfSf;Nfw;g cUthf;fg;gl;L ,d;W tiu eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jKK; ghuhSkd;wKk;
 Vw;fNt Fwpg;gpl;lijg; Nghd;W rghehafu; 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; njhlu;ghf cau;ej

P pkd;wj; jPug
; ;gpid
2020 xf;Nlhgu; 20 Mk; jpfjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; thrpj;jhu;.
 mtu; “ 20k; jpUj;jj;jpYs;s 04 ruj;Jf;fis epiwNtw;w ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAld;

kf;fs; jPu;g;Gk; elhj;jhg;gl Ntz;Lk; “ vd cau; ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspj;jjhf $wpdhu;.
 kf;fs; jPu;g;G thf;nfLg;ig jLf;Fk; tifapy; ghuhSkd;wpy; FO epiy tpthjk; ,lk;ngw;W

mt;tpthjj;jpy; ,;t; Muk;g 20 MtJ jpUj;j rl;l %yj;jpYs;s rpy mk;rq;fs; khw;wpf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
 mjdbg;gilapy; 2020 xf;Nlhgu; 22Mk; jpfjp 20 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpd; kPjhd thf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ
mjw;F Mjuthf 156 thf;FfSk; vjpuhf 69 thf;FfSk; mspf;fg;gl;ld.
 ,Wjpahf rghehafupd; rhd;WgLj;jYld; 2020 xf;Nlghu; 29 Mk; jpfjp ,t; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20

MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; cs;slf;fk; :
 murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpYs;s rpy mk;rq;fis

cs;thq;fpAk; rpy mk;rq;fis jpUj;Jk;> ePf;Fk; tifapYk; mikag; ngw;Ws;sikapid
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 19MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf mur jiytuhd [dhjpgjpaplk; ,Ue;J gwpf;fg;gl;l epiwNtw;W

mjpfhuq;fs; ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;j;jpD}lhf kPz;Lk; [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpYs;s tplaq;fis gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;f KbAk;.
1. [dhjpgjp njhlu;ghdit
2. ghuhSkd;wk; njhlu;ghdit
3. mikr;ruit njhlu;ghdit
4. gpu[hTupik njhlu;ghdit
5. ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghdit
6. ghuhSkd;w Nguit njhlu;ghdit
7. Rje;jpu Mizf;FOf;fs; njhlu;ghdit
[dhjpgjp njhlu;ghdit
 murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf [dhjpgjp njhlu;ghf gy;NtW khw;wq;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf [dhjpgjpaplk; ,Ue;J gwpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuq;fs; ,t; 20 MtJ

jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf kPz;Lk; mtUf;F ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
 [dhjpgjpapd; tanjy;iy 35 ,ypUe;J 30 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
 NtnwhU ehl;bd; gpui[ahf cs;s ,yq;if gpui[ xUtu; ,yq;if [dhjpgjp Nju;jypy;
Nghl;baplTk; [dhjpgjpahf tUtjw;Fupa tha;g;Gk; ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ( 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; mt;thW ,y;iy )
ghuhSkd;wk; njhlu;ghdit
 NtnwhU ehl;bd; gpui[ahf cs;s ,yq;if gpui[ xUtu; ,yq;if ghuhSkd;w Nju;jypy;
Nghl;baplTk; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf tUtjw;Fupa tha;g;Gk; ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ( 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; mt;thW ,y;iy )
 mNjNghd;W [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;ij mjd; KjyhtJ $l;lj;jpw;nfd epakpf;fg;gl;l

jpfjpapypUe;J 2 ½ tUlq;fSf;F gpwNf fiyf;f KbAk; vd;w Vw;ghL nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;s
2 ½ tUlq;fSf;Fs; xU jPu;khdj;jpd; %yk; jd;id fiyj;J tpLkhW ghuhSkd;wk; $wpdhy;
[dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;ij fiyf;f KbAk;..
Fwpg;G : Muk;g 20 MtJ cj;Njr jpUj;jr;rl;l %yj;jpy; [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;ij 01

tUlq;fSf;F gpwNf fiyf;f KbAk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. vdpDk; mJ cau; ePjpkd;w jPu;g;G>
murpay; fl;rpfspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F mikthf gpd;du; 2 ½ tUlq;fs; vd khw;wg;gl;lJ.
 mNjNghd;W ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; xU rl;l %yk; ghuhSkd;w epfo;r;rp epuypy; ,lg;gLtjw;F
Mff;Fiwe;jjJ 07 ehl;fSf;F Kd; tu;j;jkhdpapy; ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ( 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; 14 ehl;fSf;F Kd; vdf; fhzg;gl;lJ )
 mtru rl;l %yk; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghL kPz;Lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;Ls;sik. ( 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy;
,y;iy).
mjhtJ mikr;ruit fUj;Jg;gb Njrpa ghJfhg;G my;yJ NguopT Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;w VNjDk;
xU fUkj;Jf;fhf [dhjpgjp cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; fUj;jpid Nfhup epw;f KbAk;.
 ,jd;NghJ cau; ePjpkd;wk; jdJ Kbtpid Mff;Fiwe;jJ 24 kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;Fs;Sk;

Mff;$baJ 72 kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;Fs; njuptpf;f KbAk;.
 mNjNghd;W ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;l

rl;l%yj;ij kf;fs; jPu;g;Gf;F tpl;L rl;lkhf;ff; $ba epiy kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
( 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; ,t; Vw;ghL ePf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ )
mikr;ruit njhlu;ghdit
 murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jg;gb [dhjpgjpahdtu; vt; mikr;Rg; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; jd;

fPo; itj;jpUf;f my;yJ khw;wpf; nfhs;s KbAk;
 [dhjpgjp jdJ nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;fNtz;ba mikr;Rf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia jhNd jPu;khdpf;f

KbAk;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik ngWk; xUtiu gpujk mikr;ruhf epakpj;jy;. Gpujkiu jd; Ra

tpUg;gg;gb ePf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy; ( 19 MtJ jpUj;j;jpy; [dhjpgjp gpujkiu gjtp ePf;fk; nra;a
KbahJ )
 jdR RatpUg;gg;gb Vida mikr;ru;fis gjtpapypUe;J ePf;Fjy; ( 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy;

gpujkupd; Mnyhrid )
Fwpg;G : mikr;ruitapd; mikr;Rf;fspdJk;> mikr;ru;fspdJk; vz;zpf;ifia jPu;khdpf;fpd;ww NghJk;

ghuhSkd;wpd; cWg;gpdu;fspypUe;J mikr;ruitapd; mikr;ru;fs;> mikr;ruitapd; cWg;gpduy;yhj
mikr;ru;fs;> gpujpaikr;ru;fis epakpf;fpd;w NghJk; > [dhjpgjp gpujkupd; Mnyhrid Njitnad
fUjg;gLkplj;J> tpUk;Gkplj;J mtuJ Mnyhridia ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. ( murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20
MtJ jpUj;jk; ).
vdpDk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gb ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspypUe;J
mikr;ru;fis epakpf;Fk; NghJ fl;lhak; gpujkupd; Mnyhridia ngw Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf gpujku; Vida mikr;ru;fis tpl
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gl;hYk; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; Clhf [dhjpgjpA+lhfNt Kd;Dupik ngWk; epiy
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. [dhjpgjpapd; ifg;gl vOjg;gl;l xU fbjj;jpd; %yk; mikr;ruitapd; mikr;ru;>
gpujpaikr;ru;> my;yJ NtNwDk; xU mikr;riu gjtp tpyf;fyhk;.
ghuhSkd;w Nguit
 murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l murpayikg;Gg; Nguit vd;gJ ePf;fg;gl;L 20

MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; ghuhSkd;w Nguit nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
 ,g;ghuhSkd;w Nguit 05 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

(m) gpujk mikr;ru; ( gpujku; )
(M) rghehafu;
(,) vjpu;fl;rp jiytu;
(<) gpujku; tpUg;gg;gb epakpf;fg;gLfpd;w ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtu;
(c) vjpu;fl;rp jiytu; tpUg;gg;gb epakpf;fg;gLfp;dw ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtu;.
( < ) ( c ) Mfpatw;wpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; cWg;gpdu;fs; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ( gpujku;> rghehafu;>

vjpu;fl;rp jiytu; ) MfpNahu; jtpu;e;j Vida r%fq;fspypUe;J ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Fwpg;G : ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWfpd;w Vida murpay; fl;rpfSf;Fupa>

Rnal;irf;FOf;fSf;Fupa gpujpepjpj;Jtk; my;yJ mg;gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; ,q;Nf ,y;yhky;
nra;g;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ ,g;ghuhSkd;w Nguit cWg;gpdu; njhif 05 Mf fhzg;gLtjdhy;
gd;ikj;Jt r%fj;jpw;Fupa tha;g;G my;yJ gd;ikj;Jt murpay; fl;rpfSf;Fupa tha;g;G (
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ) Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sij my;yJ mUfpr; nrd;Ws;sij fhzyhk;
 ,g;ghuhSkd;w Nguitapy; gpujkupdhYk; vjpu;fl;rp jiytupdhYk; epakpf;fg;gLk; cWg;gpdu;fs; xU
thuj;jpDs; epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; .xU thuj;jpy; epakpf;fg;glhtpl;lhy; rghehafu; me;epakdq;fis
xU thuj;jpd; gpd; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 ,g;ghuhSkd;w Nguit 05 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ijf; nfhz;lJ
 ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gl;L Gjpa ghuhSkd;W njupthfp cWg;gpdu; tUk; tiu ,g; ghuhSkd;w
NguitapYs;stu;fs; gjtp tfpg;gu;.
 ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; jiytuhf rghehafu; fhzg;gLthu;.

ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mjpfhuk; :
 ghuhSkd;w NguitahdJ gpd;tUk; Mizf;FOf;fs; > ePjpj;Jiwapdu; kw;Wk; mjpfhupfs; njhlu;ghf

[dhjpgjpf;F jdJ mtjhdpg;ig njuptpf;Fk;.
ml;ltiz 1 :
1. Nju;jy; Mizf;FO
2. gfpuq;fNrit Mizf;FO
3. Njrpa nghyp]; Mizf;FO
4. ,yq;if kdpj cupikfs; Mizf;FO
5;. ,yQ;rk; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlu;ghd rhu;j;Jiufis Gydha;T nra;tjw;fhd Mizf;FO
6. epjp Mizf;FO
7. vy;iy tiuaiw Mizf;FO
,t; Mizf;FO jiytu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fis [dhjpgjpahdtu; ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd;

mtjhdpg;gpd; fPo; Nkw;nfhs;thu;. ,t; mtjhdpg;ghdJ [dhjpgjpapd; epakdq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jhJ.
ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;G tUk; tiu [dhjpgjp fhj;jpUf;f |Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
ghuhSkd;w Nguit mtjhdpg;ig nrYj;j fhyk; jho;j;jpdhYk; [dhjpgjp mt; epakpdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wikahdJ ,ej ghuhSkd;w Nguitapid ntWk; mtjhdpg;G
Nguitahf khw;wpAs;sJ. vdNt ,t; Mizf;FOf;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; [dhjpgjpf;F fPo; nfhz;L
tug;gl;L mjd; Rje;jpuj;ij ghjpg;gile;Js;sikapid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
Fwpg;G : murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; cs;thq;fg;gl;l fzf;fha;T Nrit Mizf;FO>
Njrpa ngWif Mizf;FO vd;gd ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
 mNjNghd;W gpd;tUk; epakdq;fisAk; ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp

Nkw;nfhs;thu;. ,q;F mtjhdpg;G vd;gJ [dhjpgjpapd; epakdq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjhf mikahJ.
ml;ltiz II
ghfk; 01
1. gpujk ePjpaurUk; cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfSk;

2. Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w jiytUk; ePjpgjpfSk;
3. jiytu; jtpu;e;j > ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;Fotpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;
ghfk; 02
1. rl;lj;Jiw jiyikajpgjp ( rl;lkh mjpgu; )
2. fzf;fha;thsu; jyikajpgjp ( fzf;fha;thsu; )
3. epUthfj;jpw;fhd ghuhSkd;w Mizahsu; ( xk;Gl;];kd; )
4. ghuhSkd;w nrayhsu; ehafk;
5. nghyp]; gupNrhjffu; jiyikajpgjp ( nghyp];kh mjpgu; )
ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghdit :
cau; ePjpkd;wk;
 Murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,t; cau; ePjpkd;wkhdJ gpujk ePjpauriuAk; 06

f;F Fiwahj 16 f;F Nkw;glhj Vida ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ghuhSkd;w
Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjpahy; ,tu;fs; epakpf;fg;gLthu;
Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
 murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,k; Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wkhdJ

Nkd;KiwaPl;L jiytu; xUtiuAk; 06 f;F Fiwahj 19 f;F Nkw;glhj Vida ePjpgjpfisAk;
nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tu;fs; ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;.
 ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO : murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; [dhjpgjp

murpayikg;Gg; Nguiapd; mq;fPfhuj;jpd; gpufhuk; Fwpj;jspf;fg;gL;k; fhuzj;Jf;fhf ,t; Mizf;FO
cWg;gpdu;fSs; vtNuDk; xUtiu gjtp ePf;fyhk;. Mdhy; murpayikg;gpe;fhd 20 MtJ
jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; ( jdJ tpUg;gg;gb ) Fwpj;jspf;fg;gl;l fhuzj;Jf;fhf Mizf;Fotpd;
cWg;gpd;fSs; xUtiu gjptpapypUe;J ePf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;
Rje;jpu Mizf;FOf;fs; njhlu;ghdit :
 Rje;jpu Mizf;FOf;fS;fhd jiytUk; Vida cWg;gpdu;fSk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ

jpUj;jg;gb ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLthu;fs;.
 murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l gpd;tUk; ,U mizf;FOf;fSk; 20 MtJ

jpUj;jj;jpy; ePf;fg;l;\Ls;sd.
1. fzf;fha;T Nrit Mizf;FO

2. Njrpa ngWif Mizf;FO
 gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; khw;wk;
,jd; gb gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FOthdJ 05 f;F Fiwahj 09 f;F Nkw;glhj cWg;gpdu;dfisf;

nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tu;fs; ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtNjhL
[dhjpgjpapd; jw;JzpT mjpfhuj;jpd; gb gjtp ePf;fg;gLthu;.
,ul;il gpu[hTupik njhlu;ghdit :
 ,jd;gb NtWehl;bd; gpui[ahf cs;s ,yq;if gpui[ xUtu; [dhjpgjpahfNth> ghuhSkd;w

cWg;gpduhfNth tUtjw;Fupa ta;gG
; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf
toq;fg;gl;Ld;dJ.
:
KbTiu :
,t;thW murpayikgg;pw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,j;jpUj;jkhdJ

[dhjpgjpapd; epiyapid gyg;gLj;jpAs;sikapidAk; mjD}lhf [dhjpgjpapd; ru;tjpfhug; Nghf;F
gy;NtW topfspy; Vw;gl tha;g;G Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jpAs;sikapidAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,t;thwhd
epiy fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,t; 20 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ cWjpahd ];jpukhd Ml;rpf;F toptFj;Js;sJld;
[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfupj;j mjpfhuq;fshdJ Jupj nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpg; Nghf;Ffis filgpbf;f
toptFj;Js;sikapidAk; fz;L nfhs;sf; $bajhf cs;sJ.
THANK YOU
murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; ( Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; - 2017)
1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;G

Xu; mwpKfk;
R. Ahamed Ahzan , Final year, Department Of Political Science, FAC , SEUSL

 murpayikg;G vd;gJ munrhd;wpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJkhd
mbg;gilr; rl;lkhFk;.
 ,d;W ,yq;ifapy; 1978 Mk; Mz;L nfhz;L tug;gl;l murpay; mikg;Ng eilKiwapy;
cs;sJ.
 ,t; murpayikg;G ,yq;if [dehaf Nrhrypr FbauR murpayikg;G vDk; ngaupdhy;

miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,t; murpayikg;G 1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;Gf;F gjpyhf 1978 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gu; 8
Mk; jpfjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L rghehafupdhy; rhd;WgLj;jg;gl;L ,d;W tiu
eilKiwapy; cs;sJ.
 cWjpahd Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;JtJk; epiyahd nghUshjhu nfhs;ifia Kd;nfhz;L nry;tJk;

,t; murpayikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;likf;fhd gpujhd fhuzkhf cs;sJ.
 ,t; murpayikg;G 24 mj;jpahaq;fisAk; 172 gpupTfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 Kjyhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l FiwghLfNs ,t; murpayikg;gpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F

gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. mit
- Njrpa muRg; Nguitapd; ru;tjpfhug; Nghf;F
- mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghd FiwghLfd;
- murnfhs;if topfhl;ly; jj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd FiwghLfs;
- nghJr; Nrit> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOf;fs; murpay; nry;thf;fpw;Fl;gl;lik
- ngsj;j kjj;jpw;Fk; rpq;fs nkhopf;Fk; tpNrl rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;lik
- murpayikg;G ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; murpay; ahg;gpid ghJfhf;f Kbahik
- ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpukhf nraw;glhj epiy fhzg;gly;
- rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd FiwghLfs;.
- 1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;ghdJ Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpid mbnahw;wpUe;jik
 N[. Mu;. [atu;j;jdhtpd; ciu.

 ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
- vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;G
- nefpoh murpayikg;G
- xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;G
- FbauR murpayikg;G
- kf;fs; ,iwik nfhz;l murpayikg;G
- epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjpj;Jt Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;j murpayikg;G
- Xuq;f rl;lkd;wpid mwpKfk; nra;j murpayikg;G
- tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapid mwpKfk; nra;j murpayikg;G
- xk;Gl;];kd; Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;j murpayikg;G
- fyg;G epu;thf Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;j murpayikg;G
- kf;fs; jPu;g;ig mwpKfk; nra;j murpayikg;ghFk;.
 murpayikg;gpy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l epWtdq;fs;

-xk;Gl;];kd;
-epiwNNtw;W [dhjpgjp Kiw > ,ul;il epiwNtw;W Kiw > khfhz rig Kiw
-Rje;jpukhd gfpuq;f Nrit Mizf;FO > ePjpKd;Gzuha;T nfhz;l cau; ePjpkd;wk;
 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; mj;jpahaKk; mjd; cs;slf;fKk;
mj;jpahak;  - FbauR > xw;iwahl;rp muR> kf;fs; ,iwik> ,iwikapd; gpuNahfk;

mj;jpahak; - ngsj;j kjk;>
mj;jpahak; iii – mbg;gil cupikfs;
mj;jpahak; iv - murfUk nkhop> Njrpa nkhopfs;> epu;thf nkhopfs;
mj;jpahak; v - gpu[hTupik
mj;jpahak; vi - murnfhs;if topfhl;ly; Nfhl;ghLfs;
mj;jpahak; vii - epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw> FbauR [dhjpgjp
mj;jpahak; viii - mikr;ruit
mj;jpahak; ix - mur Nrit > mur Nrit Mizf;FO
mj;jpahak; x - ghuhSkd;wk;
mj;jpahak; xi - ghuhSkd;w ek;gpf;ifAk; jj;Jtq;fSk;
mj;jpahak; xii – murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jjy;
mj;jpahak; xiii - kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;G
mj;jpahak; xiv - thf;FupikfSk; Nju;jy;fSk;
 mj;jpahak; xv – ePjpj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuk;> ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO
 mj;jpahak; xvi - Nkdpiy ePjpkd;wq;fs;
 mj;jpahak; xvii – epjp kw;Wk; jpul;L epjpak;
 mj;jpahak; xvii m - khfhz rigAk; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fKk;
 mj;jpahak; xviii - nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G
 mj;jpahak; xix - epu;thfj;Jf;fhd ghuhSkd;w Mizahsu;
 mj;jpahak; xx - nghJ Vw;ghLfs;
 mj;jpahak; xxi - epiykhWfhy Vw;ghLfs;
 mj;jpahak; xxii - nghUs; Nfhly; my;yJ ciu tpsf;fk;
 mj;jpahak; xxiii- KjyhtJ murpayikg;Gf;fhd epu;thf Vw;ghL
 mj;jpahak; xxiv - murpay; ahg;gpid gpurpj;jQ; nra;jy;
 ,t;thW cs;slq;Ffpd;w mj;jpahaq;fspy; 1978 etk;gu; 20 Mk; jpfjp 1k; jpUj;jk; njhlf;fk;
2020 xf;Nlhgu; 22 Mk; jpfjp tiu 20 jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; rpw;rpy khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,it midj;ijAk; Nru;j;Nj ,uz;lhk; FbbauR murpayikg;G vd;fpNwhk;.
 murpayikg;gpid ghJfhg;gJ > mjw;F nghUs; tpsf;fk; $WtJ mjw;F Kuzhd

rl;lq;fis jLj;J epWj;JtJ cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
 ,t; murpayikg;G gpuhd;rpa khjpupia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhy;

Bnfhyp];l; ahg;G vdTk; miog;gu;.
 ,t; murpayikg;gpy; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilfspy; KOikahf my;yJ gFjpastpy; khw;wq;fs;

my;yJ jpUj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.
1. ghuhSkd;wpd; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik %yk;
( murpayikg;gpd; 1> 2> 3> 6> 7> 8> 9> 10 > 11 kw;Wk; 30 ( 2 )> 60 (2 ) Mfpad jtpu;e;j )
2. kf;fs; jPu;g;G
 ghuhSkd;wpd; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAld; kf;fs; jPu;g;G
( murpayikg;gpd; 1> 2> 3> 6> 7> 8> 9> 10 > 11 kw;Wk; 30 ( 2 )> 60 (2 ) Mfpatw;iw ,tw;wpd; %yNk
jpUj;j KbAk;. )
1. muR
2. xw;iwahl;rp muR
3. kf;fs; ,iwik
6 Njrpaf; nfhb
7. Njrpa fPjk;
8. Njrpa jpdk;
09. ngsj;j kjk;
10. rpe;jid nra;Ak;> kdrhl;rpia gpd;gw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;> kjRje;jpuk; vd;gd
11. rpj;jputijf;Fs;shfhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
Fwpg;G : ,yq;ifapy; ,J tiu Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l 20 jpUj;jq;fSk; ghuhSkd;wpd; jdpj;j

ngUk;ghd;ikAld; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; fw;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpa gFjpfs; :
1. ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,ay;G> mjpfhuq;fs;> gzpfs;

2. epiwNtw;Wj; Jiwapd; ,ay;G> mjpfhuq;fs;> gzpfs;
3. epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf;Fk; nghJr;Nritf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;Gk; mit mur Nritapy;
nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; tpjKk;
4. epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mjpfhu Ftpg;G
5; rl;lthf;fj;Jiw epiwNtw;Wj; Jiw njhlu;G
6. mbg;gil> cupikfs;> ePjpj;Jiw> xk;Gl;];kd; njhlu;ghd Vw;ghLfs;
7. ePjpj;Jiwr; Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfSk; mjd; eilKiwAk;
8. Nju;jy; Kiw
9. murpayikg;gpw;fhd 13> 17> 18> 19> 20 MtJ jpUj;jq;fs;
10. ahg;gpd; FiwghLfs;.
THANK YOU
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo;

mbg;gil cupikfs;
R. Ahamed Ahzan, Department Of Political Science

faculty of Arts & Culture , South Eastern University Of Srilanka.
1. kdpj cupikfs; vd;why; vd;d ?
kdpj cupikfs; vd;gJ kdpju;fs; midtUf;Fk; nghJthd cupikfshFk;. mjhtJ kdpj

,Ug;Gf;F mtrpakhdJk; > mtu;fsJ Ra nfsutj;ijg; ghJfhg;gJkhd tha;g;Gf;fNs kdpj
cupikfs; vdyhk;. ,it rfy ,lq;fSf;Fk;> rfy kdpju;fSf;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;.
2. mbg;gil cupikfs; vs;why; vd;d ?
mbg;gil cupikfs; vd;gJ Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l kdpj cupikfSs; vtw;iw mj;jpahtrpakhf ghJfhf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd xt;nthU muRk; jPu;khdpj;J jkJ ahg;gpy; GFj;Jk; cupikfisf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. ,t;
mbg;gil cupikfs; ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWgLfpd;wJ.
 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;l ; hk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk;> epiwNtw;W
mjpfhuk;> ePjpkd;w mjpfhuk;> thf;Fupik Nghd;W rkkhd epiyfspy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf
kf;fs; ,iwikapd; Xu; mk;rkhf mbg;gil cupikfSk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
.
 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; mj;jpahak; 03 ,y; mbg;gil cupikfs;
njhlu;ghf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,t; %y murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gil cupikfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jhYk; 2015 Mk; Mz;L

nfhz;L tug;gl;l murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; mbg;gil cupikfs;
gl;baypDs; jfty; mwpAk; cupik vDk; mk;rk; Gjpjhf Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. murpaikg;gpw;fhd 20
MtJ jpUj;jj;jpYk; ,J cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jpahak; 03 gpupT 14 ( m ) gFjpapy; ,jid
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 ,yq;ifapy; Kd; Kjyhf 1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; mbg;gil
cupikfs; vDk; mj;jpahak; nfhz;L tug;gl;bDk; mjid ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ahg;G uPjpahd
nghwpKiwfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.
 Mdhy; 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpy; mbg;gilfs; cupikfs; gw;wp
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;NjhL mjid ghJfhg;gjw;fhd ahg;G uPjpahd nghwpKiwfSk; $wg;gl;Ls;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;.
 ,t; mbg;gil cupikfs; Ml;fSf;Fupait> gpui[fSf;Fupait vd ,U mbg;gilfspy;

Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s mbg;gil cupikfs; :
 murpayikg;gpd; ( 10 ) Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; Ms; vtUk; jhd; tpUk;Gk; kjj;ij my;yJ
ek;gpf;ifia cilatuha; ,Ug;gjw;fhd my;yJ Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; cl;gl rpe;jid
nra;Ak; Rje;jpuk; > kj Rje;jpuk; vd;gtw;Wf;F cupj;Jilatuha; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 murpayikg;gpd; ( 11 ) Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; Ms; vtUk; rpj;jputijf;F my;yJ nfhûkhd

kdpjhgpkdkw;w ,opthd elj;ijfSf;F my;yJ jz;lizfSf;Fl;glyhfhJ.
 murpayikg;gpd; 12 ( 1 )Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; rl;lj;jpd; Kd; Ml;fs; vtUk; rkkhdtu;fs;

mj;Jld; mtu;fs; rl;lj;jpdhy; rkkhf ghJfhf;fg;gl cupj;Jilatu;fs;
 12 ( 2 ) ve;j MSk; ,dk;> kjk;> nkhop> rhjp> ghy;> murpay; nfhs;if my;yJ gpwg;gplk;
fhuzkhf ,jpy; VjhtJ xd;W fhuzkhf ve;j gpui[ff;Fk; Xuk; fl;LjyhfhJ.
 12 ( 3 )ve;j MSk; ,dk;> kjk;> nkhop> rhjp> ghy; fhuzkhf mj;jifa fhuzq;fSs; VjhtJ
xd;W fhuzkhfTk;> filfs;> nghJ czT rhiyfs;> tpLjpfs;> nghJ fspahl;l ,lq;fs;> jkJ
kjj;jpw;Fupa nghJ topghl;L ,lq;fSf;F nry;Yjy; njhlu;gpy; VNjDk; jFjpaPdj;jpw;F >
kl;Lg;ghl;bw;F my;yJ epge;jidfSf;Fl;gLjy; MfhJ.
 murpayikg;gpd; ( 13 ) ( 1 ) k; gpuptpd; fPo; rl;lj;jpdhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l eltbf;if KiwfSf;F

,zq;ftd;wp Ms; vtUk; ifJ nra;ag;glyhfhJ. ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;fhd fhuzk; ifJ
nra;ag;gLk; Mspw;F mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 13 ( 2 ) fl;Lf;fhtypy; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk; my;yJ jLj;J itf;fg;gLk; NtWtifapy; nrhe;j

Rje;jpuk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Ms; vtUk; rl;lg;gpufhuk; ePjpkd;wpd; Kd; epWj;jg;gLtJld; ePjpgjpapd;
cj;juTf;F mikaNt njhlu;e;J jLj;J itf;fg;gl KbAk;.
 13 ( 3 ) Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;l ve;jnthU MSk; ePjpkd;wk; xd;wpy; Neubahf thjplTk; my;yJ

rl;lj;juzp %yk; thjplTk; cupikAiltu;fshtu;.
 13 ( 4 ) rl;lg;gpufhuk; ePjpkd;w fl;lisapd; %yNk MSk; vtUk; kuz jz;lidapdhy; my;yJ
kwpaw; jz;lizapdhy; jz;bf;fg;gl KbAk;.
 13 ( 5 ) Ms; vtUk; Fw;wthsp vd ep&gpf;fg;gLk; tifapy; Rj;jthsp ( epuguhjp ) vd vd

Cfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mb;ggil cupikfs; midj;J Ml;fSf;Fk; gpui[fSf;FKupajhFk;.

murpayikg;gpd; 14 ( 1 ) Mk; gpuptpd; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; gpd;tUk; cupikfs; xt;nthU gpui[Ak;
mDgtpf;ff; $bajhFk;.
 ( m ) ntspg;gLj;jy; cl;gl Ngr;R Rje;jpuKk; fUj;J njuptpj;jy; Rje;jpuKk;

 ( M ) mikjpahd KiwapNy xd;W $Ltjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
 ( , ) xUq;F Nru;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
 ( < ) njhopw;rq;fk; xd;iw mikf;fTk; mjpy; NruTk; cs;s Rje;jpuk;
 ( c ) jdpahf my;yJ kw;wtu;fSld; Nru;e;J gfpuq;fkhfNtDk; my;yJ
me;juq;fkhfNtDk; jkJ kjj;ijNah my;yJ ek;gpf;ifiaNah topghl;bYk; mDrupg;gpYk;
rhjidapYk; NghjidapYk; ntspf;fhl;Ltjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
 ( C ) jdpahf my;yJ Vidatu;fSld; Nru;e;J jd; nrhe;j fyhrhuj;ij mDgtpf;fTk;
Nkk;gLj;jTk; jd; nrhe;j nkhopia gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;.
 ( v ) VNjDk; rl;lKiwahd Kaw;rpapy;> cau; njhopy; tpahghuj;jpy;> njhopypy; my;yJ njhopy;

Kaw;rpapy; jhdhf my;yJ VidatUld; Nru;e;J <LgLtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;.
 ( V ) ,yq;if KKtJk; jilapd;wp elkhlTk; jhd; tpUk;Gk; ,lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;Fkhd Rje;jpuk;.
 ( I ) ,yq;iff;Fj; jpUk;gp tUtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;.

jfty; mwpAk; cupik ( murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 tJ jpUj;jk; )
 2015 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; nfhz;L tug;gl;l jfty; mwpAk;
cupik vDk; Gjpa mk;rk; jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy;
cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 ,J gw;wp murpayikg;gpd; 14 m ( 1 ) Mk; gpuptpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,q;F jfty; mwpAk; cupik vd;gJ ahg;Gr; rl;lkhf ,Uf;f mjid ngWtjw;fhd rl;l Vw;ghL
vd;gJ ghuhSkd;w rl;lkhf cs;sJ.
 mjhtJ 14 m ( 1 ) gpuptpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gpd;tUk; mur epWtdq;fspy; jfty; mwpAk;

cupikapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk; vd murpayikg;G cj;juthjk; nra;fpd;w NghJk; mjid
vt;thwhd topfis gpd;gw;wp ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk; vd;gJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l
2016 Mk; Mz;L 12 Mk; ,yf;f jftYf;fhd cupikr;rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sikapid
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 murpdhy;> mikr;rpdhy; my;yJ VNjDk; murhq;fj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy; my;yJ VNjDk;

rl;lj;jpf; fPo; jhgpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ cUthf;fg;gl;l VNjDk; epajpr;rl;lf; FO.
 khfhznkhd;wpd; mikr;ru;fs; rigapd; mikr;ru; xUtuJ VNJDk; mikr;R my;yJ jpizf;fsk;
my;yJ khfhzrignahd;wpd; epajpr;rl;lj;jpdhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l my;yJ cUthf;fg;gl;l VNjDk;
epajpr;rl;lf; FO.
 VNjDk; cs;@u; mjpfhu rig : mj;Jld;
 Nkw;Fwpj;j epWtdnkhd;W njhlu;gpy; mj;jifa VNjDk; jftiy cilikapy; itj;jpUf;fpd;w

NghJ vtNuDk; Ms; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J jftiyg; ngw KbAk;.
 ,t;thW jfty; mwpAk; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s NghjpYk; xU gpui[ vy;yh tifahd

jfty;fisAk; ngw KbahJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,t; cupik kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
- xOq;fpd;ikia my;yJ Fw;wj;ij jLj;jy;

- MNuhf;fpak; kw;Wk; xOf;fq;fis ghJfhj;jy;
- kw;wtu;fspd; ew;fPu;j;jpapia my;yJ cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy; my;yJ me;juq;f jd;ikapid
ghJfhj;jy;
- ePjpkd;w mtJ}iw jLj;jy;
- ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Gupikia ghJfhj;jy;
- ePjpj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuj;ijAk; gf;fr;rhu;gw;w jd;ikiaAk; NgZjy;
- Njrpa ghJfhg;G> Ms;Gy xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; nghJf; nfhs;if ghJfhg;G.
 NkYk; gpui[ vd;w tifapy; > $l;bizf;fg;gl;l FO xd;wpy; my;yJ $l;bizf;fg;glhj FO

xd;wpy; mj;jifa FOf;fspy; ¾ gFjpapdUf;F Fiwahj cWg;gpdu;fs; gpui[fshf ,Ug;gpd;
mtu;fSk; mf;FO rhu;ghf jftypid Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l \( 14 ) m ( 1 ) Mk; gpuptpYs;s mur
epWtdq;fs; my;yJ mYtyfq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 ,t;thW jfty; mwpAk; cupik gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

 ,t;thW mbg;gil cupikfs; gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahaj;jpd; 15
Mk; gpuptp .t; mbg;gil cupikfs; kPjhd kl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;fpd;wJ. vdpDk; mt; kl;Lg;ghLfs;
1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ Nghd;W midj;J
cupikfSf;Fkhd kl;Lg;ghLfsy;y.
 mjhtJ mbg;gil cupikfs; mj;jpahak; 03 ,y; cWg;Giu 10> 11 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s

cupikfs; ( kj Rje;jpuk; > rpe;jid nra;Ak; Rje;jpuk; …..> ) jtpu;e;j Vida midj;J
cupikfSk; Njrpa eyd;> Njrpa ghJfhg;G> Njrpa nghUshjhuk;> nghJr;Rfhjhuk;> ,d r%f
tho;T> kj r%f tho;T vd;gtw;wpd; eyd; fUjp mtrufhy rl;lj;jpd; fPo; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glyhk;
vd;gJ murpayikg;gpid ghu;f;Fk; NghJ njspthfpwJ.
 NkYk; ,t; mbg;gil cupikfs; gy FiwghLfis nfhz;ljhfTk; cs;sJ. mjhtJ capu;

thOk; cupik gw;wp njspthf Fwpg;gplg;glhik> mtru fhy rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cupikfs; kPjhd
kl;Lg;ghLfs; > cupikfSf;fhd gupfhuq;fis ngWtjpYs;s rpf;fy;fs; vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 jtpu ,t; mbg;gil cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhd cau; ePjpkd;wk;. Xk;Gl;];kd;> kdpj cupik
Mizf;FO Nghd;w nghwpKiwfSk; murpayikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
KbTiu :
,t;thW 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; fhzg;gl;l mbg;gil cupikfs;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. 1972 Mk; Mz;L Kjyhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l mbg;gil
cupikfNshL xg;gpLk; NghJ ,it rpwg;ghd Vw;ghL vd Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
khztu;fSf;fhf
f.ngh.j cau;ju murwptpay; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthf murwptpay; ghl rpNu~;l MrpupaUk;>
vOj;jhsUkhd V.rP.vk;. gsPy; M.A ( Political Science ) mtu;fSk; kw;Wk; a+.vy;. nra;Dyhg;jPd;
( B.A ) Dip.in.Edu mtu;fSk; ,ize;J murwptpay; Kjy; 08 myFfSf;fhd gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fSk;
tpilfSk;> RUf;f tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; > fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa E}y;
xd;wpid ntspapl;Ls;shu;fs;. ,e;E}y; khztu;fSf;F ngUk; topfhl;bahf mikAk; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj
IaKkpy;iy. E}ypd; tpiy : 650 &ghthFk;. : njhlu;GfSf;F : yq;fh Gj;jfrhiy : 077 3911 98
cq;f; Sf;F mUfpYs;s Gj;jfrhiyfspYk; fpilf;Fk;. mg;gb ,y;yhtpl;lhy; NkYs;s njhiyNgrp
,yf;fj;Jld; njhlu;G nfhs;Sq;fs;
,J tpahghu Nehf;fpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. khztu;fshfpa cq;fSf;F

topfhl;Lk; Nehf;fpy; gjptplg;gLfpwJ.
“fw;gtdhf ,U : my;yJ fw;gpg;gtdhf ,U : my;yJ fw;gtDf;F cjTgtdhf ,U :

ehd;fhktdhf ,Ue;J tplhNj”
THANK YOU
1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd;
fPo; ghuhSkd;wk;
R. Ahamed Ahzan . Department Of Political Science. FAC. SEUSL

 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; rl;lthf;fj;JiwahdJ
ghuhSkd;wk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,q;F ghuhSkd;wk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpf;Fk; xU

epWtdkhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; ,J 196 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 gpd;du; murpayikg;gpd; 14 Mk; jpUj;jj;jpw;F mika 225 Mf mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jpy; 196 Ngu; gy;NtW khtl;lq;fspypUe;J tpfpjhrhu Nju;jy; %yKk; 29 Ngu;
Njrpa gl;bay; %yKk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
 ,g;ghuhSkd;wk; Xuitiaf; nfhz;lJ.
 %y ahg;gpd; fPo; ,g;ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyk; 06 tUlq;fshFk;.

murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jg;gb ,jd; gjtpf;fhyk; 05 tUlq;fshf
Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ( murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; ,e;epiy
khw;wg;gltpy;iy )
 vdNt jw;Nghija ghuhSkd;wk; 05 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ijf; nfhz;lJ. %y
ahg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp ,g;ghuhSkd;wj;ij 01 tUlj;jpd; gpd;dNu fiyf;f
KbAkhf fhzg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk;
4 ½ tUlj;jpd; gpd; fiyf;f KbAkhf ,Ue;jJ.
 Mdhy; jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; [dhjpgjp

2 ½ gpd;dNu ghuhSkd;wj;ij fiyf;f KbAk;. vdpDk; ,t; 2 ½ tUlj;jpw;Fs;
ghuhSkd;wk; xU gpNuuiz %yk; jd;id fiyf;f KbAkhW $wpdhy; [dhjpgjp
ghuhSkd;wj;ij fiyf;fyhk;. mNjNghd;W xNu tuT nryTjpl;lk; ,uz;lhk;
jlitAk; Njhy;tpAWfpd;w NghJ ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gLk;.
 vdNt ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; gjtp ,y;yhky; Nghff; $ba R+o;epiy

fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mku;nthd;iw elhj;Jtjw;fhd $l;l elg;ngz; 20 MFk;.

 ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;nfd xU nrayhsu; ehafk; fhzg;gLthu;. ,tu;
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jg;glb ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd;
fPo; [dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLthu;.
 ,g;ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F gjtpjhq;fntd Gjpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; KjyhtJ

$l;lj;njhlupy; rghehafu;> gpujprghehafu;> FOf;fspd; gpujp jiytu; vd;Nghu;
njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
 rghehafu; ghuhSkd;w $l;lq;fspw;Fk; tpthjq;fspw;Fk; jiyik jhq;Fthu;. ,tu;

ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,tu; MSk; fl;rpapypUe;Njh
vjpu;fl;rpapypUe;Njh njupT nra;ag;glyhk;. Mdhy; fl;rp eltbf;iffspypUe;J
tpLgl;L eLepiyahf nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; $l;lj;njhliu Muk;gpj;J itj;jy; > mjd; mku;Tfis

KbTWj;Jjy;> mjid fiyj;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fis [dhjpgjp nfhz;Ls;shu;.
 [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;ij 2 ½ tUlq;fspd; gpd;dNu fiyf;f KbAk;. vdpDk;
[dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf Fw;wg;gpNuuiz ghuhSkd;w epfo;r;rp epuypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;s
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mtu; ghuhSkd;wj;ij fiyf;f KbahJ.
 [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;ij 02 khjq;fSf;F xj;jpitf;f KbAk;. mt;thW

xj;jpitf;Fk; NghJ mLj;j ghuhSkd;w mku;Tf;fhd jpfjpiaAk; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lk;.
 vdpDk; [dhjpgjp 03 ehs; Kd; mwptpj;jYld; xj;jpitf;fg;gl;l my;yJ

fiyf;fg;gl;l ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;l KbAk;.
 vdNt ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhlupd; Muk;gk;> xj;jpitg;G> fiyj;jy;

Nghd;wtw;NwhL [dhjpgjp njhlu;GgLfpd;wikia fhzyhk;.
 ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 05 tUlq;fshFk;

 vdpDk; mtu;fs; ,wf;Fk; NghJ > ,uh[pdhkh nra;Ak; NghJ> njupT nra;ag;gl;l
Kiw rl;lj;jpw;F KuzhdJ vd cau; ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspf;fpd;w NghJ>
ahjhapDk; xU Fw;wr;rhl;L epUgpf;fg;gLfpd;w NghJ kw;Wk; vt;tpj
Kd;dwptpj;jYkpd;wp 03 khj fhyj;jpw;F ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F r%fkspf;fhj NghJ
gjtpia ,of;fyhk;.
 ,g;ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; vLf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fs; midj;Jk; ngUk;ghd;ikahy;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 rhjhuz epiyapy; thf;fspf;Fk; mjpfhuk; rghehafUf;F ,y;iy. vdpDk;

Fwpg;gpl;l kNrhjhTf;F MjuthfTk; vjpuhfTk; rkthf;Ffs; fpilf;fg; ngWk;
NghJ VjhtJ xU gf;fj;jpw;F thf;fspj;J mk;kNrhjhit KbTf;F nfhz;L
tUk; mjpfhuk; rghehafUf;F cz;L. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; rghehafu; mspf;Fk;
thf;if jPu;khdpf;Fk; thf;Fk; > my;yJ mWjpapLk; thf;F vd mspg;gu;.
 murpayikg;G njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs; mjhtJ murpayikg;ig jpUj;Jjy;>
ePf;Fjy;> Gjpa murpayikg;ig nfhz;L tUjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikahYk; murpayikg;Gld; njhlu;gw;w Vida
tplaq;fs; rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ikahYk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; nfhz;L tug;gLk; ve;jnthU rl;l %yKk; cau;

ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy; ePjpKd;Gzuha;tpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gLk;. cau; ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;l
rl;l%yk; murpayikg;Gf;F KuzhdJ vd cau; ePjpkd;wk; $wpdhy; mr;rl;l
%yj;ij epiwNtw;w KbahJ.
 vdpDk; mr;rl;l %yk; rl;lkhfpdhy; ePjpkd;wk; mjid ePjpg;Gzuha;tpw;F

ePjpg;Gzuha;tpw;Fl;gLj;j KbahJ.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;l%yk; rghehafupd; ifnahg;gj;Jld;

rl;lkhFk;. “,e;jr;rl;l %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; Kiwg;gb
epiwNtw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ” vd rghehafu; rhd;Wiu vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;
 ,t;thW ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l rl;l %yk; xd;W rghehafupd;
rhd;Wiu mjd; kPJ vOjg;gl;lTlNdNa rl;lkhFk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 VNjDk; rl;l %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gl tpN~l ngUk;ghd;ik Njitg;gLfpd;w NghJ

mJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 2/ 3 ngUk;ghd;ikahy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhNy rghehafu;
mjid rhd;Wg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 rl;l %yk; xd;W kf;fspd; mq;fPfhuj;ij ngw;Nw rl;lkhf Ntz;Lk;

vdf;$wg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; “mJ jw;NghJ rl;lnkd;w epiyf;F khw;wg;glhJ
,Uf;Fk;” vd rghehafu; jdJ rhd;WgLj;jypy; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; gb ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij

eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; epWtdk; ghuhSkd;wk; kl;Lkd;W. murpayikg;gpd; cWg;Giu 4
( m ) ,d; gb kf;fspd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; kf;fspdhy; njupTnra;ag;gl;l
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhYk;> nghJkf;fs; fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpd;
NghJk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 rl;lthf;f mjpfhuk; :
- fle;jfhyj;ij ghjpf;Fk; rl;lj;ij Mf;f KbAk;. murpayikg;gpd; VNjDk;
nraw;ghl;il ePf;Fk; my;yJ jpUj;Jk; my;yJ murpayikg;gpw;F VNjDk; xU Gjpa
Vw;ghl;il Nru;f;Fk; rl;lq;fisAk; cs;spl;l rfytpjkhd rl;lq;fisAk; Mf;Fk;
mjpfhuk; cz;L.
- ghuhSkd;wk; jdJ rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jpid Jwf;fNth my;yJ

ghuhjPdg;gLj;jNth KbahJ
- ghuhSkd;wk; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;jpid gpuNahfpf;Fk; NtW epWtdq;fis
epWtTk; KbahJ
- nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ghuhSkd;wkhdJ mtrufhy tpjpfis
,aw;Wtjw;F mjpfhukpf;fJ ( murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jk; )
ghuhSkd;wk; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf rl;lkpaw;w KbahJ
- murpayikg;gpd; my;yJ VNjDk; gFjpnahd;wpd; eilKiwia

,ilepWj;Jtjw;fhd rl;lnkhd;iw tpjpj;jy;
- Gjpa murpayikg;gpid rl;lkhf;fhJ > murpayikg;gpid KOikahf khw;Wk;
rl;lnkhd;iw Mf;f KbahJ
 ghuhSkd;wk; nfhz;L tUfpd;w rfy rl;l %yq;fSk; ghuhSkd;w epfo;r;rp

epuypy; cl;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du; Mff;Fiwe;jJ xU thuj;jpw;F Kd;
tu;j;jkhdpapy; gpuRupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ( %y ahg;G kw;Wk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd
20 MtJ jpUj;jk; )
 vdpDk; murpayikg;Gf;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; ,U fpoikf;F Kd;
tu;j;jkhdpapy; gpuRupf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 ,g; ghuhSkd;wj;j;jpw;F Gwk;ghf .kf;fspd; jPu;g;gpd; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffshy;

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;l %yk; [dhjpgjpapd; rhd;WgLj;JjYld; rl;lkhFk;.
 1972 Mk; murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gl;l rl;lj;Jiwahd Njrpa muRg;Nguit mur

mjpfhuj;jpd; kPAau; jhgdkhf fhzg;gl;lJ. kf;fspd; rl;lthf;f> epiwNtw;W
kw;Wk; ePjpkd;w mjpfhuq;fs; Njrpa muRg;Nguitaplk; Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;lJ.
 vdpDk; 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; kf;fspd;

epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. khwhf [dhjpgjpaplNk
fhzg;gl;lJ. mur fl;likg;gpd; ika epWtdkhf [dhjpgjp ,Ue;jikahy;
ghuhSkd;wk; kpA+au; jhgdk; vDk; epiyikia milatpy;iy. khwhf
miuFiw ,iwik nghUe;jpa epWtdkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
 epjpf;fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhuk;
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 [dhjpgjpia gjtp ePf;fk; nra;tjw;fhd mjpfhuk;

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 Vida epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;j mjpfhuq;fs;

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KbTiu :
,t;thW 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ghuhSkd;wk;

gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,g;ghuhSkd;wk; miuFiw ,iwik nghUe;jpa
epWtdkhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fhuzk; mur fl;likg;gpd; ika ,ae;jpukhf
[dhjpgjp fhzg;gLtjhFk;.
Nkyjpf thrpg;gpw;F :
,J tiu rl;lkd;wq;fspd; rghehafu;fshf gjtp tfpj;jtu;fs; :
 First State Council ( 1931 - 1935 )
- Hon. A.F. Molamure ( 1931 . 07. 07. - 1934 . 12. 10 )

- Hon. F.A. Obeysekara ( 1934. 12. 11 – 1935. 12. 07 )
 Second State Council ( 1936 – 1947 )
- Hon. Sir waitialingma Duraisamy (1936. 03. 17 - 1947. 07. 04 )
 First Parliament ( House Of Representatives - 1947 – 1952 )
- Hon. Sir Francis Molamure ( 1947. 10. 14 - 1951. 01. 25 )

- Hon. Sir Albert F. peries ( 1951. 02. 13 - 1952 . 04. 08 )
 Second Parliament ( House Of Representatives 1952– 1956 )
- Hon. Sir Albert F. Peries ( 1952 . 06. 09 - 1956 – 02. 18 )
 Third Parliament ( House Of Representatives 1956 – 1959 )
- Hons. S. Ismail ( 1956. 04. 19 - 1959 . 12. 15 )
 Fouth Parliament ( 1960 March – April )
- Hon. T.B. Subasinghe ( 1960. 03 .30 - 1960. 04 .23 )
 Six Parliament ( House Of Representatives 1965 – 1970 )
- Hon. Sir. Albert F. Peries ( 1965. 04. 05 - 1967. 09. 21 )

- Hon. Shirly Corea ( 1967 . 09 . 27 - 1970 .03. 25 )
 Seventh Parliament ( 1970 - 1972 )
- Hon. Stanley Tillekeratne ( 1970 . 06. 07 - 1972 . 05. 22 )
 First National State Assembly ( 1972 - 1977 )
- Hon. Stanley Tillekeratne ( 1972. 05. 22 - 1977. 05. 18 )
 Second National Assembly ( 1977 – 1978 )
Hon. Dr. Anandatissa De Alwis ( 1977 .04. 04 - 1978 . 09. 07 )
 First Parliament Of the Democratic Socialist Republic Of Srilanka ( 1978 – 1988 )
- Hon. Dr. Anandatissa De Alwis ( 1978. 09. 07 - 1978. 09 . 13 )

- Hon. M.A. Bakeer Marker ( 1978 . 09. 21 - 1983 . 04. 30 )
- Hon. E.L. Senanayake ( 1983. 09. 06 - 1988 . 12. 20 )
 Second Parliament ….. ( 1989 – 1994 )

- Hon. M.H. Mohamed ( 1989 . 03. 09 - 1994. 06. 24 )
 Third Parliament ….. ( 1994 – 2000 )

- Hon. K.B. Ratnayke ( 1994. 04. 25 – 1994 . 04. 18 . 2000. 09. 14 - 2000 .10. 10 )
 Fouth Parliament …. ( 2000 – 2001 )

- Hon. Anura Bandaranaike ( 2000. 10. 18 - 2001. 10. 10 )
 Fifth Parliament ….. ( 2001 – 2004 )

- Hon. Joseph Michael Perera ( 2001. 12. 09 - 2004. 02. 07 )
 Sixth Parliament ….. ( 2004 - 2010 )

- Hon. W.J.M. Lokubandara ( 2004. 04. 22 - 2010. 02. 09 . 2010. 03. 09 - 2010. 04. 20 )
 Seventh Parliament ….. ( 2010 - 2015 )
- Hon. Chamal Rajabaksa ( 2010. 04. 22 - 2015. 06. 26 )
 Eighth Parliament …. ( 2015 - 2020 )

- Hon. Karu Jayasuriya ( 2015. 09. 01 - 2020. 03. 02 )
 Ninth Parliament ….. ( 2020 – to date… )

- Hon. Mahinda Yapa Abewardana ( 2020. 04. 20 – to date )
ghuhSkd;w nrayhsu; ehafkhf gjtp tfpj;jtu;fs;
 Mr. St. L. P. Deraniyagala ( 1947 – 1964 )

 Mr. S.S. Wijesinha ( 1964 – 1981 )
 Mr. S.N. Seneviratne ( 1981 – 1994 )
 Mr. Betram Tittawella ( 1994 – 1999 )
 Mrs. Priyanee Wijesekara ( 2002 – 2008 )
 Mr. Dhammike Kitulgoda ( 2008– 2012 )
 Mr. Dhammika Dasanayake ( 2012 – to date )

THANK YOU
1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp
REFAIEDEEN AHAMED AHZAN, THAHANAGAR, MUTUR- 07

1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp gw;wpa Xu; mwpKfk;.
 murpayikg;gpd; 30 k; gpuptpw;F ,yq;iff;F FbauRf;F [dhjpgjp xUtu;

,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 [dhjpgjp Ntl;ghsuhf xUtu; Nghl;bapLtjw;Fupa taJ 30 MFk;
 murpdJk;> Ml;rp JiwapdJk;> murhq;fj;jpdJk;> MAjk; jhq;fpa
gilfspdJk; jiytu;.
 05 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ij cilatu;. ( 19 tJ jpUj;jk; )
 kf;fspdhy; Neubahf njupT nra;ag;gLfpwhu;.
 gpujk ePjpauru; Kd;dpiyapy; rj;jpag; gpukhzk; nra;J gjtpNaw;ghu;.
 ,U jlitfSf;F Nky; gjtp tfpf;f KbahJ. ( 19 tJ jpUj;jk; )
 ,tuJ gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtiltjw;F Kd;du; ,tiu gjtp ePf;ff;$ba mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
cz;L. vdpDk; mJ eilKiwapy; fbdkhdJ.
 ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;Lk;> fiyf;Fk;> xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhukpf;ftu;.
 mikr;ruitapd; jiytu;> cWg;gpdu;> gpujkiuAk; Vida mikr;ru;fisAk; epakpf;fpwhu;.
 ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; Ngupy; Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis> gfpuq;f Nrit mYtyfu;fis
epakpf;fpwhu;.
 mur ,ae;jpuj;jpd; mjpfhu kj;jpa epiyakhf [dhjpgjp vDk; epiwNtw;Wg; gjtp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
2019 Mk; Mz;L [dhjpgjp Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;Ws;s =yq;fh nghJ[d nguKd Kd;dzp Ntl;ghsu;
Nfhl;gha uh[gf;~ mtu;fs; ,yq;ifapd; 07 MtJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjpahf gpujk
ePjpauru; [ae;j [aR+upatpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rj;jpag; gpukhzk; nra;J nfhz;l NghJ.
,yq;if [dhjpgjp njupT?
 [dhjpgjp ,yq;if KOtJk; xU Nju;jy; njhFjp my;yJ Nju;jy; khtl;lkhf fUjg;gl;Nl

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;. ,q;F ,U Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nghl;bapLthu;fspd; tpUk;gpa ,UtUf;F thf;fhsu;
thf;fspg;gu;. ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nghl;bapLthu;fspd; tpUg;G thf;Ffis mspf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; %tu; Nghl;bapbd; ,U tpUg;G thf;FfisAk; %tUf;F Nky; Nghl;bapbd; %d;W
tpUg;G thf;FfisAk; thf;fhsu;fs; mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;gb thf;fhsu;fs; jkJ tpUg;G
thf;Ffis 1Mk;> 2Mk;> 3Mk; tpUg;G thf;Ffs; vd thf;fspg;gu;.
 tpUg;G thf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; thf;Ff; fzpg;gPL ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd; gb tpUg;G thf;Ffspd;

mbg;gilapy; xUtupd; thf;if ,d;ndhUtUf;F khw;wPL nra;J thf;Ff; fzpg;gPL ,lk;ngWk; ,jd;
NghJ ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffis ngWgtNu [dhjpgjpahf njupT nra;ag;gLthu;.
 ,Utu; Nghl;bapbd; mjpy; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffisg; ngWgtu; [dhjpgjpahf njupT nra;ag;gLthu;.

,UtUk; rkkhd thf;Ffis ngw;wpUg;gpd; jpUTsr; rPl;bd; %yk; ,UtUs; xUtu; [dhjpgjpahf
njupT nra;ag;gLthu;.
 gyu; Nghl;bapLk; NghNj tpUg;G thf;Ffspd; mbg;gilapy; njupT ,lk;ngWk;. ,jd;gb KjyhtJ tpUg;G thf;Ffs;
vz;zg;gl;L mjpy; mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffisg; ngWgtu; [dhjpgjpahf njupT nra;ag;gLthu;. ,jd; NghJ
vtUk; mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik ngwhtpl;lhy; Kd;ddpapYs;s Kjy; ,UtUk; jtpu;e;J VidNahu; ePf;fg;gl;L
mtu;fspd; Kjy; tpUg;G thf;Fr; rPl;bDs;s ,t;tpUtupdJk; 2k; > 3Mk; tpUg;G thf;Ffs; KiwNa fzpg;gplg;gl;L
Kjyhk; tpUg;G thf;FfSld; Nru;f;fg;gl;L ntw;wp jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
 ,jd; NghJ mWjpg; ngUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffs; ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk; Mdhy; 3k; tpUg;G thf;Ff; fzpg;gl P ;by;
ngUk;ghd;ik NghJkhdJ. [dhjpgjpahf njupT nra;ag;gLgtu; gpujk ePjpauru; Kd;dpiyapy; rj;jpag; gpukhzk;
nra;J gjtp Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. md;wpypUe;J 19tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jg;gb xUtu; 05 tUlq;fs; gjtp tfpf;f
KbAk; NkYk; murpayikg;gpd; 19tJ jpUj;jg;gb xUtu; ,U jlitfSf;F Nky; [dhjpgjp gjtp tfpf;f KbahJ.
2019 [dhjpgjp Nju;jy;
 2019 Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; 16 Mk; jpfjp eilngw;w [dhjpgjp nghJj;Nju;jypy;

35 Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nghl;bapl;ldu;. ,jpy; ,yq;if nghJ[d nguKd Kz;dzp
Ntl;ghsu; Nfhl;lhgha uh[gf;~ mtu;fs; 52.25 % thf;Ffis ngw;W ntw;wp
ngw;whu;. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; Ntl;ghsu; r[pj; gpNukjh] mtu;fs; 41.99 %
thf;Ffisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. tuyhw;wpy; Kjy; Kiwahf mjpf
Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nghl;bapl;l Nju;jy; ,Jthf fhzg;gLfpwJ. fl;rp rhu;ghf
Nghl;bapLgtu;fs; 50000 &ghTk; Rnal;irahfg; Nghl;bapLgtu;fs; 75000 &gh
gzj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gzq;fshf nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,f; fl;Lg;gzq;fis
jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;s Mff;Fiwe;jJ 5 % thf;Ffisg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;L.
Nghl;bapl;ltu;fspy; Nfhj;jgha uh[gf;~ kw;Wk; r[pj; gpNukjh] mtu;fs;
jtpu;e;j Vida 33 NgUk; jkJ fl;Lg;gzq;fis ,oe;jdu;.
[dhjpgjp gjtp ePf;fk;
 1978k; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;G 19tJ murpayikg;G jpUj;jj;jpd; gb [dhjpgjpapd;

gjtpf;fhyk; 05 tUlq;fshFk;. ,t; 05 tUlq;fs; Kbtiljw;F Kd;dNu [dhjpgjpia gjtp ePf;ff;
$ba mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wpw;F cz;L.
 [dhjpgjp ,we;jhy;> mtu; ,yq;ifapd; xU gpui[ahf ,y;yhjhope;jhy;> jdJ gjtpf;fhyk;

njhlq;fpajpypUe;J ,U fpoikf;Fs; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw gjtpNaw;f jtwpdhy; mtu; gjtp twpjhFk;. jtpu
gpd;tUk; xU fhuzj;jpw;fhfNth my;yJ gy fhuzq;fSf;fhfNth [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf

Fw;wg;gpNuuizia ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;f KbAk;.
- kdg; gytPdk; my;yJ clw; gytPdk; fhuzkhf jkJ gjtpf;Fupa gzpfis GupahjpUj;jy;
- murpayikg;ig Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kPwpa Fw;wk;
- Njrj;JNuhfk; Gupe;j Fw;wk;
- ,yQ;rk; ngw;w Fw;wk;
- jdJ gjtpf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fis J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jikia cs;slf;fpa Ju;elj;ijf;fhd my;yJ
CoYf;fhd Fw;wk;
- xOf;ff; Nfhl;ghl;il cl;gLj;Jk; VNjDk; rl;lj;jpd; kPjhd jtW
,t;thW xU fhuzj;jpw;fhfNth my;yJ gy fhuzq;fspw;fhfNth ghuhSkd;wpy; ve;jnthU cWg;gpdUk;
Fw;wg;gpNuuizia rku;g;gpf;f KbAk;.
 ghuhSkd;wpd; 2/3 gFjpapdu; Fw;wg; gpNuuizia vOj;J %yk; ifnahg;gkpl;L rghehafuplk;
rku;g;gpj;jhy; rghehafu; mjid Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ifnahg;gkpl;Nlhupd; vz;zpf;if
miuthrpapduhapd; mg;gpNuuizia Vw;f Ntz;Lkh? ,y;iyah vd;gJ rghehafupd; jw;JzpT
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhFk;
 ghuhSkd;wpd; 2/3 gFjpapdu; Fw;wg; gpNuuizia vOj;J %yk; ifnahg;gkpl;L rghehafuplk;

rku;g;gpj;jhy; rghehafu; mjid Vw;f Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; ifnahg;gkpl;Nlhupd; vz;zpf;if
miuthrpapduhapd; mg;gpNuuizia Vw;f Ntz;Lkh? ,y;iyah vd;gJ rghehafupd; jw;JzpT
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fl;gl;ljhFk;
 rghehafu; Fw;wg;gpNuuizia Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJk; mjid ghuhSkd;w epfo;rr ; p epuypy; Nru;j;J

mjw;nfd;W xJf;fg;gLk; jpdj;jpy; Fw;wg;gpNuuiz ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;L r%fkspf;fhj
cWg;gpdu;fs; cs;spl;l nkhj;j cWg;gpdu;fspy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdu;fshy; epiwNtw;wg;gl
Ntz;Lk;
 epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Fw;wg;gpNuuizapy; ,lk;ngWk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;fs; rl;l uPjpahf ep&gpf;fg;glf;$badth

vd;W guprPyid nra;J mwpf;if rku;g;gpf;FkhW cau; ePjpkd;iw rghehafu; gzpg;ghu;. cau; ePjpkd;wk;
jdJ mwpf;if KbTfis ,U khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; rghehafUf;F mDg;gpitf;f Ntz;Lk;.
 rk;kge;jg;gl;l Fw;wr;rhl;bd; gb [dhjpgjp Fw;wthsp vd cau; ePjpkd;wpy; ep&gpf;fg;gbd; [dhjpgjpia
gjtp ePf;Fk; ,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ mg;gpNuuiz ghuhSkd;wpy;
kPz;Lk; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy; [dhjpgjp gjtp ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;lthf
fUjg;gLthu;. ,jid gpd;tUk; tiuglk; %yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
2/3 ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fs; my;yJ ½
gq;F ghuhSkd;w ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ghuhSkd;wj;jp
cWg;gpdu;fs; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik cau; ePjpkd;wk; y; 2/3
ifnahg;gkpl;L mDg;Gk; ngUk;ghd;ik
gpNuuiz rghehafu;
mDkjpAld;
 vdpDk; [dhjpgjpapid gjtp ePf;FtJ eilKiwapy; fbdkhdjhFk; .
Fwpg;G : [dhjpgjp jkJ gjtpf;Fupa jj;Jtq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; flikfisAk; Gupa ,ayhjpUf;fpd;w

NghJ gpujku; gjpy; [dhjpgjpahf gjtp tfpg;ghu;. mg;NghJ gpujku; gjtpapy; gjpw;flik Mw;Wtnjw;nfd
Vida mikr;ru;fspy; xUtiu epakpf;fyhk;. [dhjpgjpf;Fupa rk;gsKk; Xa;T+jpaKk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L jpul;L epjpaj;jpypUe;J toq;fg;gLfpwJ. gjtpf;fhyj;jpd; NghJ Fiwf;fg;glyhfhJ.
mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;
 murpd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;
-ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,yq;ifia gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;

-ntspehl;L xg;ge;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
-ntspehl;L mur J}Jtu;fisAk; ,uh[je;jpu mjpfhupfisAk; tuNtw;wy;
-,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;L nfhs;ifia newpg;gLj;jy;> ,uh[je;jpu mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;
-mur ,yl;rpidia jdJ fhg;gpy; itj;J mjidg; nghwpf;f Ntz;ba ,lq;fspy; nghwpj;jy;
-nfsut gl;lq;fis toq;Fjy;
-[dhjpgjp Mizf;FOf;fis epakpj;jy;
-Njrpa ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghdit
-Nghu; kw;Wk; rkhjhdk; gw;wpa jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;
-rl;lj;ijAk; xOq;ifAk; epiyehl;Ljy;
-mur tpohf;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;
 murhq;fj;jpd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;
- mur nfhs;ifapidj; jPuk; hdpj;jy;

- jhd; tpUk;Gfpd;w NghJ ve;jnthU mikr;irAk; jdJ mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; nfhz;L tUjy;
- mikr;ruit $l;lq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;
 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;
- gpujkiuAk;> Vida mikr;Rf;fisAk; epakpj;jy;> ePf;Fjy;> khw;Wjy;

- mikr;ru;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fis xJf;Fjy;> khw;Wjy;
- tpUk;gpa mikr;Rf;fis jd;nghWg;gpy; itj;jpUj;jy;
- murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
- gfpuq;f Nritf;fhd cau; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy; ( cjhuzk; : mikr;Rf;fspd; nrayhsu;fs; )
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik ek;gpf;ifapidg; ngwf;$ba xUtiu [dhjpgjp gpujkuhf epakpg;ghu;.

murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jg;gb [dhjpgjp gpujkiu ePf;f KbahJ. vdpDk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd
20MtJ jpUj;jg;gb [dhjpgjp gpujkiu gjtpapypUe;J ePf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
mikr;ruitapd; mikr;Rf;fspdJk;> mikr;ru;fspdJk; vz;zpf;ifia jPu;khdpf;fpd;ww NghJk;

ghuhSkd;wpd; cWg;gpdu;fspypUe;J mikr;ruitapd; mikr;ru;fs;> mikr;ruitapd; cWg;gpduy;yhj
mikr;ru;fs;> gpujpaikr;ru;fis epakpf;fpd;w NghJk; > [dhjpgjp gpujkupd; Mnyhrid Njitnad
fUjg;gLkplj;J> tpUk;Gkplj;J mtuJ Mnyhridia ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. ( murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20
MtJ jpUj;jk; ). murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gb ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspypUe;J
mikr;ru;fis epakpf;Fk; NghJ fl;lhak; gpujkupd; Mnyhridia ngw Ntz;Lk; vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpD}lhf gpujku; Vida mikr;ru;fis tpl
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gl;hYk; 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; Clhf [dhjpgjpA+lhfNt Kd;Dupik ngWk; epiy
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. [dhjpgjpapd; ifg;gl vOjg;gl;l xU fbjj;jpd; %yk; mikr;ruitapd; mikr;ru;>
gpujpaikr;ru;> my;yJ NtNwDk; xU mikr;riu gjtp tpyf;fyhk;
 ghuhSkd;wj;NjhL njhlu;ghdit
- ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; xt;nthU Gjpa jtiz Muk;gj;jpYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Njhd;wp murhq;fj;jpd;

nfhs;if tpsf;f ciuia thrpj;jy;
- ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;Ljy;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;.
- ghuhSkd;wwpd; rlq;F Kiwahd ,Uf;iffSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;
- ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nra;jpfis mDg;Gjy;
- [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpduy;y. Mdhy; vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Njhd;wp
ciuahw;wyhk;
- tpNrl rl;lq;fSf;fhf kNrhjhf;fis kf;fs; jPu;g;Gf;F tpl;L rl;lkhf;Fjy;
- kf;fs; jPu;g;G thf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ ntw;wp ngw;w kNrhjhf;fis rl;lkhf gpufldg;gLj;jy;.
- jdJ flikfis epiwNtw;WtJ gpuNahfpg;gJ njhlu;ghf ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gf;$wy;.
Fwpg;G : mikr;ruitahdJ jhd; nra;j > nra;ahJ tpl;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
nghWg;Gf; $wTk; gjpyspf;fTk; flikg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhd [dhjpgjp
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nghWg;Gf; $w Ntz;LNk jtpu gjpyspf;f mtrpakpy;iy. ,q;F [dhjpgjp nghWg;Gf;
$wy; vd;gJ xU ahg;gyq;fuhkhfNt cs;sJ vd eilKiwapy; tpku;rpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 ePjpj;Jiw rhu;e;jit
- Nky;epiy ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;

- Fw;wthspfSf;F epge;jidfSld; kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy; my;yJ KOikahf kd;dpj;J tpLjy;
- jz;lizia Fiwj;jy;.
- rl;lkh mjpgiu epakpj;jy;.
[dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf tof;F njhlu;tjw;fhd tpLghl;L cupik : %y ahg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp nra;j>
nra;ahJ tpl;l tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf mtUf;F vjpuhf tof;Fj;jhf;fy; nra;a KbahJ Mdhy; 19 Mk;
jpUj;jr;rl;lj;jpd; 35 ( 1 ) cWg;Giuapd; gpufhuk; [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf murpay; ahg;gpd; 120 Mk;
cWg;Giuapd; fPo; mbg;gil cupik tof;nfhd;wpid jhf;fy; nra;a KbAk;. murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20
MtJ jpUj;jj;jpYk; mt;thNw cs;sJ.
Fwpg;G : ,t;thW [dhjpgjp gw;wpAk; mtuJ mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.
[dhjpgjp gjtpahdJ gyk;nghUe;jpa xd;whf eilKiwapy; fhl;rp jUtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
tpdh :
1. murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; [dhjpgjpapd; gzpfs; njhlu;ghf 04 tplaq;fs; mwpKfk;

nra;ag;gl;ld. mjpy; xU gzp jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy;
cs;sthq;fg;gl;lNjhL Vida 03 gzpfSk; ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mt;thW
cs;thq;fg;gl;l> ePf;fg;gl;l gzpfis Fwpg;gpLf?
2. [dhjpgjpf;F Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;G toq;fy; njhlu;gpy; rpy Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iwf;

Fwpg;gpLf?
3. [dhjpgjp gjtpapd; epiw> Fiwfis Muha;f?

THANK YOU
1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo;
rl;lj;Jiw – epUthfj;Jiw njhlu;Gfs;
R. Ahamed Ahzan, Department Of Political Science

faculty of Arts & Culture , South Eastern University Of Srilanka.
1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp > ghuhSkd;wk; gw;wpa Xu;
mwpKfk;.
 murpayikg;gpd; 30 k; gpuptpw;F ,yq;iff;F FbauRf;F [dhjpgjp

xUtu; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
 murpdJk;> Ml;rp JiwapdJk;> murhq;fj;jpdJk;> MAjk; jhq;fpa
gilfspdJk; jiytu;.
 05 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ij cilatu;. ( 19 tJ jpUj;jk; )
 kf;fspdhy; Neubahf njupT nra;ag;gLfpwhu;.
 Gpujk ePjpauru; Kd;dpiyapy; rj;jpag; gpukhzk; nra;J gjtpNaw;ghu;.
 ,U jlitfSf;F Nky; gjtp tfpf;f KbahJ. ( 19 tJ jpUj;jk; )
 ,tuJ gjtpf;fhyk; Kbtiltjw;F Kd;du; ,tiu gjtp ePf;ff;$ba mjpfhuk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
cz;L. vdpDk; mJ eilKiwapy; fbdkhdJ.
 ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;Lk;> fiyf;Fk;> xj;jpitf;Fk; mjpfhukpf;ftu;.
 mikr;ruitapd; jiytu;> cWg;gpdu;> gpujkiuAk; Vida mikr;ru;fisAk; epakpf;fpwhu;.
 ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; Ngupy; Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis> gfpuq;f Nrit
mYtyfu;fis epakpf;fpwhu;.
 mur ,ae;jpuj;jpd; mjpfhu kj;jpa epiyakhf [dhjpgjp vDk; epiwNtw;Wg; gjtp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
ghuhSkd;wk; Xu; mwpKfk; .………….
 kf;fspd; rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij gpuNahfpf;Fk; xU epWtdk;.
 Muk;gj;jpy; 196 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
 gpd;du; murpayikg;gpd; 14 k; jpUj;jj;jpw;fika 225 Mf mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,jpy; 196 cWg;gpdu;fs; kf;fspdhy; gy;NtW khtl;lq;fspypUe;J NeubahfTk; 29 Ngu; Njrpa
gl;bay; %yKk; njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
 Xuit ghuhSkd;wk;
 05 tUl gjtpf;fhyj;ij cilaJ. ( 19 MtJ jpUj;jk; )
 ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhliu Muk;gpj;J itj;jy;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy; [dhjpgjpapd;
flikahFk;
 ,uz;liu tUlq;fSf;F gpd; [dhjpgjpahy; fiyf;fg;glf; $baJ ( 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; )
 rghehafu; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F jiyik jhq;Fthu;.
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;nfd nrayhsu; ehafk; ,Ug;ghu;.
 ghuhSkd;w $l;l elg;ngz; 20 MFk;.
 [dhjpgjp 02 khjq;fSf;F Nky; mku;it xj;jpitf;f KbahJ.
 [dhjpgjp 03 ehs; Kd; mwptpj;jYld; xj;jpitf;fg;gl;l
ghuhSkd;wj;ij $l;l KbAk;.
 fle;j fhyj;ij ghjpf;Fk; rl;lj;ij Mf;f KbAk;
 jdJ rl;lthf;f mjpfhuj;ij Jwf;fNth> ghuhjPdg;gLj;jNth KbahJ
 KO ,iwik mw;w miuFiw ,iwik nghUe;jpa jhgdkhFk;.
njhlu;G ……
 1978 Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo; rl;lj;JiwAk; epiwNtw;Wj;JiwAk; jdPj; jdpahd>

ntt;NtWgl;l Kiwapy; njupT nra;ag;glf;$ba epWtdq;fshf fhzg;gl;lhYk;
mtw;Wf;fpilapy; neUq;fpa njhlu;G fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp Xu; rl;lj;Jiw cWg;gpduy;y. vdpDk;
murpayikg;G tpjpfSf;F mikthf NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tpupthd
mjpfhuq;fSf;F ,zq;f ,tu; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lthf;fr; nrad;KiwAld; njhlu;GgLfpd;whu;.
 ,tu; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; thf;fspj;jy; jtpu;e;j ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; xUtUf;Fupa rfy

rYiffisAk; ngw;w xUthf fhzg;gLfpwhu;.
 murpayikg;G tpjpfSf;F ,zq;f ,tu; ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F tUif

juKbAk;. mjw;fhd jilfs; fpilahJ.
 murpayikg;gpw;fhd 18 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpw;F mika [dhjpgjp 03 khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw

ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F tUif ju Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 MfNt [dhjpgjp vr;re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F tUif juyhk; vd;gJ [dhjpgjp –

ghuhSkd;w njhlu;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;Ltij mtjhdpf;fyhk;
 [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nry;yTk;> mjd; KjyhtJ $l;lj;njhliu Muk;gpj;J itf;fTk;>
nfhs;if ciuia thrpf;fTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F nra;jpfis mDg;gTk;> mjid $l;lTk;
fiyf;fTk; mjd; mku;Tifs xj;jpitf;fTk; mjpfhuk; ngw;Ws;shu;. ,jd; %yk;
ghuhSkd;wj;Jld; ,tu; njhlu;GgLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 vdpDk; ,tu; ghuhSkd;wj;ij 2 ½ tUlq;fSf;F gpd;dNu fiyf;f KbAk;.

murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk;. ).vdpDk; mt; 2 ½ tUlj;jpw;Fs; Fwpj;j gpNuuiz
nfhz;L jd;id fiyf;FkhW $wpdhy; [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;ij fiyf;fyhk;. mNj Nghy; xNu
tuT nryTjpl;lk; ,U jlit Njhy;tpAWk; NghJ ghuhSkd;wk; fiyf;fg;gLk;. mNj Nghd;W
ghuhSkd;w $l;lj;njhliu 2 khjq;fSf;F Nky; xj;jpitf;f KbahJ.
 ghuhSkd;wj;ij xj;jpitf;fpd;w NghJ mLj;j mku;Tf;fhd jpfjpapid mwptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

vdpDk; 03 ehs; Kd; mwptpj;jYld; xj;jpitf;fg;gl;l my;yJ fiyf;fg;gl;l ghuhSkd;wj;ij
$l;l KbAk;. ,tUf;nfjpuhf Fw;wg;gpNuuiz ghuhSkd;w epfo;r;rp epuypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;lLs;s
Neuj;jpy; my;yJ mJ cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F nrd;Ws;s re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,tu; mjid fiyf;f
KbahJ.
 ,itahTk; ghuhSkd;wj;Jldhd ,tuJ njhlu;ig rpj;jupf;fpd;wd.

 mNjNghd;W kf;fs; jPu;g;gpD}lhfTk; [dhjpgjp rl;lthf;f nrad;KiwAld; njhlu;GgLtij
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. mjhtJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l xU rl;l %yj;ij [dhjpgjp
kf;fs; jPu;g;Gf;F tpl;L Fwpj;j rl;l %yk; njhlu;ghf ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fspDila
mq;fPfhuj;ij ngWtjD}lhf mjid rl;lkhf gpufldg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;shu;.
 ,q;F Fwpj;j rl;l %yj;ij kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F tpLk; mjpfhuk; [dhjpgjpf;Nf cz;L. ,jd; %yk;
,tu; rl;lthf;f nrad;KiwAld; njhlu;GgLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 [dhjpgjp gpd;tUk; rl;l%yq;fis kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F tpl KbAk;.
A. ghuhSkd;wpd; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikf;F Nkyjpfkhf kf;fs; jPu;g;gpd; %yk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;

vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;w rl;l %yq;fis [dhjpgjpNa kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F tpl KbAk;.
B. ghuhSkd;wk; epuhfupj;j rl;l %yj;ij [dhjpgjp kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F tpl;L mr;rl;l %yj;ij
rl;khf;f KbAk;. ( %y ahg;gpYk; > jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpYk; ,t;
Vw;ghL cs;sJ. vdpDk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 tJ jpUj;jj;jpy; ,t; Vw;ghL ePf;fg;gl;bUe;jik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ ).
,t; Vw;ghL [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F Nkyhf rl;lthf;fk; njhlu;ghf mjpfhuk; ngw tUtij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; [dhjpgjp nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpwhu;.
 ,J jtpu [dhjpgjp jdJ fUj;jpw;fikthf jhd; tpUk;Gfpd;w tplaq;fis kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F
tpl;L rl;lkhf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
 ,q;F kf;fs; jPu;g;gpw;F tplg;gl;L mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l rl;l %yj;ij [dhjpgjp “ Fwpj;j rl;l
%yj;ij ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sdu; vdf; $wp rl;lkhf gpufldg;gLj;j
Kd;tUtjd; %yk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; rl;lthf;f nrad;Kiwapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j Kidtij
fhzyhk;.
 mNjNghd;W mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; mjd; mq;fj;jtu; vd;w tifapy; [dhjpgjp rl;l

%yq;fisj; jahupg;gjpy; [dhjpgjp njhlu;GgLfpwhu;.
 mjhtJ mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; > mikr;Rg; nghWg;Gf;fis itj;jpUg;gtu; epjpaikr;ru; vd;w

tifapy; fle;jfhyq;fspy; [dhjpgjpfs; rl;lthf;fj;JiwAld; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sij
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 .cz;ikapy; rl;l %yq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; [dhjpgjpNa mbg;giladtuhf fhzg;gLtij
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 mNjNghd;W ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F rku;g;gpf;f cj;Njrpj;Js;s rl;l %Yq;fspd; ahg;GW jd;ikapid

Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf cau;ej P pkd;wj;jpw;F Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuKK; [dhjpgjpf;F cz;L
 mNjghd;W rl;l %ynkhd;W ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; tpthjj;jpw;Fl;gLk; NghJ mr;rl;l %yk;
njhlu;ghd tpthjj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wf; $ba tha;gG
; k; [dhjpgjpf;F fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 NkYk; %y ahg;gpw;fika [dhjpgjp vt;tpj tiuaiwAkpd;wp ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis

mikr;ru;fshf khw;Wtjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpid ngw;wpUe;jikahdJ mtu; ghuhSkd;w
nraw;ghLfspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j fhuzkhfpaJ. mjhtJ mikr;ru;fis jd; trkhf;fpajd;
%yk; ghuhSkd;w nraw;ghLfspy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpdhu;.
 vdpDk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpy; mikr;ruitapd; vz;zpf;if

tiuaWf;fg;gl;lik ,jid njhlu;e;J te;j jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ
jpUj;jj;jpYk; ,t;thwhd Vw;ghL fhzg;gLfpd;wik vd;gtw;wpD}lhf me;epiy XusT
Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vdyhk;. ,t;thW ghuhSkd;wKk; [dhjpgjpAk; njhlu;Ggl tUtij
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
 ,t;thW [dhjpgjpahdtu; ghuhSkd;wj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk;

ghuhSkd;wk; [dhjpgjpia fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $ba Vw;gLfs; mjpfk; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy
 ghuhSkd;wk; [dhjpgjp kPjhd Fw;wg;gpNuuizia nfhz;L te;J epiwNtw;wf; $ba

mjpfhuj;jpid khj;jpuk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk; mJ eilKiwapy; ,yFthdnjhU
tplaky;y : fbdkhd fhupakhf cs;sJ.
 mjhtJ ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fshy; [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf nfhz;L Fw;wg;gpNuuiz tug;gLfpwJ.
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; vtUk; rghehafUf;F Kftup ,l;L mDg;Gk; fbjj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW
Fwpg;gplg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;
“kdg;gytPdq;fs; my;yJ clw;gytPdk; fhuzkhf [dhjpgjp mtuJ gjtpf;Fupa gzpfis

epiwNtw;Wtjw;F epue;jukhf ,ayhJ cs;shu; vd rhl;Lfpd;w NghJ my;yJ murpayikg;gpid
Ntz;Lnkd;Nw kPWjy;> Njrj;JNuhfk; Gupe;j Fw;wk;> ,yQ;rk; ngw;w Fw;wk; > jdJ gjtpf;Fupa
mjpfhuq;fis J~;gpuNahfk; nra;jikia cs;slf;fpa Ju;elj;ijf;fhd my;yJ CoYf;fhd
Fw;wk; kw;Wk; xOf;ff;Nfl;il cl;gLj;Jk; VNjDk; rl;lj;jpd; fPohd jtW”
Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; VNjDk; xd;wpw;F my;yJ midj;NjhLk; [dhjpgjp njhlu;Ggl;Ls;shu; mjw;F

cl;gl;Ls;shu; : vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjid cau; ePjpkd;wk; tprhuiz nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd
rghehafuplk; mwpf;ifapid rku;g;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,f;Fw;wg;gpNuuizia ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ik

ifnaghg;gkpl;L my;yJ rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdu;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;L rghehafuplk;
rku;g;gpf;fyhk;. 2 /3 ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdu;fs; ifnahg;gkpl;l Fw;wg;gpNuuiziz rghehafu;
kWg;gpd;wp tpthjj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sjt; Ntz;Lk;. rhjhuz ngUk;ghd;ik cWg;gpdu;fs;
ifnahg;gkpl;l Fw;wg;gpNuuizia [dhjpgjp tpUk;gpd; tpthjj;jpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;shJ tplyhk;.
 ,t;thW rghehafuplk; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l Fw;wg;gpNuuiz ghuhSkd;w epfo;r;rp epuypy; Nru;f;fg;gl;L
tpthjj;jpd; gpd;du; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikahy; epiwNtw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;du; Fwpj;j gpNuuiz
cau; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tprhupf;fg;gl;L Fw;wnkd jPu;g;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Gpd;du; kPz;Lk; mJ
ghuhSkd;wpy; 2 /3 ngUk;ghd;ikahy; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w NghNj [dhjpgjp gjtp ePf;fg;gLthu; :.
 vdNt [dhjpgjpia gjtp ePf;Ftnjd;gJ ,yFthd tplaky;y. mJ fbdkhdJ vd;gJ

njspthfpwJ.
KbTiu :
MfNt NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fspid njhFj;J Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ [dhjpgjpf;Fk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpid mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. ,j;njhlu;Gr; nrad;KiwapYk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpid tpl [dhjpgjpNa caupa ,lk;ngw tUtjid ehq;fs; njspthf fz;L
nfhs;syhk;.
khztu;fSf;fhf
f.ngh.j cau;ju murwptpay; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthf murwptpay; ghl rpNu~;l MrpupaUk;>
vOj;jhsUkhd V.rP.vk;. gsPy; M.A ( Political Science ) mtu;fSk; kw;Wk; a+.vy;. nra;Dyhg;jPd;
( B.A ) Dip.in.Edu mtu;fSk; ,ize;J murwptpay; Kjy; 08 myFfSf;fhd gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fSk;
tpilfSk;> RUf;f tpdhf;fSk; tpilfSk; > fl;Liu tpdhf;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa E}y;
xd;wpid ntspapl;Ls;shu;fs;. ,e;E}y; khztu;fSf;F ngUk; topfhl;bahf mikAk; vd;gjpy; vt;tpj
IaKkpy;iy. E}ypd; tpiy : 650 &ghthFk;. : njhlu;GfSf;F : yq;fh Gj;jfrhiy : 077 3911 98
cq;f; Sf;F mUfpYs;s Gj;jfrhiyfspYk; fpilf;Fk;. mg;gb ,y;yhtpl;lhy; NkYs;s njhiyNgrp
,yf;fj;Jld; njhlu;G nfhs;Sq;fs;
,J tpahghu Nehf;fpy; ,lk; ngwtpy;iy. khztu;fshfpa cq;fSf;F

topfhl;Lk; Nehf;fpy; gjptplg;gLfpwJ.
“fw;gtdhf ,U : my;yJ fw;gpg;gtdhf ,U : my;yJ fw;gtDf;F cjTgtdhf ,U :

ehd;fhktdhf ,Ue;J tplhNj”
THANK YOU
1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp : Xu; mwpKfk;.
✓ ,yq;if Fbaurpd; jiytu;.

✓ [dhjpgjp Ntl;ghsuhf xUtu; Nghl;baplf; $ba taJ 30 MFk;. (
murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jk; )
✓ kf;fshy; Neubahf njupT nra;ag;gLfpwhu;.
✓ mur ,ae;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyak;.
✓ 05 tUl gjtpf;fhyk; nfhz;ltu;. ( murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ
jpUj;jk; )
✓ 02 tUl jlitfs; khj;jpuNk Nghl;baplyhk;.( murpayikg;gpw;fhd
19MtJ jpUj;jk; )
✓ 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR murpayikg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjpaplk;
midj;Jtpjkhd mjpfhuq;fSk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL
mt;tjpfhuq;fis Rje;jpukhf nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd gpd;zdp
murpayikg;gpD}lhf [dhjpgjpf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
✓ Nju;jy; %yk; njupthfpAs;s rl;lthf;fj;Jiwapd; tpUg;G ntWg;GfSf;F

Mshfky; tYkpf;f epiwNtw;Wduhf [dhjpgjp gjtp murpayikg;gpd; %yk;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
✓ murpayikg;gpd; %yk; murpd; jiytu;> murhq;fj;jpd; jiytu;>

epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytu;> Kg;gilfspd; fl;lis jsgjp vd;gd
[dhjpgjpf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;L mtw;Wf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk;
nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ vt;tpj fl;Lg;ghLfSf;Fk; cl;glhj tifapy; Vw;ghLfs;
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd.
✓ ,jw;F Nkyhf epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf;F fPohf mike;j rl;lthf;fj;Jiw
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. cjhuzkhf [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhd
ghuhSkd;wk; xd;W fhzg;gLk; NghJ mt;thwhd ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ,Ue;J
ghJfhg;G ngWtjw;fhd fUj;Jf;fzpg;G mjpfhuj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mjpfhuk; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
✓ ,jdbg;gilapy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; epuhfupf;fg;gl;l murpayikg;gpid

khw;wj;jpw;Fl;gLj;jhj tifapyhd rl;l%yq;fisg; nghJ[d
mgpg;gpuhaj;jpd; Clhf kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fzpg;gpizg; ngw;W
nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd ,aYikapid [dhjpgjp ngw;wpUe;jhu;.
✓ ,t;thwhd topKiwfs; Clhf ghuhSkd;wk; xUGwk;
Nfypf;fplkhf;fg;gl;lNjhL kWGWk; [dhgjpgjp gjtp NkYk;
tYg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikapidAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
✓ ePjpj;Jiw kPjhd epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; mjpfhuq;fis ghu;f;Fk; NghJ

Nky;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpgjpfis epakpg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuj;jpid
[dhjpgjp ngw;Ws;shu;. ,q;F %y ahg;gpid tpl XusT mjpfhuk;
ePjpj;Jiw tplaj;jpy; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
✓ mur NritapYk; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw nry;thf;F kpf;fjhf cs;sJ. mur

NritahdJ murpay; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwahd mikr;ruitapd; fPo;
epWtg;gl;Ls;sNjhL mt; mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhf [dhjpgjp
nraw;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
✓ ,q;F mikr;ruitapd; mikg;gpid jPu;khdpg;gjpy; > mikr;ruitapid
cUthf;Ftjpy; [dhjpgjp gpujhd eguhf nraw;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
✓ me;j mbg;gilapy; %y ahg;gpd; fPo; epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwaplk; mjpfhuk;

Ftpf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapid njspthfpwJ.
✓ murpayikg;gpw;fhd 17 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ ,t; Vw;ghLfs; kPJ rpy

tiuaiwfis tpjpj;jpUe;jJ. ,q;F [dhjpgjp Mizf;FOf;fSf;F
jiytu;fisAk; mjpfhupfisAk; epakpf;Fk; NghJ murpayikg;G
Nguitapd; rpghuprpid ngw Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
✓ vdpDk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 18 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ ,t;tiuaiwfis

jfu;j;jpaNjhL [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhu epiyapid NkYk; gyg;gLj;jpapUe;jJ.
,q;F [dhjpgjp vj;jid jlit Ntz;LkhdhYk gjtp tfpf;fyhk; vd;w
Vw;ghnly;yhk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
✓ ,j;jpUj;jj;jpy; 03 khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw [dhjpgjp ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
r%fkspf;f Ntz;Lk; > ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; Ngupy;
epakdq;fis toq;f Ntz;Lk; Nghd;w Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gl;lhYk; ,itAk;
mtUf;F rhu;ghfNt mike;jpUe;jd vdyhk;. mjhtJ [dhjpgjp 03
khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F r%fkspj;jhYk; jhd; nra;j
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf ve;jg; nghWg;Gf;$Wk; jd;ikAk; ,jpy;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; ghuhSkd;w Nguitapid kPwp epakdj;ij
toq;Fk; epiyAk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
✓ kPz;Lk; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 19 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ ,t; Vw;ghLfs; kPJ rpy

tiuaiwfis tpjpj;jJ. mjhtJ [dhjpgjp 4 ½ tUlj;jpw;F Kd;
ghuhSkd;wj;ij fiyf;fKbahJ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;lik > ,U jlitfs;
khj;jpuNk gjtp tfpf;f KbAk; [dhjpgjp epakdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
NghJ murpayikg;G Nguitapd; rpghupRfSf;F mika Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sikapid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
✓ vdpDk; jw;Nghija murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jkhdJ
[dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fis gyg;gLj;jpAs;sikapid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
mjhtJ mikr;ru;fs; njhlu;ghf [dhjpgjpf;Fs;s mjpfhuk;> [dhjpgjp
tpUk;Gfpd;w NghJ gpujkiu gjtp ePf;fpd;w epiy> rpy cau;
gjtpfSf;fhd Ml;fis jd; ,\;lg;gb epakpf;f Ntz;ba epiy>
ghuhSkd;wk; epuhfupj;j tplaq;fis kf;fs; jPu;g;Gf;F tpl;L
rl;lkhf;Ffpd;w epiy [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhf cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tof;F
jhf;fy; nra;a Kbahj epiy fhzg;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
✓ vdpDk; mtu; ghuhSkd;wj;ij 2 ½ tUlq;fSf;F Kd; fiyf;f Kbahj

epiy> mikr;Rf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapid jPu;khdpf;Fk; NghJ
murpayikg;gpd; tpjpfSf;fika mjid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiy>
NkYk; gfpuq;f Nrit mYtyfu;fs; > Nky;ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfis
ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; Ngupy; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiy
Nghd;w rpy Vw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLtijAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;
✓ Kbthf $Wk; NghJ> 1978 Mk; Mz;L %y murpayikg;ghdJ
[dhjpgjpapd; epiyapid gyg;gLj;jpapUe;jikAk; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk; nfhz;L
tug;gl;l murpayikg;gpw;fhd jpUj;jq;fs; mjpy; khw;wq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpaikapidAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,t;thW khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L
tug;gbDk; mit [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhu Ftpg;gpy; KOikahd khw;wj;ij
Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. jw;NghJ nry;thf;F kpf;f eguhf
[dhjpgjp fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
THANK YOU
POLITICAL SCIENCE
1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;if

ePjpj;Jiw fl;likg;G
njhFg;ghf;fk; : R. m`kl; m`;rd;

murpay; tpN\lj;Jiw
‘,yq;if njd;fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;’ > xYtpy;
❖ 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; fPo; ePjpia epu;tfpf;f mJ njhlu;ghd
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s ePjpkd;wq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ,it ,U
fl;likg;Gf;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
✓ Nky;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs;
✓ fPo; epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; ( Kjy;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; )
❖ Nky;epiy ePjpkd;wk; vd;w tifapy; ,U ePjpkd;wq;fs; cs;sd. ,it

murpayikg;gpd; gpufhuk; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd
✓ cau; ePjpkd;wk;
✓ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
❖ fPo; epiy ePjpkd;wq;fs; vd;w tifapy; gpd;tUk; ePjpkd;wq;fs;

cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. ,it ghuhSkd;wr; rl;lj;jpD}lhf jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
✓ Nky;epiy ePjpkd;wk;
✓ khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;
✓ ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk;
✓ epaha rigfs;
cau; ePjpkd;wk;
✓ ,yq;ifapd; KbthdJk; NkyhdJkhd ePjpkd;wk;.

✓ %y ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; 06 f;F Fiwahj 10f;F Nkw;glhj ePjpauru;fisf;
nfhz;bUe;jJ
✓ murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; gpujk ePjpauriuAk; > 06
f;F Fiwahj 16f;F Nkw;glhj Vida ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
✓ ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjp ,tu;fis epakpg;ghu;.
Mdhy; [dhjpgjp ,t;tplaj;jpy; ghuhSkd;w Nguitapy; mjpfstpy;
jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba mtrpakpy;iy.
✓ cau; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfs; 65 taJ tiu gjtp tfpg;gu;.
✓ Mdhy; ,tu;fis ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; [dhjpgjp gjtp ePf;f KbAk;. ,jw;F

,tu;fSf;nfjpuhf ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Fw;wg;gpNuuiz nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;
✓ ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 1/3 gFjpapdu; ifnahg;gkpl;L epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w
Fw;wg;gpNuuiz [dhjpgjpf;F mDg;gp itf;fpd;w NghJ [dhjpgjp tpUk;gpdhy;
,tu;fis gjtp ePf;fyhk;.
cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
✓ murpayikg;gpid ghJfhj;jy;
ghuhSkd;wk; epiwNtw;Wk; rl;l kNrhjhf;fspd; ahg;GW jd;ikapid guprPyid

nra;Ak; ePjp Kd;Gzuha;T mjpfhuj;ij cau; ePjpkd;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.
✓ mbg;gil cupikfis ghJfhj;jy;
mbg;gil cupikfSf;Fl;gl;l xU egu; xU khj fhyj;jpw;Fs; cau; ePjpkd;wpy;

KiwaPL nra;J ePjpj;jPu;g;gpid ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
✓ ,Wjp Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wkhf nraw;gly;
,jd;gb Vida ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Nkd;KiwaPl;L tof;Ffis tprhupj;J jPu;g;G

toq;Ffpd;w mjpfhuk; cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cz;L.
✓ MNyhrid toq;Fk; mjpfhuk;
[dhjpgjp nghJ[d Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU rl;l gpur;rpid my;yJ

epfo;Tg; gpur;rpid vOe;Js;sJ my;yJ tuf;$Lk; vdf; fUjpdhy; mJ
njhlu;ghf cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; MNyhridia ngw KbAk;
✓ Nju;jy; Ml;Nrgid kDf;fis tprhuiz nra;jy;
[dhjpgjp Nju;jy;> kf;fs; jPu;g;G njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs; kw;Wk; ,J jtpu;e;j

Vida ghuhSkd;w khfhzrig > cs;Suhl;rp kd;w Nju;jy;fSf;fhd
Nkd;KiwaPLfis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mjpfhuj;ij cau; ePjpkd;wk;
ngw;Ws;sJ.
✓ ghuhSkd;w rpwg;Gupik njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;

Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk;
✓ ,yq;if ePjpkd;w fl;likg;gpy; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F mLj;j ];jhdj;jpy;

,Uf;Fk; ePjpkd;wkhFk;.
✓ %y ahg;gpd; gb Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w jiytu; cl;gl 06f;F Fiwahj
11f;F Nkw;glhj ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jJ
✓ Mdhy; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk;
,e;ePjpkd;wkhdJ Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w jiytu; xUtiuAk;> 06f;F
Fiwahj 19f;F Nkw;glhj Vida ePjpgjpfisAk; nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpwJ.
✓ ,tu;fs; ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; Ngupy; [dhjpgjpahy;

epakp;f;fg;gLtu;.
✓ ,e;ePjpgjpfs; 63 taJ tiu gjtp tfpg;gu; Mdhy; ,tu;fis
,ilf;fhyj;jpy; [dhjpgjp gjtp ePf;f KbAk;. ,jw;F ,tu;fSf;nfjpuhf
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Fw;wg;gpNuuiz nfhz;L tug;gl Ntz;Lk;
;
✓ ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 1/3 gFjpapdu; ifnahg;gkpl;L epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;w
Fw;wg;gpNuuiz [dhjpgjpf;F mDg;gp itf;fpd;w NghJ [dhjpgjp tpUk;gpdhy;
,tu;fis gjtp ePf;fyhk;
mjpfhuq;fs; :
✓ fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; jtWfis jpUj;Jjy;

✓ fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Nkd;KiwaPl;L tof;Ffis tprhupj;J jPu;g;G
toq;Fjy;
✓ fPo;epiy ePjpkd;wq;fspd; gjpTfis guPrPypj;jy;
✓ ghuhSkd;w Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd Ml;Nrgiz kZf;fis tprhupj;jy;
✓ Ml;nfhzu;T vOj;jhid jtpu;e;j Vida vOj;jhidfis toq;Fjy;
✓ rpiw nra;ag;gl;ltu;fis nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mfw;Wtjw;Fk; mDkjp
toq;Fjy;
Nky;epiy ePjpkd;wk;
✓ 1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; gb Nky;ej

P pkd;w Fw;wtpay;
mjpfhuq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; mjpAau;epiyapYs;s ePjpkd;wk; khtl;l
ePjpkd;wkhFk;. ,e;ePjpgjpfs; ePjpr;Nrit Mnizf;Fotpd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy;
[dhjpgjpahy; epakpf;fg;gLtu;. ,t; Mizf;FOtpd; rpghuprpd; Ngupy;
[dhjpgjpahy; ePf;fg;gLtu;.
✓ ,e;ePjpgjpfs; jq;fs; ifg;gl [dhjpgjpf;F Kftup ,l;L mDg;gg;gLk;

fbjj;jpd; %yk; jkJ gjptpia ,uh[pdhkh nra;ayhk;. Tof;F
tprhuizfspd; gpd; Fw;wthspahf fUjg;gLk; xUtUf;F kuz jz;liz
tpjpf;fyhk;. ,tu;fs; Xa;T ngWk; taJ 61 MFk;.
✓ mjpfhuq;fs; : ghupa Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs; > flw;gug;G

njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;> ,yq;ifau; xUtu; ntspehl;by; Gupe;j
Fw;wr;nray;fis tprhuiz nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;
khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;
✓ ,yq;ifapy; ,d;W tiu 54 khtl;l ePjpkd;wq;fs; cs;sd. ,e;ej

P pgjpfs;
midtUk; ePjpgjpfis epakpf;Fk; ePf;Fk; nghWg;G ePjpr;Nrit
Mizf;FOupajhFk;.
✓ ,e;ej
P pkd;wj;jhy; jPuf
; ;fg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; : tpthfk; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;>
tUkhd tof;Ffs;> td;Gzu;T tof;Ffs;> fhzp tof;Ffs;.
ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk;
✓ Muk;gepiy ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs; ,e;ePjpkd;wq;fSf:FupaJ.

✓ nghJthf 2 tUlq;fSf;F Nkw;glhj 1500 &ghTf;F Nkw;glhj
jz;lg;gzj;jhy; jz;bf;fg;gLk; Fw;wq;fis tprhuiz nra;Ak;
jj;JtKilaJ
✓ ,e;ePjpkd;wk; tprhuiz nra;Ak; tof;Ffs; : nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg;G
njhlu;ghd Fw;wr; nray;fs;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd Fw;wr;nray;fs;> mur
Copau;fs; njhlu;ghd Fw;wr;nray;fs;
,t;thW 1978 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd;

ePjpj;Jiw fl;likg;G gw;wp mwpayhk;.
THANK YOU
1978 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gp;d; fPo; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO
njhFg;ghf;fk; : R. m`kl; m`;rd;

murpay; tpN\lj;Jiw
‘,yq;if njd;fpof;F gy;fiyf;fofk;’ > xYtpy;
✓ fPo;epiy ePjpkd;
z w ePjpgjpfspd; epakdk; > ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpAau;T> xOf;fhw;W
eltbf;iffs; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; > ePjpkd;wq;fSf;Fupa Vida gzpahsu;
epakdk;> ,lkhw;wk;> gjtpAau;T> xOf;fhw;W eltbf;if vd;gtw;iwAk;
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
✓ ,t; Mizf;FO 03 cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; xUtu; jiytuhf

flikahw;Wthu;. murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd; gpufhuk; ,t;
Mizf;Fotpd; jiytu; jtpu;e;j kw;iwa ,U cWg;gpdu;fSk; ghuhSkd;w
Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; fPo; [dhjpgjpapdhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
✓ ,t; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; jiytu; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gpujk ePjpauru;

Mthu;. Vida ,U cWg;gpdu;fSk; cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; flikahw;Wfpd;w
ePjpgjpfshf fhzg;gLtu;.
✓ ,e;ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO ghuhSkd;w Nguitapd; mtjhdpg;gpd; fPo;

epakpf;fg;gLk; nrayhsu; xUtiuAk; nfhz;lJ.
✓ ,e;ePjzpr;Nrit Mizf;Fotpd; jiytu; jtpu Vida
cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; 03 tUlq;fshFk;. vdpDk;
kPz;Lk; ,tu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl tha;g;G fhzg;gLfpwJ.
✓ ,tu;fsJ gjtp gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,y;yhky; NghFk;.

- jhq;fshfNt ,uh[pdhkh nra;fpd;w NghJ
- Xa;T ngWtjdhy;
- [dhjpgjpapdhy; gjtp eP;f;fg;gLk; NghJ
( %yahg;gpd; gpufhuKk;> murpayikg;gpw;fhd 20 MtJ

jpUj;jg;gbAk; [dhjpgjp ,tu;fis jd;tpUg;gg;gb gjtpapypUe;J
ePf;fyhk;>Mdhy; murpayikg;gpw;fhd 17> 19 MtJ jpUj;jj;jpd;
gpufhuk; murpayikg;G Nguitapd; mq;fPfhuk; mtrpakhFk; )
-
z
✓ ,t;Mizf;FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fupa rk;gsk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L jpul;L epjpapypUe;J toq;fg;gLk;. gjtpf;fhyj;jpd;
NghJ rk;gsk; Fiwf;fg;gl KbahJ.
✓ ,t; ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; nraw;ghl;by; jiyaPLtJ

ghjpg;G nrYj;j Kw;gLtJ jz;lizf;Fupa Fw;wkhFk;
✓ mt;thW nraw;gl;l Fw;wthspf;F 100>000 Nkw;glhj jz;lg; gzk;

my;yJ 03 tUl rpiwj; jz;liz my;yJ ,t;tpU jz;lidAk;
Nru;j;J tpjpf;fg;gLk;. ,J njhlu;ghd tof;F Nky; ePjpkd;wpy;
,lk;ngWk;.
✓ ,t; Vw;ghLfs; ahTk; ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuj;ij XusT NgZtjhf

mike;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
z
THANK YOU
murpaw; fl;rp
nghJthd Nehf;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; murpay; mjpfhuj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; xOq;fike;Js;s FONt murpay; fl;rpnad
vspikahf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jyhk;. etPd gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;jpid
(Representative Democracy) nraw;gLj;Jk; Clfkhfmurpay; fl;rpKiw
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
kf;fs; jkJ murpay; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jk;; mNjNeuk; murpay;

nraw;ghLfspy; njhlu;GWk; gpujhd ClfkhfTk; murpay; fl;rpKiw
,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
19Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j gpupj;jhdpa murpay; rpe;jidahsuhd vl;kd;l;
Ngu;f; Kd;itj;j tiutpyf;fzNk gioikahd tiutpyf;fzkhFk;. mJ
gpd;tUkhW “fl;rp vd;gJ kdpj FOnthd;W jhk; midtUk; ,zq;Ffpd;w
VjhtnjhU nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa mgpyhirfisj; jkJ $l;L
Kaw;rpapd; Clhf Nkk;gLj;Jk; Nehf;fj;ijf; nfhz;L Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;sg;gLk; xOq;fikg;ghFk;”. me;jtifapy; murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ Njrpa
epfo;r;rp epuiy topg;gLj;Jtjhf kdpju;fspdhy; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s murpay;
xOq;fikg;ghFk;. jq;fsJ Nehf;fk; njhlu;ghf mk;kdpju;fspilNa nghJ
,zf;fg;ghLk; fhzg;gLk;.
vt;thW ,Ug;gpDk;murpaw; fl;rpfs; njhlu;ghd tiutpyf;fzq;fs; murpay;
fl;rpfs; njhlu;ghf Muha;e;Js;s ehd;F Kd;dzp murwptpayhsu;fshy;
murpay; fl;rp njhlu;ghf Kd;itf;fg;gl;litahFk;. mtu;fspd; fUj;Jfs;
murpay; fl;rp njhlu;ghd etPd Nfhl;ghLfspy; Neubj; jhf;fj;jpid
nrYj;jpAs;sJ. mtw;iwf; fPo;tUkhW Nehf;f KbAk;.
01. N[hrg; V \{k;gPl;lu; vd;gtu; jdJ Kjyhspj;Jtk;> NrhryprKk; kw;Wk;

[dehafKk; vDk; E}ypy; “murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xd;wpize;J gq;Fgw;Wtjid jkJ
Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l kdpju;fisf; nfhz;l FO murpay; fl;rpahFk;”
02. [pNahthdp rhNjhup vd;gtu; jdJ murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; fl;rp

KiwfSk;@ xU gFg;gha;Tf;fhd rl;lfk; vDk; E}ypy; “murpay; fl;rp
vd;gJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t ngau; xd;wpdhy; miof;fg;gLtJk;> Nju;jy;fspy;
Nghl;bapLfpd;wJk;> murhq;fj;jpd; gjtpfis ngw;W nfhs;tjw;fhf
Ntl;ghsu;fis Kd;itf;Fk; jpwid nfhz;lJkhkhd murpay;
FOthFk;."
03. ypNahd; b vg;];lapd; vd;gtu; jdJ murpay; fl;rpfSk; kw;Wk;

Nkw;fj;Nja [dehafKk; vDk; E}ypy; “VjhtnjhU milahs
rpd;dj;Jld; murhq;fj;jpd; gjtpfSf;F njupT nra;ag;gLtjid
vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;w ve;j xU FOthFk;”
04. N[hrg; yh ngnyhk;ghuh vd;gtu; jdJ Njrq;fSs; murpay; vDk;

E}ypy; “murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ jdpahfNth my;yJ $l;lzpapy;
,ize;Njh murhq;f nghwpKiwapid epUtfpf;f egu;fis epakpg;gjid
jkJ mbg;gil Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;l Kiwahd xOq;fikg;ghFk;.”
Jareesh Page 2
Fwpj;j tiutpyf;fzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murpay; fl;rp
vd;gjid mur mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;W nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;L
,ize;Js;s kdpju;fisf; nfhz;l murpay; xOq;fikg;ghFk; vdyhk;.
,e;Nehf;fj;ijf; nfhz;L murpay; fl;rp mq;fj;jtu;fisr; Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;fpd;wJ> kf;fis murpay; uPjpahf ,af;Ffpd;wJ. fUj;jpay; kw;Wk;
topKiwfis kf;fSf;F Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLfpd;wJ.
kw;iwa fl;rpfSld; murpay; Nghl;bapy; <LgLfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy;
murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ etPd gpujpepjpj;Jt rdehafj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l
ClfkhFk;.
,yq;if murpaw; fl;rpKiwapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfs; my;yJ

,ay;Gfs;.
,yq;ifapd; murpay; fl;rp tuyhw;wpy; gy;Ntwhd ,ay;Gfisf;
fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. nghJthf ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspYk;
gy;NtW tpjkhd tsu;r;rpf;fl;lq;fis ,yq;ifapd; fl;rpKiw mile;J
te;Js;sJ. ,j;jfa tsu;r;rpf;fl;lq;fis gpd;tUk; ,U fhyfl;lq;fspy;
NtWgLj;jpg; ghu;f;f KbAk;.
01. Muk;g fhyk; Kjy; 2019 tiuahd fhyg;gFjp.
02. 2019Kjy; fl;rpKiw tsu;;r;rp ,ay;Gfs;.
Muk;g fhyk; Kjy; 2019 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapd; ,ay;Gfs;
01. gpujhd fl;rpfs; ,uz;bidAk; rpwpa fl;rpfs; gytw;iwAk; nfhz;l gy
fl;rp KiwikNa ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nju;jy; jpizf;fsj;jpy;
gjpT nra;jpUe;j NghJk;> vy;yh rpwpa fl;rpfSk; ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;lit my;y. 20019.09.27 md;W Nju;jy;
jpizf;fsj;jpy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s fl;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if 70 MFk;.
,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit nraw;ghl;L murpaypy; ,y;iy. vdNt
murpay; Nehf;fk; nfhz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;bUe;jNghjpYk; ,yq;ifapd;
fl;rpfspy; gy cwq;F epiyapNyNa fhzg;gLtJ ,yq;iff;
fl;rpKiwapd; gz;GfshFk;.
02. ,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfs; nraw;gLk; Kiwikf;F mika
Mjpf;fKs;s ,U fl;rp KiwNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. If;fpa Njrpa fl;rp
(I. Nj. f.) kw;Wk; = yq;fh Rje;jpu fl;rp (=. R. f.) vd;gd
,k;Kjd;ikf; fl;rpfshFk;. Nju;jypd;NghJ mjpf thf;F tPjj;jpidg;
ngWtJk;> mjpf Mrdq;fisg; ngw;W nfhs;tJk;> murhq;fj;jpd; Nfe;jpu
epiyiag; ngw;W nfhs;tJk; ,t; ,U fl;rpfshFk;.
03. Njrpa uPjpapy; ,U gpujhd fl;rpfs; Mjpf;fk; ngWtJld;> khfhz kw;Wk;
cs;sf kl;lq;fspy; rpWghd;ikf; fl;rpfs; Mjpf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; K];ypk;fs; kj;jpapy; =yq;fh K];ypk;
fhq;u];> mfpy ,yq;if kf;fs; fhq;u]; kw;Wk; jkpo; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;
jkpo; Njrpaf; $l;likg;G Nghd;w rpWghd;ik vd;gdNt Mjpf;fk; ngw;W
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,jd; fhuzkhf Njrpaf; fl;rpfs; gytPdkile;J
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
04. 1988fspd; gpd;dNu mjpfkhd murpaw; fl;rpfs; Njw;wk; ngw;wd. Vnddpy;
,t;thz;Nl Kjd; Kjyhf tpfpjhrhuj; Nju;jy; Kiw %yk;
Jareesh Page 3
ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. tpfpjhrhuj; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; %yk;
rpWghd;ikapdu; mjpf Mrdq;fisg; ngw KbAk; vDk; vLNfhs;fspd;
gpd;dzpapy; gy;Ntwhd rpWghd;ikf; fl;rpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
05. ,uz;L gpujhd fl;rpfs; kj;jpaYk; fhzg;gLk; thf;F tq;fpahdJ
XusT rk mstpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jid mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy;
,lk;ngw;w rfy Nju;jy;fSk; ,jidj; njspTgLj;Jfpd;wd.
06. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp xU gytPdkhd epiyia mile;J tUtJ
ftdpf;fj;jf;fjhFk;. Fwpg;ghf [dhjpgjp gpNukjhrhtpd; kuzj;jpd ;
gpd;du; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp xU trPfuj; jiyikj;Jtj;ij ,d;wsTk;
,oe;J fhzg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. 1994 njhlf;fk; 2015 tiu ,lk;ngw;w
Rkhu; 05 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypYk; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpahy; ntw;wpngw
Kbatpy;iy. 2010y; gPy;l; khu;\y; ruj; nghd;NrfhitAk;>
2015Kd;idaehs; [dhjpgjp ikj;jpupghy rpwNrditAk; [dhjpgjp
Ntl;ghsu;fshf fskpwf;fpaik If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; murpay;
gytPdj;ijf; fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ.
07. kuGrhu; ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfshd yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rp> fk;A+dp];l;
fl;rpfs; gykpoe;J murpay; tpyhrkw;W tUfpd;wd. mNjNtis kf;fs;
tpLjiy Kd;dzp murpayp;y; ,Ug;Gf; nfhz;Ls;s NghjpYk;> 2008
khu;r;rpy; ,f;fl;rpahdJ ,uz;lhfg; gpsTw;W tpky; tPutd;r
jiyikapyhd fl;rpahdJ Njrpa Rje;jpu Kd;dzp vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.
njhlue;Jk; kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp mEuFkhu jprhehaf;fhtpd;
jiyikapy; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
08. ,yq;ifapy; cUthfp tUk; K];ypk; kw;Wk; rpq;fs ,dKWfy;fs;
mjd;NghJ murpay; fl;rpfs; fhl;Lfpd;w Kidg;Gfs; vd;gdtw;iwf;
fUj;jpw; nfhz;L fl;rpKiwahdJ Gjpa jpUg;gq;fis ngw;W tUfpd;wJ.
,jd; gadhf K];ypk;fs; K];ypk; rhu;fl;rpfs; kPJ ek;gpf;if ,oe;J
tUtijf; fhzyhk;.
2019Kjy; fl;rpKiw tsu;;r;rp ,ay;Gfs;.
01. Mjpf;fKs;s ,Ufl;rp Kiwikf;F Nkyjpfkhf ,yq;ifapd; murpay;
tuyhw;wpy; fl;rpKiw 2019fspd; ,WjpapYk; 2020d; Muk;gj;jpYk; Gjpa
jpUg;gj;jpidf; fz;lJ. ,jd; gpufhuk; 2019y; nghJ[d nguKd vDk;
fl;rpapd; Ntl;ghsu; Nfhj;jgha uh[gf;\ [dhjpgjpahdikahy;
,yq;ifapy; Mjpf;fKs;s %d;whtJ fl;rp vDk; me;j];j;jpw;F ngJ[d
nguKd te;Js;sJ. mj;Jld; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; [dhjpgjp
Ntl;ghsu; r[pj; gpNukjhr If;fpa Njrpa fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J tpyfp jw;NghJ
If;fpa kf;fs; rf;jp vDk; fl;rpia Muk;gpj;Js;shu;. ,tu; jw;Nghija
vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhf nraw;gLtjd; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy;
Mjpf;fKs;s 4 fl;rpfs; ,aq;fp tUtijf; fhzyhk;.
02. kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpahdJ 2019 y; [dhjpgjp Nju;jyp;y;
Nghl;bapl;ljd; fhuzkhf xU gykhd epiyapid vl;btUfpd;wJ vdf;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
03. ,yq;ifapd; fl;rpKiw tuyhw;wpy; Gjpa xU kNdh epiyapid
2019fspd; gpd;du; murpay; fl;rpfs; ngw;Ws;sd. Fwpg;ghf rpWghd;ik
Mjutpd;wp ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Ml;rpaikj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fU tYg;
ngw;wJ. Fwpg;ghf 2019 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; jdp rpq;fs kf;fsJ
Jareesh Page 4
thf;fpdhy; khj;jpuNk jhd; njupT nra;ag;gl;ljhf [dhjpgjp
Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jik ,jw;F rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
04. ,yq;ifapd; ghuk;gupa Njrpaf;; fl;rpfshd If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp kw;Wk;
rpwpyq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp vd;gd jkJ murpay; tpyhrj;ij ,oe;J
epw;Fk; mNjNtis nghJ[d nguKd vjpu;tUk; ghuhSkdwj; Nju;jypy;
murhq;fk; mikf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; fskpwq;fpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; If;fpa
kf;fs; rf;jpj; jiytu; vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiytuhf nraw;gLk; mNj Ntis
,f;fl;rpahdJ 2020 ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jypy; fskpwq;fpAs;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
05. 2019y; ,lk;ngw;w capu;j;j QhapW jhf;Fjiy mLj;J> Njrpa uPjpahd
murpaw;fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; rpq;fs murpaw; fl;rpfs; rpq;fs kf;fspd; thf;F
tq;fpapid ,yf;F itj;J K];ypk; vjpu;g;Gg; gpur;rhuq;fis
Kd;itg;gJTk; Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdq;fis ntspapLtJk;
ru;trhjhuzkhfptpl;lJ.
06. K];ypk;> kw;Wk; jkpo; kf;fs; rhu; fl;rpfs; nghJ[d nguKdTld;
,iza Kbahky; ,Uf;Fk; mNj Ntis If;fpa kf;fs; rf;jpAld;
xl;bf;nfhz;L ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
07. 2019 capu;j;j QhapW jhf;Fjiy mLj;J K];ypk; murpay;fl;rpfspd;
gpuKfu;fs; gyu; Fwpj;j jhf;Fjy;fSld; rkke;jg;gl;bUf;fyhk; vd;gJ
njhlu;ghd ngUk;ghd;ik r%f murpay; jiytu;fsJ vz;zq;fs;
K];ypk; fl;rpfis murpaypy; ,Ue;J xJf;fpg;ghu;f;Fk; fyhr;r huk;
vOr;rpaile;J tUfpd;wJ. cjhuzk;: mfpy ,yq;if kf;fs; fhq;u];.
,it njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw
,Uf;Fk; Nju;jy;fis itj;Nj ehk; KbTnra;af;$bajhf cs;sJ.
,yq;ifapd; murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

Nfhy;GWf; fhyk;
,yq;ifapd; fl;rp Kiwapd; tuyhW Rje;;j puj;jpw;F Kw;;gll; gpupj;jhdpa
fhydpj;Jtk;tiu ePz;L nry;fpd;wJ. 1833 ,y; cUthd Nfhy;GWf; fkud;
rPu;j;jpUj;jd; %yk; ,yq;iff;F gpujpepjpj;JtKiw njhlu;ghd Muk;g
kw;Wk; mbg;gil rpe;jid mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gpupj;jhdpa fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpapd; NghJ murpay; epUthfkhf nraw;gl;l
MSeu; jiyikapyhd epu;thfj;jpid ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf 1833 ,y; Kjd;
Kiwahf rl;lthf;ff; fofk;> epiwNtw;Wf; fofk; vd ,U kd;wq;fs;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; rl;lf;fof cWg;gpdu;fshf gpupj;jhdpa
mq;fj;jtu;fs; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gl;lhYk; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,yq;ifau;fSf;Fk;
,jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
Fwpg;ghf 1910 ,y; ,Ue;J ,yq;ifau; xUtUf;F cWg;Gupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
njhlu;e;J tsu;r;rp ngw;w gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; gyid mikg;GuPjpahf
mDgtpf;Fk; nghUl;L ,yq;ifau;fs; murpay; uPjpahf xOq;fike;jdu;.
,yq;ifapy; Kjd; Kiwahf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l murpay; ,af;fkhfj;
Njhd;wpa jhgdk; 1919Mk; Mz;L jhgpf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if Njrpa rq;fkhFk;.
,f;fhyj;jpNyNa Nru; nghd;dk;gyk; mUzhryj;jpd; jiyikapy; ,yq;if
Jareesh Page 5
rPu;jpUj;j fofk; (Ceylon Reform League) vd;w ,af;fKk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,it
murpay; fl;rpfs; my;y. Fiwthd cWg;gpdu;fisf; nfhz;l ,t;
mikg;Gfs;> nghJ kf;fspd; murpay; fUj;Jf;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhf
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l rq;fq;fshFk;. vdNt> ,tw;iw ,yq;ifapd; Muk;gfhy fl;rp
murpay; xOq;fikg;Gfs; (Pre-political Party Organizations) vdf; fUj KbAk;.
nlhd%u; fhyk;
1931 ,y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l nlhd%u; murpay; rPu;jpUj;j;jpd; %yk;
gpujpepjpj;Jt murpay; NkYk; tpuptile;jJ. ru;trd thf;Fupikiag;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jik mjd; cr;r fl;lkhFk;. mjw;Nfw;g nlhd%u; rl;lrigf;F
(muRf;fofk;) kf;fs; gpujpepjpfis njupT nra;jy; Kd;G fhzg;gl;l ngau;
Fwpj;j epakd Kiwf;F gjpyhf kf;fs; njupT (People Choice) Kiw
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,k;Kf;fpa murpay; uPjpahd khw;wkhdJ murpay;fl;rp
Kiwapd; tsu;r;rpf;F ce;J rf;jpahf mike;jJ. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;
fl;rpKiw cUthf ,U fhuzpfs; gpujhdkhdjhf mike;jJ.
01. nlhd%u; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; ru;trd thf;Fupik toq;fikg;gl;lik

02. gpujpepjpj;Jt murhq;f Kiwik cWjp nra;ag;gl;lik
vt;thwhapDk; 1931Mk; kw;Wk; 1932Mk; Mz;Lfspy; murhq;f rigf;fhd

Nju;jy; fl;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. Ntl;ghsu;fs;
fl;rpapd; Ntl;ghsu;fshftd;wp jdpg;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fshfNt Nghl;bapl;ldu;.
mtu;fs; jdpkdpj murpay; epfo;r;rp epuiyNa Kd;itj;jdu;.
,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJk;> njhlu;r;rpahf epiyngw;wJkhd murpay;
fl;rpahdJ 1935Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 18Mk; jpfjp jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ
yq;fh rkrkh[ fl;rp vd;w ,lJrhupf; fl;rpahFk;. ,uz;lhtJ fl;rpahd
yq;fh nfhk;A+dp];l; fl;rp 1943Mk; Mz;L Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fl;rpid
Muk;gpj;Njhu; fUj;jpay; Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf yq;fh rkrkh[ fl;rpapy;
,Ue;J gpupe;J nrd;w FOtpdu; Mtu;.
1930fspy; ,yq;if murpaypy; epytpa Xu; ,ay;G ahnjdpy; Nju;jy; murpay;
,dj;Jtj; jd;ikiag; ngw;wikahFk;. nlhd%u; Mizf;FO ,dthup
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwia ePf;fptpl;L gpuNjrj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwikia mwpKfk; nra;jJ. vdpDk; ,t;t plaj;jpy;
rpWghd;ik ,dj; jiytu;fs; mjpUg;jpAw;wdu;. murhq;f rigapy; “tpfpjhrhu
mbg;gilapyhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jt Kiwiknahd;iw” Vw;gLj;JkhW
mtu;fs; Nfhupdu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; fl;rp Kiwik Njhd;wp ,Uf;fhikahdJ
gpujpepjpj;Jt murpay; ,dj;Jtj; jd;ik ngWtjw;F fhuzkhfpaJ vdyhk;.
rpq;fs kfh rig> mfpy ,yq;if jkpo; fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; K];ypk; yPf;
Mfpad ,f;fhyj;jpNy Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
Nrhy;gupf; fhyk;
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk;.
1946Mk; Mz;L If;fpa Njrpa fl;rp jhgpf;fg;gl;lik ,yq;ifapd; murpay;

fl;rp tsu;r;rpapy; kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa jpUg;G KidahFk;.
01. ,yq;iff;F murpay; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngw;W nfhLj;jy;
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02. Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;du; Gjpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F njupT nra;Ak;
KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;w Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngwy;
vd;w ,U mk;rq;fis vjpu;ghu;j;Nj mf;fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. fl;rp
Kiwikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l gpujpepjpj;Jt nfhs;iff;F (Principle)
mika cWg;gpdu;fisj; njupT nra;Ak; kf;fs; gpujpepj;Jt rig xd;iwj;
jhgpj;jy; mg;NghJ Vw;gl;bUe;j Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpy;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,JNt I.Nj.fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd cldbf;
fhuzpahFk;.
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp jhgpf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpYk; kw;Wk; 1946Mk; Mz;L
Nju;jypYk; mf;fl;rpapd; gpujhd Nghl;bahsuhf ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfshd yq;fh
rkrkh[ fl;rpAk;> yq;fh nfhk;A+dp];l; fl;rpAk; fhzg;gl;ld. Nju;jypy;
mjpf Mrdj;ij If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. vdpDk; jkf;F
ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq;fs; fpilf;fhikapdhy; ,yq;if njhopy; fl;rp kw;Wk;
mfpy ,yq;if jkpo; fhq;fpu]; Nghd;w rpwpa fl;rpfs; rpytw;wpd; kw;Wk;
RahjPd cWg;gpdu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngw;W $l;lzp murhq;fk; xd;iw If;fpa
Njrpaf; fl;rp mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
=yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk;.
1951Mk; Mz;L If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp tpypUe;J ntspNawpa
v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b. gz;lhuehaf;f kw;Wk; mtuJ FOtpdhy; = yq;fh
Rje;jpuf; fl;rp jhgpf;fg;gl;likahdJ> ,yq;if fl;rpKiw tsu;r;rpapy;
kw;WnkhU kpfKf;fpakhd jpUg;GKidahFk;. ,yq;ifapy; ,U fl;rp
Kiwikapd; Muk;gk; mjD}lhf ntspg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; xU fl;rpapd;
Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cl;gl;l ,U fl;rpKiwik tsu;r;rpailtJk; If;fpa Njrpaf;
fl;rp> =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp vd;w ,U fl;rpfspD}lhfthFk;.
,U fl;rp Mjpf;f Kiw

,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; fl;rp Kiwapd; gpujhd gz;G ahnjdpy; rpwpa
fl;rpfs; gyTk; epiyngw;wpUf;fpd;w ,U fl;rp Mjpf;f Kiwik
fhzg;gLfpd;wikahFk;. If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp kw;Wk; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp
vd;gd Mjpf;f fl;rpfshFk;. me;j ,U fl;rpfspd; thf;F gyj;jpw;F rthy;
tpLf;f$ba %d;whtJ fl;rpnahd;W ,y;yhik mf;fl;rpfs; ,uz;bdJk;
Mjpf;fj;jpw;F toptFj;Js;sJ. mf;fl;rpfs; ,uz;Lk; khwpkhwp MSk;
fl;rpfshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f; fl;rpfs; ,uz;bw;Fk; rthy;tpLf;f Kbahj
rpwpa fl;rpfs; midj;Jk; rpwpa fl;rpfshfNt ,Uf;f Ntz;ba epiyapy;
cs;sd.
,jdhy; ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; fl;rp Kiwikia ,U fl;rp Mjpf;f
Kiwik nfhz;l gy fl;rp Kiw vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp kw;Wk; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp jtpu;e;j NtW ve;j
fl;rpf;Nfh mikg;Gf;Nfh murhq;f mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw KbahJ
NghAs;sJld;> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp kw;Wk; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapy;
,ize;J $l;lzp Ml;rpapd; mq;fj;jpduhfNt rpwpa fl;rpfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;bAs;sJ.
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp jdpahf my;yJ rpwpa fl;rpfSld; ,ize;J
$l;lzpahf 1947-52> 1952-56> 1965-70> 1977-94> 2001-2003 kw;Wk; 2015
fhyq;fspy; murhq;fq;fis mikj;jpUe;jJ.
Jareesh Page 7
=yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp jdpahf my;yJ rpwpa fl;rpfSld; ,ize;J 1956-
60> 1960-65> 1970-77> 1994-2001> 2004-2015 Mfpa fhyq;fspy; murhq;fq;fis
mikj;jpUe;jJ. 2015Mk; Mz;L =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpahdJ If;fpa
Njrpaf; fl;rp jiyik tfpf;Fk; $l;lzp murhq;fj;jpd; gq;fhspahfpaJ.
fUj;jpay; uPjpahf If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp xU kuG uPjpahd
jhuhz;ikthjj;jpd; gf;fk; rha;e;jpUe;jJ. Njrpathjk;> %d;whk; cyf
Nrhryprk; vd;w vz;zf;fUitf; nfhz;ljhf =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rpapd;
fUj;jpay; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs;.
,lJrhup re;jidahsu;fshd fhu;s; khf;];> Vq;fy;];> ];lhu;ypd;> nydpd;
Nghd;Nwhu;fsJ nfhs;iffisg; gpd;gw;Wk; fl;rpfNs ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfshFk;.
Muk;g fhy ,lJ rhupf; fl;rpfis ,yq;ifapd; jPtpuj; Njrpa
,af;fq;fshfTk; milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;w gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy; Fiwthf ,Ue;j NghJk; ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs;
,yq;ifapd; fl;rp Kiwikapy; Kf;fpa mq;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,lJrhupf; fl;rpfis fUj;jpay;rhu; fl;rpfs; vdTk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. mitfs;

fUj;jpaypdhy; topfhl;lg;gLfpd;wikNa mjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.
,lJrhupfspd; nghJthd fUj;jpay; NrhryprkhFk;.
,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs; ,yq;ifapd; r%f eyNdhk;gy;> ,ytrf; fy;tp>
ntspehl;L tu;j;jf epWtdq;fis Njrpakag;gLj;jy;> fhzpr; rPu;jpUj;jk;>
Vio kf;fspd; nghUshjhu r%f cupikfs;> njhopyhsu; cupikfs;>
rpWghd;ik ,dj;jtu;fspd; nkhop cupik kw;Wk; r%fePjp vd;w
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; Kd;dpiyapy; ,Ue;J nraw;gl;Ls;sd. ,f;fl;rpfSf;Fg;
gykhd njhopw;rq;f mbg;gilAk; cz;L.
yq;fh rkrkh[ fl;rp kw;Wk; yq;fh nfhk;A+dp];l; fl;rp vd;w ,lJrhupf;
fl;rpfs; ,yq;ifapy; jw;NghJ fhzg;gLk; kpfTk; goik ahd fl;rpfshFk;.
,yq;ifapd; ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs; Njhd;Wtjw;F gpd;tUk; mk;r q;fs;
fuzq;fshff; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
1. fhydpj;Jtg; nghUshjhuk; fhuzkhf njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpdupd;
tsu;r;rp :-
gpupj;jhdpau;fspdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lj; JiwapdhYk; mJ
njhlu;ghd Vida JiwapfspdhYk; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fk; vd;w Gjpa gpupT
cUthfp tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ. Nfhy;GWf; FOtdhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
fl;lw;w tu;j;jfk; ,yq;ifapy; tu;j;jfj; Jiwia tpUj;jp nra;a cjtpaJ.
,jd; topahf ,yq;ifapy; njhopyhsu;fs; cUthf njhopyhsu; njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfSk; cUthfj; njhlq;fpd. njhopyhsu; eyd;fis ikakhff;
nfhz;L 1920fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; gy;NtW tpjkhd njhopw;rq;fq;fs; cUthf
Muk;gpj;jd. ,r;nraw;ghl;by; A.E. Fzrpq;f> eNlirau; Nghd;Nwhu;
Kd;dpd;W cioj;jdu;.
2. 1930fspd; Muk;gj;jpy; epytpa nghUshjhu ke;j epiy :-

1930fspy; cyfk; KOtJk; ngUk; nghUshjhu uPjpahd ke;jk; Vw;glyhdJ.
,J 03k; cyf ehLfis ntFthfg; ghjpj;jJ. gpupj;jhdpahtpd; fld;
toq;Fk; Mw;wy; Fd;wpaJld; Ntiy ,og;Gk; Vw;glyhdJ. vdNt
Jareesh Page 8
nghUshjhu ke;jkhdJ Ntiyapog;G> rk;gsf; Fiwg;G> mj;jpatrpag;
gz;lq;fspd; tpiy mjpfupg;G Nghd;wtw;iw Vw;gLj;jpaJld; kUj;Jtk;
Nghd;w nghJr; Nritfspd; nryTf; Fiwg;Gk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,j;jfa
nraaw;ghLfs; ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fis cUthf;fpd.
3. Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpid jPtpukhf Kd;ndLg;gJld; rkTilikr; r%fk;
xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gjw;Fkhd Nehf;fk;:-
Njrpa fhq;fpu]; gy gpupTfshfr; rpijtile;jNghJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij
Kd;ndLg;gJld; ehl;bd; fPo;epiy kf;fsJ mgpyhirfis ntd;nwLf;Fk;
tifapYk; xU rkTilikr; r%fk; xd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd Njit
xd;Wk; Vw;gl;lJ. mNjNghy; rpjWz;L NghapUe;j ,yq;ifau;fis xU
nghJthd jd;ikapd; fPo; xd;W jpul;lf;$ba jd;ik ,lJrhup
,af;fj;jpw;Nf cz;L vd;wtifapYk; ,lJrhup ,af;fj;jpw;fhd #oy;
cUthdJ.
4. Mq;fpyk; fw;w kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdupy; rpyu; Nkw;fj;Nja fy;tpiag;
gad;gLj;jpaik :-
1833y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Nfhy;GWf; nfkud; murpaw; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; Mq;fpyf;
fy;tp mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;ljd; thapyhf gy ,yq;ifau;fs; ntspe hL
nrd;W fy;tp fw;f Muk;gpj;jdu;. ny];yp Fztu;jdh> N.M. ngNuuh>
nfhy;tpd; R. b rpy;th Nghd;;Nwhu; u\;a gy;fiyf;fofq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
fw;wNghJ mq;F eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ,lJrhupf; fUj;;Jf;fshy; jhf;fg;gl;L
,yq;ifapy; mf;fUj;Jf;fisg; gug;gp te;jdu;.
,lJrhup ,af;fk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd mbg;gil mikg;Gf;fshf gpd;tUtd
mike;jd.
1. nts;stj;ij nerthiyj; njhopyhsu; ,af;fk; (1932)
1932y; nts;stj;ij nerthiyj; njhopyhsu; Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wNghJ
mg;Nghija njhopw; rq;fj; jiytu; A.E. Fzrpq;f mg;Nghija
njhopw;rq;fg; Nghuhl;lj;ij Kd;ndLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfspy; ,wq;ftpy;iy.
,e;epiyfspy; ,lJrhupj; jiytu;fSs; xUtuhd nfhy;tpd; R. b
rpy;th mjid Kd;ndLf;f Kd;te;jhu;. 1933y; ,r;rq;fk; ghupa Ntiy
epWj;jg; Nghuhl;lj;ij elhj;jp ntw;wp ngw;wJ. ,jpy; Rkhu; 14>000
njhopyhsu;fs; tiug; gq;Fgw;wpdu;. ,lJrhupj; jiytu;fshy; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;l KjyhtJ NtiyepWj;jg; Nghuhl;lk; ,JNtahFk;.
2. #upa kyu; ,af;fk; (1933)
Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; Nghu; epWj;j jpdk; etk;gu; 11k; jpfjpahFk;.
,j;jpdj;jy;; Xa;Tngw;w kw;Wk; mq;ftPdKw;w gil tPuu;fspd;
Nrkeyd;fUjp epjp jpul;LtJ gpupj;jhdpa murpd; tof;fkhf ,Ue;J
te;jjJ. ,j;jpdj;jpy; gpupj;jhdpah jdJ fhydpj;Jt ehLfspnyy;yhk;
nghg;gp kyu;fis tpw;gid nra;J epjp jpul;b te;jjJ. 1932k; Mz;L
tpw;gidr; nraw;ghLfs; ,yq;ifapy; ele;j NghJ Xa;Tngw;w ,yq;ifg;
gil tPuu;fs; nghg;gp kyu; tpw;gidf;Fg; gjpyhf #upa kyu;fis
tpw;gid nra;aj; njhlq;fpdu;.
Vypad; ngNuuh ,t;tpaf;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jNghjpYk; gpupj; jhdpa muRld;
Nkw;nfhz;l cld;ghl;bw;F mika mjidf; iftpl;lhu;. ,e;epiyapy;
,lJrhupj; jiytu;fs; #upaky; ,af;fj;ij cldbahNt nghWg;Ngw;W
Gduikj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jpdu;. ,jw;fhd $l;lk; 1933 tpy;gl; V ngNuuhtpd;
n`huz ,y;yj;jpy; eilngw;wJ. ,jd; jiytuhf nlhupd; tpf;ukrpq;f
Jareesh Page 9
njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;;. nuhgpd; ul;zk;> nfhy;tpd; Mu; b rpy;th> gpypg;
Fztu;jdh> MfpNahu; ,jd; mq;fj;jtu;fshf tpsq;fpdu;.
,t;tpaf;fj;jpdhy; jpul;lg;gl;l gzk; nts;sk;> kNyupah Neha;
Nghd;wtw;hy; ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F epthuzk; toq;Ftjw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Aj;j vjpu;g;G> fhydpj;Jt vjpu;g;G vd;gd
,t;tpaf;fj;jpd; gpujhd RNyhfq;fshFk;. ,uz;lhk; cyf
Aj;jk;tiuf;Fk;; ,t;tpaf;fk; nraw;gllJ.
3. kNyupa epthuz ,af;fk; (1934)

kNyupah epthuz ,af;fk; 1934y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. FUzhfy;>
Nffhiy Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; Muk;gpj;j kNyupah Neha; Vida
khtl;lq;fSf;Fk; Jupjkhfg; gutpaNghNj ,t;tpaf;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1935k; Mz;bw;Fs; 125>000 Ngu; ,e;Neha;f;Fg; gypahfpdu;. gpupj;jhdpa
murhq;fk; Nghjpa ftdj;jpid vLf;ftpy;iy. ,J njhlu;ghf ,lJrhupj;
jiytu;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;baNghjpYk; muR mjidf; ftdj;jpy;
vLf;ftpy;iy. ,e;epyikfspy; ,lJrhupj; jiytu;fs; Neubahf
epthuzg; gzpfspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
Neha; gutpa fpuhkg;Gwg; gFjpfspy; #upa kyu; tpw;gidapdhy; fpilj;j

gzj;jpidf; nfhz;L ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F czT> kUe;J tiffs;
Nghd;wtw;iw tpepNahfpj;jdu;. ,e;Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu; twpa
kf;fshf ,Ue;jikahy; mk;kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ,lJrhup ,af;fk;
nry;thf;Fg; ngWtjw;F ,e;epthuz ,af;fk; ngupJk; JizGupe;jJ.
,jd; %yk; ,lJrhup ,af;fk; khj;jis> N`hkhfk> Utd;nty;y>
mtp];]hnty;y Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; gpugy;ak; milaj; njhlq;fpaJ.
yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wk; - 1935
,lJrhup ,af;fj;jpw; njhopw;gl;ltu;fis xU murpaw; fl;rpahf
khw;wNtz;Lk; vd;w fUj;J 1934fspy; ,Ue;J cUthfp te;jJ. ,jd;
topahf 1935.12.18y; nfhy;tpd; R b rpy;th jiyikapy; yq;fh rkrkhrf;
fl;rp CUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,JNt ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ murpaw; fl;rpAk;
,lJrhuf;fl;rpAkhFk;. Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fl;rpahdJ gpd;tUk; 03 ,yf;Ffisf;
nfhz;L nraw;gl;lJ.
1. g+uz Rje;jpuj;ij miltJ.
2. cw;gj;jp tpepNahfj;ijj; Njrpa kakhf;Fjy;.
3. tu;f;fk;> rhjp> ,dk; vd;gdtw;wpd; fhuzkhf cUthFk; nghUshjhu
r%fg; gpur;rpidfis ,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.
,f;fl;rp 1936 murhq;f rigj; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L 03 Mrdq;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. 1939y; ,lk;ngw;w gpu];Nfby; tptfhuKk; 1939> 40fspy;
,lk;ngw;w Ky;Nyhah NtiyepWj;jKk; yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpia NkYk;
gpugy;ag;gLj;jpaJ. vdpDk; 1940fspy; ,f;fl;rp jil nra;ag;gl;lJld; ,jd;
jiytu;fshd vl;kd; rkunfhb> N.M.ngNuuh> nfhy;tpd; R. brpy;th
Nghd;Nwhu; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldu;.
fl;rpapd; KjyhtJ gpsTk; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wKk; - 1940
1939y; Muk;gpj;j cyf Aj;jj;jpy; Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;if njhlu;ghf
N[u;kdpAk; u\;ahTk; jk;Ks;Ns xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;ld. ,J vt;tsT
J}uk; rupahdJ vd;w thjg; gpujpthjq;fs; Vw;glyhapd. yq;fh rkrkhrf;
fl;rpapdu; ,t;nthg;ge;jk; gpioahdJ vdf; $wpdu;. ,t;nthg;ge;jk; rupahdJ
Jareesh Page 10
vdf; $wpNahu; yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpdu;. ,tu;fs;
xd;wpize;J S.A. tpf;ukrpq;fhtpd; jiyikapy; If;fpa Nrhryprf; fl;rpia
1940 etk;gupy; jhgpj;jdu;. ,f;fl;rpNa 1943.07.03 md;W fk;A+dp];l; fl;rpahf
khw;wKw;wJ. vdNt 1935 – 1945 tiuf;Fk; ,U fl;rpfs; khj;jpuNk
fhzg;gl;ld.
fl;rpapd; ,uz;lhtJ gpsTk; Nghy;Nrtpf; nydpdprf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wKk; -
1945
1945k; Mz;L 2k; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rp kw;Wk;
fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpfs; kPjhd jilfs; ePf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; NghJ yq;fh
rkrkhrf; fl;rpapd; Kf;fpa jiytu;fshd fyhepjp N.M. ngNuuhTk; fyhepjp
nfhy;tpd; R. b rpy;thTk; fl;rpiag; Gduikf;f Kw;gl;lNtisapy;
jq;fspilNa Kuz;gl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf fyhepjp nfhy;tpd;
R. b rpy;th jiyikapyhd FO yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J
ntspNawp 1945y; Nghy;Nrtpf; nydpdprf; fl;rpiaj; Njhw;Wtpj;jdu;.
,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rp> Nghy;Nrtpf; nydpdprf; fl;rp>

,yq;if fk;a+dprf; fl;rp vd %d;W ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs; fhzg;gl;lJld;
,k;%d;W fl;rpfSk; ,ize;J gy NtiyepWj;jq;fspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jypy; yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpNa gpujhd
vjpu;f;fl;rpahfj; njhopw;gl;lJ.
KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;wj; NjHjy;

1947.09.26 Rje;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhz;l nfsutk; fhuzkhf ngUk;ghd;ik
ntw;wpia jdJ fl;rpf;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAnkd b.v]; Nrdhehaf;f
vilNghl;lNghJk; md;iwa NjHjypy; 95 Mrdq;fspy; 42Na ntw;wpngw
Kbe;jJ.
jkpouRf; fl;rp 10 Mrdq;fisAk;> nghy;n\tpf; nydpd; jiyik tfpj;j
fl;rp 05 Mrdq;fisAk;> fk;a+dp];l; fl;rp 03 Mrdq;fisAk; njhopyhsH
fl;rp xU Mrdj;ijAk; ntw;wpnfhz;ld. jkpo; fhq;fpu]; 07 Mrdq;fisAk;
,yq;if ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; 06 Mrdq;fisAk; ntw;wpnfhz;lNjhL 21
RahjPd cWg;gpdHfs; njhpthdhHfs;. gpujhd vjpu;f;fl;rpahf yq;fh
rkrkhrf; fl;rp nraw;gl;lJ. Njrpag;gl;bay; vk;gpf;fs; 06 NghpdJk;
Rje;jpukhf ,aq;Fk; cWg;gpdHfsJ MjuitAk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L
,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ gpujkuhf b.v];. Nrdhehaf;f gjtpNaw;whH.
fl;rpapd; %d;whtJ gpsTk; etyq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpapd; Njhw;wKk; - 1950
yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J gpupe;J nrd;w Nghy;Nrtpf; nydpdprf; fl;rp
cWg;gpdu;fs; kPz;Lk; yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpapy; te;J ,ize;J nfhz;ldu;.
,jid tpUk;ghj yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpapd; rpy cWg;gpdu;fs; gpypg;
Fztu;jdh jiyikapy; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNawp etyq;fh rkrkhrf;
fl;rpapid 1950fspy; cUthf;fpdu;.
gpd;duhd fl;rpapd; rpijTfSk; Gjpa fl;rpfSk;.

1964y; ,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs; NkYk; gpsTgLk; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;lJ. yq;fh
rkrkhrf; fl;rp mg;Nghija murhq;fj;Jld; $l;Lr; Nru;tij tpUk;ghj
FOtpdu; vl;kd; rkunfhb jiyikapy; Gul;rpfu yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpiaj;
jhgpj;jdu;.
,yq;if fk;a+dprf; fl;rpahdJ rPd> u\;a jj;Jthu;j;jg; gpsT njhlu;ghf

,uz;lhf ciltile;jJ. rPdh rhu;ghdtu;fs; ,yq;if fk;a+dprf; fl;rp
Jareesh Page 11
(gP[pq; rhu;G) vdTk; u\;ah rhu;ghdtu;fs; ,yq;if fk;a+dprf; fl;rp
(nkh];Nfh rhu;G) vdTk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. ,yq;if fk;a+dprf; fl;rp (gP[pq;
rhu;G)apy; mq;fk; tfpj;j Nuhfz tpN[tPu kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpia
(JVP) cUthf;fpdhu;. 1974y; yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rpapy; ,Ue;J ntspNawpa
thRNjt ehzaf;fhu et rkrkhrf; fl;rpiaj; jhgpj;jhu;.
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp

kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpahdJ 1965 Nk 14y; jhgpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fl;rpahdJ
yq;fh rkrkhrf; fl;rp> fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp> rPd mikg;G> k`[d vf;rj;
nguKz Mfpadtw;wpd; xd;wpg;ghf ,f;fl;rp Njhd;wpaJ. ,f;fl;rp
,yq;ifapy; Nrhryprg; Gul;rp xd;wpid Kd;ndLf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; Muk;g fhyj; jiytuhf
Nuh`z tp[atPu fhzg;gl;lhu;. ,tu; u\;a ehl;bd; nkh];Nfhtpy;
mike;Js;s YKk;gpah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; kUj;Jtf; fw;ifia
Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ khf;rpr rpe;jidahy; ftug;gl;bUe;jhu;. 1964fspy; ,yq;if
te;j ,tNu ,f;fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jhu;.
vdpDk; ,U jrhg;jq;fspy; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; Ml;rpia vjpu;j;J Aj;jk;
nra;jJ. 1971> 1987 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; ,f;fpsu;r;rp ,lk;ngw;wJ. 1989fspy;
,f;fl;rpahdJ [dehaf ePNuhl;lj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhz;lJld; 1982y;
[dhjpgjp Nju;jypYk; ([dhjpgjp Ntl;ghsu; Nuh`z tp[atPu) Nghl;bapl;lJ.
,f;fl;rpahd 2000k; Mz;L Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L 10 Mrdq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;lJ. 2008 khu;r;rpy; ,f;fl;rpahdJ ,uz;lhfg; gpsTw;W tpky; tPutd;r
jiyikapyhd fl;rpahdJ Njrpa Rje;jpu Kd;dzp vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.
,lJrhupf;fl;rpfspd; murpay; nraw;ghLfs;.

,lJrhupf; fl;rpfs; =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp cld; ,ize;J $l;lzp
murhq;fq;fis mikj;Js;sd. 1956Mk; Mz;L yq;fh rkhrkhrf;fl;rpapy;
,Ue;J ntspNawpa gpypg; Fztu;jd jiyikapyhd FO =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;
fl;rp cld; ,ize;J kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp (k`[d vf;rj; nguKd)
vDk; $l;lzpia mikj;J murhq;fj;ij jhgpj;jdu;. 1964 kw;Wk; 1970
fhyq;fspy; yq;fh rkhrkhrf;fl;rpAk; nfhkpa+dp];l; fl;rpAk; =yq;fh
Rje;jpuf; fl;rpfl;rpAld; $l;lzpapy; ,ize;J nfhz;ld. ,e;jf; $l;lzp
1994 - 2001> 2004 - 2015 fhyq;fspYk; epytpaJ.
1960fspd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,yq;if ,lJrhup ,af;fj;jpy; ,U nry;newpfs;
ntspg;gl;ld. xd;W „gioa ,lJ‟ kw;iwaJ „Gjpa ,lJ‟. gioa ,lJ vd
yq;fh rkhrkhrf;fl;rpAk; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpAk; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,U
fhuzpfspd; mbg;gilapy; gioa ,ljpd; jdpj;Jtk; epu;zapf;fg;gl;lJ.
01. „Kjyhspj;Jt‟ fl;rpahf milahsk; fhzg;gl;l =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;

fl;rpfl;rpAld; $l;lzp murhq;fj;ij mikg;gjid %Nyhgakhf yq;fh
rkhrkhrf;fl;rpAk; fk;a+dp];l; fl;rpAk; Vw;W nfhz;bUe;jik.
02. njhopyhsu; tu;f;f fl;rpapd; ,yf;Ffisf; iftpl;L Nrhryprj;jpw;fhfg;
ghuhSkd;w ghijiag; njupT nra;jik
njhopyhsu; tu;f;fj;jpd; Gulr;rpapd; ,aYik kw;Wk; Njit njhlu;ghf
njhlu;r;rpahd ek;gpf;ifia nfhz;bUe;j Gjpa ,lJ> Nrhryprj;jpw;fhd
topahf ghuhSkd;w %Nyhghaj;ij epuhfupj;jdu;. =yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp
Jareesh Page 12
my;yJ NtW “Kjyhspj;Jt” fl;rpAld; $l;lzp mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
$l;lzp murpaiyAk; mit xJf;fpd.
“Gjpa ,lij” gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;j fl;rpfspy; Gul;rpfu yq;fh

rkhrkhrf;fl;rp> nfh.f (rPdg; gpupT)> Gjpa rk rkh[ fl;rp kw;Wk; kf;fs;
tpLjiy Kd;dzp vd;gd gpujhdkhdit.
kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzpia vLj;J Nehf;Fk; NghJ mJ ,yq;if murpay;

fl;rpfsplj;jpy; jdpj;Jtk; nfhz;ljhFk;. mJ Kjypy; Vida midj;J
,lJrhup fl;rpfspYk; ghu;f;f jPtpu “Gul;rpfu” fl;rpahf ,Ue;jJ. MAj
Nghuhl;lj;jpD}lhf mur mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf nraw;gl;l
xNu xU ,lJrhup murpay; fl;rp k.tp. Kd;dzpahFk;. fle;j ,U
jrhg;jq;fspy; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; Ml;rpia vjpu;j;J Aj;jk; nra;jJ.
1971> 1987 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; ,f;fpsu;r;rp ,lk;ngw;wJ. 1989fspy;
,f;fl;rpahdJ [dehaf ePNuhl;lj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhz;l Jld; 1982y;
[dhjpgjp Nju;jypYk; ([dhjpgjp Ntl;ghsu; Nuh`z tp[atPu) Nghl;bapl;lJ.
rkfhyj;jpy; kf;fs; tpLjiy Kd;dzp.ia kpjthj jPtpuj;jd;ik
(Moderately Radical) nfhz;l ghuhSkd;w fl;rpahf milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;.
,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfs;
etPd murpay; Nfhl;ghLfspy; ,dj;Jtf; fl;rp vd;gjidg; gpd;tUkhW
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;Js;sdu;. Vida ,df; FOf;fis xJf;fpt pl;L> xU
Fwpj;j ,df;FOtpd; my;yJ rpytw;wpd; mgpyhiirfis ntw;wp ngwr;
nra;tjw;fhf nraw;gl;L thf;fhsu;fsplk; tpUg;gj;ijf; NfhUk; fl;rpahFk;.
,dj;Jt milahsk; murpay; uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;s rkfhyj;jpy;>
gd;ik ,dr; r%fq;fspy; ,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfspd; Njhw;wk; Gjpa
nry;newpahff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfs; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wik ,yq;ifapd; murpay;
fl;rpKiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w tpNrl gz;ghFk;. murpay; uPjpahd
mzpjpul;ly;fspy; ,dj;Jt milahsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wik ,yq;if
murpaypy; GjpaNjhu; tplak; xd;wy;y. mJ ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g
fhyj;jpy; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwik mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj
,Uf;fpd;w mk;rkhFk;. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; mJ kpfTk;
gyk;nghUe;jpajhf khwpaJ. 1980fspy; ,dj;Jtg; Nghu; gpd;dzpapy; ,e;j
nry;newp NkYk; jPtpukile;jJ.
jkpo; fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; rk\;b fl;rp> jkpo; nkhop NgRk; kf;fspd;
mgpyhirfSf;fhf Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Muk;g fl;rpfshFk;. mjd; gpd;du;
tpNrlkhf rpq;fs kf;fspd; mgpyhirfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; fl;rpahf
=yq;fh Rje;jpuf; fl;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;w NghJk;> mJ rpWghd;ikf;
FOf;fsplKk; tpUg;gj;ij NfhUk; fl;rpahf fhzg;gl;lJ. Njrpa tpLjiy
Kd;dzp> rpq;fNs k`h rk;kj;j G+kpGj;u fl;rp kw;Wk; [hjpf n`y cWka
vd;gd rpq;fs kf;fspd; mgpyhirfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;F Njhd;wpa
rpwpa ,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfshFk;.
,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfspd; ,ay;Gfspy; 1980fspy; khw;wk; ,lk;ngw;wd. xU Fwpj;j
,dj;jpw;F khj;jpuk; Nfhupf;if tpLf;Fk; ,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfs; ,f; fhyj;jpNy
Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. rpq;fs> tlf;F fpof;F jkpo;> kiyafj; jkpo; kw;Wk;
Jareesh Page 13
K];ypk; thf;fsu;fhsplk; jdpj;jdpahf Nfhupf;if tpLf;fpd;wik mtw;wpd;
jdpj;Jtkhf ,Ue;jJ. =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; 1987Mk; Mz;L Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ. kiyaf jkpo;j; njhopyhsu;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; ,yq;if
njhopyhsu; fhq;fpuRf;F Nkyjpfkhf kiyaf kf;fs; Kd;dzp Njhd;wpaJk;
,f;fhyj;jpNyNa MFk;. rpq;fs ,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfs; gy ,f;fhyj;jpy;
Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. [hjpfn`y cWka mtw;wpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.
tlf;F- fpof;F jkpo; kf;fis khj;jpuk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;w Gjpa
jkpo;f; fl;rpfs; rpy 1980fspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. mtw;wpy; <o kf;fs;
[dehaf fl;rp (EPDP) kw;Wk; <o kf;fs; Gul;rpfu tpLjiy Kd;dzp
(EPRLF) vd;gd ,d;Wk; nraY}f;fkhf nraw;gl;L tUk; fl;rpfshFk;. ,e;j
fl;rpfs; Kjypy; jPtpuj; jd;ikf; nfhz;l fl;rpfshf nraw;gl;ld. vdpDk;
gpd;du; MAjg; Nghuhl;lg; ghijiaf; iftpl;Lg; ghuhSkd;w murpay;
ghijiaj; njupT nra;J nfhz;ld.
jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,af;fk; (LTTE) jkpo; ,dj;Jtf; fl;rpfspy;

Kf;fpa ,lj;ijf; nfhz;ljhFk;. thf;fsu;fis xOq;fikf;Fk; fl;rpahf
,d;ikapdhy; mjid murpay; fl;rpahf tifg;gLj;j KbahJ. tlf;F-
fpof;fpy; ,lk;ngw;w jkpo; ,dj;Jt MAjg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fj; jiyik
toq;fpaik mJ %d;W jrhg;jq;fshf nra;j murpayhFk;. ghuhSkd;w
fl;rpahf khw;wk; miltJ gw;wpa k.tp. Kd;dzpapd; Kd;Djhuzj;ij mJ
Vw;ftpy;iy. ,Wjpahf mJ 2009Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; Aj;juPjpahfj;
Njhy;tpaile;jJ.
Nfhl;ghl;L mbg;gilapy; fl;rpahf ,y;yhj NghJk;> fle;j %d;W jrhg;j
fhykhf ,yq;if jkpo; r%fj;jpd; kj;jpapy; murpaypy; mjpf jhf;fj;ij
tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,af;fNk Vw;gLj;jpaJ. murpay; fl;rpfs; my;yhj
,t;thwd ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; xOq;fikg;Gfspd; Njhw;wk; murpay; fl;rp
njhlu;ghd murpay; tpQ;Qhd Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fr; rthyhfpAs;sJ.
fl;rp KiwikAk; $l;lzp murpaYk;

fl;rpfs; rpytw;Wld; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; $l;lzp murhq;fj;ij mikj;jy; vd;gJ
,yq;ifapy; 1947Mk; Mz;by; ,Ue;J fhzg;gLk; tpNrl ,ay;ghFk;.
“murpay; fl;rpfs; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfs; nghJ
Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpD}lhf nghJ murpay; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J
nfhs;tjw;fhfj; jhgpf;fg;gLk; murhq;fk;” $l;lzp murhq;fk; vd
tiutpyf;fzk; nra;ayhk;. $l;lzp murhq;fkhdJ ghuhSkd;wpj;jpy; mjpf
Mrdj;ijg; ngWk; fl;rpia ikag;gLj;jp> rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd
Mrdq;fisg; ngw;w xU fl;rpia my;yJ rpy fl;rpfs; ,ize;J
Vw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
murhq;fj;ijj; jhgpg;gjw;Fg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; Njitahd ngUk;gd;ikia

rpW fl;rpfspd; MjuTld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wikahdJ $l;lzp murhq;fk;
jhgpf;fg;gLtjw;fhd nghJthd fhuzkhFk;. fl;rpfs; gytw;wpd; tsq;fis
,izj;J Nju;jy; ntw;wpia cWjp nra;a eltbf;if vLj;jy; Nju;jYf;F
Kd;duhd $l;lzpfis cUthf;Ftjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ.
Nju;jypd; gpd;duhd $l;lzpfs; murhq;fj;ijj; jhgpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
ngUk;ghd;ikiag; ngw;Wnfhs;tjd; epkpj;jk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Jareesh Page 14
Nju;jy; Kiwik> fl;rp Kiwik vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; $l;lzp murhq;fk;
mikf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; VJthd fhuzpfSf;fpilapy; neUq;fpa njhlu;G
fhzg;gLfpwJ. vspa ngUk;ghd;ik kw;Wk; tpfpjhrhuj; Nju;jy; Kiwfs;
,uz;bd; jiyikapYk; $l;lzp murhq;fq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik ,yq;ifapd;
mDgtkhFk;. ,t;thwhd epiyikf;Ff; fhuzk; ,U fl;rp Mjpf;f
KiwikAk; rpW fl;rpfs; vd;w fl;rpKiwikapdJk; ,ay;ghFk;.
,yq;ifapd; fl;rp Kiwikapy; tpNrl gz;Gfs; ,uz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
01. gy fl;rp Kiwik
02. ,Ufl;rp Mjpf;f KiwikAld; $ba gy fl;rpKiwik.
gpujhd fl;rpnahd;wpd; my;yJ ,uz;Lld; rpW fl;rpfs; gy nraY}f;fkhf
,Uf;fpd;wikNa nghJthfg; gy fl;rp Kiwikapy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ.
gy fl;rp Kiwikapy; ,lk;ngwf;$baJ ahnjdpy; rpwpa fl;rpfs;
gytw;Wf;fpilapy; ghuhSkd;w Mrdq;fs; gfpug;gLfpd;wikAk;> ghuhSkd;w
Mrdq;fspy; ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdq;fis jdpj;J xU gpujhd fl;rp
ngwKbahikAk; MFk;.
,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> ghuhSkd;wj;j py; mjpf Mrdj;ijg; ngw;w NghJk;
ngUk;ghd;ik Mrdj;ijg; ngw;wpuhj gpujhd fl;rp $l;lzp murhq;fk;
mikf;f rpwpa fl;rpfSf;F miog;G tpLf;Fk; epiy Vw;gLk;. 1947> 1965
kw;Wk; 1994Mk; Mz;Lfspd; $l;lzp murhq;fq;fs; ,t;thwhd
gpd;dzpapNyNa cUthfpd.
gyfl;rp Kiwikapy; gpujhd fl;rpnahd;W rpW fl;rpfs; rpytw;Wld;
Nju;jYf;F Kd;duhd $l;lzpiaj; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;. Nju;jypd; gpd;duhd
$l;lzpfs; murhq;fj;ijj; jhgpg;gjw;F Njitahd ,aysit Nkk;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfNt cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Nju;jypd; gpd;du; Fwpj;j $l;lzpfs;
Nju;jYf;Fg; gpd;duhd $l;lzp murhq;fq;fshf khWfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy;
1956> 1970> 1994> 2001> 2005 kw;Wk; 2015 Mfpa fhyq;fspy; ,t;thwhd
$l;lzp murhq;fq;fNs cUthfpd.
,yq;ifapy; Nghd;W ,U Mjpf;f fl;rpfs; fhzg;gLk; NghJ> nghJthf rpW

fl;rpfSf;F rpwpa vz;zpf;ifapyhd Mrdq;fisNa ngw KbAk;. mr;rpW
fl;rpfSf;Fj; jq;fSf;nfd;W jdp murhq;fj;ij mikj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
tha;g;G ,y;iy. rjhfhyKk; vjpu;f; fl;rpapy; ,Uf;fpd;w epiyikapy; ,Ue;J
kPStjw;F mtw;Wf;F cs;s khw;W top ahnjdpy; gpujhd fl;rpAld;
$l;lzp murhq;fj;jpy; ,iztjhFk;. ,jD}lhf Fiwe;j mstpyhd
Mrdj;ijf; nfhz;l fl;rpfSk; mikr;ruit mikr;Rg; gjtpfis ngw;W
murhq;fj;jpd; nrad;Kiwapy; gq;Fnfhs;s KbAk;.
fl;rp KiwAk; jiyikj;JtKk;

murpay; fl;rpfspd; gpujhd nraw;ghL kw;Wk; Nehf;fkhf vjpu;fhyj;
jiytu;fis ,dq;fhzYk; gapw;Wtpj;jYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Muk;gfhy
,lJrhup kw;Wk; Njrpa jiytu;fs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; murpay; jiyikj;Jtj;ij
Vw;wdu;. mt;thW cUthd murpay; fl;rpfs; gpw;fhyj;jpy; murpay;
jiytu;fis gapw;Wtpj;j gs;spahf khwpd.
Jareesh Page 15
,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; fl;rpKiwnahd;w pD}lhf gbg;gbahf
KdN;dw;wkile;j jiytu;fis jtpu murpaypy; njs;sj; njspthf
ntspg;gl;l jiytu;fs; nrhw;g mstpNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
Jareesh Page 16
Study Centres:
Visiting Centres:
A.H.SAFEER
BA.(Hons .in Political Science), Dip.in.ICT,
Dip.in. Hu.Rights& Peace stu ( University of Colombo)
Dip. In. Conflict Resolution& Peace preparedness
Resource person on peace & power sharing
Dip.in. law, Dip.in. HRM
murpay; tpQ;Qhdk;
Nju;r;rp : 14 ru;tNjr murpay;

ru;tNjr murpay;
mwpKfk;
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; mjhtJ KjyhtJ cyfkfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;G ru;tNjr

murpay; fw;if newp Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. mjw;F Kd;du; ru;tNjr murpay; gw;wpa
mf;fiw gpujhdkhf Nkw;Fyf ehLfspd; ,uh[je;jpu eltbf;ifNahLk; mf;fhyj;jpy; vOr;rp
ngw;wpUe;j ty;yuRfspd; njhlu;gfNshLk; epd;Wtpl;lJ. Mdhy; Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jk;
Vw;gLj;jpa cyfyhtpa jhf;fKk; mjd; gpd;ddpapy; cUthf;fk; ngw;w “ru;tNjr rq;fk;”
ru;tNjr murpaypd; <Lghl;bid gutyhf;fpaJ. ru;tNjr njhlu;GfspYk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpYk;
Vw;gl;l Gul;rpfukhd khWjy;fs; ru;tNjr murpaiy NkYk; Mog;gLj;jpaJ. mjdhy; ,d;W
murwptpay; fw;ifapy; kpfg; gpujhd Jiwahf ru;tNjr murpay; vDk; gug;G tpahgpj;Js;sJ.
ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ gy;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ntt;NtW ngau;fisf; nfhz;L

miof;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. “cyf murpay;”> “ru;tNjr cwTfs;”> “ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfs;”>
“cyf tptfhuk;” Nghd;wiwtfs; mtw;Wy; rpythFk;.
ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ “Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd murpay;” (Politics among nations) vd

vspikahf tpsf;fkspf;fyhk;. ,jpy; Njrk; vd;gjd; %yk; ,iwikkpF Rje;jpu Njrpa
muRfNs fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ “xj;jitay;yhj eyd;fis nfhz;l
,iwik nghUe;jpa muRfSf;fpilapyhd ,il tpidfSk; njhlu;GfSk;” MFk;.
ru;tNjr murpaiyg; gw;wp ed;F ,zq;fz;L nfhs;tjw;F ru;tNjr murpay; gw;wp

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpa mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis Nehf;FtJ rpwg;ghdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. me;j
tifapy;
 H. I Morganthau vd;gtu;
“Njrq;fSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; njpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lKk; mjpfhug; gpuNahfKk;
MFk;.” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tiutpyf;fzj;jpypUe;J ru;tNjr murpay;
vd;gJ Njrq;fs; jkJ xj;jpirtw;w eyd;fis mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nrad;Kiw ru;tNjr murpay; vd tpsq;fyhk;.
 Thombson
“Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd Nghl;b kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;fpilayhd njhlu;Gfis rPuhf;fp
Nkk;gLj;Jk; epiyfs;> epWtdq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa fw;ifahFk; ” vd;whu;.
 Padelfort & Limclo

“muRfs; jkJ Njrpa eyd;fis Vida muRfspd; eyd;fspw; Nfw;g ,irthf;fk;
nra;ak; nrad;Kiw gw;wpa fw;ifahFk;. khw;wKWk; mjpfhu cwTfSf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk;
mur nfhs;iffspd; ,iltpidfs; ” MFk;.
ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;gjd; %yk;> ru;tNjr murpay; vd;why; vd;d> ru;tNjr murpaypd;
gpujhd gpupTfshd muR> murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ahtu;? mtu;fs; murpaypDs;
vt;thW ele;Jnfhs;fpd;wdu;? kw;Wk; Njrpa muRfs; jkJ ,Ug;gpw;fhf Njrpa mjpfhuk;>
Njrpa mgpyhirfis nraw;gLj;JtJ vt;thW? Nghd;w tplaq;fs; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.
mj;NjhL ru;tNjr murpaypd; gpujhd Nghf;Ffshd gy;JUt cyf Kiwik> khw;wPl;L
ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfs;> etpd r%f ,af;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs; vt;thW
nraw;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Nkhjy;fisj; jtpu;j;J cyf rkhjhdk;> ghJfhg;G
vd;gtw;iwg; ghJfhj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yk; Kiw ahJ? ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf; $ba
cj;jpfs; ahit vd;git gw;wpAk; Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; jw;NghJ 200 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vz;zpf;ifapyhd muRfs; cs;sd. ,it
epyg;gug;G> Fbj;njhif> tsq;fs;> nghUshjhu tY> ,uhZt gyk; Mfpa tplaq;fspy;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;ldthf cs;sd. vdpDk; ru;tNjr murpaypy; midj;J muRfSf;Fk;
rkkhd rl;l myFfshff; fUjg;gLk;.
ehLfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis mikjpg;Nghf;F njhlu;Gfs;> Nghu; uPjpahd njhlu;Gfs;

vd ,U gpupTfshf tFf;fyhk;.
ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; fhzf;$ba rpwg;G mk;rk; mtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhukpd;ik

jd;ikahFk;. ,jw;F muRfspd; Gwelj;ijfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs;
Xu; murhq;fNkh xOf;fnewp Nfhl;ghLfNsh ,y;yhikNa fhuzkhFk;. ru;tNjr r%fk;
mjpfhuk; mw;wjhf ,Ug;gjhYk; mjpy; muRfs; Rje;jpukhf nraw;gl KbAkhjyhYk;
tpku;rfu;fs; rpyu; ru;tNjr murpaiy murhq;fk; ,y;yhj murpay;; (politics Without
Government) vd;W ,dq;fhz;fpd;wdu;.
ru;tNjr murpaypd; ,ay;Gfs;.
1. eyd;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l xU nraw;ghlhf mikjy;.

2. eyd;fisAk; Nkhjy;fisAk; epiw nra;J nfhs;s mjpfhuj;ij xU topKiwahf
gad;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghlhf ru;tNjr murpay; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.
3. mjpfhuj;jpid ngWtjpidAk; mjid ghJfhg;gjidAk; gpuNahfpg;gjidAk;
Nehf;fhf; nfhz;l xU nraw;ghlhFk;.
4. fglk;> ehrfhuk;> Vkhw;W> ek;gpf;if JNuhfk;> Nghd;w mk;rq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
5. jkJ eyd;fis miltjw;fhd ,Wjp MAjkhf Nghiu> Aj;jj;ij gad;gLj;jy;.
6. ru;tNjr murpay; NghUk;> rkhjhdKk; kpf;fnthU fw;ifahf mikjy;
7. muRfs; ru;tNjr rl;lq;fshy; Msg;gLjy; vdpDk; ru;tNjr rl;lk; gytPdkhf
fhzg;gLjy;.
Njrpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr murpaypd; NtWghLfs;
Njrpa murpaNyhL (National Politics) xg;gpLjNy ru;tNjr murpaiy
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jtjpy; kpfTk; kughu;e;jJk; gpugy;akpf;fJkhd cgha Kiwnahd;whFk;.
,t;nthg;gPL murwptpaypDs; fhzg;gLk; gpujhdkhdnjhU gpupg;ghf (Great divede)
,dq;fhzgg;Lfpd;wJ
 Njrpa murpay; vd;gJ muRf;Fs;shd murpaiyf; fw;wyhFk;. murpd; cs;sf

epWtdf; fl;likg;G> mjpfhuk>; muR kw;Wk; epWtdqf;NshL gpuirfs; nfhz;Ls;s
njhlu;Gfs;> mj;njhlu;Gfis jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhfTk; tpgupg;gjw;fhfTk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fl;likg;Gfs; Nghd;wd Njrpa murpaypd; Kf;fpj;Jtkhd jiyg;GfshFk;.
ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ Njrq;fspd; ntspthupahd njhlu;GfshFk;. ru;tNjr

njhlu;Gfis NgDk; NghJ murhdJ kpfTk; rpf;fhu;e;j njhlu;G tyiaikg;Gf;fs;
kl;Lkd;wp ,j;njhlu;Gfis kpfTk; Kiwahd tifapy; xOq;Fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf epWtd
tiyaikg;Gfis cUthf;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jdhy; ru;tNjr murpaypDs;
muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; kl;Lkpd;wp Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l rpf;fhu;e;j njhlu;G
tpjpKiwfs; cghaq;fs; kw;Wk; epWtd tiyaikg;GfSk; cs;slq;Fk;.
Njrpa murpaypy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;> neUf;fbfs;> Nkhjy;fs; vd;git Nju;jy;fs;

%yk; jPu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wd. mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;F murhq;fk; (Government)
Kf;fpakhdnjhU gpupthf nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
ru;tNjr murpaypy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfSk;> rpf;fy;fSk; uitfs;> Njhl;lhf;fs; (Ballot

vs Bullet) %yk; jPu;ff
; g;gLfpd;wd. ,jw;fhd fhuzk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,JNghd;w
mjpfhukpf;f murhq;fk; xd;iw fhz KbahJ. ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; KOikahf
rpf;fyhd epiyAk; Nkhjy; epiyAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ru;tNjr murpaypy;
fl;lhakhf Vw;glg;NghFk; muh[f (Anarch) epiyia Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf nghJ
cld;gbf;iffs;> xj;Jiog;G epWtdq;fs;> cyf mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; rl;l kw;Wk;
xOf;fk;rhu; rpWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; Vw;Gilikfs; gy fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Lss;d.
 ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhd gz;G muRfspd; Rakhd ,Ug;G> mjhtJ

ghJfhg;G> nfsutk;> nghUshjhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> Njrpa fUj;jpaiyg;
ghJfhj;jy;> Njrpag; nghJeyid Nkk;gLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwaidj;Jk; xt;nthU
Njrpa murpdJk; jdpg;gl;l nghWg;ghf ,Ug;gNjhL mj;Njitfis G+u;j;jp
nra;tjw;Nfh milag;ngWtjw;Nfh $bathwhd Xu; Ml;rp ru;tNjr murhq;fj;jpy;
fhzg;gLtjpy;iy. NtW tifapy; $wpd; jkJ eyd;fisAk; NjitfisAk;
Nehf;fq;fisAk; jhNk epuiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidfspd;
mbg;gilapy; nraw;gLk; murhq;f KiwNa ru;tNjr murpaypy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;
tpisthf muRfs; gyj;j Nghl;b epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;bUg;NjhL jkJ Nehf;fq;fis
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F KbTwh Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Fl;gl;Ls;sd.
 Ml;rpay;yhj muh[f #o;epiyapy; Ra ,Ug;ghdJ jkJ jdpg;gl;l nghWg;ghf

,Uf;Fk; NghJ mJ njhlu;ghd epu;zapg;Gr; rf;jpahf mikAk; fhuzp mjpfhukhFk;.
NtWtifapy; $wpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; mstpd; mbg;gilapy; ,Ug;G jq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,jd;
NgWNgwhf muRfs; mjpfhuj;ij ehbr; nry;Yk; epiy epjKk; epyTtijAk;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; vjpupfshf fUJk; epiy Vw;gLtijAk; fhzyhk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf
ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ij tpl Aj;jNk epjKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ru;tNjr murpaypy; Kf;fpa gz;ghf fglk;> ehrfhuk;> Vkhw;W> ek;gpf;if JNuhfk;

vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; Njrpa murpaypy; xOq;F epakdq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk;.
muR jdJ gpui[fspd; eyd;fis xOq;FgLj;Jk;. Njrpa murpaypy;
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; (jdpg;gl;ltu;fs;) murpd; gyte;j mjpfhuj;jpw;F fPo;gl;ltu;fshtu;.
Ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfs; gytPdkhd ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd; %yk; Msg;gLfpd;wd.
ru;tNjr muRfspy; ,Wjp Majk; Nghu;> Njrpa murpaypy; rkhjhd topKiwfis
ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. Njrpa murpay; ghku kdpju;fis ftUk; xU
JiwahFk;. Ru;tNjr murpay; rhjhuz kdpjiu ftUk; xU Jiway;y.
Mdhy; Njrpa murpay; ,jid tplTk; Kw;wpYk; NtWgl;ljhFk; Njrpa murpaYk; mjpfhug;
Nghuhl;lj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jhYk; mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; <LgLk;
nraw;ghl;lhsu;fis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; gpd;tUk; ,U rf;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
i. murhq;fk;>
ii. xOf;fk;
Njrpa r%fj;jpy; murpayhdJ xU Gwk; ehl;bd; mbg;gilr; rl;lkhd murpay; ahg;gpy;

,lk;ngWk; Vw;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. kWGwk; ,iwik mjpfhuj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L murhq;fk; gpwg;gpf;Fk; rl;lq;fSf;F murpay; kPJ tiuaiwfis
tpjpf;fpd;wd.
Njrpa murpaypy; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F fPo;gl;Nl murpay; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

mr;rl;lq;fis kPWk; NghJ jz;lidf;F cl;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; jz;lidfSf;Fg; gae;J
murpay; tpisahl;by; <LgLNthu; mr;rl;l jpl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;Nl murpaiy Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
Njrpa murpayhdJ r%fk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;s xOf;fr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fl;gl;Nl

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it rl;lq;fs; Nghy; gyk; tha;e;jitay;yhtpbDk; ehfuPfj;
jd;ikia epu;zapg;gjpy; mtw;iwg; gpd;gw;WjNyh> gpd;gw;whjpUj;jNyh ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,U fhuzpfspdJk; ghjpg;gpdhy; Njrpa murpaypy; rkhjhdk; epyTtijr; rhu;G

uPjpahf fhzyhk;. NtWtifapy; $wpd; Njrpa murpaypy; ,itfspd; %ykd;wp Nju;jy;fs;
%yk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;J nfhs;tjw;F Kjyplk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; ru;tNjr
murapyhdJ xu; murhq;fj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Nfh ru;tNjr uPjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l
xOf;fj;jpw;F fPo;gl;lNjh md;W. mjdhy; Nkhjy;fis jPu;fF ; k; gpujhd topKwiahf Aj;jk;
iff;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
ru;tNjr murpay; fw;ifapd; tplag;gug;Gf;fs;.

ru;tNjr epiyikfSk;> Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTfspd; ,ay;Gk; fhyj;jpw;F fhyk;
khw;wj;jpw;F cl;gLtjhy; ru;tNjr murpaypd; ghlg;gug;gpid epu;zak; nra;tJ fbdkhFk;.
vdpDk; ru;tNjr njhlu;GfisAk; murpaiyg; gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;sy; (Theories of International Politics) Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ru;tNjr murpay; kpfTk; mtrpakhd
Jiw vd;gjhy; mjd; Nfhl;ghLfis fw;gjd; %yk; VNjDk; Kwiahd mwpKfk; xd;W
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;Jiw rhu;e;j mwpQu;fs; ,g;ghlj;Jiwapd; tplag;gug;ghf gpd;tUk;
mk;rq;fis gpujhdkhf epu;zak; nra;fpd;wdu;.
1. muR Kiwik : ru;tNjr murpay; gw;wpa fw;if muR KiwikAlNdNa Muk;gkhfpwJ.

Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wj;jpd; gpd;du; ru;tNjr ghlg;gug;gpy; muR KiwikNa nry;thf;F
nrYj;jp te;Js;sJ. ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;Fk; NghJ mjd; NtWgl;l mjd;
epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; mikg;Gf;fspd; njhFjpfs; nraw;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;gb ru;tNjr
murpay; fw;ifapd; mjd; gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsuhd muR Fwpj;J fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
2. Njrpa eyd; : muRfs; jkJ mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; mila Kw;gLk; ,yf;FfNs Njrpa
eyd;fshFk;. xt;nthU Njrpa muRk; xj;jpirtw;w Njrpa eyd;fis nfhz;Ls;sd. me;j
eyd;fis Rw;wpNa ru;tNjr murpay; xOq;fikfpd;wd.
3. Njrpa mjpfhuk; : 2k; cyf NghUf;Fg; gpd;du; ru;tNjr murpay; fw;ifapd; ikaf;fU
Njrpa mjpfhukhFk;. ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lNk md;wp
Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy (Morganthau) ru;tNjr murpaypy; Njrpa mjpfhuj;jpd; jd;ik>
mjpfhuj;jpd; %yf; $Wfs;> mstPL vd;gd gw;wpAk; tYr;rkepiy> mjpfhur; rkd;ghLfs;>
mjpfhuj;jpd; kPjhd tiuaiwfs; vd;gd gw;wpAk; fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. ru;tNjr murpay; fUtpfs; : ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfs; eyd;fisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk;

epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;F ,uh[je;jpuk;> ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if> ru;tNjr tu;j;jfk;>
nghUshjhuk;> ,uhZtk; Nghd;w fUtpfis gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
5. Njrpa thjk;> fhydpj;Jthjk; kw;Wk; Vfhgj;jpathjk; : Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wj;jpd;

gpd;du; ,k;%d;Wk; ru;tNjr murpaypy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa fhuzpfs; MFk;.
6. ru;tNjr murpay; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghLfs; : ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfspd; nraw;ghLfis

fl;Lg;gLj;jp xOq;FgLj;Jtjpy; tYr;rkepiy> $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G Kiw> ru;tNjr rl;lk;>
ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs;> gpuhe;jpaf; $l;Lf;fs;> MAjg;gupfuzk; Nghd;w fUtpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
7. ru;tNjr Kiwik : ru;tNjr murpay; vd;gJ ru;tNjr Kiwik gw;wpa fw;ifahfTk;

mikfpd;wJ. rkfhyj;jpy; ,UJUt Kiwik> gy;JUt Kiwik vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapYk;> fz;lq;fs;> gpuhe;jpaq;fs; Kiwik vd;w mbg;gilapYk; ru;tNjr
murpay; fw;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
8. NghUk; rkhjhdKk; : nghJ rl;lj; njhFjpnahd;wpidf; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s

murhq;fk; xd;wpid gpuNahf uPjpaw;wJ vd;gjhy; ru;tNjr murpaiy xU tifahd
muh[fk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gw;w ,ay;nghd;wpid nfhz;ljhFk; ,t;tplaj;jhy; cyf
ghJfhg;G (Global Security) ru;tNjr Kiwikapay; (Order in International System) vd;gd
rkhjhdj;ijg; Ngdpf; nfhs;tjw;F Kf;fpakhdJ. ru;tNjr ghJfhg;G gw;wpa fw;ifAk;
mg;ghJfhg;Gf;F Vw;gl;Ls;s mr;RWj;jyfspd; ,ay;Gfs;> mt;thwhd mr;RWj;jy;fypd;
guty; tpUj;jpailAk; NghJ Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs; kw;Wk; ,k;Kuz;ghLfis jPu;f;Fk;
epWtdq;fSk; KiwikfSk; gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ
9. ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs; : ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; kPz;Lk; mt;thwhdnjhU

cyf mopnthd;W Vw;gLtij jtpu;g;gjw;fhf cyf kf;fs; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;ij
cUthf;fpdu;. mJ cyf epUthf mynfhd;W vDk; epiyf;F (Unit of Global Governance)
khw;w kila Ntz;Lkh? vDk; tpthjKk; ru;tNjr murpay; njhlu;Gfspy; NknyOe;j
gpur;rpidahf khwpaJ. vdNt If;fpa ehLfs; (United Nations) kw;Wk; mjd; njhlu;ghd
murpaiyf; fw;wYk; ru;tNjr murpaypy; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.
10. ru;tNjr murpay; nghUshjhuk; (International Politics Economy) : cyfpd; ve;jnthU muRk;
Kw;W KOjhf jdpikg;gl;L jd;dpiwT milahJ vd;gjhy; rkfhy muRfs; kpfTk;
gue;j tifapy; ru;tNjr nghUshjhuj;Jld; njhlu;Gfisg; NgDfpd;wd. ru;tNjr
nghUshjhu njhlu;Gfs; ru;tNjr murpaypd; xOq;fpid jPu;khdpg;gjpy; kpfTk; Mokhd
jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ru;tNjr murpay; nghUshjhuk; (International Politics
Economy) ru;tNjr murpay; fw;ifapy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU tplag;gug;ghf cs;sJ
ru;tNjr murpaypd; mur kw;Wk; murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs;
ru;tNjr murpaypd; xOq;fpid jPu;khdpg;gjpy; mjd; nraw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; elj;ijfs;
jPu;khdkpf;fjhf cs;sJ. gue;jtifapy; fye;JiuahLk;NghJ ru;tNjr murpaypy; ,U
gpujhd tifahd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; cs;sdu;.
01. Njrpa muRfs;

02. murrhu;gw;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; (Non - State Actors)
01. Njrpa muRfs;
INuhg;ghtpy; 1618 Kjy; tpUj;jpaile;j Kg;gJ tUl fhy Aj;jk; KbTWj;jg;gl;L INuhg;gpa
,dj;jtupilNa 1648,y; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;l cld;gbf;if nt];ghypah rkhjhd cld;gbf;if
(Westphalia Peace Treaties) vd ,dq;fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. INuhg;ghtpd; gpujhd muRfSf;fpilNa
Ms;Gy vy;iyfis jPu;khdpg;gJk; Njrq;fSf;fpilapyhd ,iwik njhlu;ghd mbg;gilf;
fUj;Jf;fis nghJ mq;ff P huj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; ru;tNjr murpaypDs;
,t;Tld;gbf;if Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. ,f;fUj;J etPd ,iwikkpF RahjPd Njrpa
muRfspd; xOq;fikg;gpw;fhd %yhjhuj;ij Nghrpj;Js;sJ. gpd;du; ,g;NghJ Vw;Gilik
ru;tkakhfpaNjhL Njrpa muRfs; ru;tNjr murpaypy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU ,lj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. ,jd;gb Njrpa muRfs; (Nationa State) ,d;W tiu ru;tNjr murpaypd;
gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsuhf ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhNyNa gpujhdkhf Njrpa
muRfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; ru;tNjr njhlu;Gfs; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
02. ru;tNjr mur epWtdq;fs;
ru;tNjr r%fk; jkJ njhlu;Gfis ,yFg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;> Kiwg;gLj;jTk;> nghJ

eyid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;> gy;NtW JiwfSf;fpilNa cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdj;
njhFjpfs; ru;tNjr murrhu; epWtdq;fs; (Inter Governmental organizations) vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
,J njhlu;gpyhd gpujhd cjhuzk; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdkhFk; (United Nations Organization).
jw;Nghija cyf Kiwikapy; rpyijj; jtpu;j;J Vida rfy muRfSk; If;fpa ehLfs;
jhgdj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sd. ,J jtpu gpd;tUk; tifapyhd Kiwapy; mur
rhu;G epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghl;bid fhzyhk;.
 murrhu;G gpuhe;jpa mikg;Gfs; (Regional Orgarnizations) cjhuzkhf mnkupf;f

muRfspd; mikg;G (Organization of American States – OAS), Mgpupf;f If;fpa mikg;G
(Organization of African Unity – OAU)> muG yPf; > Mrpahd; (Association of South – East Asian Nation –
ASEAN) rhu;f; (South Asian Association for Reginal Cooperation)> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; (European
Union) vd;git gy cjhuzq;fshFk;
 ghJfhg;G mjpfhu epWtdq;fs; cjhuzkhf tl mj;jpyhe;jpf; cld;gbf;if mikg;G
(NATO) Nghd;wdTk;>
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupd; gpd;du; cyfg; nghUshjhuj;ij ,ay;G epiyf;F
nfhz;LtUk; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l g;&d;Tl;]; epWtd tiyaikg;G (Bretoon Woods
System) mjhtJ ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; kw;Wk; cyf tq;fp tiyaikg;G Nghd;wd
ru;tNjr murrhu;G mikg;Gf;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fshFk;.
03. ru;tNjr murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
Njrpa muRfspd; cj;jpNahfg;G+u;t murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; my;yhj ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;spd;

tiyaikg;Gf;fis ru;tNjr mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; (International Non Governmental Organizations)
vd milahsg;gLj;jyhk;. tpNrlkhd njhU Nehf;fk;> gy Nehf;fq;fs; my;yJ Fwpj;j
tplak; xd;wpid ikag;gLjj;p cUthfpapUg;gNj ,e;epWtdq;fspd; ,ay;ghFk;. ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; miug;gFjpapy; kpfTk; tpiuthf gutyile;j murhu;gw;w
epWtdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if ,d;W Rkhu; 5000 ,id jhz;bAs;sJ vd cj;jpNahfg;G+u;t
mwpf;iffs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. ,e;epWtdq;fspy; nraw;ghLfs; kdpj cupikfis ghJfhg;gJ
njhlf;fk; (Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International) tpyq;Ffspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ tiu
(World Wildlife Fund) gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
04. gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs;
Njrpa muRfspd; vy;iyfisf; fle;J cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s cyfj;juj;jpyhd tpahghu

epWtdq;fspd; tiyaikg;gpid gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; (Trans National Organizations) vd miog;gu;.
jw;Nghija ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; muRfis tplTk; tsq;fis cilaJk; %yjdq;fis
ifahSk; epWtdf; fl;likg;Gfshf gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfs; khwpAs;sd. muRfspd;
vy;iyfisf; fle;J ru;tNjr murpay; kw;Wk; nfhs;if fl;likg;GfspYk; jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; ty;yik ,e;j gy;Njrpaf; fk;gdpfSf;F cz;L.
,e;jg; ghupa fk;gdpfs; ngw;Ws;s nghUshjhu gyj;jpdhy; ru;tNjr tptfhuq;fspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;fspg;gpid Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. cyf vz;nza; tpepNahfj;jpy; $l;Lr;
nraw;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mur vjpu;g;Gr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLfpd;wd. cjhuzk; 1973
,y; rpypapd; khu;f;rpr rhu;G [dhjpgjp Saladore Allede iag; gjtp ftpo;j;J nfhiy nra;jik>
neju;yhe;J ,sturu;> [g;ghdpa gpujku; vd;w kl;lq;fs; tiu ,yQ;rk; thq;fpaik> ru;tNjr
fk;gdpfspd; nkhj;jf; $l;L cw;gj;jpia gy ehLfspdJk; nkhj;jj; Njrpa cw;gj;jpfSld;
xg;gpLtjd; %yk; ,tw;wpd; nghUshjhuj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. 1987 ,y; ghupa gy;Njrpaf;
fk;gdpahf General Morors of America 101.8 gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu; ngWkjpahd nkhj;jf;
$l;L cw;gj;jpia nfhz;bUe;jJ.
05. fPu;j;jpkpF jdpegu;fs;

Njrpa muR kw;Wk; ru;tNjr mikg;Gfisj; jtpu;j;J rpyNtisfspy; ru;tNjr murpaypd;
,ay;gpidj; jPu;khdpg;gjpy; fPuj
; ;jpkpF jdpegu;fs; Njhd;wpAs;sdu;.
,tu;fs; rpyNtisfspy; gpd;tUk; jd;ikapy; fhzg;glyhk;.
 kj Nghjfu;fshf ,Uf;f KbAk; cjhuzk; : gupRj;j Nghg;ghz;ltu;
 nghJ cld;ghl;bdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ru;tNjr mikg;Gfspd; jPu;khdk;
vLg;gtu;fshf ,Uf;f KbAk; cjhuzk; : If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; nghJr;
nrayhsu; ehafk;
 jw;Nghija mjpfhu rkepiy kw;Wk; ahjhu;j;jj;jpDs; mjpfhuk; kpf;f muRfspd;
jiytu;fSk;> ru;tNjr murpay; njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU jhf;fj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;s
KbAk;. cjhuzk; : mnkupf;fhtpd; Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjpfshd guhf; xghkh> gps;f;
fpspd;ld;> gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Kd;dhs; gpujku; nlhdp gpNsau;
06. gaq;futhjf; FOf;fs;
rkfhy ru;tNjr murpaypDs; gpujhdkhnjhU gpur;rpidahf gaq;futhj;ijf; (Terrorism)

Fwpg;gplyhk;. muRfspd; vy;iyfisf; fle;J nrd;W midj;J ghJfhg;G mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk;
njhFjpfSf;F rthy; tpLf;Fk; gaq;futhj mikg;Gfspd; tiyaikg;Gfs; ru;tNjr
murpaypy; jhf;fj;ij nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf Kjyhspj;Jt mur fl;likg;Gk;>
rkTlik mur fl;likg;Gf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gl;l gzpg;Nghu; (Cold War) epiwtile;j
epiyapy; cyf rkhjhdj;jpw;F tpLf;fg;gl;l gpujhdkhd rthy; gaq;futhjkhFk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gl;l gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F mg;ghy; ru;tNjr murpaypd; ,ay;gpid

jPu;khdpg;gjpy; #oy;rhu; mOj;jkhf (tpNrlkhf Gtp ntg;gkiljy;> ePu;g; gw;whf;Fiw> ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fs;> Rfhjuhg; gpur;rpidfs; HIV/AIDS) Nghd;wdTk; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU jhf;fj;jpid
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
Nkw;Fwpg;gl;l gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F mg;ghy; ru;tNjr murpaypd; ,ay;gpid
jPu;khdpg;gjpy; #oy;rhu; mOj;jkhf (tpNrlkhf Gtp ntg;gkiljy;> ePu;g; gw;whf;Fiw> ,aw;if
mdu;j;jq;fs;> Rfhjuhg; gpur;rpidfs; HIV/AIDS) Nghd;wdTk; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU jhf;fj;jpid
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
ru;tNjr murpaypy; muRfspd; ntspthupahd Nehf;f

; q;fs;
ru;tNjr murpaypy; xt;nthU ,iwikauRk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; jhd; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vdf; fUJk; gy Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mit ntspthupahd Nehf;fq;fs;
vdg;gLk;. me;Nehf;fq;fs; Njrpa eyd; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. murpd; ntspthupahd
Nehf;fq;fis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. Njrpa ghJfhg;G
ntsp mr;RWj;jy; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fspypUe;J ehl;ilg; ghJfhg;gNj Njrpa
ghJfhg;ghFk;. ,J gpujhd Nehf;fkhf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ru;tNjr murpaypy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
Nghl;bLk; ,iwik muRfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; ve;jnthU muRk; jdJ ghJfhg;gpid
KOikahf cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbahJ. mjdhy; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; xt;nthU
muRk; XusT mgha epiyapNyNa cs;sJ. Mdhy; xt;nthU muRk; jdJ
mjpfhuj;jpw;Nfw;g me;j mgha epiyia jdf;Fr; rhjfkhf gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;. ,J
gytPdkhd ehLfis tpl gykhd ehLfSf;Nf rhjkhf mikAk;.
2. Njrpa nfsutk;
Vida muRfSf;F kj;jpapy; jhd; gykpf;ftdhf vOr;rp ngWjYk; me;epiyapid Vida
muRfs; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;tJNk Njrpa nfsutkhFk;.
3. Njrpa nghUshjhuj;ij ghJfhj;jYk; tpUj;jp nra;jYk;

Xu; murpd; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gk; Njrpa nfsutKk; mjd; nghUshjhu gyj;jpy;
jq;fpapUf;Fk;. mjdhy; muRfs; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; jk;ik nghUshjhu uPjpahf
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L mjid NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;a Kw;gLfpd;wd. nghUshjhuk;
gytPdKw;why; Njrpa ghJfhg;Gk; Njrpa nfsutKk; gytPdKWk;.
4. Njrpa nghJ eyid Nkk;gLj;jy;

ve;jnthU murpdJk; cs;thupahdJk; ntspthupahdJkhd nfhs;ifapd; ,Wjp ,yf;F
Njrpa nghJ eyid Nkk;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,k;Kaw;r;rpapd; NghJ muRfs;> gy;Njrpaf;
fk;gdpfs;> murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> muR rhu;G epWtdq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd; Jizia
ehLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; muRfSf;Fk; me;epWtdq;fSf;F ,ilapy;
Nkhjy;fSk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
5. murpaw; nfhs;ifapid ghJfhj;jy;

Fwpg;gpl;l Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; mike;j r%f ,Ug;gpd; %yk; jdpkdpj kw;Wk; r%f
eyd;fis milaKbAnkd;w ek;gpf;iffspd; $l;L nkhj;jNk murpaw; nfhs;ifahFk;.
,jd; gz;Gfshtd> jhk; ek;gpf;if nfhz;Ls;s murpaw; nfhs;if Vidatw;iw tpl
rpwe;jJ vd ek;Gjy;. ,f; nfhs;if KO cyfpYk; epytNtz;Lk; vd ek;Gjy;.
cjhuzkhf mnkupf;fh ek;gpf;if itj;j jhuhs [dehaf kw;Wk; nghUshjhuf;
nfhs;if> Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;j fk;A+dprf; nfhs;if> 1979 y; <uhdpy;
mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;j Maj;Jy;yh nfhNkdp Kd;itj;j ,];yhkpa nfhs;if
,e;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L ehLfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig NgZk; topKiwfs;
ru;tNjr Kiwikapy; muRfs; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjpYk;

jkf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjpYk; gpd;tUk; topKiwfis gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd.
1. ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if
ru;tNjr #oYf;F Vw;g Vida ehLfspd; elj;ijia khw;Wk; tifapYk; jkJ
nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jk; tifapYk; r%fq;shy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghLfspd;
nrad; KiwNa ntsp ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifahFk; my;yJ ,d;iwa G+Nfhs fpuhk
Kiwikapy; jtpu;f;f Kbahj muru;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk; gu];guk; jq;F epiy
vd;gtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kiwahf tFf;fg;gl;l xU nfhs;if KiwNa ntsp ehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifahFk;. xU muR jdJ Kf;fpa eyd;fis ghJfhj;J Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Vida
muRfSld; njhlu;Ggl;Lr; nraw;gLk; NghJ mtw;wpd; elj;ijg; gq;fpid cUtikf;Fk;
%yf; nfhs;iffNs ntsp ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifahFk;.
2. ,uh[je;jpuk;
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd; %yk; ru;tNjr cwTfis Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;F my;yJ muR
cwTfis re;ju;g;g #o;epiyf;Nfw;g xOq;FgLj;jp Kfhikg;gLj;j gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
cghak; MFk;. (Oxford Dictionary) my;yJ ,iwik nghUe;jpa Rje;jpu muRfspd;
murhq;fq;fSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWk; cj;jpNahf G+u;tkhd cwTfisf; nfhz;L
elj;Jtjw;F mwpitAk; cgha KiwfisAk; gpuNahfpf;Fk; fiyahFk;.
nghUl;gLj;Jtjw;F mwpitAk; cgha KiwfisAk; gpuNahfpf;Fk; fiyahFk;. (Earnest
Satow )
3. nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;
jw;fhy ru;tNjr murpaypy; ehLfs; jkJ Nehf;fq;fis miltjw;Fk; Vida ehLfis
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; xU gpujhd fUtpahf nghUshjhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. 1945k;
Mz;L America gpd;gw;wpa ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if ru;tNjr murpaypy; mnkupf;fhtpd;
nry;thf;F cauiltjw;F me;j ehl;bd; nghUshjhu gyNk Kf;fpa fhuzkhf
mike;jJ.
3. CLUTjYk; jiyapLjYk;
muRfs;> gifik ehl;bd; cs; tplaq;fspy; ,ufrpa KiwfspD}lhf gy;NtW
jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp me;j muir jkf;F Njitahd tpjj;jpy; topg;gLj;Jtjw;F
eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sy; CLUty; MFk;. gifik ehl;bd; mrpaypy; nraw;ghLfspy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; murpd; elj;ijia khw;wpaikj;jy;> jiyapLjy;
vdg;gLk;. ,jd; nghUl;L muRfs; ntspg;gilaw;w Kiwfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,ufrpa
csTr; Nrit> NtW kiwKfkhd cj;jpfs;.
4. Nghu;
xt;nthU muRfSk; jkJ Njrpa eyd;fisAk;> ntspthupahd Nehf;fq;fisAk; G+u;j;jp
nra;tjw;F gpwpnjhU fUtp Nghu; MFk;. Kuz;gl;l ,U murpay;fis topelj;jpr;
nry;Yk; FOf;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; jdJ nfhs;ifia kw;wtu; kPJ jpzpg;gjw;fhf me;jf;
FOf;fspilapy; ,lk;ngWk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l mjpfhug; gpuNahfk; Nghu; MFk;. Nghu;
vd;gJ murpay; nrayhFk;. ,J Xu; murpay; #o;epiyapypUe;Jk; Xu; murpay;
cj;Njrj;jpd; tpisthfTk; Njhd;Wk;.
Njrpa mjpfhuKk; Njrpa mgpyhirAk;

ru;tNjr murpaiyf; fw;Fk; NghJ Njrpa mjpfhuk;> Njrpa mgpyhir gw;wpAk; njupe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. Njrpa mjpfhuk; vd;gJ “Xu; murhq;fk; ,d;ndhU murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisAk;
vz;zq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy; ,Uf;FNkahapd; mjid Njrpa mjpfhuk;” vd
`hd;]; N[ Nkhu;fd;Njh Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,d;ndhU tifapy; $Wtjhapd; Xu; muR jdJ
tpUg;ig NtnwhU murpd; kPJ jpzpj;J jkf;Fj; Njitahd Kiwapy; Fwpg;gpl;l me;j
muirf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk; mjw;F fPo;gbahtpby; jdJ nry;thf;if gpuNahfpg;gjd; %yk;
fPo;gba itf;Fk; Mw;wy; Njrpa mjpfhuk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
,dq;fs; jkJ murpay; elj;ijfspd; NghJ ePz;lfhykhf jkJ ghJfhg;G>

nrsghf;fpaj;Jf;fhf nfhz;bUf;Fk; mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; tpUg;gq;fs; Njrpa mgpyhirfs;
(National Interest) vd milahsg;gLj;j KbAk;. ,it gpd;tUk; ,U tifapy; fhzg;glyhk;.
i. murpay; mgpyhir
ii. nghUshjhu my;yJ fyhrhu mgpyhirfshf ,Uf;f KbAk;.
ngUk;ghYk; Njrpa mgpyhirfs; xt;nthU ehLk; nfhz;Ls;s mjpfhuj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf

mikAk;. mjpfhuj;jpw;F ,izahd mgpyhirfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy; cyf murpaypDs;
kpfTk; ahjhu;j;jkhdjhFk;.
Njrpa mgpyhirf;fhd Af;fjpfs;

munrhd;W Rakhd Njrpa mgpyhirfis ntw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Clfq;fs;(Media) my;yJ
cghaq;fs; (Stergies) gy fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
i. ,uh[je;jpuk; :
munrhd;W Rakhd Njrpa mgpyhirfis ntw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; kpfTk; Vw;GilikahdJk;
gpurpj;jpngw;wJkhd cghaKiwahf ,Ug;gJ ,uh[je;jpu njhlu;GfshFk; (Diplomacy
,jid J}Jtu;fs; ,uh[je;jpupfs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. muRfspd; ,uh[je;jpu
njhlu;Gfs; mtw;wpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis (Foriegn Policy) Clfkhff; nfhz;Nl
topelj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
ii. nghUshjhu mjpfhuk;.

xU ehL ,d;ndhU ehl;bw;F gy;NtW tpjkhd nfhilfis toq;Ftjd; %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;ilf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk;. cjhuzk; nghUshjhu cjtpfs;> murpay;
,uhZt nghUl;fs; fld;fs;> ed;nfhilfs;> kw;Wk; NtW cjtpfspD}lhf Njrpa
mgpyhirfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; Kiwia cjhuzkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
iii. $l;likg;ghjy; kw;Wk; cld;gbf;iff;F tUjYk; (Alliances and Treaties)

muRfs; jkJ mgpyhirfis ntw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; kw;WnkhU
KiwahFk;. ,f;$l;likg;ghjy; murpay; epWtdq;fs;> ghJfhg;G epWtdqf;s; ( NATO,
SEATO, CENTO, ANZUS)> my;yJ nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs; (EEC, TPP - Trans Pasific Partnership)
Mf ,Uf;f KbAk;
iv. mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jy;

rpyNtisfspy; jkJ Njrpa mgpyhirfis ntw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf mjpfhuj;ij
(Coercive Means) gad;gLj;JtijAk; fhz KbAk;. Vida muRfspd; nraw;ghLfspy;
gyhj;fhukhf jiyapLjy;> ifg;gw;wy;> ,uhDtj;ij epiy epWj;jy;> jhf;Fjy;
elhj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iw cjhuzq;fshf Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. xU muR jdJ Njrpa
gyj;ij cUthf;fp nfhs;tjpy; gy fhuzpfs; ,ize;Js;sd.
 ,aw;ifahd fhuzpfs; - ehl;bd; miktplk;> ,aw;if tsk; rdj;njhif
 tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopy;El;gk;> ifj;njhopy; fhuzpfs;> njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;>
tptrhaj; jpwd;> gilj; jpwd;
 murpay; fhuzpfs; - murhq;fj;jpd; jd;ik> gzpf;FO Kiw cj;jpNahfG+u;t
mjpfhu Kiw) cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiw mjd; tpidj;jpwd;.
 r%fk; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fs; rhu;e;j fhuzpfs; - ehL Vw;Wf; nfhz;l Njrpa
fUj;Jf;fs;> Njrpa czu;Tfs;> Njrpa jzpj;Jtk;> r%ff; fl;likg;G> Njrpa
xUikg;ghL
 ntspthup kw;Wk; NtW fhuzpfs; - ehl;bd; ngUikAk;> ew;ngaWk;> ntsp
ehl;L cjtpiag; ngWk; Mw;wy;> ,ufrpa csTr; Nritapd; tpidj;jpwd;.
v. jz;lid tpjpj;jy;
nfhil toq;Ftij epWj;Jtjd; %yKk; KjyPLfis epWj;Jtjd; %yKk; Xu;
muRf;F jz;lid toq;f KbAk;. Mj;Jld; muRf;nfjpuhd gpurhuq;fis nra;tjd;
%yk; Nfhg%l;Lk; eltbf;iffisAk; nra;tJld; NtW muRfSf;F ntspg;gilahd
cjtpfis toq;Ftjd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l muRf;F kiwKfkhd jz;lid toq;f
KbAk;.
vi. gpur;rhuk; (Propaganda)

muRfs; jkJ mgpyhirfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gad;gLj;Jk; kw;WnkhU
ClfkhFk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fs; %yk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w mjpfhukpd;ik fhuzkhf

muRfs; jhk; tpUk;gpathW el;g;gjw;F ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,lkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;
fhuzkhfNt muRfSf;fpilapy; mbf;fb Aj;jk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ehLfSf;fpilapy;
rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;j fbdkhd xd;whf fhzg;gLfpwJ. MfNt ehLfSf;fpilapy; mjpfhug;
Nghl;bfis fl;Lg;gLj;jp ru;tNjr r%fj;ij ey;y Kiwapy; Kd;ndLj;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
muRfSf;fpilapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w mjpfhug; Nghuhl;lj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jp ru;tNjr

rkhjhdj;ij cUthf;fp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F ru;tNjr murpaypy; gad;gLj;jf; $ba
cj;jpfs; gpd;tUkhW.
1. mjpfhur; rkepiy
,e;j vz;zf;fUtpd; %yk; mjpfhur; rkkpd;ik epyikfs; epyTk; NghNj muRfs;
Nghupy; <LgLfpd;wd. muRfs; rkkhd mjpfhuKiladthf ,Ug;gpd; Nghupy; <Lgl
Kd;tukhl;lhJ. Vnddpy; rkkhd mjpfhuKila ,U ehLfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Nghu;
nra;Ak; NghJ ve;ehLk; ntw;wpia cWjpahf ngwKbahjpUg;gjdhyhFk;. ,jdhy;
muRfspy; mjpfhuq;fis rk msthdjhf mikg;gpd; muRf;fSf;fpilapy; Nghu;
Vw;gLtij jtpu;j;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y KbAk;.
mjpfhur; rkepiy cUthf;fg;gLtjid muRfs; jdpj;jdpahf nra;aKbAk; md;Nwy;
muRfs; $l;lkhd kl;lj;jpy; nra;a KbAk;.
2. $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G
rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Gk; muRfs; midj;Jk; xd;whf ,ize;J jkJ $l;L mjpfhuj;ij
rkhjhdj;jpw;F vjpuhf nraw;gLk; muRfSf;F my;yJ mur FOf;fSf;F vjpuhf
gad;gLj;jp Mf;fpukpg;G; jd;ikAs;s muR my;yJ mur FOf;fis mlf;fp ru;tNjr
rkhjhdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; vd;Dk; mbg;gil kPJ ,e;j
vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1918 ,y; ru;tNjrr; rq;fk; 1945y; If;fpa ehLfs;
rig vd;gd jhgpf;fg;gl;lik ,e;Nehf;fj;ij fUj;jpf; nfhz;lahFk;. vdpDk; ,uz;L
mikg;GfSk; vjpu;ghu;j;j tpjj;jpy; $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G vz;zf;fU nraw;ghl;il
Kd;ndLf;f ,ayhjpUe;jd. ,jw;F ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; cWg;G muRfSf;fpilNa
$l;Lg;ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;ghL cUthf;fj;Njiitahd nghJ tpUg;gpid Vw;gLj;j
KbahikNa fhuzkhFk;.
3. ru;tNjr rl;lk;
ru;tNjr muRfspd; njhlu;Gfs; nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lj; njhFjpia
mbg;gilahf nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; muRfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
Nkhjy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij
epiyepWj;j KbAk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fUtpdhy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;J. vdpDk; ,J
njhlu;ghf vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidfs; ahnjdpy; ru;tNjr rl;lk; ahUf;fhf
eilKiwg;gLj;jggLfpwJ? ru;tNjr rl;lk; ahuhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
vd;gjhFk;. rl;lthf;fk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; vd;gd nfhz;l rl;lq;fis Mf;fp>
muRfspd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;F Nkyhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wy; cila cyf
murhq;fk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidfs;
vOe;Js;sd.
4. MAjq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg;gupfuzKk;

,e;j vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ muRfs; Nghu; nra;tJ MAjq;fis
nfhz;bUg;gjdhyhFk;. vdNt muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopg;gpd; muRfs;
Nghu; nra;a khl;lh vdf; fUJtjd; mbg;gilapyhFk;. muRfsplk; cs;s Nghu;
MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fU %yk;
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapy; ,e;jf; fUj;J kpfr; rupahf ,Ug;gpDk;
nrad;Kiwapy; ,jid eilKiwg;gLj;jtjpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd. Kf;fpa
gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; Nghu; MAjq;fs; ,y;yhJ muRfspd; Njrpa ghJfhg;ig
eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW vd;gjhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; 1945 d; gpd;du; If;fpa ehLfs;
rigAk; jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;jpYk; muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fs; fl;Lg;ghL> MAjg;gupfuzk;
njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffs; gytw;iw vLj;Js;sd. vdpDk; ,d;dKk; Kw;whf
MAjg;gupfuzj;Jf;F muRfs; Kd;tuhjpUg;gJld; Nghu; MAj cw;gj;jpiaAk; muRfs;
epWj;jptpltpy;iy.
5. cyf murhq;fk;
muRfspd; ntspthup elj;ijiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j rl;lthf;f epiwNtw;W> ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;l cyf murhq;fk; xd;W mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy; ,e;j
vz;zf;fU ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J ntWkNd xU vz;zf;fU kl;LNk.
eilKiwapy; ,t;thhwhd murhq;fk; mikg;gJxU fdT vd tpku;rfu;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu;. fhuzk; cyf kl;lj;jpy; jd;dhjpf;f mjpfhuKila cyf
murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F muRfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l ,iwikajpfhuj;ij tpl;Ltpl
tpUk;ghd;ikahFk;.
4. mjpfhur; rkepiy
,e;j vz;zf;fUtpd; %yk; mjpfhur; rkkpd;ik epyikfs; epyTk; NghNj muRfs;
Nghupy; <LgLfpd;wd. muRfs; rkkhd mjpfhuKiladthf ,Ug;gpd; Nghupy; <Lgl
Kd;tukhl;lhJ. Vnddpy; rkkhd mjpfhuKila ,U ehLfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W Nghu;
nra;Ak; NghJ ve;ehLk; ntw;wpia cWjpahf ngwKbahjpUg;gjdhyhFk;. ,jdhy;
muRfspy; mjpfhuq;fis rk msthdjhf mikg;gpd; muRf;fSf;fpilapy; Nghu;
Vw;gLtij jtpu;j;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;J Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;y KbAk;.
mjpfhur; rkepiy cUthf;fg;gLtjid muRfs; jdpj;jdpahf nra;aKbAk; md;Nwy;
muRfs; $l;lkhd kl;lj;jpy; nra;a KbAk;.
5. $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G
rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Gk; muRfs; midj;Jk; xd;whf ,ize;J jkJ $l;L mjpfhuj;ij
rkhjhdj;jpw;F vjpuhf nraw;gLk; muRfSf;F my;yJ mur FOf;fSf;F vjpuhf
gad;gLj;jp Mf;fpukpg;G; jd;ikAs;s muR my;yJ mur FOf;fis mlf;fp ru;tNjr
rkhjhdj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jp Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; vd;Dk; mbg;gil kPJ ,e;j
vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1918 ,y; ru;tNjrr; rq;fk; 1945y; If;fpa ehLfs;
rig vd;gd jhgpf;fg;gl;lik ,e;Nehf;fj;ij fUj;jpf; nfhz;lahFk;. vdpDk; ,uz;L
mikg;GfSk; vjpu;ghu;j;j tpjj;jpy; $l;Lg; ghJfhg;G vz;zf;fU nraw;ghl;il
Kd;ndLf;f ,ayhjpUe;jd. ,jw;F ,e;j mikg;Gf;fspd; cWg;G muRfSf;fpilNa
$l;Lg;ghJfhg;Gr; nraw;ghL cUthf;fj;Njiitahd nghJ tpUg;gpid Vw;gLj;j
KbahikNa fhuzkhFk;.
6. ru;tNjr rl;lk;
ru;tNjr muRfspd; njhlu;Gfs; nghJthf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lj; njhFjpia
mbg;gilahf nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; muRfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gLk;
Nkhjy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;J ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ij
epiyepWj;j KbAk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fUtpdhy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;J. vdpDk; ,J
njhlu;ghf vOe;Js;s gpur;rpidfs; ahnjdpy; ru;tNjr rl;lk; ahUf;fhf
eilKiwg;gLj;jggLfpwJ? ru;tNjr rl;lk; ahuhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ?
vd;gjhFk;. rl;lthf;fk; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; vd;gd nfhz;l rl;lq;fis Mf;fp>
muRfspd; ,iwik mjpfhuj;jpw;F Nkyhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wy; cila cyf
murhq;fk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,y;yhjpUg;gjdhy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidfs;
vOe;Js;sd.
6. MAjq;fis fl;Lg;gLj;jYk; MAjg;gupfuzKk;

,e;j vz;zf;fU cUthf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ muRfs; Nghu; nra;tJ MAjq;fis
nfhz;bUg;gjdhyhFk;. vdNt muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopg;gpd; muRfs;
Nghu; nra;a khl;lh vdf; fUJtjd; mbg;gilapyhFk;. muRfsplk; cs;s Nghu;
MAjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ,e;j vz;zf;fU %yk;
typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapy; ,e;jf; fUj;J kpfr; rupahf ,Ug;gpDk;
nrad;Kiwapy; ,jid eilKiwg;gLj;jtjpy; gy gpur;rpidfs; cs;sd. Kf;fpa
gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; Nghu; MAjq;fs; ,y;yhJ muRfspd; Njrpa ghJfhg;ig
eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ vt;thW vd;gjhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk; 1945 d; gpd;du; If;fpa ehLfs;
rigAk; jdpg;gl;l kl;lj;jpYk; muRfspd; Nghu; MAjq;fs; fl;Lg;ghL> MAjg;gupfuzk;
njhlu;ghd eltbf;iffs; gytw;iw vLj;Js;sd. vdpDk; ,d;dKk; Kw;whf
MAjg;gupfuzj;Jf;F muRfs; Kd;tuhjpUg;gJld; Nghu; MAj cw;gj;jpiaAk; muRfs;
epWj;jptpltpy;iy.
7. cyf murhq;fk;
muRfspd; ntspthup elj;ijiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;j rl;lthf;f epiwNtw;W> ePjpj;Jiw
mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;l cyf murhq;fk; xd;W mikf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy; ,e;j
vz;zf;fU ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,J ntWkNd xU vz;zf;fU kl;LNk.
eilKiwapy; ,t;thhwhd murhq;fk; mikg;gJxU fdT vd tpku;rfu;fs;
fUJfpd;wdu;. fhuzk; cyf kl;lj;jpy; jd;dhjpf;f mjpfhuKila cyf
murhq;fj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;F muRfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l ,iwikajpfhuj;ij tpl;Ltpl
tpUk;ghd;ikahFk;.
rkfhy ru;tNjr murpaypd; gpujhd Nghf;Ffs;
,g;gFpjpia Nehf;Fk; NghJ Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; rkfhy cyf epfo;Tfis

ikakhf itj;J Nehf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tplaq;fs; midj;J
fhyg;gFjpf;Fk; nghUj;jkhdjhf> KOikahdjhf ,Uf;fhJ. Mjyhy; ,g;gFapy;
tpdhf;fs; tUk; NghJ mtw;iw mg;Nghija eilKiwf;F Vw;g vOjg; gapw;rp ngw
Ntz;Lk;. ,g;gFjapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; mbg;gilahd tplaq;fs; khj;jpuNk
md;wp KOikahdJ my;yJ.
rkfhy ru;tNjr murpay; Nghf;fpid milahsg;gLj;JtJ mt;tsT ,yFthd xU

fhupaky;y. Vddpy; ru;tNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Njrpa muRfs; xt;nthd;Wk; tpj;jpahrkhdJk;
xd;NWhL xd;W Kud;gl;ljkhd Nghf;fpid ifahz;L tUtjdhyhFk;. ,jdhy; rkfhy
ru;tNjr murpay; Nghf;Ffis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; Muayhk;.
1. gy;JUt cyf Kiwik (Multi polar world system)
,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; ,Jtiu INuhg;ghit ikag;gLj;jpapUe;j mjpfhur;

rkepiy njspthd khw;wj;jpw;F cs;shdJ. ,jpy; mnkupf;fh cyf ty;yurhf
tpUj;jpailjy; njspthf eilngw;wJ. Kd;dzp nghUshjhu murpay; ghu;itahd
Kjyhspj;Jt ypguy; rdehafk;> mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa muRfis gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
nra;jNjhL> ,J xU JUt murpayhf Nehf;fg;gl;lNjhL ngUk;ghyhd cyf ehLfs;
mnkupf;fh Nehf;fpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ
,jw;F khw;wPlhf u];ah rkTilikthjj;ij jkJ murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

nfhs;ifahf nfhz;L mjpfhu rkepiyf;Fs; te;jJ. ,jdhy; cyfk; Kjyhspj;Jtk;>
rkTlik vd; mnkupf;fh jiyikapy; Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfSk;> jiyikapYk; u\;ah
jiyikapy; fpof;F INuhg;gh ehLfSk; vd ,U JUtq;fshf khwpd.
Nrhtpal; u];ahtpd; rkTilikthj nfhs;ifapd; gbg;gbahd tPo;r;rp 1980 fspy; njspthf

njd;gl;lJ. rdhjpgjp kpfha;y; nfhu;gr;Nrh Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpDs; mtu; rkTilikthj
khw;wPlhd topnahd;wpid fUjpdhYk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;F kpfTk; neUf;fkhd nghUshjhu
kWrPuikg;Gfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. fk;A+dpr rPdhtpd; jiytu; nlq; Xgpq; (Deng Oping)
rPdhtpd; nghUshjhu kWrPuikg;Gfis ngupJk; %yjdj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
topKiwapd; Clhf mgptpUj;jpr; nra;jhu;. rkTilikthjj;jpw;F XusT rhu;e;Jss; fpof;F
N[uk;dp> tlf;F N[uk;dpAld; xd;wpize;J N[uk;dpa $l;likg;ig cUthf;fpaJ. ,t;thW
rpy rkTilikthj Kfhk;fs; Kjyhspj;Jt Kfhk;fshf khw;wkile;j ,UJUt cyf
Kiw (Bi - Polar World Sysytem) gbg;gbahf tPo;r;rpaile;J rkTilik u\;ahtpd; tPo;r;rpAld;
mnkupf;f Mjpgj;jpak; Kd;dpiy mile;jNjhL> Nkw;F Kfhk;fs; ntw;wpia Nehf;fp xU
JUt murpay; Nehf;fp mz;kpj;jJ.
1990 jrhg;jq;fspd; gpd;du; muRfSk; gyg; gpuhe;jpaqf;Sk; ru;tNjr murpaypd;

tYrr;kepiyapd; ebfuf;shf khwpAs;s epiyapid fhz Kbe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf
i. fpof;fhrpa muRfs; nghUshjhu uPjpahf gykpf;fitahf khwpd.

ii. INuhg;gpa muRfs; jkJ nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay; mjpfhuj;jpd; ntspg;ghlhf
INuhg;gpa rq;fj;ij (European Union) cUthf;fp nfhz;Ls;sd.
iii. rPdh> ,e;jpah> njd;dhgpu;f;fh> u\;ah kw;Wk; XusT gNwrpy; tsu;e;J tUk;
nghUshhjhu kw;Wk; murpay; gyrhypfshf tsu;e;J tUk; ,ay;gpid fhl;Lfpd;wd.
mz;ikf;fhykhf ru;tNjr murpay; Ma;thsu;fs; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; mnkupf;fhit

tpl rPdh xU gb Nky; nrd;Ws;sjhff; Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,Ug;gpDk; rpy Ma;thsu;fs; mnkupf;f
r%f> gz;ghl;L> fl;likg;G tsu;r;rp rPdhit tpl Kd;Ndw;w fukhdjhf ,Ug;gjhff;
Fwpg;gpLtu;. ,jd;gb rkfhy; cyf Kiwik gy;JUt (Multi polar world system) Mf
milahsk; fhz KbAk;.
2. khw;W ru;tNjr njhlu;G tiyaikg;G
etPd cyf KiwikapDs; Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l ru;tNjr mikg;Gfs;> ,uh[je;jpu njhlu;Gfs;

kw;Wk; nghUshjhu njhlu;Gfshy; topelj;jg;gLfpd;w cyf Kiwikf;F khw;wPlhf ru;tNjr
njhlu;Gfs; tiyaikg;gpid fhz Kbfpd;wJ. cyfkakhff;y; cyfg; gupkhdg; gukg;y;
njhlug;hly; kw;Wk; fy;tpapd; tpUj;jpapd; Clhf ,e;j khw;wPl;L njhlu;Gfis Nkd;epiy
milar; nra;Js;sJ.
3. etPd r%f ,af;fq;fs;
rpf;fhu;e;j khdpl njhlu;Gfshy; nghJtpy; ru;tNjr murpay; tsu;r;rpapf; fl;likg;gpy; (Classical

forms) cs;slf;fg;glhj mgpyhirfis cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; GhJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;FkhfNt Gjpa r%f ,af;fq;fs Njhw;wk; (New social movements) ngw;Ws;sd.
muRfspd; vy;iyfisf; fle;J jkJ Njitfs; kw;Wk; mgpyhirfis cWjpgg;Lj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf ,t;thwhd r%f ,af;fq;fis Clfkhff; nfhz;L xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ru;tNjr r%fk; mjD}lhf muRfspd; cs;sf kw;Wk; ntspaf nfhs;if nraw;ghl;bw;F
mOj;jk; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
mJ kl;Lkd;wp> ,r;r%f ,af;fq;fs; kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gJ Kjy; tpyq;F kw;Wk;

jhtuq;fspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;> Xupdr;Nru;f;if kw;Wk; ghy;khw;wk; ( Trans - Sexual)
cupikfs;> Aj;j kw;Wk; td;Kiw vjpu;g;G> nghypj;jPd; ghtidia vjpu;j;jy; (Thola Aandolam
Movement) Nghd;wd kpfTk; rpf;fyhdJk; gue;j tifapYk; gutpAs;sJ.
4. cyf Kiwikf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs;
cyf tYr;rkepiyf;Fk; kw;Wk; gpurpj;jpg; ngw;Ws;s cyf Kiwikf;Fk; vjpuhf Nghuhl;l

,af;fq;fspd; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; gutyhd tifapy; ru;tNjr murpaypy; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
,t;tpaf;fq;fs; rkhjhd topKiw njhlf;fk; MAj kw;Wk; gaq;futhj topKiw tiu jkJ
nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLg;gij fhz Kbfpd;wJ. kj;jpa fpof;F gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; mz;ikapy;
gutyile;Jss; IS ,af;fk; (Islamic State) ,t;thwhd MAj ,af;fnkhd;whFk;.
etPd cyfg; Nghf;Ffs; ,yq;if kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fq;fs;

ru;tNjr r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdd; vd;w tifapy; ,yq;ifAk; Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rfy ru;tNjr
mirTfspd; czu;thu;e;j njhFjpahf mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;. cyf Kiwikf;Fs; ve;jnthU
muRk; ,e;j mirtpaf;fj;jpypUe;J ,Ue;J tpyfpapUf;f KbahJ.
xd;Wld; xd;W gpize;Js;s murpay;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; fyhrhu njhlu;G

tiyaikg;Gf;fshy munrhd;whf ,yq;ifAk; cs;sf murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
nfhs;iffSk; mirTf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; gpufldk; kw;Wk;
kjpg;gPLfspdhy; rkfhy ,yq;ifapd; murpay; mirTfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. tpNrlkhf rptpy;
Aj;jj;jpw;F gpd;duhd murpay;> nghUshjhu ,ay;Gfis cs;sf mgpyhirfSf;F Vw;g
jPu;khzpf;Fk; ,aYik ,yq;iff;F ,y;iy.
ru;tNjr r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; vd;wtifapy; ru;tNjr kjpg;gPLfs; (Universal Values)> Njrpa

kjpg;gPLfshf (National Values) Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba rthy;fis Vida muRfisg;
NghyNt ,yq;iff;Fk; cz;L. ,J cyf murpay; nghUshjhujj;pDs; muRfspd;
mirtpaf;fq;fspd; ajhu;j;jkhf mwpe;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
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myF -15
15. ,yq;ifAk; cyfKk;

Nju;r;rp:
15.0 ntsp cyfj;Jf;Fk; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,ilapy; epyTk; njhlu;Gfspd; ,ay;GfisAk;>
tpisTfisAk; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;L fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
njhFg;ghf;fk;:-
D.JEGATHEESWARAN.B.A(HONS),M.A(PERA),PGDE
DIP.IN.HR,SPE.IN.POLITICAL SCIENCE
CP/HZ/CAMPION T.M.V
BOGAWANTALAWA.
1|D.JEGATHEESWARAN.B.A(HONS),M.A(PERA)PGDE,DIP.IN.HR,
15.,yq;ifAk; cyfKk;
1. ntspehl;L nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d?

ntspehl;L nfhs;ifahdJ ru;tNjr elj;ijfSf;fhd kjpEl;gkhd Kf;fpa jpwT
NfhyhFk;. mjd;gb ntspAwT nfhs;if vd;gJ ru;tNjr #oypd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
nraw;ghl;Lf;F jhdhfNt ,irtile;J Vida muRfspd; r%f khw;W elj;ijfshy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;ghl;L tpjpahFk;. me;j tifapy; ntspehl;L nfhs;if
vd;gjw;F rupahdnjhU tpsf;fk; fhZtJ kpfTk; fbdkhd tplak; vdyhk;. vdpDk;
ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vd;gJ NtWgl;lnjhd;W my;y. cz;ikapy;
Njrpaf;nfhs;ifapd; xU gFjpNa ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if MFk;. ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if
Njrpa eyid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,J Vida muRfSf;F ,ilapyhd
cwtpid tYg;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTfpd;wJ. Vwf;Fiwa vy;yh muRfSk;
ntspr;#oypDila ajhu;j;jj;jpw;Fk; jq;fSila gaj;jpw;Fk; cl;gl;L Njrpa eyid
Kd;Ndw;Wfpd;w nraw;ghl;bw;fhf ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifia jPu;khdpf;fpd;wdu;.
mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vd;w gjk; kpfTk; mfykhdJk; xU
murhq;fk; Vida ru;tNjr murhq;fq;fSld; itj;jpUf;Fk; vy;yh tpjkhd
cwTfisAk; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ. NkYk; xU murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w murpay; rhuh
cwTfs; $l ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vd;w tpahgfj;Jf;Fs;NsNa cs;slf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
“munrhd;wpd; ru;tNjr Nehf;fk; kw;Wk; mjid mile;Jf;nfhs;Sk; cghaq;fs;
ntspTwTf;nfhs;is” vd mwpag;gLk;.
ntsp ehl;Lf;nfhs;if vd;gjw;F rupahdnjhU fUj;J xUikg;ghL mwpQu;fsplk;

fhzg;gltpy;iy cjhuzkhf [pg;rd; (Gibson)> nkhly;];fp (Modalsihi)> NehNfl;];
(Northedge) gpwq;fy; (Frankel)> ge;Njhghl;ahah (Bandopadyaya) mg;ghJiu Nghd;w
mwpQu;fSk; ,jid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JtjpYk; mu;j;jk; nfhLg;gjpYk;
NtWg;gLfpd;wdu;.
fpA+ [pg;rd; :-“ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vd;gJ cyfpd; kw;iwa gFjpfNshL Xu;

murhq;fj;jpd; njhlu;Gfis ,izj;J elhj;Jtjw;fhd jpl;ltl;lkhd mwpT> murpay;
mDgtk;> vd;gdtw;iw mbg;gilahf nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLk; tpupthd jpl;lNk
ntspehl;L nfhs;isahFk.; mJ me;ehl;bd; eyid NgDtjidAk;> ghJfhg;gjidAk;
,yf;fhf nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd mtu; tpsf;fpAs;shu”;. ,tu; Vida ehLfSld;
,ize;J jkJ ehl;bd; Njrpa eyid NgDtjid ,yf;fhf nfhz;L nraw;gLtij
Fwpg;gpLfpdwhu;.
vg;.v];.Nehu;l;]; :- “ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vd;gJ rk;ge;jg;gl;l Xu; muR mJ tpUk;Gk;

tifapy; kw;iwa muRfspd; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ij nraw;gLj;j J}z;Lk;
murpaw; nry;thf;if gad;gLj;JtNj ntspehl;L nfhs;if vdg;gLk;. NkYk; ehl;bd;
vy;iyf;Fs; mg;ghy; Njhd;Wk; rf;jpfSk; mtw;wpy; nraw;gLk; cj;jpfSk; xd;NwhL
xd;W ghjpg;Gfis Vw;gLj;JtNj ntspehl;L nfhs;is” vd;W mtu; tpgupf;fpd;whu.;
N[hu;[; nkhly;];fp (George modelski) vd;gtu; “ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vd;gJ kw;iwa

muRfspd; elj;ijapid khw;Wk; ru;tNjr #oypw;F cfe;jthW jdJ nrhe;j
eltbf;iffis khw;Wtjw;F r%jhaq;fshy; cUthf;fg;gLk; eltbf;ifis nfhz;l
xUKiNa MFk;”.
nkhly;];fp jdJ tiutpyf;fzj;jpy; nfhs;if vd;nwhU tplaj;ij kl;LNk

Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;. nfhs;if vd;gJ muRfspd; elj;ijfspy; Vw;gLfpd;w
khw;wq;fis ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; Kjd; epiy Nehf;fj;jpid
cUthf;FtjhFk;. cz;ikapy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if muR jw;NghJ gpd;gw;Wfpd;w
elj;ijapy; Vw;gLfpd;w khw;wq;fs; ntt;NtW Neuq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;
njhlu;r;rpahd elj;ijfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. ,J Njrpa eyid
fUj;jpnyLj;J cyf khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g tFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nkhfd;Njh:- “ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if vd;gJ Nghjpa mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; Njrpa

eyd;fSf;F Mjutspf;Fk; Nehf;fj;ij nfhz;l nrhw;nwhlu; vd;fpwhu;. Nguhrpupau;
fUzhjhr “ve;jnthU muRk; Vida muRfSld; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf
gpd;gw;wf;$ba nfhs;iffspd; nraw;ghLfs; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifahFk;” vd;fpwhu;.
v];.A+.nfhbf;fhu mtu;fspd; tpsf;fkhdJ> “xU murpd; tsq;fis nghUshjhuk;>

,uh[je;jpuk;> gpur;rhuk; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;jp nghJthf Njrpa eyd; vd
miof;fg;gLtij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf kw;iwa muRfspd; elj;ijfisj; J}z;LtNj
ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; cs;slf;fkhFk;” vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
vdNt murpd; ,yf;F> Njrj;jpd; eyd;> Njrpa ghJfhg;G Nghd;wtw;iw mbj;jskhf

nfhz;Lk;> cyf xUq;fpizg;gpid ikakhf nfhz;Lk; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if
cUthf;fg;gLtJ ajhu;jkhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Njrj;jpd; ,yf;F kw;Wk; mjd;
mgpyhi\ vDk; NghJ ehl;bw;F ehL ghupa msT khw;wk; ngwhj jd;ikahdJ>
me;ehLfspd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; cs;slf;fq;fspy; ,dq;fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
vt;thwhapDk; ntspehl;L nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; Njrpa eyd; vd;gJ gpujhd
vz;zf;fUthFk;. mj;NjhL ntspehl;L nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; ikakhf miktJ
Njrpa eyd; vd;gjid midtUk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;’
2. ntspehl;L nfhs;ifia jPu;khdpf;Fk; gpujhd %yfq;fs;
01. Gtprhu; je;jpNuhgha tplak; 12. rpj;jhe;jk;

02. Njrpa eyd;; 13. nghJ mgpg;gpuhak;
03. tuyhWk; NjrpatpOkpaq;fSk; 14. cs;ehl;L tptfhuk;
04. Njrpaj; jpwd; 15. gpuNjr xUikg;ghl;bid

ghJfhj;jy;
05. ntspehl;Lf;fhuzq;fs;
16. Nguk;NgRjy;
06. ru;tNjr epWtdq;fs;
07. cyf nghJ mgpg;gpuhak;
08. cld;ghLfSk; xg;ge;jq;fSk;
09. gilj;Jiw
10. rdj;njhif
11. nghUshjhuk;
3. ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fs;
xU ehl;bd; ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifapd; Nehf;fq;fshf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
1. gpujhd Nehf;fq;fs; my;yJ mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fs;
 ehl;bd; epyTifia cWjp nra;J nfhs;sy;
 ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghf Kf;fpakhd gpuNjrq;fisAk; ,lq;fisAk;
ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
 murpay; uPjpahd epWtdq;fisAk;> Njrpa xUikg;ghl;bidAk; ghJfhj;jy;
 nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp
2. eLj;ju mstpyhd Nehf;fq;fs;
 tu;j;jfj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;
 ntspehl;L cjtpfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;
 ntspehl;L re;ijia tpupTg;gLj;jy;
 ehl;bd; r%f eyd;fis cau;kl;lj;jpw;F nfhz;Lnry;yy;
 ehl;bd; nfsutj;ijr; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; tsu;j;jy;
3. mfpy cyf ePzl ; fhy Nehf;fq;fs;
 ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs; jdJ epyTifia NgzNtz;Lnkd ehk; ek;Gk;
r%f#oiy fl;bnaOg;Gtij ,yf;fhf nfhz;l Nehf;fq;fs; ,jpy;
fhzg;gLk;;
4. murpd; xUikg;ghl;bid NgZjy;
5. nghUshjhu eyid cau;j;Jjy;
6. Njrpa ghJfhg;gpw;fhd Kd;Ndw;ghLfs;
7. Njrpa mjpfhuk;> Njrpa me;j];jpid cau;j;jYk;> ghJfhj;jYk;
8. cyf xOq;fpid NgZjy;
etPd muRfs; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tpjq;fs; rpy cs;sd.

mitahtd>
1. ,uh[je;jpu njhlu;Gfs; (Diplomacy)
2. ntspehl;L cjtpfs; (Foreign Aid)
3. ,uhZt gyk; (Military Force)
,uh[je;jpu njhlu;Gfs; (Diplomacy)
 Kiwahf ,uh[je;jpupfspD}lhd fye;Jiuahly; kw;Wk; me;Nahd;a nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gLk; njhlu;Gfs; ,uh[je;jpu njlhu;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. xU
ehl;bd; tYit jPu;khdpf;Fk; ,uh[je;jpupfspd; MSik> je;jpuk;> vd;gd xU ehl;bd;
cldb NjitfisAk;> ePzl ; fhy eyd;fisAk; ghJfhf;ff;$bajhfTs;sJ.
 xUjiygl;r ,uh[je;jpuk; (Unilateral Diplomacy):- rpy muRfs; jkJ Njrpa mjpfhuk;
kw;Wk; mgpyhirfis ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs; jdpj;J ntspg;gLj;jp jkJ mjpfhuk;
njhlu;gpy; Vida muRfSf;F rkpf;iQfis toq;Ffpd;wd. ,t;thwhdnjhU epiyik
xUjiygl;r ,uh[je;jpuk; vd (Unilateral Diplomacy) mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
 gy;jug;G ,uh[je;jpuk; (Multilateral Diplomacy):-munrhd;W kw;WnkhU muRld;
xd;wpize;J nraw;gl;L jkJ ru;tNjr mgpyhirfis ntspf;fhl;LtJ gy;jug;G
,uh[je;jpuk; (Multilateral Diplomacy) vdg;gLk;.
 ,uh[je;jpukhdJ gpd;tUk; Ie;J eilKiwfis ,aq;Ftpirahff;nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.
1. jfty;fis Nrfupj;jy;
2. nfhs;if MNyhrid toq;fy;
3. muir my;yJ murhq;fj;jpid gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;
4. Ngr;Rthu;j;ij Nkw;nfhs;sy;
5. me;epa ehl;bypUe;J xw;wuhf Nritahw;Wfpd;w nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;sy;
4. ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if xU tuyhw;Wghu;itapy;

 tuyhw;iw MuhAk;NghJ> ,yq;if mjd; Muk;gj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspehLfSld; gy;NtW
tifapyhd njhlu;Gfis Ngzpte;Js;sJ. ,e;jpahTf;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;sikahy; gy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; el;GwT njhlu;GfSk; Mf;fpukpg;Grhu; njhlu;GfisAk; NgzpAs;sJ vd;gJ
njspthfpd;wJ.
 Muk;gfhy kd;du;fs; ,uh[je;jpupfs; %yk; elGwthd njhlu;Gfis fl;bnaOg;gpaNjhL
rpyNtisfspy; Njrpa mjpfhuj;ij ntspfhl;ba re;ju;g;gq;fSk;> rpy muRfspd; Njrpa
mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo;epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l (ntspehl;L Mf;fpukpg;G) re;ju;g;gq;fSk; fhzf; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
 ,itj;jtpu fyhrhu kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;Gfs; Mrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; gy ehLfSld;
Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jikia tuyhW kw;Wk; njhy;nghUspay; rhl;rpfs; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;duhd fhyj;jpNyNa ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffs; kpfTk; Kiwahd
tifapy; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;iffspd;
,ay;Gfs; mt;tt; Ml;rpahsu;fspd; (Regime) mgpyhirfs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fSf;F Vw;gTk;
,yq;ifapd; ngsjpf kw;Wk; ,uhZ mjpfhuj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa jq;fpapUe;jJ.
 1948- 1956 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; ntspAwT nfhs;if(Nkw;F rhu;

ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if
,yq;if 1948 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpukile;jjd; gpd;G ,yq;ifahy; jdpj;j ,aq;f $ba
#o;epiy fhzg;gltpy;iy. njhlu;e;J gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ntspehl;L nfhs;ifAlNd ,ize;J
nraw;gl;lJ ,jw;fhd fhuzk; gpupj;jhdpahTld; ,yq;if ehd;fiu E}w;whz;L
fhydpj;Jtj;jpw;Fl;gl;bUe;ejikahFk;. mj;Jld; Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;G gpupj;jhdpahTld;
,yq;if nra;jpUe;j xg;ge;jq;fshFk;. mLj;jfhuzp gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; jiyik>
,uh[je;jputplaq;fspy; ,yq;ifaUf;F Nghjpa mDgtk; ,d;ik> ,yq;ifapy; jPtpukhf
,aq;fpa ,lJrhup ,af;fq;fs;> I.Nj.fapd; jiytu;fs; ,e;jpah kPJ nfhz;bUe;j mr;rk;
Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; %d;W gpujku;fSk; Nkw;F rhu;e;j ntspehl;L
nfhs;ifia flg;gpbj;jjdu;. ,e;j Nkw;F rhu;e;j nfhs;iff;F gpujhdkhf ,U fhuzpfs;
nry;thf;F nrYj;jpaJ.
 xd;W ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpahTld; nra;j nfhz;l ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; ntsptptfhu

cld;gbf;if>
 ,uz;lhtJ nghJeytha mikg;gpy; ,yq;ifapd; cWg;Gupik vd;gdthJk;.
vdpDk; ,t;thwhd #o;epiyapy; ,yq;iff;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;Fkhd cwT ,f;fhyq;fspy;
mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,yq;if ,e;jpahTld; neUf;fkhd cwit Ngztpy;iy. fhuzk;
,yq;if ,e;jpahtpd; MSiff;F fPo; my;yJ rk];b murpy; ,izj;Jnfhs;sg;gLk; vd;w
mr;rkhFk;. mjid Nguhrpupau; kd;Nru;fpd; $Wk;NghJ “,yq;if ,e;jpa cwT
njhlu;rr
; pahd rr;ruTf;Fl;gl;bUe;j ,yq;if -,e;jpa jkpou;fspd; gpur;rpid mjw;fhd jPu;T
Mfpatw;wpypUe;J tpyfp kpfTk; Fiwthd me;j];Js;s xUGwg;gfl;lhd el;Ng ,t;tpU
ehLfSf;Fk; epytpaJ vd;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; nefpo;rr ; paw;wJk; ,e;jpa jkpou;fspd; epiy
kPjhd mOj;jKk; ,yq;if ,e;jpa cwTfspy; nghJthf RKfkw;w epiyapd
cUthf;fpaJ. vd;gJ vt;tpj re;NjfKk; ,d;wp epUgzkhfpd;wJ.” vd;whu;. ,f;fhyj;jpy;
,yq;ifapy; ,e;jpa jkpou;fSf;F vjpuhf 1948>1949Mk; Mz;Lfspy; gpu[hTupik rl;lk;>
thf;Fupik rl;lq;fspd; %yk; mtu;fspd; gpu[hTupik thf;Fupik gwpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf
,e;jpahtpd; gpujku; NeU ,r;rl;lk; ,e;jpahTf;F Vw;GilaJ my;y vd;whu;. mjdhy;
,yq;if ,e;jpa cwtpy; gifAzu;T tYtile;jJ.
1952Mk; Mz;bd; 42 Mk; ,yf;f ,yq;if ,e;jpa FbapUg;ghsu; rl;lj;jpw;J ,e;jpah
vjpu;g;ig ntspapl;lJ. 1953Mk; Mz;L gpujku; ll;yp Nrdehaf;fTld; ,t;tptfhuk;
njhlu;ghf ,e;jpa cau;jhdpfu; rP. Njrha; te;jpUe;jhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; RKfkhd cwNt
fhzg;gl;lJ vdyhk;. 1954Mk; Mz;L N[hd; nfhj;jyht gpujkuhf njupT nra;ag;gl;l
NghJ ,e;jpa murpd; Ntz;LNfhspw;fpzq;f 1954Mk; Mz;L GJby;ypapy; rl;luPjpaw;w
Fbtuit jLj;J epWj;Jk; cld;gbf;if ifrhjplg;gl;lJ. njhlu;e;J ,e;epiy ,Ogwp
epiyapy; fhzg;gl;lik Fwpg;gpljf;f tplakhFk;. MfNt ,f;fhy fl;lk; KOtjpYk;
,yq;if- ,e;jpa cwT RKfkhd epiyapy; fhzg;gl tpy;iy mJ Nkw;F rhu;e;j
nfhs;isahfNt fhzg;gl;lJ vdyhk;. vdpDk; 1948- 1956Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy;
,yq;ifapd; ntspAwT nfhs;if “efyUlDk; el;Gupik” vd;w nfhs;ifNa fhzg;gl;lJ
vd;gJ gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspNy fz;lwpag;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
 1956- 1959 tiuahd fhyg;gFjp (gz;lhuehaf;f fhyg;gFjp)

1956 Mk; Mz;L ehl;by; nksdGul;rp Vw;gl;lJ. 1956 Mk; Mz;L gz;lhuehaf;f Nju;jypy;
ntw;wp ngw;W gpujkuhdhu;. ,tupd; KjyhtJ nfhs;if gpufld ciuapy; jdJ murhq;fk;
ntsptptfhuq;fis nghWj;j tiuapy; “ Neu;fzpa eLepiyjj;Jtj;ij gpd;gw;Wk; vd
$wpdhu;. mj;NjhL ,tu; ve;j ehLfSlDk; Kuz;gl;L nfhs;shky; el;GwTld; nraw;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd; fUjpdhu;. ,jpy; rpy je;jpuq;fis ifahz;lhu;
1. nfLgpb Aj;jj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; cupikfis ghJfhg;gjpy; mjpfhu mzpfspypUe;J
tpyfp epw;wy;
2. rkhjhdj;jpy; eLepiy jj;Jtj;ij gpd;gw;wy;
3. ghJfhg;gpy; gu];gu cjtp kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;G mw;w topfspy; ,Ujug;G
cld;gbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
mj;Jld; ,yq;if ,e;jpa cwT fl;bnaOg;ggl;lJld; NeU gz;lhuehaf;fh FLk;g
ez;gu;fshdhu;fs;. NeUtpd; gQ;rrPynfhs;if kw;Wk; ,iwikf;F kjpgsp;j;jy; rkhjhd
rftho;it gz;lhuehaf;f Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;. ,tu; ,e;jpahit el;G ehlhfTk; cs;ehl;L
ghJfhg;Gf;F ,e;jpahtpd; cjtpia Nfl;Lnfhz;lhu;.
mj;NjhL ,U ehl;L jiytu;fSk; ,uh[je;jpu cwit NgzpanjhL “ehlw;w ,e;jpau;fs;”

gpur;rpid njhlu;ghf xw;Wikahd jPu;it vLg;gjw;F Kaw;rp nra;jdu;. MfN
tgz;lhuehaf;f ,yq;if ,e;jpa cwtpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhu; vdyhk;.
 =khNth gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; fhyg;gFjp

v]; lgpy;A+. Mu;. b gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; kiwtpd; gpd;du; mtupd; ntw;wplj;ij
epug;Gtjw;fhf =khNth gz;lhu ehaf;fh murpay; fsj;jpy; ,wq;fpdhu;. ,tupd; Ml;rp
fhyq;fspy; ,yq;if ,e;jpa cwtpd; mk;rq;fis Nehf;Fk; NghJ ,f;fhyq;fspy; ,tupd;
ntAwT nfhs;if ty;yUR ehLfSld; $lLNruhik> eLepiy> rftho;T vd;gtw;iw
filg;gpbj;jhu;. mj;Jld; mzpNruh nfhs;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; ,e;jpa-rPd vy;iy
gpur;rpidapd; NghJ =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f “,U ehLfSf;Fk; ePjpahdJk; rkkhdJkhd
Aj;jepWj;jj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJk;> ,jD}lhf ,U ehLfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd vy;i y
gpur;rpidia jPu;f;f nraw;gl;lhu;.
mj;Jld; ,tUf;Fk; ,e;jpahtpd; gpujku; ,e;jpuh fhe;jpf;Fkpilapyhd jdpg;gl;l el;G
,yq;if ,e;jpa cwtpy; Gjpa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd;NghJ ,yq;if tho;
,e;jpajkpou; gpur;rpid> fr;rjPT gpur;rid vd;gd ,t;tpUehLfspd; cwtpy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpaJ. vdpDk; KjyhtJ Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa jkpou; gpur;rpidf;fhf =kh-rh];jpup
xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,t;Twtpy; kw;WnkhU fhuzpahf ,e;jpa- ghfp];jhdpa Nghupy;(1971) ,tu; jiyaPL nrYj;j
Neupl;lJ. mf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpNyNa fpof;F ghfp];jhd; gq;fshNj]; murhf cUntLj;jJ.
mjpYk; =khNth gz;lhuehaf;f jiyaPL nrYj;jpUe;ejik Kf;fpak;rkhFk;.
 N[. Mu; n[atu;j;jdh Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;

 1977Mk; mz;L nghJNju;jypy; n[atu;j;jdh mNkhf ntw;wpaPlb ; Gjpa
murpay; ahg;igAk; mDld; epiwNtw;W mjpfhu [dhjpgjp Kiw kw;Wk;
jpwe;j nfhUshjhu nfhs;ifia mwpKfk; nra;jhu;.
 mnkupf;f Fuiy epWt mDkjp mspj;jJ;
 ntsptptfhuj;jpw;F jdpahd mikr;R xd;wpid mikj;jJ.
 nhgUshjhuj;ij ikag;gLj;jpa ntspAwT nfhs;iff;F $ba ftd; vLj;jJ.
 ,tupd; ntspehl;L nfhs;if Nkw;Fyfk; rhu;e;J mike;jpUe;ejJ. vdyhk;.
vdpDk; ,tupd; fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; ,dNkhjy; $u;ikaile;J
fhzg;gl;likahy; ,yq;ifapd; ,dgpur;rpidapy; ,e;jpah jiyaPL
nrYj;jpaJ.
 mjd;NghJ ,e;jpah %d;whk; jug;ghfpa jpk;G Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F
topNfhypdhYk; mJ Njhy;tpNyNa Kbe;jJ. ,J jdJ ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig
cWjpgLj;jp nfhs;s ,e;jpah vLj;j Kaw;rpahFk;.
 ,jid njhlu;e;J 1987Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if - ,w;jpa cld;gbf;ifia
n[atu;j;jdhTk;-uh[Pt; fhe;jpAk; Vw;gLj;jp nfhz;ldu;. mj;Jld; ,e;jpahtpd
mikjpfhf;Fk; gil ,yq;iff;F mDg;gg;gl;lJ ,uhZt uPjpahd kw;Wk;
ghJfhg;G cwthf Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdpDk; n[atu;j;jdhtpd; Nkw;Frhu;
nfhs;ifia ,e;jpah tpku;rpj;jJ vdyhk;. mj;Jld; ,e;jpahtpd; kPs;ek;gpf;if>
Ra fl;LghL vd;gdtw;iw gpdgw;w ,yq;if jttwptpl;lJ vdyhk;.
 gpNuk jh]tpd; fhyj;jpy;

 Nkw;F rhuhj ,Wf;fkhd ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if filg;gpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
 1989 Mk; Mz;L gpNukjh] ml;rpf;f te;jjd; gpd;G mtupd; Kjy; gzp
,e;jpahtpd; mikjpfhf;Fk; gilia ,e;jpahTf;F mDg;GtjhFk;.
 Mjhy; ,jid ,e;jpah kWj;jik ,t;tpU ehLfSf;filapyhd cwtpy;
ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
 NkYk; ,Ujug;G Ngr;rpthu;j;ijfs; ,lk;ngw;w #oypy; ,yq;ifapd; tl-fpof;F
gFjpapd; mjpfhu gutyhf;fk; gw;wpAk; Ngrg;gl;ld.
 vdpDk; gpNukjhr fhyk; KOtjpYk; ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gil gw;wpNa
ikatplakhf ,Ue;jJ. mj;NjhL ,q;F ,Ujug;G cwT RKfkhdjhf ,y;iy
vdyhk;.
 mnkupf;f rhu;G ,];NuYld; RKfkw;w cwT fhzg;gl;lJ.
 re;jpupfhtpd; fhyj;jpy;
 re;jpupfh gz;lhuehaf;f 1994Mk; Mz;L Nju;jypy; ehd;fhtJ epiwNtw;W
[dhjpgjpahthu;.
 ,tupd; fhj;jpy; ,yq;if ,e;jpa cwT kpfTk; neUf;fkhftpUe;eJ. kPz;Lk;
rPu;Fiye;j ,Uehl;L cwTfisAk; fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;.
 ,Jtiu fhyk; fhzg;gl;l ntspTwTf;nfhs;ifapd; rkdw;w jd;ik
rPu;nra;ag;gl;lJ
 gy ehLfSld; cwT GJg;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 mtupd; KjyhtJ cj;jpNahfG+u;t tp[aKk; ,e;jpahtpw;Nf Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
mj;Jld; tu;j;jf rkkpd;k njhlu;ghf cld;gbf;if ifrhjplg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
1997Mk; Mz;L nghUshjhu tu;j;jfk;> fy;tpfyhrhuk;> tpQQhd njhoDl;gk;
vd;gtw;wpy; ,UehLfSk; mjpfk; ftdk; nrYj;jpd. mj;jld; Rje;jpu tu;j;jf
vld;gbf;ifAk; nra;j nfhz;ld. 1988Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa nrd;w re;jpupfh
,e;jpa gpujku; th[;ghAld; ,ize;J ,yq;ifapd; ahj;jpupfu; jq;Fkplj;jpw;F
mbfy; ehl;bdhu;. ,tupd; fhy;jpy; ,yq;if- ,e;jpa cwT RKfkhdjhfNt
fhzg;gl;lJ.
 ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; nfsutk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lik.
 ,yq;ifapd; ,dNkhjy; jPu;T Kaw;rpfSf;fhf ru;tNjr MjuT fpl;baik.
 k`pe;j uh[gf;r fhyj;jpy; 2005-2015

 2005 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rp gplj;jpy; gjpa khw;wk; Vw;gl;lj mjhtJ
,yq;ifapd; Ie;jhtJ epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l [dhjpgjpahf k`pe;j uh[gf;r
mtu;fs; kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;ljid njhlu;e;J ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;L
njhlu;Gfspy; gy khw;wq;fs; ,lk; ngw;wd.
 mf;fhyj;jpy; ,tu; ,e;jpahTld; jdJ cwit jhdhfNt cUthf;fpapUe;jhu;.
 kfpe;j uh[gf;r gjtpNaw;wJk; mtu; nra;j KjyhtJ ntspehl;L gazKk;
,e;jpahTf;Nf MFk;.
 kfpe;j uh[gf;r gjtpNaw;wJld; mtu; tpLjiy GypfSld; Nkw;nfhz;l rkhjhd
Kaw;rpiaAk; ,e;jpah tuNtw;wJ. ,Ue;j NghjpYk; gpz;ida fhyq;fspy; Nghu;
cr;r fl;lj;ij mile;j Nghj ,e;jpah jdJ ftiyia ntspg;gLj;jpapUe;jJ.
 ,e;jpah kl;Lky;yhJ ghfp];jhd;> rPdhTldhd neUq;fpa cwit fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;.
 kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfSld; R%fkhd cwit Vw;gLj;jpdhu;
 mnkupf;fh> INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;F rhuhj epiy fhzg;gl;lJ.
Njrpa murhq;fj;jpd; ntspAwT nfhs;if 2015-2019

 2015 [dtup 8Mk; jpfjp eilngw;w [dhjpgjp Nju;jyhdJ ,yq;ifapy; xU Njrpa
murhq;fj;jpid cUthf;fpaJ. ,jd;NghJ ntsptptfhu mikr;ruhf kq;fs rkutPu
epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.
 ,f;fhyj;jpy; Njrpa murhq;fk; cUthf;fpa ntspAwT nfhs;if gpujhd %d;W
gz;Gfis nfhz;Ls;sJ.
1. ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; ehl;bd; Njrpa nfsutj;ij my;yJ fPu;j;jp ehkj;ijf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjhf nraw;gly;
2. ehL vjpu;Nehf;fpAs;s fLikahd nghUshjhu gpur;rpidapypUe;J ehl;il
kPl;nlLj;J nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia Jupjg;gLj;jy;. mj;Jld; ntspehl;L
KjyPLfisAk; njhopy; El;gq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
3. fle;jfhy Nghupd; ,WjpgFjpapy; ,lk;ngw;wjhf $wg;gLk; kdpj cupik kPwy;fs;
gw;wpa ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy;> I.eh kdpj cupik Nguitapy; vOg;gg;gLk; Nghu;
Fw;wq;fspypUe;J tpLgLtjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jy;
 KjyhtJ tplaj;ij nghWj;jtiu ru;tNjr muRfs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa ru;tNjr
epWtdq;fNshL cwTfisAk; ,uh[je;jpu cwTfisAk; Ngz eltbf;if vLj;jJ.
 ru;tNjr r%fj;jpy; jdJ Njrpa nfsutk;> fPuj;jp ehkj;ij fl;bnaOg;g gyj;j
Kaw;rpfisAk>; Nkw;Fyf muRfs; kw;Wk; Nkw;FyF my;yhj muRfSld; rkkhd
,uh[je;jpu cwTfis NgzpaJ. (cjhuzkhf ntsptptfhu mikr;ru; kq;fs
rkutPu gyehLfSf;F tp[ak; nra;J ehl;bd; Njrpa nfsutj;ij epiyehl;l
Kaw;rpj;jhu;. Gjpa [dhjpgjp ikj;jpupghy rpupNrd mtu;fSk; ,e;jpah> rPdh>
ghfp];jhd;> ,q;fpyhe;J> Nghd;w ehLfSf;F ey;nyz;zj;jpyhd tp[aj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;L ew;ngaiu epiyehl;l Kaw;rpj;jhu;.)
 ,uz;lhtJ tplaj;ij nghWj;jtiu nghUshjhu ,uh[je;jpu cwtpy; XusT
etjhuhsthj nghUshjhu %Nyhghaq;fs; nghjpe;jpUe;jjid fhzKbfpd;wJ.
 me;j cwTfis ,Ujug;G cwTfspd; mbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Kjd;ik
epiy toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 ,f;nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; NghJ cyf rkepiyapd; ,ay;G cyf
nghUshjhuj;jpd; Nghf;Ffs; vd;gtw;iw ftdj;jpy; vLj;jJ.(cjhuzkhf mnkupf;fh>
rPdh> ,e;jpah> u];ah Nghd;w ehLfSld; xj;jitahd ,uh[je;jpu cwit
NgzpaJ.)
 %d;whtJ tplaj;jpid nghWj;jtiu Nghu;Fw;wr;rhl;LfspypUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;J
nfhs;s murpay; Rje;jpuk;> kf;fs; ,iwik> Njrpa xUikg;ghL> Mfpa gpujhd
tplaq;fSf;F ghjfk; Vw;glhjthW ru;tNjr r%fj;NjhL cwtpid nfhz;L
elhj;JtjhFk;.
 Nghu;Fw;wj;jpid tprhuiz nra;tjw;fhd ePjpkd;wpid jhgpg;gjw;F eltbf;if
vLj;jy> fhzhky; NghNdhiu fz;lwptjw;fhd mYtyfk; jhgpj;jy;> jfty; mwpAk;
rl;lk; epiwNtw;wpaik> kPs;FbNaw;wk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; Clhf ru;tNjr r%fj;jpd;
ek;gpf;ifia ngw;wJ. (cjhuzkhf khu;r; khjk; ,yq;if njhlu;ghd ntspehl;L
epGzu;fspd; ,wpf;if ntspaplg;gLtij fhyjhkjg;gLj;jp mjid nrg;lk;gu;
khjj;jpw;F xj;jpitg;gjw;F I.ehtpw;F mOj;jk; nfhLj;J ntw;wp fz;likia
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
5. ,yq;ifapd; ntspTwTf; nfhs;ifapd; tpNrlg; gz;Gfs;

 2015 ,d; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapy; njs;sj; njspthd khw;wk;
xd;W njd;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ nghUshjhu ,uh[je;jpu njhlu;Gfs; (Economic
Diplomacy) ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; ikakhf khwpAs;sJ.
 ,jd;gb Kw;fhyj;ijtpl gpugykhd tifapy; ru;tNjr nghUshjhu tYr;rkepiy
njhlu;gpy; mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gl;L ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;
(IMF - International Monetary Fund, IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development, WTO - World Trade Organization, IFC - International Finance Cooperation,
WEF - World Economic Forum) cld; kpfTk; neUf;fkhTk; NeubahdJkhd
njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;Stij njspthf fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
 mj;NjhL ru;tNjr nghUshjhu Kd;dzp muRfNshL Gjpa nghUshjhu
r%fq;fSld; tYr;rkepiyj; njhlu;gpyhd tha;g;G kw;Wk; mtjhdpg;GfSld;
nraw;gLfpd;wik njspthfpd;wJ.
 mJkl;Lkpd;wp murpay; mjpfhuj;jpd; epiwNtw;W mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
jiytu;fspd; tFg;G mbg;gilf;F Vw;gTk; (Class Base) ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd;
jpirfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
 ru;tNjr murpaypd; mjpfhu gyj;jpid njhlu;e;J jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F
mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Nkw;F INuhg;gh Nghd;w cld;ghlhd gykhdtu;fs;
ngw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;s epiyapy; munrhd;W ,t;tYr; rkepiyia fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sk;
NghJ mt;turpd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifAk; “Nkw;Fyf rhu;e;jjhf” ,Ug;gjhf
Njhd;Wk;.
 vt;thwhapDk; 2015 Kjy; ,Jtiuapy; eilKiwapy; ,Uf;fpd;w If;fpa Njrpa
fl;rpapid #o cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s Ml;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT ,e;jpahtpd;ghy;
mjptpNrl fupridAld; nraw;gly;> ,f;fl;rpapy; ,Jtiu fhzg;gl;l ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifapy; Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wk; xd;whf Rl;bf;fhl;l KbAk;.
 =yq;fh Rje;jpu fl;rp kw;Wk; mjNdhbize;j $l;luhrhq;fq;fspd; ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifahdJ gpuhe;jpa thj;jpid (Regionalism)> Mrpah fyhrhu milahsq;fs;>
ntspehl;L r%fj;jpd; cs;sf murpay; kw;Wk; fyhrhu njhlu;Gfs; vd;gtw;wpid
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jPu;khdpj;jJ.
 mur jiytu;fspd; ntspehl;Lg; gazq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;ifrhu; nraw;ghLfs;
midj;Jk; NknyOk; kw;Wk; fhzg;gLk; ru;tNjr nghUshjhu gyj;Jld; njhlu;G
gl;Ls;sJ. tpal;ehk;> rpq;fg;G+u; Nghd;w NknyOe;JtUk; Mrpa nghUshjhuj;Jld;
kpfTk; cWjpkpf;f tifapy; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;sJ.
 rPdh kw;Wk; ,e;jpahTld; Kd;du; fhzg;gl;l If;fpa Njrpa fl;rp murpdhy;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;l njhlu;Gfspy; ,Ue;J khWgl;lnjhU neUf;fkhd cwtpid
cUthf;fpAs;sjd; %yk; me;ehLfspd; NknyOk; nghUshjhu rf;jpj; njhlu;gpy;
mtjhdk; nrYj;JtNj njspthfpd;wJ.
 mj;NjhL gpuhe;jpa my;yJ cyfyhtpa uPjpapy; fhz;gLk; gy;jug;G njhlu;GfSk;
nghUshjhu Nehf;fq;ifs Kjd;ikgLj;jp jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJk; njspthfpd;wJ.
 ,jd;NghJ gy;jug;G njhlu;Gfs; (multilateral Relations) nghUshjhug; gyd;fis
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> rk;gpujhag; G+u;tkhd rlq;F Kiwahd njhlu;Gfisf; fhl;l
gad;gLj;jg;gLtNjhL> nghUshjhu uPjpahf ntw;wpfukhd muRfSld; ,Ujug;G
njhlu;GfSf;F (Bi - lateral relations) mjpf mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
6. ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;L nfhs;ifia jPu;khdpf;Fk; gpujhd %yfq;fs;

01. Gtprhu; je;jpNuhgha tplak;/,ltikT
 Gtpapay; Njrpa ,yf;fpidAk; tpUg;gj;jpidAk; Neubahf jPh;khdpf;fpd;w xU

tplakhFk;. ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpy; Gtpapay; ngUk; nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
 ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifapd; ,yf;fpy; Gtpapay; nry;thf;fpy; top muRf;F muR
NtWgLfpd;wJ.
 Gtprhu; je;jpNuhghaj;jpd nghUj;jtiuapy; ehl;bd; msT Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;bd;
miktplk;> tbtk;> fhyepiy> vd;gd Kjd;ikahditfshFk;.
 ehl;bd; msT NghjpasT rdj;njhifapid nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fk; ,uhZtj;jpid
cUthf;Ftjw;Fk; tha;g;ghdJ MFk;.
 ehl;bd; miktplk;> kiyj;njhlu;fs;> fhLfs;> rJg;G epyq;fs;> MWfs;> ghiytdk;>
rKj;jpuk;> Nghd;w ,aw;if ghJfhg;G vy;iyfis toq;Ffpd;wd. tbtk; vd;gJ xU
ehL njhlu;r;rpahd jiu njhlu;gpid nfhz;bUf;fpd;wjh? vd;gjid fUj;jpy;
nfhs;fpd;wd. xU ehl;bd; Gtpapay; miktplk; Njrpa ghJfhg;gpid NgZtjw;F
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
 ,e;JrKj;jpuj;jpu gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; Mrpah fz;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; miktplk;
cs;sikapdhy; midj;J ehLfspd; ftdj;ijAk; ,yq;if <u;j;Js;sJ.
 ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd;Nfe;jpu ikakhfTk;> ,uhZt uPjpahd Nfe;jpu epiyakhfTk;>
fly;topg;ghijapd; gl;Lg;ghijapy; ,yq;if mike;Js;sJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ngWfpd;wJ.
10 | D . J E G A T H E E S W A R A N . B . A ( H O N S ) , M . A ( P E R A ) P G D E , D I P . I N . H R ,
 fly;top tu;j;jf ghijapy; ,yq;if mike;Js;sik (cjhuzk; : BIMSTEC - Bengal
Initiative for Multi - Sector Technical and Eco- 89 nomic Cooperation, IORA - Indian Ocean Rim
Association Nghd;w ru;tNjr mikg;Gfspy; ,yq;if cWg;GupikAk; Maritime Filt Root Nghd;w
ru;tNjr Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspy; neUq;fpa xj;Jiog;ghsuhfTk; nraw;gly;)
 ,aw;if JiwKfkhd jpUNfhzkiy JiwKfk; fg;gy;fis eq;$ukpl;L
itg;gjw;Fk;> ePu;%o;fp fg;gy;fis ghJfhg;ghf itg;gjw;F cjTtjdhy; ,J
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wJ.
 tpNrlkhf Mrpahtpy; ,uhZtuPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,yq;ifapd; ,ltikT
jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ.
 ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy; ,yq;if jPthfTk;> mNjNtis ,e;jpahtpw;F mUfhikapy;
,Ug;gjdhy; ,e;jpahtpd; ngupa rdj;njhif> re;ij vd;gd ,yq;ifAldhd
njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F tha;g;ghf mikfpd;wJ.
 njd;dhrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpDs; mike;Js;sik ,yq;ifapd; gpuhe;jpa njhlu;GfSf;fhd
milg;gilahf cs;sJ.
02. nghUshjhuk;
 ntspAwtpd; mbg;gil Xu; murpd; nghUshjhu epiyikapdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

 cyfpy; ve;jnthU ehLk; jd;dpwit nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. If;fpa mnkupf;fh $l
jdJ nghUshjhu nropg;Gw;fhf ru;tNjr tu;j;jfj;jpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
 tptrha ehLfs; jkJ cw;gj;jpid ifj;njhopy; ehLfSf;Fk;> ifj;njhopy; ehLs;
jkJ cw;gj;jpia tptrha ehLfSf;Fk; tpw;gid nra;fpd;wJ. ,j;jq;fpapUf;Fk;
epyikfs; ru;tNjr nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfisAk; mjd; thapyhd tup Vw;Wkjp>
gq;F tpfpjk;> tu;j;jf xg;ge;jq;fs;> epjp Vw;ghLfs;> Nghd;wd ehLfSf;filapy;
Vw;glTk; fhuzkhfpd;wd.
 xt;nthU ehLk; nghUshjhu Ra jd;dpiwit ngWtjidNa eilKiwahf
nfhz;Ls;sd.
 ,jdhy; newp gpwo;thd ru;tNjr nghUshjhu cwTfs; Vw;gl;L cyfj;jpy;
nghUshjhu gjw;wk; Vw;gl;L tUfpd;wJ muRfs; jkJ nghUshjhu gpur;rpidfis
jPu;j;J nfhs;tjw;fhd khw;wq;fs; ntspAwT nfhs;ifapd; ClhfNt gpujpgypf;fk; Xu;
muR jdJ mjpfhuk;> me;j];jpid nghUshjhuj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf
mile;J nfhs;fpd;wJ.
 ifj;njhopy;kakhfpa fpof;fhrpa ehLfSld; xg;gpLk; NghJ ,yq;if Vw;Wkjpf;F
Njitahd nghUshjhuj;ij jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ijj;j Mil Vw;Wkjp> Njapiy Vw;Wkjpapy; ,yq;if Fwpg;gpljf;f ty;yikAld;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 njw;fhrpahtpy; cau;e;j nkhj;j Njrpa tUkhdj;jpy; (600$) ngWfpd;w ehLfspy;
,yq;if ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;jpid ngw;wJ.
 1983k; Mz;L njhlf;fk; cs;ehl;L Aj;jj;jpid re;jpf;Fk; tiu 7 rj tPj
nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpidAk; ngw;W te;jJ. jd;dila nghUshjhu njhlu;Gfis
njw;fhrpa gpuhe;jpaj;Js; Ngdp te;jJ.
 Mdhy; 1977Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; njw;fhrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jf;Fs; Ngzpf;nfhs;stpy;iy.
 Rje;jpu tu;j;jf xg;ge;jk; (Free Trade Agreement ) 2000 Mk; Mz;L ifrhjpl;ljd;
gpd;du; ,e;jpahtpd; KjyPL ,yq;ifapy; mjpfupf;f njhlq;fpaJ.
03. rpj;jhe;jk; /murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;if
ntspAwT nfhs;if rpy kdpju;fspd; vz;zq;fshy; cUtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;kdpju;fs;

mbg;gilapyhd rpy ek;gpf;iffs; mjpfhuj;jpid r%jhaj;jpy; epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhd top
tiffSld; cld;gLfpd;wtu;fshFk;. mjpfhuk; vd;gJ murhq;fj;Jld; Kiwahd
nraw;ghl;bw;Fk; > r%fj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l tho;iff;Fk; mtrpkhdJ vd ,tu;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;.
ek;gpf;fifs;> elj;ijfs;> tof;fhW> kuGfs;> vd;gtw;wpd; xd;W gl;l jpul;rpNa ntspAwT
nfhs;isahFk;. Mdhy; mwpT g+u;tkhd cz;ik ahnjdpy; ntspAwT nfhs;ifapid
jPu;khdpg;gjpy; rpj;jhe;jk; Mjpf;fk; nrOj;Jtjpy;iy rpy ehLfspy; fk;A+dprj;jpid
vjpu;f;Fk; nfhs;ifapid nfhz;bUf;f rpy ehLfs; Kjyhspj;Jt [dehafj;jpid
vjpu;f;Fk; ntspAwT nfhs;ifapid tFj;J nfhs;fpd;wd.
 Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk; murhq;fj;jpd; my;yJ jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; nfhs;if kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdJ.
 ehl;by; Ml;rpapy; ,Uf;Fk; fl;rpapd; nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;g ntspAwT nfhs;ifAk;
khw;wk; milAk; (cjhuzk;:- UNP NkNyj;Nja> Kjyhspj;Jtk; rhu;ghfTk;> SLFP
fk;A+dprk; rhu;ghfTk; nraw;gLfpd;wik)
 UNP [dehaf muR KiwaiaAk;> Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuj;ijAk; nfhs;ifahf
nfhz;lJ. ntsptptfhuj;jpy; mzpNruhf;nfhs;ifahff; fhl;bf;nfhz;L
eilKiwapy; Kjyhspj;Jtj;Jf;F rhu;ghd Nkw;FyF Nghf;if nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 SLFP [dehaf muR KiwaiaAk;> Nrhrypr nghUshjhuj;ijAk; nfhs;ifahf
nfhz;lJ. ,d;W Njrpathj fl;rpahf nfhs;fpd;wJ. ntsptptfhuj;jpy;
mzpNruhf;nfhs;ifahff; fhl;bf;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.
04. cs;ehl;L tptfhuk;/ cs;ehl;L Aj;jk;
 ntspehl;L nfhs;iia cUthf;Fk; NghJ jkJ ehl;bypUf;Fk; cs;tptfhuq;fis

fUj;jpnyLf;fNtz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.
 xt;nthU ehLk; rpy gpur;rpidfisAk; cs;ehl;L kl;lj;jpy; vjpu; nfhs;fpd;wd. ,it
rpy ,ay;ghd gpur;rpidfshFk;. mit murpd; nghJ eyd;> ghJfhg;G Nghd;w
gpur;rpidfshFk;.
 ,it ehl;Lf;F ehL NtWg;glyhk;. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Njitfs; rdj;njhif>
kf;fspilNs fhzg;gLk; Ntg;gl;l ,d> kj> fyhrhu jd;ikfs;> Gtpapay; msT
vd;gd nghWj;J NtWg;glyhk;.
 mj;Jld; cs;ehl;L Aj;jj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,uhZt cjtp ngwy;> kj;jpa];jk;
nghUshjhu cjtp> kUj;Jt cjtp> rkhjhd nraw;ghL Nghd;w gy;NtW
fhuzq;fSf;fhf cjtp ngWk; tifapy; jdJ ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifia
tFj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. cjhuzk; ,yq;if Aj;jfhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah> rPdh> ghfp];jhd;>
mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspd; cjtpia ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.(cjhuzk;:- ,e;jpahtpd;
cjtpapy; ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; ,uhDtj;jpdUf;F gapw;rpfSk;> nghJ rl;lj;jpid
NgDtjw;fhd gapw;rpfSk;> ,yq;if fhty; Jiw gilapdUf;F ,e;jpa fhty; Jiw
gapw;rp epUtdj;jpy; gapw;rpfs; toq;fg;gl;lJ.)
 Aj;jfhyj;jpy; kf;fspd; ,lg;ngau;tpidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.(cjhuzk;:- 2007 mk; Mz;L
khj;jpuk; 16000 Ngu; ,yq;if mfjpfshf ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;jdu;. 2006 Mk;
Mz;L Mtzp khjj;jpy; khj;jpuk; 6000 mfjpfs; ,e;jpahtpw;Fs; Eioe;Js;sdu;.)
 ,j;NjhL jPu;khdk; vLg;gtupd; Mw;wy;> MSik> murpay; epWtdq;fs; vd;gd
ntspAwT nfhss;ifapid jPu;khdpf;Fk; mbg;gil tplaq;fSld; ,ize;j gu];guk;
nry;thf;F nrOj;Jfpd;wd.
05. Njrpa eyd;;
 ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifAlhf ,iwikAila muRfs; jkJ Njrpa eyd;fis

ghJfhg;gJ mtu;fSila flikahFk;.
 fhyk;> ,lk;> #oy; vd;gtw;iwg; nghUj;J Njrpa muRfSf;fpilapy; Njrpa eyid
NgZtjpy; rpwpa NtWghLfs; fhzg;glyhk;.
 MdhYk; RaghJfhg;G, ghJfhg;G> gpui[fSila eyd;fs;> Njrpa eyd;fs;>
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; Nghd;wd ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifahf nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;lk;.
cjhuzk;:- ,yq;if Rje;jpukile;j fhyg;gFjpapy; may; ehlhd ,e;jpahtplkpUe;J
jd;id ghJfhg;gjpy; ngUk; rpukj;ij vjpu;nfhz;lJ. mjdhy; ,yq;if
gpupj;jhdpahtplkpUe;J cjtpfis ngw;Wf;nfhs;s jdJ ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifia
tFj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
06. tuyhWk; NjrpatpOkpaq;fSk;
 ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if xU murpDila tuyhw;wpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;L

tbtikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU murpDila fyhrhuk; ehfhpfk; vd;gd
tuyhw;Wf;fhyj;jpypUe;J Vida muRfSld; itj;jpUf;Fk; cwtpd; kPJ nry;thf;F
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
 tuyhW xU murpd; ntw;wp> Njhy;tp rKjhaj;jpw;F vJ nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;gijg;
gw;wpf; $Wk; MtzkhFk;. ,t;ntw;wpfs; Njhy;tpfs; vd;gd xU mrpDila
ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifia topg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
 r%f mq;fj;jth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; vt;thW fl;Lz;L tsh;e;jhh;fs; vd;gij
tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ. mth;fSila ehfhpfk; kdepiy gz;G vt;thW xd;whf ,Ue;jJ
vd;gij tuyhW $Wfpd;wJ.
 ,t;TwT kf;fspDila tpUg;gj;jpDhlhf gpujpgypf;fg;gl;lJld;
ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifA+lhf G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.
 ,e;jpahTldhd tuyhw;W njhlu;Gfs;> rPdhTldhd tuyhw;W njhlu;Gfs;
fhzg;gLtjid Fwpg;gplyhk;. rPdhTldhd ngsj;j fyhrhu njhlu;Gfs;
Nghd;wtw;iwf;Fwpg;gplyhk;.
 ,yq;ifapy; thOk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtop jkpou; ,e;jpahTldhd cwtpYk; > K];ypk;fs;
Vida K];ypk; ehLfSldhd cwtpid jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;
07. kf;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;GfSk; Mjpgj;jpa fUj;jpaYk;

 kf;fspd; nghJ vjpu;ghu;g;G NghyNt Mjpf;fthjj;Jld; (Hegemony)
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;w ghu;itfSk; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; ,ay;gpidj;
jPu;khdpg;gjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. rpy “Nkw;Frhu; jq;Fepiy”> “rPdhTf;F
rhu;ghd”> “,e;jpahrhu; jq;Fepiy” Nghd;w tifapy; r%fj;jpDs;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUj;jhly;fs; njhlu;gpy; Ml;rpahsu;fs; ftdk;
nrYj;Jtijf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
08. gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr tYr;rkepiy
 gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; ru;tNjr murpay; mjpfhuk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; ,ay;G kw;Wk;
,aq;fpay;fs; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifia jPu;khdpf;Fk; rhjdnkhd;whFk;.
 njd;dhrpa gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; ,e;jpahit Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l tYr;rkepiyAk; ru;tNjr
r%fj;jpy; xUJUt (Uni - Polar), ,UJUt (Bi - Polar) kw;Wk; gy;JUt (Multi - Polar)
Nghd;w tYr;rkepiy ve;jnthU murpdJk; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapid jPu;khdpg;gjpy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
 cyfyhtpa uPjpapy; gy mjpfhu rf;jpfs; ,Ug;gjhy; (cjhuzk;:- mnkupf;fh> gpupf;];>
INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;) mz;ikf;fhy ntspAwTf;nfhs;if ngUk;ghYk; xUtifahd
mjpfhu rkepiyf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJ.
09. cld; ghLfSk; xg;ge;jq;fSk;
 ,d;W ve;jnthU ehLk; jdpj;J ,aq;f KbahJ Vida ehLfSld;
cld;gbf;if > xg;ge;jk;> nra;J jdJ eyd;fis epiwNtw;Wfpd;wJ.
 Fwpg;ghf md;W ehLfs; jkJ nghUshjhu NjitfSf;Fk; epjpAjtp> fld>;
ed;nfhil> mdu;j;jq;fpd; NghJ vida ehLfspd; cjtp kw;Wk; cs;ehl;L
mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;s gz;dhl;L cld;gbf;iffis gy ehLfSfSf;F
,ilapy; Nkw;nfhs;s ntspehl;L nfhs;if vd;gJ nry;thf;F
nrOj;Jfpd;wJ.
10. ru;tNjr #o;epiy
 xU ehL ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifaia tFf;Fk; NghJ ru;tNjr cyf xOq;if
fUj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;
 nghUshjhuk;> ghJfhg;G> murpay; jiyaPL Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; Xu; muR
kw;WNkhu; muir vjpu;ghu;f;fNtz;ba epiyapy; cs;sJ.
 ,yq;if ru;tNjr tplaq;fspy; nghJeytha mikg;G> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;>
cyf tq;fp>ru;tNjr ehza epjpak;> Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpfis ngWtjd;
mbg;gilapy; ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
 Aj;jj;jpd; gpd; ru;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd rl;lk;> kdpj cupik kPwy;fs;
Fwpj;jkdpj cupikr;rl;lk; vd;gtw;Wf;F ,yq;if gjpyspf;f
flikg;gl;Ls;sJ ,jdhy; ,JTk; ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifia jPu;khdpg;gjpy;
nry;thf;F nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
11. khw;W ru;tNjr ,af;fq;fs;> kw;Wk; tiyg;gpd;dy;fs;
 jw;Nghija cyf #oypd; gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fSf;F mg;ghy;jhf;fk;
nrYj;Jk; khw;W ru;tNjr ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; gy
tsu;r;rpaile;jpUg;gjid fhzKbfpd;wJ.
 gaq;futhjk;> kj mbg;gilthjk;> FO cupik ,af;fk; (LGBT ,af;fq;fs;>
Yellow Vest Nghd;w njhopyhsu; ,af;fq;fs;) vNjr;rjpfhu Ml;rpia
mfw;Wtjid Nehf;fkhf nfhz;l mikg;Gfs;. cs;ehl;il nghWj;jtiu
,yq;ifapy; mjw;fhd mgpg;gpuhak; Fiwthf fhzg;gl;l NghJk; mjd;
tsu;r;rpia ,yq;if ftdj;jpy; nfhz;L ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if
tFf;fNtz;Lk;.
7. ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; rthy;fSk; gpur;rpidfSk;
 ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk; murpd; cs;sf
murpay; - nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu ,aq;fpaypDs;Sk;> kWGwk; ru;tNjr
tYr;rkepiyapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
 msTuPjpahf rpwpa murhftpUj;jy;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; ngsjpf gyk; Fiwthf
,Uj;jy;> gpuhe;jpa tYr;rkepiy> ru;tNjr tYr;rkepiy> cs;sf r%f> murpay;
ghu;itfs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fs; Nghd;wd ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; gpugykhd
rthy;fshf khwpAs;sd.
 murpd; Ms;Gy msT> nghUshjhu gyk; kw;Wk; murpay; Mjpf;fk; vd;gd kpfTk;
Fiwe;Js;sikahy; ru;tNjr murpaypd; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU rf;jpahf nraw;gLk; jpwd;
,yq;iff;F ,y;iy.
 eilKiw cyf xOq;fpDs; Njitaw;w jiyaPLfSf;F cl;glhky; mgptpUj;jp
kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;fhf fy;tp> fyhrhu kw;Wk; jfty; Jiwapd; cr;rkl;l
xj;Jiog;gidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vt;thW vd;gNj ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd;
mbg;gil rthyhf cs;sJ.
 ,jw;fhf xUGwk; cs;sf murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ikia Ngzy; kw;Wk;
Kfhikj;Jtg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; rthYk; muRfSf;F cz;L.
 kWGwk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs; eLepiyahd kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L cWg;gpduhtjw;fhd
NjitAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,t;tplaq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;Ak; jpwd; kw;Wk; rhj;jpag;ghLfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; vt;thW
Kfq;nfhLf;fyhk; vd;gJjPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
If;fpa ehLfSk; ,yq;ifAk;

Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghiu njhlu;e;J mjdhy; Vw;gl;l ghupa tpisTfs; fhudkhf mJ Nghd;wnjhU
Aj;jNkh ehrfhu mopTfNsh Vw;gl $lhJ vd;gjw;fhf ru;tNjr rq;fk; xd;W cUthf;fgl;lJ ,J
Cl;Nuhtpy;rdpd; gjpdhd;F mk;r Nfhupf;iffSs; xd;whf fhdg;gl;lJ vdpDk; ,jd; nraw;ghLfs;
Nghjpasthd nraw;ghLfisNah mikjpia epiyehl;lNth ,y;iy ,jw;F fhudk; muRfs;
ru;Ntj rq;fj;jpd; tpjpfis my;yJ rl;lq;is kPwp nraw;gl;lik MFk; ,jd; gytPdk;
fhudkhfNt ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; Vw;gl;lJ ,jid njhlu;e;Nj 1944k; Mz;by; N[u;kdp
,j;jhyp [g;ghd; Kjypa mr;R ehLfSf;F vjpuhf ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghiu elj;jp te;j mnkupf;fh
gpupl;ld; Nrhtpaj; A+dpad; rPdh Kjypa ehLfs; Mf];l; 21k; jpfjp th]pq;ld; xf;]; vd;w
gFjpapy; xU khehl;il $l;b MNyhrpj;J te;jd mjw;F lk;gu;ld; xf;]; khehL vd;W ngau;.
,jdbg;gilapy; 1945 [Pd; 26k; jpfjp Kiwg;gbahf gy ehLfSk; Vw;Wf; nfhd;ljd; thapyhf
md;iwa jpdj;jpypUe;Nj cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf eilKiwf;F te;jJ Nkw;gb cUthf;fgl;l If;fpa
ehLfs; rigahdJ mjd; Njhw;wj; fhyj;jpypUe;J ,d;Wtiuf;Fk; cyf rkhjhdj;ij NgDtjpy;
ghupa gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ vd;W $wpdhy; mJ kpifahfhJ.
cyf rkhjhdk; ghJfhg;G vd;w mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fis tsu;f;Fk; tifapNyNa If;fpa

ehLfs; cUthf;fgl;lJ ,t; mikg;ghdJ nghJr; rig ghJfhg;G rig r%f nghUsjhu rig
ek;gpf;if nghWg;G rig nrayfk; ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; Nghd;w gpujhd mikg;Gf;fis nfhz;L
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ ,itfs; Pevention Peacemaking Peacekeeping Peace building and disarmament Nghd;w
jj;Jtq;fspy; mbg;gilapNyNa nraw;gLfpd;wd.
vdNt cyf rkhjhdj;ij NgDtjpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rigahdJ Kf;fpakhdnjhU gq;fpid

tfpj;J tUfpd;wJ vdNt ,Uhgjhk; E}w;whz;by; cyf rkhjhdj;ij NgDtjw;fhf cUthf;fgl;l
ru;tNjr jhgdq;fSs; Kf;fpakhd xU rigahfTk; ,d;wpaikahj xd;whfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,yq;if 1955 ,y; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

mq;fj;Jtj;ijg; ngWtjw;F Kd;dUk; ,yq;if If;fpa ehLfspd; jhgdj;Jld;
neUf;fkhf ,Ue;jik njspthfpd;wJ.
 1952 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; If;fpa ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; (United
Nationas Development Programme - UNDP),yq;ifapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
mq;fpUe;J njhlu;e;Jk; If;fpa ehLfspd;nghJr; rigf; (General Assembly)
$l;lq;fspy; gq;Fg;gw;wpAs;sNjhL 1976 Mk; Mz;L$l;lj;jpy; Kd;dpiyg;
ngw;wpUe;jJ. mj;NjhL 1978 ,y; nghJr;rigapd; epuhAjghzpahf;fYf;fhd
(Dissrmament) gpNuuizahsuhfTk; ,yq;if ,Ue;jJ.
 1960 - 1965 fhyj;jpy; ,yq;if If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; ghJfhg;Gr;rigapy;
(Security Council) cj;jpNahfg;G+u;tkw;w (Non - Permanent) mq;fj;Jtj;ijAk;
ngw;wpUe;jJ.
 ,jw;F Nkyhf nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu xj;Jiog;G Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspy;
mq;fj;jtu; vd;wtifapy; njhlu;e;Jk; cs;sJ.
 ,yq;ifapy; %d;W jrhg;j fhykhf ,lk;ngw;W te;j aj;jkhdJ ,Wjp tUlj;jpy;
,yq;if murhq;fj;jhy; ghupa ,uhDt eltbf;ifapd; %yk; KbTf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
 me;j tifapy; Kuz;ghL Muk;gpj;j Muk;g fhyk; njhl;Nl Fwpg;ghf If;fpa ehLfs;
rigahdJ Njhw;wk; ngw;wjd; gpd;du; Neubahf ,k; Kuz;ghl;by; jiyapl tpy;iyahapDk;
kiwKfkhf gy;NtW mOj;jq;fis nrYj;jp te;jJ vdpDk; ,k; Kuz;ghl;by; I.eh rpd;
nraw;ghL vd;gJ jhf;ffukhdjhf mikatpy;iy.
 jw;NghJ Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Aj;jfhyj;jpNy murhq;fk; kw;Wk; (LTTE) Mfpa ,U jug;gpdUk;
kPwpa kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;ghf mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpd;wJ.
 If;fpa ehLfspd; kdpj cupikfs;> njhopyhsu;> Rw;whly; cupikfSf;fhd
gpufldq;fis ,yq;if Vw;W mq;fPfupj;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l rptpy;
Aj;jj;jpid ikakhff; nfhz;L kdpjcupikfs; kPwg;gLjy; njhlu;gpy; If;fpa
ehLfspd; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd Mizf;FOtpd; Ma;Tf;F ,yq;if
mz;ikf;fhykhf rpy jlitfs; Kfq;nfhLj;Js;sJ.
 ,J ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; ,ay;gpidj; jPu;khdpg;gJ njhlu;gpy;
Neubahdnry;thf;fpidVw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
nghJeythaKk; ,yq;ifAk;
mwpKfk;
 nghJeythak; vd;gJ gpupj;jhdpahtpd; Neub my;yJ kiwKf Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;J
gpd;du; Rje;jpukile;j ehLfspd; $l;likg;ghFk;.
 1949k; Mz;L nghJeythaj;ij Muk;gpj;jdu;.
 1949k; Mz;L yz;ld; gpufldj;Jld; ,J xU mikg;G Kiwahf cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
 jw;NghJ 19 Mgpupf;f ehLfSk;> 11 njd; gRgpf; ehLfSk;> 10 fuPgpad; ehLfSk;> 8
Mrpa ehLfSk;>
 3 INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sd. nkhj;jkhf 54 ehLfs; ,t;
mikg;gpy; mq;fj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;wd.
jiyik
 nghJeytha ehLfs; mikg;gpd; jiyikafk; yz;ldpy; khu;yg;gNuh `Trpy;
mike;Js;sJ.
nghJeytha muRj; jiytu;fspd; khehL

 nghJeytha muRj; jiytu;fspd; khehL 2 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw
mt;tikg;gpd; cWg;G ehL xd;wpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
 ,k;khehL eilngWk; ehl;bd; muRj;jiytu; gpujku; my;yJ FbauRj;jiytu;
khehl;bw;F jiyik tfpg;gNjhL mLj;j 2 Mz;LfSf;F mtNu nghJeytha
ehLfs; mikg;gpd; elg;Gj; jiytuhfTk; nraw;gLthu;. nkhj;jk; 24 jlitfs;
khehLfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
,k; khehLfspy; cWg;G ehLfs; vjpu; nfhs;Sk;> ru;r;irfSf;Fupa

gpur;rpidfs;>
 [dehafk;
 mgptpUj;jp
 fy;tp
 #oy;
 ntsptptfhuk;
 cy;yhrj;Jiw
 kdpj cupik kPwy; jw;fhy epfo;Tfs; Nghd;wd Muhag;gLfpd;wd.
 nghJeytha ehLfspd; mikg;gpy; 54 ehLfs; mq;fj;jtu;fshdhYk; me;ehLfspd;
Fbj;njhif 2012 Mk; Mz;L kjpg;gPl;bd;gb 2.245 gpy;ypadhf ,Ue;jJ.
 vdNt cyfpy; 30 kpy;ypad; rJu fpNyh kPw;wu; gug;gsthd epyg;gug;gpy; thOk; 2245
kpy;ypad; kf;fisf; nfhz;l ehnld;w tifapy; xU Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
mikg;ghf cs;sJ.
nghJehytha gpufldk;
 nghJeytha mikg;G 1931k; Mz;L "gpupl;b\; nghJeytha ehLfs;" vd;fpd;w
ehkj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;L
 1946k; Mz;L "nghJeytha ehLfs;" vd ngau; khw;wk; ngw;wJ. nghJeythaj;jpd;
gpufldq;fshd> rpq;fg;G+u; 1971 Mk; [dtup khjk; 22 Mk; jpfjp “nghJeytha
nfhs;if”>
 1991 Mk; xf;Nlhgu; khjk; 20 Mk; jpfjp “ùhup gpufldk;” ahTk; – ru;tNjr
rkhjhdk;> cyf nghUshjhuk;> ru;tNjr tpjpKiwfs; Nghd;wtw;iw kjpf;FkhW
typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
nghJeythaKk; ,yq;ifAk;
 ,yq;if 1948 Kjy; nghJeythaj;jpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

 mur jiytp xUtu; murpay; jiyikj;jhq;Fk; nghJey thaj;jpd; KjyhtJ
cWg;GehL ,yq;ifahFk;.
 1960 fspy; =khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh gpujku; vd;w tifapy; nghJey thaj;jpy;
,yq;ifia gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdhu;.
 jw;NghJ nghJeythak; kw;Wk; ,yq;iff;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; fy;tp>
tpisahl;L kw;Wk; fyhrhu cjtpfis toq;fiy ikag;gLj;jp tpUj;jpaile;J
cs;sJ.
 23 MtJ nghJeytha ehLfspd; mur jiytu;fspd; khehL (GHOGM) 2013
etk;gu; khjk; ,yq;ifapy; eilngw;wJ.
 ePu; kpd; rf;jpia ngWtjw;fhd cjtpfs;.
 tdts mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F cjTjy;.
 ifj;njhopy; tpUj;jpf;fhd njhopy;El;g cjtpfs;.
 khztu;fs; Gyikg; guprpy;fs; Clhf njhlu;Gfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 Tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;.
 gy;fiyf;foq;fspd; tpUj;jpw;fhd cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.
rhjidfs;
 mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; ,iwikiaAk; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.

 mq;fj;Jt ehLfspd; [dehafj;ij Nkk;gLj;jy;.
 nghJeytha mikg;gpy; cs;s rpy ehLfs; jkf;fpilapy; Eurasiar Economic
Community vd;w cg mikg;gpid cUthf;fpAs;sik.
 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ,t;tikg;gpy; cs;s ehLfs; Koikahf nghJr; re;ij Kiwf;F
nry;tjw;fhd eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
mzpNruh ,af;fKk; ,yq;ifAk;

 cyf tYr;rkepiyapy; mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpa mnkupf;fh kw;Wk; Nkw;F
INuhg;gpa jiyikapyhd Nkw;F mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; u];ah jiyikapyhd fpof;F
mjpfhuk; vDk; Kfhk;fspd; cz;ikahd mq;fj;Jtj;ij tpyf;fpf; nfhz;L me;j
Kfhk;fspy; ,izahky; eLepiyahd nfhs;ifnahd;iw gpd;gw;Wk; Nehf;fpy; 1961
nrg;lk;gu; Kjyhk; jpfjp ngy;fpNul;by;; mzpNruh ehLfspd; ,af;fk; cUthdJ.
 ,yq;if mjd; Muk;g cWg;gpduhthu;.
 1960.Mf];l; 12,y; =khNth gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; nfhs;if gpufld ciuapy;
“ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;ifapy; vdJ murhq;fk; ve;jnthU mjpfhu $l;LlDk;
NruhJ.Vida ehLfSld; neUf;fkhd $l;LwitAk;> ,izg;igAk;
tpupTg;gLj;JtjhfNt Xt;nthU Kaw;rpAk; mikAk;” vd $wpdhu;.
 1976 ,y; ,yq;if Ie;jhtJ mzpNruh ehLfspd; khehl;L mDruidahsuhdJ.
 1976-1979 tiu ,yq;if %d;W Mz;Lfs; mzpNruh ,af;fj;jpd; jiyik
nghWg;ig tfpj;jJ. ,J ,yq;iff;F xU nfsutj;ij mspj;jJ.
 ,jpy; 85 cWg;G ehLfSk; 09 ehLfspd; mq;fj;jpdu; tpNrl tpUe;jpduhf
gq;Nfw;wdu;.
 ,k;khehl;by; “Gjpa ru;tNjr nghUshjhu xOq;F” vd;gJ Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.
 =khNth gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpa> rPd vy;iy gpur;rpidia mzpNruh
nfhs;ifapd; fPo; RKfkhf jPu;f;f Kide;jhu;.
 1977w;F gpd;du; N[.Mu; Nkw;F rhu; ntspehl;L nfhs;ifia filg;gpbf;fhJ
Muk;gj;jpy; eLepiy nfhs;ifia filg;gpbj;jhu;.
 MAj fisT njhlu;gpy; I.eh. nghJrig $l;lj;jpy; mzpNruh ehLfspd; MjuTld;
,yq;if jPu;T jpl;lk; xd;iw Kd;itj;jJ.
 tisFlh Aj;jk; njhlu;gpy; gpNukjh]htpd; nfhs;if mzpNruh nfhs;ifapypUe;J
tpyfhjtifapy; fhzg;gl;lJ.
 jw;NghJ mzpNruh eHLfs; gpugykhd murpay; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLfpd;w ,af;fkhf
,y;iynad;gJ njupfpd;wJ. vt;thwhdNghJk; =yq;fh Rje;jpufl;rp mjpfhuj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fhyj;jpy; mzpNruh ehLfs; kw;Wk; ,yq;iff;F ,ilapy;
njhlu;Gfs; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sikia fhzyhk;.
njd;dhrpa xj;Jiog;G mikg;Gk; ,yq;ifAk;

 ,yq;if 1985 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l njd;dhrpa xj;Jiog;Gf;fhd rq;fj;jpy; (SAARC)
Muk;g kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L cWg;gpduhFk;.
 jw;Nghija gpuhe;jpa tYr;rkepiyg; gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf SAARC ,d; mjpfhuk;
kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; XusT kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
 ,yq;if njd;dhrpa Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyak; (SAFTA) kw;Wk; Kd;Dupikj; Nju;T
xg;ge;jk; (SAPTA) Nghd;w Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspd; mq;fj;jtuhtNjhL rhu;f; tpisahl;L
tpohtpd; nraw;ghl;L cWg;gpuUk; MFk;.
ru;tNjr nghUshjhu epjp epWtdq;fSk; ,yq;ifAk;
 ,yq;if ru;tNjr ehza epjpaj;jpd; (IMF) kWrPuikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd
ru;tNjr tq;fp (IBRD /WB)> Mrpa mgptpUj;jp tq;fp (ADB) kw;Wk; cyf tu;j;jfr;
rq;fk; (WTO) kw;Wk; gpujhd ru;tNjr epjp epWtdq;fSld; neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gfis
NgZfpd;wJ.
 tpNrlkhf nghUshjhu kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp Jiwfspy; ,yq;if gad;gLj;Jk; ngsjpf
kw;Wk; epjp %yq;fSf;fhf Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l epjp epWtdq;fs; ghupa gq;fspg;gpid
toq;fpAs;sd.
 ,e;j mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; epjpj;njhlu;Gfs; rpyNtisfspy; tpku;rdj;Jf;FupajhfTk;
cs;sJ.
 gpujhd epjp epWtdq;fs; muRfSld; fld;> ed;nfhil kw;Wk; MNyhrid Nritfs;
%yk; njhlu;Gfis NgZfpd;wd. ,r;Nritfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gfs;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ muRfspd; cs;sf nghUshjhu kw;Wk; murpay;
nfhs;iffspd; fl;likg;gpid jPu;khdpg;gjpy; ,e;epWtdq;fspd; mOj;jq;fs; kw;Wk;
MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;Fk;.
 mjdhy; mtu;fspd; fl;likg;Grhu; nghUj;jg;ghL cs;sf nfhs;iff;F cs;thq;f
Ntz;b tUfpd;wJ. mjdhy; ,t;tgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehLfSk; ,e;j
nghUshjhu> epjp epWtdq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;Gfs; tpku;rdj;Jf;Fs;shfpAs;sJ.
 ,yq;iff;Fk; ,J nghJthdjhFk;.
ru;tNjr murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fSk; ,yq;ifAk;

 ru;tNjr murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; gy;Nt tifapy; muRf;Fs; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
 tpNrlkhf ,yq;ifapDs; kdpj cupikfs;> FOf;fspd; cupikfs;> mgptpUj;jp
nrad;Kiwfs; Nghd;w tplaq;fspd; fPo; murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
 ,tw;wpd; nraw;ghLfSk; rpy Ntisfspy; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shfpAs;sd.
 vt;thwhdNghJk; cupikfs; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nrad;Kiwfspy; ,t;tikg;Gfs;
,yq;ifapDs; nrYj;jpAs;s xj;Jiog;Gfs; mOj;jk; nfhz;ljhf mike;Js;sJ.
ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; rthy;fSk; gpur;rpidfSk;

 ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; gpur;rpidfSk; rthy;fSk; murpd; cs;sf
murpay; - nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu ,aq;fpaypDs;Sk;> kWGwk; ru;tNjr
tYr;rkepiyapd; ntspg;ghlhFk;.
 msTuPjpahf rpwpa murhftpUj;jy;> nghUshjhu kw;Wk; ngsjpf gyk; Fiwthf
,Uj;jy;> gpuhe;jpa tYr;rkepiy> ru;tNjr tYr;rkepiy> cs;sf r%f> murpay;
ghu;itfs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fs; Nghd;wd ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; gpugykhd
rthy;fshf khwpAs;sd.
 murpd; Ms;Gy msT> nghUshjhu gyk; kw;Wk; murpay; Mjpf;fk; vd;gd kpfTk;
Fiwe;Js;sikahy; ru;tNjr murpaypd; jPu;khdkpf;fnjhU rf;jpahf nraw;gLk; jpwd;
,yq;iff;F ,y;iy.
 eilKiw cyf xOq;fpDs; Njitaw;w jiyaPLfSf;F cl;glhky; mgptpUj;jp
kw;Wk; nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;fhf fy;tp> fyhrhu kw;Wk; jfty; Jiwapd; cr;rkl;l
xj;Jiog;gidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vt;thW vd;gNj ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd;
mbg;gil rthyhf cs;sJ.
 ,jw;fhf xUGwk; cs;sf murpay; ];jpuj;jd;ikia Ngzy; kw;Wk;
Kfhikj;Jtg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; rthYk; muRfSf;F cz;L.
 kWGwk; ru;tNjr r%fj;jpDs; eLepiyahd kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;L cWg;gpduhtjw;fhd
NjitAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
 ,t;tplaq;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;Ak; jpwd; kw;Wk; rhj;jpag;ghLfspd;
mbg;gilapy; ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;ifapd; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; vt;thW
Kfq;nfhLf;fyhk; vd;gJ jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
G.C.E. (A/L) – NEW SYLLABUS
Former Political Science Teacher Colombo Zahira College

And Dharga Town Zahira College
Created By:
BA (Hon’s), Political Science Special Degree (Uoc), Dip. in. Counseling

(NISD), A.d. Child & Women Rigth (University of Colombo, Faculty of Law)
2017 Kjy; Gjpa fiyj;jpl;l rPuhf;fj;jpd; fPo; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l

murpay; tpQ;Qhdk; - ghljpl;lj;jpw;fikthf khztu;fs; guPl;irapy;
,yFtpy; jahuhFtjw;F Vw;w tpjj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
Farook Mohamed Shukri, BA (Hons), Sp. Political science (uoc), Dip.in. Counselling &Psychology.
Tel: 0717091593, 0773763462 Page 1
BA (Hons), Political Science Special Degree, PGDE ®, OUSL, Dip. in.
Counseling (NISD), Dip. in. Psychology, A.d. Child & Women Rigth
(University of Colombo, Faculty of Law)
Kalpitiya Road, Alankuda, Ettalai, Puttalam.

Political Science Teacher
Phone No: 0717091593
Whatsapp: 0773763462
;
mupQu;fs; E}y;fs;
1. mup];Nlhl;by; murpay; (The politics)
2. gpNsl;Nlh FbauR> rl;lk;> murpayhsd; (The
Statemant)
3. epfNyh kf;fpa ty;yp ,sturd; (The Prince) Nghu;f; fiy>
4. N[hd; x];upd; rl;ltpaYf;fhd tpsf;fTiu
5. A.V. ilrp murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
6. [Pd; Nghbd; Fbauir gw;wpa MW E}y;fs; (Six Books of
the commonwealth)
7. fhu;y; khu;f]
; ; %yjdk; (Das Capitals) jjj;Jtj;jpd;
tWik> gpuhd;rpd; cs;ehl;Lg; Nghu;>
fk;A+dprg; gpufldk;. fk;A+dprf; fl;rpapd;
mwpf;if>
8. N[hu;[; rPnky; Kud;ghl;bd; r%f tpay;
9. nydpd; Vfhjpgj;jpa Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; cr;r
Tel: 0717091593, 0773763462 Page 2
fl;lk;
10. n[uy; y];fp murpay; ,yf;fzk;> murpay; gpuNtrk;>
,iwikg; gw;wpa Ma;Tfs;.
11. irku; gp]u; Kuz;ghl;NlhL gzpGupjy;
nraw;ghl;bw;fhdjwpd;fs; kw;Wk; cgha
Kiwfs;
12. Ytp]; Nfhru; r%f Kuz;ghl;bd; nraw;ghLfs;
13. vlk; ];kpj; Njrq;fspd; nry;tk;
14. `pl;yu; vdJ Nghuhl;lk;
15. KNrhypdp vd;irf;fpNyhgPbNah ,j;jhypahdh
16. Njhk]; n`hg;]; nytpajhd;
17. N[hd; nyhf; rptpy; r%fj;jpd; ,U xg;ge;jk;
18. [Pd; [f;A+ &N]h r%f xg;ge;jk;
19. kfhj;kh fhe;jp rj;jpa Nrhjid
20. rhu;y;]; lhtpd; ,aw;ifj; njupTf; Nfhl;ghL
21. khNth NrJq; vr;rupf;if jUk; thu;j;ijfs;
22. rhy;]; nkhd;l];fpt; rl;lj;jpd; capu;
23. gpuhd;rp]; Gf;fpahkh tuyhw;wpd; KbTk; filrp kdpjDk;
24. T+w;Nwh tpy;rd; nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk;.
25. nuhgu;l; gpy;ku; gw;wpahf;fs;
26. nfsby;ypau; mu;j;j rh];j;jpuk;
27. n[h`hq; fy;J}q; Nkhjy; Kf;Nfhdf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; je;ij
28. N[hd; ];Lthu;l; kpy; murpay; nghUshjhuf; nfhs;if>
Rje;jpuk; gw;wpa fl;Liu> gpujpepjpj;Jt
murhq;fk; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs;
29. nrd; Njhk]; xf];bd; flTspd; Gdpj efuk;.
30. [hd; ntz;lj; nfdj; xg;gPl;L murpaypd; mbg;gilfs;
epA+ld;
31. N[hd; Nuhy;]; A Theory of Justice
32.
33. guh];kpj;> Nfj; kpy;ld; ngz;zpiythj gpujhd mupQu;fs;

34. N[hd; nyhf;> &N]h r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; kf;fshl;rp
Fwpj;J $wpatu;fs;
35. `k;]h myhtp gpd; fhydpj;Jtk; njhlu;ghf $upatUk;>
State in post colonial societies Pakistan and
Bangladhesh vd;w fl;Liuapd; nrhe;jf;
Tel: 0717091593, 0773763462 Page 3
fhuUk; Mthu;. ,tu; xU ghfp];lhd;
ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;.
36. [Pd; Nghu;bd;> T.H. khu;\y; “,iwik”> “rKjhag; gpui[“ vDk;
fUj;jpaYf;Fr; nrhe;jf; fhuu;fs;
37. rpk;ghNg> njd;dhgpupf;fh> Nrhdh> #Y>fthf;fh Nghd;w Muk;gfhy
cfz;lh Nfhj;jpu muRfs; fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs;.
38. mur khjpupfs; Nfhj;jpu muR> fpNuf;f efu muR>
murhl;rp (cNuhkhdpa fhyk;)> ,uh[
fhupa muR (kj;jpa fhyk;)> jhuhd
[dehaf muR> rkTlikthj muR>ghrpr
muR> fhydpj;Jt muR> gpd; fhydpj;Jt
muR> et jhuhd;ikthj muR
39. nkf;]; ntgu;> [Pd; Nkup “njhopyhf murpay;”> “Njrpa murpaypd;
N`d;Ndh KbT” vDk; fl;Liuapd; nrhe;jf;
fhuu;fs;
40. mup];Nlhl;bypd; thjk;> “mjpfhuj;jpid” ikakhff; nfhz;L
nkf;]; ntgupd; thjk; murpid ntspg;gLj;jpa ,U thjq;fs;
41. murpay; epWtdq;fs; muR> murhq;fk;> murpay; fl;rpfs;>
mKf;ff; FOf;fs;> ghuhSkd;wk;>
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;> rptpy; r%fk;
42. murpay; fl;rp Fwpj;J gpupj;jhdpa mwpQu;
$wpa b];Nuyp> vf;kd; Ngf;> ngd;Q;rkpd;
nfhd;];iud;
mnkupf;f mwpQu;
md;&nfTl;>`q;bq;ld;> fpu`k;tnhy];>
bd;#kd;
khu;f;rpr mwpQu;
nydpd;> khNth NrJq; (,tu; rPdhtpy;
Nrhryprf; nfhs;ifia gug;g kpfTk;
ghLgl;ltu;)
43. b];Nuyp “rpy nfhs;iffshy; xd;wpide;j kf;fs;
md;&NfT+l; $l;lk;”> “murpay; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp
murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
Kaw;rp”
44. murpay; fl;rp Kiwfs; xU fl;rp Kiw> ,U fl;rp Kiw> gy
fl;rp Kiw> Mjpf;f Ks;s jdpf; fl;rp>
Tel: 0717091593, 0773763462 Page 4
Mjpf;f Ks;s ,U fl;rp
45. xU fl;rp KiwAila Kd;dhy; Nrhtpaj; xd;wpak;> fpA+gh>
ehLfs; (,J Nrhrypr> tlnfhupah> gu;kh> Kd;dhy; ghfp];jhd;
,uhDt Ml;rpAila
ehLfs;)
46. ,U fl;rpAila ehLfs; ,yq;if> mnkupf;fh> ngupa gpupj;jhdpah
47. murpay; fl;rpfspd; ,lJ rhup kw;Wk; tyJ rhup fl;rpfs;>
tiffs; nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;ij jpul;Lk; fl;rpfs;>
nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj;ij gpujpgypf;Fk;
fl;rpfs;> ahg;G uPjpahd fl;rpfs;> Gul;rpfu
murpay; fl;rpfs;> kf[d fl;rpfs;> fhlu;
fl;rpfs;
48. mKf;ff; FOf;fs; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; - mKf;ff; FOf;fs;
mnkupf;fhtpy; - eyd; NgZk; FOf;fs;>
my;yJ mOj;jf; FOf;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
49. mKf;ff; FOf;fs; MjuT jpul;Lk; FOf;fs;> jd;dhu;tf;
FOf;fs;
50. igdu;> ngd;yP> mKf;ff; FOf;fs; Fwpj;J $wp mwpQu;fs;
my;nkhd;l>; Bd;#kd;l;
51. ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; Mrpupau; rq;fk;> khztu; rq;fk;>
rpy mKf;ff; FOf;fs; itj;jpau; rq;fk;> Njhl;l njhopyhsu;
rq;fk;> Ntiyapy;yh gl;ljhupfs; rq;fk;
52. my;nkhz;lb
; d; tifg;ghL epue;jukhd mKf;ff; FO> epue;jukw;w
mKf;ff; FO> fUj;Jtop mKf;ff; FO>
mikg;G my;yJ fl;likg;G uPjpapyhd
mKf;ff; FO.
53. mKf;ff; FOf;fspd; kf;fSf;F murpay; mwpT+l;ly;> kf;fis
gzpfs; murpaypy; gq;Fgu itj;jy;>
54. Njrpa thjk; ngdbfl; vd;lu;rd;
55. murpay; ghlj;Jiuapd; murpay; jj;Jtk;> murpay; epWtdk;>
cg gpupTfs; murpay; Nfhl;ghL> murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;
56. murpay; fUj;jpay; jhuhd;ikthjk;> fhyzpj;Jt thjk;>
khf;rpr thjk;> ngz;zpiythjk;> Njrpa
thjk;>
57. Njrpathjj;jpd; gz;G xNu ,dk;> xNu muR> kf;fs; mjpfhuk;
fhzg;gly;
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58. murpay; Nfhl;ghLfspd; ,yl;rpaf; Nfhl;ghL – epakk; rhu;
tiffs; Nfhl;ghL
tpQ;Qhdf; Nfhl;ghL – Neu; kiurhu;
Nfhl;ghL
59. murpay; epWtdq;fs; Kiurhu; epWtdk;> Kiurhuh epWtdk;
60. FLk;gk;> re;ij rptpy; r%fj;Jld; ,izahj xd;W
61. mnyf;]; b nlf;tpy>; “Civil Life”
T+l;Nuh tpy;rd; “Study of Administration”
62. xg;gPl;L murpaypd; ,U ehLfSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPL
tbtk; fUg;nghUs;fSf;fpilapyhd xg;gPL
63. nghJj;Jiw epu;thfj;jpd; nghJf; nfhs;if gFg;gha;T> Gjpa Jiw
jw;fhy Jiwfs; Kfhikj;Jtk;
64. ELTON MAYO”, F.W.TAYLOR” kdpj cwT rhu; fw;if> tpQ;Qhd
,tu;fs; Kd;itj;j Kfhikj;Jtk;
nghJj;Jiw epu;thfk;rhu;
fUg;nghUs;
1. mupaiy fw;ifJiwahf fw;gJ vd;gjpy; ,U fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mit vit?
 murpay;  murwptpay;
;
2. murapy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F ,U fUj;Jf;fs;
cz;L mit vit?
 muR> mur epu;thfk; kw;WK; murhl;rp njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fU
 muRf;F kl;Lg;glhky; muRf;F ntspapy; gpuirfs; gq;F gw;Wk; r%f
gad;ghL
3. efu muR njhlu;ghd tplag;gug;Gf;Fs; gue;j fUj;jpay;fs; fhzg;gLfpwd.
mtw;iw Fwpg;gpLf?
 murpd; Njhw;wk;
 murpd; Nehf;fk;
 mur Ml;rp Kiwfs;
 Ml;rpahsu;fspd; Fzhk;rk; kw;Wk; jpwd;
 murpd; Nehf;fk;
 muR kw;Wk; gpuirfSWf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G
 murhl;rp nrad;Kiwfs;
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4. Guhjd “rPdh”> “,e;jpah” tpy; murpaiy mt;mu;j;jj;jpy; Nehf;fpa ,U
rpe;jidahsu;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 ,e;jpah – nfsby;ypau;  rPdh – fhd;Grpa];
5. fpNuf;f efu murpy; fhzg;gl;l gpuiorfspd; gq;F gw;wiy mup];Nlhvy;
vt;thW mioj;jhu;?
 nraw;ghl;L gpui[
6. “murpaYf;Fk;” “murwptpaYf;Fk;” ,ilapyhd njhlu;G ,U mu;j;jj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 murpay; nra;jy;
 murpay; fw;wy;
7. murpaiy fw;wy; vd;gjpy; ,U mu;j;jq;fs; cs;sd. mit vit?
 murpaiy eilKiwnahd;whf fw;wy;.
 murpaiy fy;tpj;Jiwahf fw;wy;
8. murpay; fw;ifg;gpupTfs; gy cs;sd. mtw;Wy; ,iuz;bid Fwpg;gpLf?
 murpay; epWtdq;fs;  murpay; elj;ij
 murhl;rp  murpay; fUj;jpay;fs;
 murpay; gad;ghL
9. murpay; elj;ijapy; mlq;Fk; gpui[fspd; gzpfs; gy cs;sd mit vit?
 murpaypy; <LgLjy;.
 Nju;jypy; thf;fspj;jy; my;yJ thf;fspf;fhik
 Nju;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; <Lgly; my;yJ <Lglhky; ,Uj;jy;
 murpay; fl;rpfs[pd; cWg;gpdu;fshf ,Uj;jy; my;yJ ,y;yhjpUj;jy;
 ehshu;e;j murpay; epfo;Tfspy; <Lgly; my;yJ <Lglhky; ,Uj;jy;.
10. cyf murpaypd; ,Ug;G> Njhw;wg;ghL> nfhs;iffis xOq;fikg;gJ
njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 rkTlik thjk;  eyd;Gup thjk;
 FbauR thjk;  [dehaf thjk;
 ypguy; thjk;  ngz;zpiythjk;.
11. jj;Jthu;j;j mZF Kiwapd; Kd;Ndhbfs; ,Utiuf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 gpNsl;Nlh  mup];Nlhl;by;
12. jj;Jthu;j; mZF Kiw Fwpj;J $wpa INuhg;gpa rpe;jidahsu;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 rprNuh  ,khDty; fhd;l;
 kf;fgap ty;yp  n`fy;
 nrd; xf];bd;  fhu;y; khu;f]
; ;
 Njhk]; n`hg;];
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13. jj;Jthu;j;ij mZF Kiw Fwpj;J $wpa 20k; E}w;whz;L
rpe;jidahsu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 kfhj;kh fhe;jp  rhu;y;]; nla;yu;
 vdh vud;b  Ngfd; [gu;rd;.
 N[hd; Nuhy;];
14. jj;Jthu;j mZF Kiwapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 ,q;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F tpsf;fq;fis Mokhf
Ma;T nra;jy;.
 cyfk; njhlu;ghf fhzg;gLk; gpujhd Kuz;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;jp
mtw;wpid tpthjpg;gJ.
 murpay; rpe;jid fl;likg;gpd; epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfspd;
,yl;rpa gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; jpahfk; njhlu;gpy; <LghL fhl;ly;.
15. xg;gPl;L mZF Kiwapd; Kd;Ndhb ahu;?
 mup];Nlhby; (158 w;F Nkw;gl;l ehLfspd; murhq;f Kiwapid xg;gPl;L
uPjpahf Ma;T nra;J murwptpaYf;fhd tpsf;fq;fis toq;fpdhu;)
16. xg;gPl;L murpaYf;fhd mbg;gil” vd;w fl;Liuia ntspapl;ltu;fs; ahtu;.
 N[hd; nkd;l];  nfdd; epA+ld;
17. murpaiy xg;gPl;L uPjpahf fw;gjw;fhd mtrpaj;Jf;F ,tu; $wpa thjk; vd;d?
 jkJ ehl;bd; murpaiy rpwg;ghf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F NtW
ehLfspd; murpay; gw;wpa mwpit ngwy; Ntz;Lk;.
 xt;tnthW ehl;bdJk; murpay; tuyhW> gpd;Gyk;> murpay; epWtdq;fs;
gw;wpa xg;gPl;L mwptpy;yhky; mel;ehLfspd; njsptpid ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbahJ.
18. xg;gPl;L mZF Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ntspahd E}y;fs; kw;Wk;
mjd; E}yhrpupau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 nfg;upay; My;kd;l; - xg;gPl;L murpay; Kiw
 nfg;upay; My;kd;l; kw;Wk; Nfhy;kd; - mgptpUj;jp mile;J tUk;
gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; murpay;
 rPKtu; khu;bd; ypg;rl; - murpay; kdpjd; murpaypd; r%f mbg;gil
 nfg;upay; My;kd;l; kw;Wk; rpl;dp ntgu; - gpuirfspd; murpay;
fyhr;rhuk;: Ie;J ehLfspd; murpay; kdg;ghq;F kw;Wk; [dehafk;
 rhKty; gp `d;bq;ld; khw;wKUk; r%fj;jpd; murpay; xOq;F Kiw
19. gz;ikthjk;’ vd;w vz;zf;fUtpy; 03 tpsf;fq;fs; cs;sd mit vit?
 r%fj;jpy; Vida gpupTfSld; murwptpayhdJ $bf; Fiwe;jstpy;
njhlu;GgLfpd;wd
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o jdf;Nf cupj;jhd Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; vz;zf;fUf;fs;
fhzg;gl;lhYk; Vida Nfhl;ghLfs; vz;zf;fUf;fspy;
jq;fpAs;sik.
o Nfhl;ghLfs; kw;Wk; vz;zf;fUf;fSf;F Nkyhf tpjpKiwfsl
njhlu;gpYk; murwptpay; Vida ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gly;.
20. elj;ij thjk; 1970 > 1980 fspd; gpd;du; tPo;r;rpailtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
kw;Wk; mjw;F Vw;gl;Ls;s rthy;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 khu;fr
; pr thjk;> et khu;f;rpr thjj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> ypguy; thjk;
 jj;Jthu;j;jk;> ngz;zpiythjk;
 gpd; etPdj;Jt thjjj;jpd; Njhw;wk;
21. murpay; mnghUshjhu nrad;Kiwfs; murhq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffNshL
njhlu;GgLk; Kiw?
 nghUs; cw;gj;jp
 re;ijg;gLj;jy; my;yJ tu;j;jfk;
 Njrpa tWkhdk;
22. murpay; nghUspay; mZFKiwapd; Muk;g fhy rpe;jidahsu;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 vlk; ];kpj;  N[hd; ];&thu;l; kpy;
 Nltpl; upfhNlh  Njhk]; Nkhy;j];
23. nghUs;Kjy; thjf; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mq;fj;jtu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fshdJ?
 KO r%fj;ij fUj;jpf;nfhz;Nl Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. (nghUshjhu
mbg;gil> r%f> murpay;> fyhr;rhuk; cs;slf;fpa fl;likg;G)
 tu;f;fg; Nghuhl;lk;.
24. r%ftpay; mZF Kiw xOq;fike;Js;s ,U gpujhd ghlneupfs;?
 khdpltpay;  r%ftpay;
25. r%ftpay; mZFKiwapd; rpe;jidahsu;fs; ahtu;?

 xf];l; nfhk;Nl  nkf;]; ntgu;
 fhu;y; khu;f]
; ;
26. r%ftpay; mZF Kiwapd; gpujhd El;g Kiwfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 juTfis Nrfupj;jy;  Ngl;b Kiw
 tpdhf;nfhj;J  Neu;fhzy;
27. ngz;zpiythj mZFKiwapd; rpe;jidahsu;fs; ,Utiuf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 guh ];kpj;  Nfj; kpy;ld;
28. ngz;zpiythj jhf;fj;jpdhy; murwptpaypy; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l Gjpa
vz;zf;fUf;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
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 ghy; epiy
 Mz; ngz; njhopy; NtWghL
 Mz; jiyikj;Jtk;
 Mz; ikathjk;
 Mzhjpf;fk;
 ngz; tpLjiy
 ngz; Jz;GUj;jy;
29. murpay; jj;JtkhdJ gpujhd %d;W fUg;nghUs;fspd; kPJ ftzk;
nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. mit vit?
 murpay; tpgupg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;zf;fUf;fspd;
tiutpyf;fzq;fis njspTgLj;jy;
 murpay; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; mbg;gil gpur;rpidfis ntspg;gLj;jp
mtw;iw Ma;T nra;jy;
 murpay; nraw;ghL> epWtdk;> nfhs;if
Nghd;wtw;Wf;F topfhl;Lk; ,yl;rpa Nfhl;ghLfis Kd;nkhopjy;.
30. “ A Theory of justice” ePjp njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;L fl;Liuia ntspapl;l mupQ;ru;
ahu;?
 N[hd; Nuhy;];
31. murpay; Nfhl;ghL vd;gjw;F ,U tpsf;fq;fs; cs;s mit vit?
 ,yl;rpaf; Nfhl;ghL (epajpthjk;)
 tpQ;Qhdf; Nfhl;ghL (ju;f;ff; Nfhl;ghL)
32. rl;lk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;bd; etPd fhy rpe;jidahsu; ahu;?
 N[hd; Nuhy;]; (20k; E}w;wd;L Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs;)
33. FbauR thjk; Rje;jpuk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 gpypg; ngl;b (20k; E}w;wd;L Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs;)
34. r%f gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 n`gu;k]; (20k; E}w;wd;L Nfhl;ghl;lhsu;fs;)
35. mKf;ff; FOf;fs;fSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; NtW ngau;fisAk; mJ ntt;NtW
ehLfspy; ntt;NtW tpjkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gjg;gpuNahfq;fisAk;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 mnkupf;fh - Mirf;FOf;fs;> epaha gpurhuf; FOf;fs;
 gpupj;jhdpa – mOj;jf; FOf;fs;
36. ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; mKf;ff; FOf;fspy; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 rpW Njapiy Njhl;l cupikahsu;fs; rq;fk;
 ngUe;Njhl;l Jiwkhu; rq;fk;
 ,yq;if tu;j;jf rig
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 ,yq;if mur itj;jpau; rq;fk;
 ,yq;if jdpahu; Ng&e;J cupikahsu;fs; rq;fk;
 mfpy ,yq;if ngsj;j kfh rig
37. rptpy; r%fk; vd;gjw;F 04 mu;j;jg;gLj;jy;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
mitfisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 goik jhuhd;ikthjf; fUj;J
 goik khu;f]
; pr thjf; fUj;J
 xOq;fike;j [dehaf thjf; fUj;J
 Gjpa khu;fr
; pr thj (fpukprpad;) fUj;J
38. rptpy; r%fk; Fwpj;J $wpa goik jhuhd;ikth rpe;jidahsu;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 ,khDty; fhz;l;  nglupf; n`fy;
39. rptpy; r%fk; gw;wpa $wpa goik khu;fr; pr thjf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;j
rpe;jidahsu; ahu; vd;gij Fwpg;gpLf?
 fhu;y; khu;f]
; ;
40. rptpy; r%fk; Fwpj;J xOq;fike;j [dehaff; fUj;ij Kd;itj;j
rpe;jidahsiuf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 mnyf;rpa]; b njhf;tpy;
41. rptpy; r%fk; Fwpj;J $wpa Gjpa khu;fr
; pr thjf; rpe;jidahsiuf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 me;NjhdpNah fpuhk;rp (,jhyp)
42. xg;gPl;L murpay; njhlu;ghd Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs; ,Utiuf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 mup];Nlhby;  kf;fpaty;yp
43. muR cau;thdJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghd ,U tpdhf;fSk; mtw;iw
Kd;itj;jtu;fSk; ahtu;?
 mup];Nlhl;by; : r%f epWtdq;faspy; cau;thd epWtdk; muR
 nkf;]; ntgu; : gyhj;fhu mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;Jk; jdpAupikf;
nfhz;l kdpjf; FO muR
44. etPd Ms;Gy murpd; gpujhd mk;rq;fs; 04I Fwpg;gpLf?
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Ms;Gyk;
 Njrpa mbg;gil (,dk; my;yJ kf;fs;)
 murhq;fk;
 ,iwik
45. cyfkakhjy; njhlu;ghf fhzg;gLk; ,U mZF KiwfSk; vit?
 cyfkakhf;fspd; Njrpa muR ,Wjp milkAk;
 Njrpa muRfs; epiwtilahky; kPs; fl;likf;fg;gLk;.
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46. The End of the Nation State (Njrpa muRfspd; KbT) vd;w fl;Liuia
ntspal;ltu; ahu;?
 [Pd; Nkup nfN`d;Ndh (gpuhd;];)
47. “[dehafk;”> “Njrpa muR”> kw;Wk; “cyfkakhjy;” vd;w fl;Liuia
ntspl;ltu; ahu;?
 Nltpl; n`y;l;
48. cyfdpy; Muk;g Nfhj;jpu muRfs; fhzg;gl;l ehLfisAk; mtw;wpy;
fhzg;gl;l rpy Nfhj;jpuq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 njd;dhgpupf;fh - #Y
 cfz;lh –fthf;fh
 rpk;ghNg - Nrdh
49. Nfhj;jpu muRfspd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 Fyj;jpw;F jiytu; xUtu; ,Ug;ghu; mtupd; mjpfhuk;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf fhzg;gLk;.
 rpNu\;ll
; jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fg;gLk;.
 czT kw;Wk; Vida Njitfs; jd;dpiuT ngw;W ,Ue;jJ.
 jiytupd; FLk;gKk;> Vida FLk;g epiyAk; rkkhf kjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
 gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rk;gpujhak;> kj mD];lhdq;fis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L epu;thfk; xOq;fike;jpUe;jJ.
50. fpNuf;f efu muRf;F cupj;jhd ,U fUj;Jf;fSk; vit?
 efu muR murpay; uPjpahf xOq;fike;j mynfhd;whf ,Ue;jik
 mit xt;nthd;Wk; RahjPdkhd mynfhd;whf ,Ue;jik
51. fpNuf;f efu murpy; gpurhTupikfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhNjhu; ahu;?
 ngz;fs;>
 rpWtu;fs;
 mbikfs;
 FbNAw;wthjpfs; (ntspehl;ltu;fs;)
52. murhl;rp Kiwapy; gpuir vd;gjw;F gjpyhf fhzg;gl;l vz;zf;fU vJ?
 fPo;gl;ltu;fs; my;yJ mbikg;gl;ltu;fs;
53. gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf murhq;fk; nraw;gLtjw;F Njitahd mbg;gil
tplaq;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 jilfsw;w Rje;jpuk;
 rkj;Jtk;
 ngUk;ghd;ik Ml;rp
 kf;fs; Ml;rp
 ahg;GW thjk;
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 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
 ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdk;
 nghWg;Gld; $ba murhq;fk;.
 Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy;
 Nghl;bfukhd fl;rp Kiw
54. rkTlik thjj;ij gpd;gw;Wk; kw;Wk; guPl;rpj;J ghu;j;j ehLfs; rpytw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 u\;ah  tlnfhupah
 fpA+gh  fk;Nghbah
 rPdh  tpal;dhk;.
 tpal;dhk;
55. ghrprthjj;jpd; gpujhd jiytu;fisAk;,it Njhd;wpa Mz;L kw;Wk; ehLfs;
vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;gpLf?
 ngzpNlh KNrhypdp - ,j;jhyp – 1920
 vNlhy; `pl;yu; -N[u;kd; - 1930
56. ghrpr thjk; njhlu;ghd “mjp rpwg;G kdpjd;” (The Super Man) vd;w fUj;jpaiy
Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 ePl;Nr
57. fhydpj;Jt nmuRfspd; gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
ghupa epyg;gug;igf; nfhz;lti
,uhZt muRfshf tpUj;jpaile;jik
kj;jpa kag;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwapy; xOq;fike;jpUj;jik
fhydpj;Jt gpujpepjpfs; Njrpa r%fj;jpd; gpujpepjpfshftd;wp fhydpj;Jt
muRfspd; gpujpepjpfshf fhzg;gl;ldu;.
58. gpd; fhydpj;Jt mur khjpupapd; gpujhd Nfhl;ghl;L ju;f;fj;ij
fl;bnaOg;gpatu; ahu;?
 `k;rh myhtp (ghfp];jhd; )
59. ,tu; gpd; fhydpj;J mur khjpupfs; njhlu;ghf ntspapl;l fl;Liuapd; ngau;
kw;Wk; Mz;L vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 1972 “State in post Colonial Societies – Pakistan and Bangaladesh) ghfp];jhd;
kw;wK; gq;fshNj\pd; r%fj;jpd; mur gpd; fhydpj;Jtk;.
60. gpd; fhydpj;Jt murpds; gpujhd gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 fhydpj;J r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l fhydpj;Jt fl;likg;ig NkYk;
Kd;Ndhf;fp nfhz;L nry;fpd;wd.
 [dehaf gupkhw;wk; rhj;jpakhdjhfNthmy;yJ epiyj;jpUf;Nfth
,y;iy.
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 ,uhDt Gul;rp %yk; murhq;fj;ij khw;wpaikj;jy;> mjpfhu thj Ml;pr
Kiw cUthf;fk; vd;gd fhzg;gl;ld.
 xg;gPl;L uPjpahf tYthd kw;Wk; gykpf;f ,uhZt> rptpy; epUthf
fl;likg;ig Nghd;W mur ,ae;jpukhf fhzg;gly;.
61. et jhuhd;ikthj rpe;jid fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;l rpe;jidahsu;fs; ahtu;?
 nuhgl; Nehrpf;  ngl;wpf; Nthd;
62. ,iwikf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jtUk;> ,iwikapd; tiffSk; vit?
 [Pd; Nghbd; (cs;thupahd ,iwik> ntspthupahd ,iwik)
63. gpui[ vd;gjd; ruskhd fUj;ijAk; jw;Nghija mu;’j;jj;ijAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 efuj;jpy; tho;gtd;  murpd; cWg;gpdd;.
64. muR kw;Wk; gpui[fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;gpy; kpf Kf;fpa gz;Gfs;
,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 gpui[ mDgtpf;Fk; murpay; cupik
 gpui[fspd; murpay; flik
65. “r%f gpurhTupik” vd;w vz;zf;fUit ,izj;jtu; ahu;?
 T.H. khu;\y;
66. murhl;rp Kiwapd; tiffs; vit?
 murhq;fj;jpd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F Vw;g:- uh[gf;\> ikjpup murhq;fk;
 murhq;f xOq;fikg;Gf;F Vw;g :- $l;lhl;rp> jdpahl;rp
 murhq;f fUj;jpaypd; mbg;gilapy; :- eyd;Gup> rkTlik
67. r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jtu;fs; ahu;?
 Njhk]; n`hg;];>  [Pd; [f;fpA+ &N]h
 N[hd; nyhf;
68. khu;fr
; pr thj;ij Kd;itj;jtu;fs; ahtu;?
 fhu;y; khu;f]
; ;  ngw;wpf; Vq;fy;];.
69. khu;fr
; prthjpfspd; fUj;Jg;gb muR njhlu;ghf $upa fUj;Jf;fspy;
gpujhdkhdJ?
 “muR nrhj;Jilatu;fspd; fUtp”
 “muR mlf;F Kiw epWtdkhFk;”
70. khf;rprthj tuyhw;Wf; fhy fl;lq;fs; vit?
 Mjpfhy fk;A+dpr Afk;  Kjyhspj;Jt Afk;
 mbikAfk;  rkTlik Afk;
 epykhdpa Afk;
71. Gjpa khu;f
; ;rpr thjpfs; vdf; fUjg;gLgtu;fs; ahtu;.
 me;NjhdpNah ];jht];yp  Y}ap my;Ji]u;
72. ypguy;thjjf; fUj;jpaiy Kd;itj;jtu;fs; ahtu;?
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 vlk; ];kpj;  Nltpl; upfhNlh
73. ypguy; thjj;jpd; %d;W tiffisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 goik ypguy; thjk; - jiyaplh muR
 etPd ypguy; thjk; - eyd;Gup muR
 et ypguy; thjk; - Fiwe;jgl;r muR
74. etPd ypguy’; thjff; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;j rpe;jidahsu;fs; ,Utupd;
ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 T.H. fpuPd;  `T]; gpuG
75. xw;iwahl;rp murpayikg;gpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 murpd; ,iwik mjpfhuk; jdpnahU Njrpa my;yJ kj;jpa
epWtdj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
 ,iwik mjpfhuk; KOikahf kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpw;F
 gjtp epiy jpl;lj;jpw;F Vw;g cUthf;fg;gly;.
 vspikahdJk;> tpidj;jpwd;kpf;fJkhd murpayikg;G.
76. xw;iwahl;rp murpy; fPo; kl;lj;jpw;F mjpfhuj;ij ngutyhf;fy; Kiw 03.
mtw;Wy; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 mjpfhuj;ij gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;
 epUthf guyhf;fk;
 mjpfhuj;ij xg;gilj;jy;.
77. rk\;b murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 kj;jpa murhq;fk;> gpuhe;jpa murhq;fk; vd;w ,U kl;l murhq;fq;fs;
fhzg;gly;.
 ,Ukl;l murhq;fKk; xd;wpd; mjpfhuj;ij kw;nwhw;W cilikahf;fpf;
nfhs;s KbahJ.
 vOjg;gl;l murpayikg;igf; nfhz;L mjpfhuq;fs; gpupf;fg;gLk;.
 rk\;b cau; ePjpkd;wk; fhzg;gly;.
 ,U kd;wq;fisAila rl;lj;Jiw fhzg;gly;.
78. rk\;b Ml;rpia gpd;gw;Wfpd;w jw;fhy ehLfspy; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 mnkupf;fh  ];igd;
 ,e;jpah  gpNurpy;
 mT];jpNuypah  Rtpl;ru;yhe;J
 fdlh  ngy;[pak;
79. rk\;b murpayikg;gpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd fhzuzq;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 Kd;du; RahjPdkhf fhzg;gl;l muRfs; xNu murhf khWk; NghJ
 epyj;jpd; tprhyj;jd;ik fhuzkhf
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 fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; ,d gd;ikj;Jtk; fhuzkhf
 murpay; kw;Wk; nghUshjhu fhuzpfs;
80. tuyhw;W uPjpahf rk\;b cUthf;fg;gl;l Kiw 03. mit vit?
 nghJ mgpyhirfis mile;J nfhs;s Kd;du; gpupe;J fhzg;gl;l gy
muRfs; xNu kj;jpa mjpfhu Kiwia ];jhgpf;fFk; NghJ
 gpupe;j ehL xd;W xd;wpide;J rk\;b Ml;rp Kiw xd;whf kPs;
fl;likj;jy;
 xw;iwahl;rp ehL ,dj;Jt> fyhr;rhu> gd;ikj;Jt mbg;gilapy;
rk\;bahf khwy;.
81. ghjp rk\;bapd; NtW ngau;fisAk;> mjid gpd;gw;Wfpd;w ehl;ilAk;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 mu;j;j rk\;b> miu Fiw rk\;b> - ,e;jpah
82. ,e;jpa muR xw;iwahl;rp gz;Gfisf; fhl;Lk; 03 mtru epiyfSk; vit?
 Njrpa mtru epiy- 352 cWg;Giu
 gpuhe;jpa mtru epiy – 356 cWg;Giu
 ePjp neUf;fb epiy – 360 cWg;Giu
83. ,e;jpa murpyikg;G jd;ikapy; rk\;b vd;whYk; rhuk;rj;jpy; xw;iwahl;rp
murpayikg;Ng” vdf; Fwpg;gpl;ltu; ahu;?
 K.C. tpau;
84. ghuhSkd;w murpayikg;ig gpd;gw;Wk; ehLfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 gpupj;jhdpah  [g;ghd;
 mT];jpNuypah  nld;khu;f;
 fdlh
85. ghuhSkd;w murhq; Kiwapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw xU NtWgl;l Kiwahf fhzg;gly; (cz;ik
epu;thfk;> ehk epu;thfk;)
 gpujku; kw;Wk; mikr;ruit murhq;fj;jpd; capu; ehbahf fUjg;gly;.
 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiw rl;lj;Jiwapy; jq;fpaapUg;gNjhL rl;lj;Jiwf;F
nghWg;Gf; $w flikg;gl;lJ.
 murpd; jiytu; ehk epu;thfpahfTk;> murhq;fj;jpd; jiytu; cz;ik
epu;thfj;jpd; jiytuhfTk; (gpujku;) tpsq;Ftu;.
 murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; mtrpak;.
 [dehafj; jd;ikkpf;fJ.
86. [dhjpgjp Ml;rpia gpd;gw;Wfpd;w ehLfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 If;fpa mnkupf;fh  gpypigd;];
 ,yq;if
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87. [dhjpgjp murpayikg;G khjpupf;F Mrpa ehLfspy; fhzg;gLk; rpwe;j
ehl;Lf;fhd cjhuzk;?
 gpypigd;];
88. [dhjpgjp Ml;rpAila gpypigd;];rpd; rpwg;gk;rq;fs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 tY Ntuhf;fk; rpwg;ghf fhzg;gly;
 rl;lj;Jiw epu;thfj;JiwfSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G Nra;ikahf
fhzg;gly;
89. fyg;G murpayikg;ig gpd;gw;Wk; ehLfspy; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 gpuhd;];> Uikdpah> ngy;[pak;> nkhrNNldpah
 ,yq;if>khyp
90. fyg;G murpayikg;gpd; gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 [dhjpgjp kf;fspd; thf;Ffspdhy; njupT nra;aly;
 [dhjpgjpf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT epiwNtw;W mjpfhuq;fs; epu;dapj;J
toq;fg;gly;.
 epiwNtw;W mjpfhuk; nfhz;l mikr;ruit> gpujku; [dhjpgjpf;F
epfuhf fhzg;gly;.
91. jhuhd;ikthjk; vd;gjpy; ,U mu;j;jq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 jj;Jthu;j;j mbg;gil  murpay; mbg;gil
92. jhuhd;ikthjf; fUj;jpaYf;F Mjuthd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;j ,U
murpay; rpe;jidahsu;fisAk;> mtu;fshy; vOjg;gl;l E}y;fisAk;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 Njhk]; n`hg;]; - nytpajhd;
 N[hd; nyhf; -rptpy; murhq;fj;jpd; ,U xg;ge;jk;
 nkhz;l];fpt; - rl;lj;jpd; capu;
 [Pd; [f;A+ &Nrh - r%f xg;ge;jk;.
93. r%f xg;ge;jf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;j [Pd; [f;A+ &Ndh ,U
vz;zf;fUf;fis mbahff; nfhz;L jdJ fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhu;;.
mt;tpU fUj;Jf;fSk; vit?
 nghJ tpUg;gk; (nghJr; rpj;jk;)  kf;fs; ,iwik
94. rkTlik tsu;r;rpia ,uz;L fhy fl;l mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fyhk;. mit
vit?
 jdpahu; nrhj;J Kiwf;F gjpyhf nghJ nrhj;J Kiwia
Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.
 nrhj;J Kiw njhlu;gpyhd nghJ cupik
 fhu;y; khu;f]
; ; kw;Wk; ngl;wpf; Vq;fy;];Rk; Nru;e;J ntspapl;l tpQ;Qhd
rkTlik. (khu;fr ; pa thj rkTlik)
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95. rkTlik njhlu;ghf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l fUj;ij Kd;itj;jtu;fs; ahu;?
vg;NghJ? vjpy; ntspte;jJ?
 fhu;y; khu;f]
; ; kw;Wk; Vq;fy;];
 1848 fk;A+dpr mwpf;if my;yJ fk;A+dpr gpufldk;.
96. rkTlik Gul;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;w ehLfs; vit?
 1971 – Nrhtpaj; u\;ah
 1949 – rPdh
 1959 – fpA+gh (Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehL)
97. 3k; cyf ehLfspy;; rkTlik Gul;rp ,af;fj;ij Kd;ndLj;jtu;fs; ahtu;
vd;gijAk; mJ vt;vt; ehLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld vd;gijAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 ,e;jpah – [tfu;yhy; NeU  jd;rhdpah – [{ypa];
 vfpg;J – mg;Jy; fkhy; epauhNu
ehru;
98. murpay; fUj;jpay;fSf;Fs; cs;slq;Fk; gpuhjhd fUg;nghUs;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 FbauR thjk;  rkTlik thjk;
 r%f [dehaf thjk;  kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjk;
 ghrpr thjk;  Njrpa thjk;
 ehrpr thjk;  ngz;zpiythjk;
 ypguy; thjk;
99. FbauR thjkhdJ 04 fhy fl;lj;ij mbahff; nfhz;L tsu;r;rpaile;J
te;Js;sJ. mt; ehd;F fhy fl;lj;ijAk; mjid Kd;itj;j
rpe;jidahsu;fsiAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 goik FbauR thjk; -mup];Nlhby;> nghypgpa];> rprNuh
 INuhg;gpa kUkyu;r;rp FbauR thjk; - kf;fpaty;yp
 18k; E}w;whz;L FbauR thjk; - &N]h> nkhz;l];fpt;
 20k; E}w;whz;L FbauRthjk; - vdh vuz;b> FNtz;bd; ];fpdu;> gpypg;
ngl;b
100. FbauR thjj;ijAk;> jhuhd;ikthjj;ijAk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgLj;Jk;
mk;rq;fis Fwpg;gpLf?
 muRk; -gpuirAk;>  Rje;jpuk;
101. 20k; E}w;whz;L FbauR thjj;jpd; NtW ngau;fSk; vit?

 jw;fhy FbauR thjk;>  gpuirfspd; FbauR thjk;.
102. 20k; E}w;whz;L FbauR thjj;jpd; rpe;jidahsu;fspd; mJ Fwpj;jhd
fUj;jhf miktJ?
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 murpay; Mjpgj;jpathjj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;l Rje;jpuk;.
 Rje;jpuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Clfkhf gpuirfspd; nraw;ghL
103. r%f [dehafj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbahf fhzg;gl;l mk;rk; vJ?
 1860 ,y; N[u;kdpa r%f [dehaff; fl;rp
104. r%f [dehafj;jpd; Gjpa kUkyu;r;rp jw;nghOJ nraw;ghl;bypUf;Fk;
ehLfs; vit?
 N[d;kd;  ];fz;bNdtpa ehLfs;
105. 20k; E}w;whd;L r%f [dehafj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; ahit?
 jhuhd;ik kw;Wk; khu;f;rpr thjj;jpd; rpy mk;rq;fisd ,ize;jjhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
106. r%f [dehafj;jpd; gpujhd rpe;jidahsu;ahu; vd;gij Fwpg;gpLf?
 N[u;kdpa r%f [dehaff; fl;rpapd; jiytu; vl;tu;l; Ngd;];ild;
Mthu;. (1850 – 1932)
107. Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij rkTlikf;F Vw;g kUrPuikf;f nra;Ak; nfhs;iffs;
05I Fwpg;gpLf?
 nghUshjhuj;jpd; murpd; jiyaPL
 fyg;G nghUshjhu Kiw
 r%f eyd; Gup
 nry;tk; kw;Wk; tWkhdq;fis r%fj;jpw;F kPsg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.
 $l;L Nguk; NgRjy;.
108. NAZISM vd;w gjj;jpd; jpupG vd;d?
 Njrpa rkTlik thjk; (National Socialism)
109. ghrpr thjj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd gpd;ddp vd;d?
 1k; cyf kfh Aj;jk; Kbtila N[kd; ,j;jhypapy; Vw;gl;l
I. ghupa murpay; neUf;fb>
II. 1920fspy; Vw;gl;l ghupa nghUshjhu rupT epiy
nghUshjhu> r%f tPo;r;rp vd;gd
III.
110. ghrpr thjj;jpd; mbg;gilNehf;fq;fis njspthf $Wk; E}y; kw;Wk;
Mrpupau;fis KiwNa Fwpg;gpLf?
 mNlhy; `pl;yu; - vdJ Nghuhl;lk;
111. ghrpr thj rpe;jidapdJk;> ghrpr murpdJk; gpujhd gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 midj;jhd;ik thjk;>
 muRf;F mbgzpjy;
 jdpahy; Rje;jpuk; ,y;iy.
 ehafu; topghL
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 jPtpu tu;f;f thjk; my;yJ ,dthjk;
 jPtpu ,uhZt thjk;
 td;KiwAk;> jPtpu thjj; jd;ikAk;
112. ghrpr thjj;jhpw;F cl;glhj kf;fSf;F fhzg;gl;’l khw;W topfs; vit?
 ,d Rj;jpfupg;G  ehl;il tpl;Lr; nry;yy;.
113. ghrpr thjjj;jpy; Njrpa thj fÙj;jpayhfTk;> rpe;jidahfTk; nfhaz;l
gz;Gfspy; ,uz;L tpNa\lq;fis fhzyhk;. mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 Njrpathjk; vd;gjw;F Kiwahd xU Kfg;gLj;jg;gl;l
rpe;jidnahd;wpy;iy.
 jdpdj;Jtkhd jj;Jttpayhsu;fs;> rpe;jidahsu;fs;fhzg;gl;lhYk;
gy;pNtW r%fq;fspypyUe;J Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l nghJthd fl;likg;G
,jw;Fs;sJ.
114. gNjrpa thjk; Fwpj;J $Wk; fl;Liu vJ vd;gijAk;> mJ ahuhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; KiwNa Fwpg;gpLf?
 fw;gid r%fq;fs; - ngdbfl; vd;lu;rd; (1983)
115. Njrpa thjj;jpd; gpujhd 03 mZF KiwfSk; ahit?
 etPd mZF Kiw  fUtp thj mZF Kiw
 kuG uPjpayhd mZF
Kiw
116. Njrpa thjk; murpay; fUj;jpayhfTk;> murpay; ,af;fkhfTk; khWtjw;F
gpujhd ,uz;L jd;ikfisf; nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 Njrpa – mur Njrpa thjk;
 ,dj;Jt Njrpa thjk;
117. kjr; rhu;gpd;thjj;jpd; mbg;gilfs; vd;d?
 rkaj;ijAk;> muraiyAk; xd;W fyf;fhky; Ntwhf;fp Nehf;fg;gLtJ.
118. kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpd; gpujhd tiffSk; vit?
 jhuhz;ik kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjk;
 rkTlik kjr;rhu;gpd;ik thjk;
 ,e;jpa kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjk;.
119. jhuhz;ik kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs; rpytw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 muRk; jpUr;rigAk; epWtd uPjpahf Nuhf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
 kjj;ij Gwf;fzpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd vt;tplj;jpYk; $w tpy;iy.
 kjj;jpd; ngauhy; gpui[fspilNa vt;tpj NtWghLk; fhl;lg;gly;
$lhJ.
 kjk; NtW murpay; NtW
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120. rkTlik thj kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;?
 rkak; kf;fSf;F cyfk; gw;wpa jtuhd tpsf;fj;ij tsq;Ffpd;wJ.
 ,q;F rkak; rhu;> murpay; rhu; epWtdq;fspd; ,Ug;G fpilahJ.
 murpay; KOikahf rkaj;jpypUe;J NtWgLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
 rka milahyj;Jld; murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%f ,af;fq;fs; epWt
tha;g;G toq;fg;gly; $lhJ.
121. ,e;jpa kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpd; gpujhd gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 jhuhd;ik kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wJ.
 jdpegu;fspd; rka milahsq;fis ftzj;jpy; nfhs;shJmurhdJ
rfy gpuirfisAk; rkkhf kjpg;gspj;jy;.
 gpui[fspd; cupikfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; NghJ ve;j xU
gpui[fSf;Fk; jkJ rka milahsq;fs; jilahf ,Uj;jy; $lhJ.
122. ,e;jpa kjr; rhu;gpd;ik thjj;jpy; ,U mu;j;jq;fs; cs;sd. mt;tpU
mu;j;jq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?
 mw newp kjr; rhu;gpd;ik – midj;J kjq;fisAk; gf;fr; rhu;gpd;wp
ghu;g;gJ.
 ru;t menewpfspd; Nru;f;if – rfy kjq;fisAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy;.
123. ngz;zpiythjj;jpd; gpupTfis gpujhd 05Mf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mtw;iw
KiwNa Fwpg;gpLf?
 jhuhz;ik ngz;zpiy thjk;.
 rkTlik ngz;zpiy thjk;.
 jPtpu (nubfy;) ngz;zpiy thjk;.
 gpd; etPd ngz;zpiy thjk;.
 gpd; fhyzpj;Jt ngz;zpiy thjk;.
124. Kuz;ghl;il Kjd; Kjyhf tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpatu; ahu;>
 Nguhrpupau; fpU];Njhgu; kpl;Nry;
125. Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghd ntspaplg;gl;l fl;Liu vd;d?
 ru;tNjr Kuz;ghLfspd; fl;likg;G – 1981)
126. Kuz;ghl;bd; nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; ,U gpujhd mZF
Kiwfs;?
 Kud;ghl;bd; rhjf gf;fk;  Kuz;ghl;bd; ghjf gf;fk;
127. Kuz;ghl;bd; r%f tpay; vd;w E}yhrpupaupd; ngau; vd;d?
 N[hu;[; rPnky; - 1904
128. 1956 Mk; Mz;L r%f Kuz;ghl;bd; fl;Liuia vOjpatu; ahu;?
 Ytp]; Nfru;
129. Kuz;ghL %d;W tiffshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
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 vspa tifg;gLj;jy;  murpay; tifg;gLj;jy;
 nraw;ghl;L thj
tifg;gLj;jy;
130. Kuz;ghl;bd; vspa tifg;gLj;jy;fs; NkYk; gpujhd 04 tiffshf
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 Msf Kuz;ghL  FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd
 Mspil Kuz;ghL Kuz;ghL
 FYtpDs;shd Kuz;ghL
131. Kuz;ghl;bde; tifSy; nraw;ghl;L thj Kuz;ghlhdJ NkYk; ,U
tiffshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 Neu;fzpa Kuz;ghL  vjpu;kiw Kuz;ghL
132. Kuz;ghl;bd; tiffSy; murpay; tifg;gLj;jyhdJ NkYk; 03 tiffshf
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 muRfSf;fpilapyhd Kud;ghL
 muRfSf;Fs;shd Kuz;ghL
 muR epu;khz Kuz;ghL
133. cs;sf Kuz;ghL Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzaq;fs; ahit?
 fl;likg;G rhu; fhuzp  murpay; fhuzp
 nghUshjhu r%f fhuzp  fyhr;rhu fhuzp
134. cs;sf Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;?

 rpy r%ff; FOf;fSf;F mrkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ghugl;rk; fhl;Lk; murpay;
epWtdq;fs; fhuzkhf.
 rfy ,dj;Jt fyhr;rhu> r%ff; FOf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpf;
nfhs;sg;glhj ,dthj fUj;jpay;fs; fhuzkhf.
 r%fj;jpd; ,dj;Jt kw;Wk; r%ff; FOf;fSf;fpilapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
ghupa murpay; Nghuhl;lk;kw;Wk; vjpu;g;Gf;fs; fhzg;gly;.
 nghUshjhu> r%F> kw;Wk; murpay; neUf;fb epiyfspy; Kuz;ghL
jPtpukilAk; tifapy;p mtw;iw gad;gLj;Jk; cau; Fohk; murpay;
fhzg;gly;.
135. Kuz;ghl;L tho;f;fr; rf;fuk; vd;gij Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 Nguhrpupau; fpup];Ngf; (Ytp]; fpup];Ngf;)
136. “fhag;gLj;Jk; Njf;f epiy” vd;w vz;zf;fUit Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 tpy;ypak; V rhu;l;kd;
137. Kuz;ghl;NlhL gzpGupjy; nraw;ghl;bw;fhdjwpd;fs; kw;Wk; cgha Kiwfs;
vd;w E}iy vOjpatu; ahu;?
 irku; gp]u;. (2000)
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138. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;Tf;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;l mZF Kiwfs; ahit?
 r%f cwTrhu; mZF Kiw
 kdpjj; Njitfs; mZF Kiw
 milahsj; Njitfs; mZF Kiw
 Kuz;ghl;L epiy khw;w mZF Kiw
 gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy; mZF Kiw
139. Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T topKiwf;F Kd;itj;j topKiwfs; ahit?
 Kuz;ghL njhlu;gpy; Kd; vr;rupf;if nra;jy;.
 Kuz;ghl;il jtpu;j;jy;
 Kuz;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;
 Kuz;ghl;L epiy khw;wk;.
 Kuz;ghl;bw;F gpd;duhz rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T
140. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jtpu;G Kiwfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 Kuz;ghl;il Rkhuhf jtpu;j;jy;
 Kuz;ghl;il Mokhf jtpu;j;jy;.
 Kuz;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F ,U mu;j;jq;fs; cs;sd. mit vit?
 Kuz;ghl;bd; gpujhd %yf;fhuzpfSf;F jPu;Tfis Njl Kaw;rpf;fhky;
td;Kiw mopTfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp mjd; guTifia kw;Wk; jPtpuj;
jd;ikia fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
 Kuz;ghLfis [dehafk; kw;Wk; rkhjhdkhf rl;lfj;jpDy;
fye;Jiuahly; Kiwapd; %yk; eilngUfpd;w nraw;ghlhf khw;Wjy;.
141. Kuz;ghl;L epiykhw;wk; vd;gJ tuyhw;W nrad;Kiwapy; fpilf;Fk; fw;wy;
mZgtj;jpdhy; fpilf;Fk; ngWNgW. vdf; Fqwpg;gpl;ltu; ahu;?
 gPl;lu; n`hyd;];Bd;.
142. Kuz;ghl;L epiy khw;wk; gy tiffshf tiffg;Lj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit
vit?
 jug;Gfs; epiykhw;wk;.
 gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; epfo;r;rp epuypd; epiykhw;wk;.
 Kuz;ghl;bd; tpjpKiwfspd; epiy khw;wk;.
 fl;likg;G epiy khw;wk;.
143. Kuz;ghl;L jPu;T Clfq;fs; gy fhzg’;gbDk; mjpy; 04 gpujhdkhdjhFk;.
mit vit?
 ,zf;fg;ghL
 kj;jpa];jk;
 rkhjhd cld;gbf;if
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 rkhjhdj;ij fl;baOg;Gjy;.
144. Getting to Say “Yes” vd;w ,zf;fg;gLj;jy; njhlu;ghd gpurpj;jp ngw;w E}iy
vOjpatu; ahu;?
 Nwh[u; gpru; kw;Wk; tpy;ypak; A+up
145. n[h`hd; fy;J}q; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ,U tifahd rkhjhd KiwfSk;
vit?
 vjpu;kiw rkhjhydk;  Neu; fzpa rkhjhdk;.
146. 1970fspy; Njhw;wk; ngw;w epiyahd rkhjhdk; epiyaw;w rkhjhdk; vd;w
Gjpa vz;zf; fUit Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 Nguhrpupau; n[h`hd; fy;J}q;
147. 1992 ,y; Kd;itj;j “rkhjhdj;jpw;fhd epfo;rp epuy;” Mtzj;jpd;
“rkhjhdj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy;” vd;gjid tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jpatu; ahu;?
 I.eh. nghJr; nrayhsu; gpuNjh]; fy;yp
148. kPs; fl;likj;jy; 03 kl;lq;fspy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 cstpay; uPjpayhd  r%f nraw;ghLfs;
topKiw  murpay; nrad;KLiw
149. “cz;ikia fz;lupjy; kw;Wk; kPs; ; ikj;jy;”
fl;l vd;gjw;F rpwe;j
cjhuzk; vJ?
 South Africa 1995 cz;ikia fz;lupjy; kw;Wk; kPs; fl;likj;jy;
Mzif;FO
150. [dehafk; vd;gJ Ml;rp Kiwapd; khjpup xd;W kl;Lkpd;wpm J xU
tho;tpay; vz;zf;fU” vd;w vz;zf;fUit Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 vd;& N`thu;l;
151. jhuhz;ik thjk; vd;w gjk; ntspg;gLj;Jk; fUj;J vd;d?
 murpd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; jiyaPl;bd; %ykhd Rje;jpuk;.
152. jhuhd;ik [dehafj;jpd; ikaf; nfhs;if vd;d?
 jdpahs; Rje;jpuk;.
153. midj;J etPd ahg;gpDs;Sk; jhuhd;ik [dehafk; kw;Wk;
tiuaUf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpiaf; nfhz;l ahg;Gila ehL vJ?
 mnkupf;f murpyikg;G  mnkupf;f
154. etPd muRfaspy; Neub [dehafk; Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
vit?
 kf;fs; mgpg;gpuha thf;fnfLg;G>
 FbKidg;G
 njhlf;fp itj;jy;
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155. etPd muRfspy; Neub [dehaf Kiwia rhj;jpakw;wjhf;fpa fhuzpfs;
vit?
 gue;j epyg;gug;G.  kf;fspd; Njitfs; mjpfk;.
 $Ljyhd rdj;njhif
156. Neub [dehafj;Jld; xg;gpLk; NghJ gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehafk; cau;
epiyapy; cs;sJ vd;w fUj;ij Kd;itj;jtu;?
 nlhk; ngz;l;
157. gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapy; nghWg;Gf; $uiy cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Nju;jy; Kiwia
ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;ba epw;ge;jq;fs;?
 mu;j;jKilajhf ,Uj;jy;  epahaj; jd;ik
 Nghl;bj;jd;ik  njhlu;e;J Nju;jy;fs;
 Rje;jpuk; elhj;Jjy;.
 ,ufrpaj; jd;ik  rkj;Jtk;
158. [dehaf Ml;rpapd; ,ay;Gfs; my;yJ %yf;$Wfs; vit?
 ahg;GW thjk;.  kf;fs; ,iwik
 mjpfhug;  rkepiy jiyaPLfs;
gfpu;T  kdpj cupikfs;.
 rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp  Rje;jpukhdJk;>
 tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk;  ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;fs;
 kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf;$wy;.
159. kdpj cupikfsig; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit Kjypy; Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 17 Mk; E}w;whz;L fhyg;gFjpapy; tho;e;j ,q;Fyhe;J ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j
N[hd; nyhf; vd;gtuhthu;.
160. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fk; gw;wpa nfhs;ifia Kiwahf Kd;itj;jtu;
ahu;?
 N[hd; nyhf;
161. mnkupf;f murpayikg;gpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l murhq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j
ifahz;l cghaq;fs; vit?
 rk\;b thjk;.  jilfSk; rkd;ghLfSk;
 mjpfhu Ntuhf;fk;  cupikfs; rl;lk;.
162. Rje;jpukhdJk;> ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy; vd;gJ [dehaf Nju;jy; Kiwapy;
Kf;fpakhdJ” vd;w $w;iwf; $uatu; ahu;?
 nuhgu;l; lhu;ypd;
163. muhrq;fj;jpd; nghWg;Gf; $wy; njhlu;gpy; ,Utpjkhd Nehf;fq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $wy;
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 nghWg;Gld; nraw;gLtij kf;fs; murhq;fj;jplk; vjpu;ghu;j;jy;
164. kf;fSf;F nghWg;Gf; $uiy ntw;wpfukhf muRfs; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs;?
 thf;fspg;gjd; %yk; murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffis kj;jpa];jk;
nra;tjw;F gpui[fSf;F ,lkspj;jy;.
 mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;G: fUj;Jf; fzpg;G Kiw
 murhq;f mjpfhupfspd; elj;ijfis cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xOf;f neup
Nfhitfs; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs;> tpjpKiwfs; vd;gtw;iw Vw;gLj;jy;.
165. If;fpa mnkupf;f khdpy murhq;fq;fs; njhlu;gpy; kj;jpa muRf;Fs;s
mjpfhuq;fs; rpytw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 caupa jd;ik rhu;e;j tpjpKiw
 Nghu; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;
 tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;
 tup mwtply;> nryT nra;jy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuk;.
166. khdpyq;fSf;fpilapy; ,zf;fg;ghL Vw;gLk; xg;ge;jq;fs; fhzg;gLk; rpy
Jiwfs; vit?
 #oy; ghJfhg;G  ePu; cupik
 Fw;wj;jLg;G  cau; fy;tp gupkhw;wk;.
167. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;Lk;> mjd; cs;slf;f
tplaq;fspd; vz;zpf;if njhFg;Gk; vj;jid?
 1950  395 ruj;Jf;fSk;> 09
mj;jpahaq;fSk;.
168. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; mur xOq;fikg;Gfs; vit?
 kj;jpa muR  07 A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs;.
 29 khdpyq;fs;
169. ,e;jpa kj;jpa muRf;Fupa tup Kiwfs; vit?
 ,iwtup  %yjd tup
 Rq;f tup  gj;jpupif tup (nkhj;jk; 12
 nrhj;J tup tupKiwfs;)
 fk;gdp tup
170. ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; khdpyq;fSf;fpilapy; xJf;fg;gl;l tup Kiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 fhzp tup
 fhzp tUkhd tup
 ehza tup
 tptrhaj;jpd; kPjhd tup (nkhj;jk; 06 tupfs;)
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171. Rtp\;ru;yhe;J $l;lhd;ik rk\;b – rk\;b Kiwahf khWtjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs; vit?
 gpuhd;rpa Mf;fpukpg;G  cyf etPdkakhf;fy;
172. Rtpl;ru;yhe;J rk\;bapd; gpujhd rpj;jhe;jq;fs; ahit?
 $l;L epu;thfk;  Ra epu;thfk;.
173. Rtpl;ru;yhe;J rk\;b epul;thf myFfs; vit?
 kj;jpa muR
 khdpy muRfs; (20 KOf; fz;ld;fs;> 06 miuf; fz;ld;fs;)
 nfhk;A+d;fs; vDk; cs;Suhl;rpkd;w epWtdq;fshFk;.
174. gpuhd;rpy; jw;NghJ eilKiwapy; ,Ug;gJ vj;jidahk; FbauR ahg;G
vd;gjidAk; mjdJ epUgdu; ahu; vgd;gijAk; KiwNa Fwpg;gpLf?
 05k; FbauR ahg;G  rhu;y;]; BNfhy;
175. mur nfhs;if njhlu;ghd tiutpsf;fzq;fis Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 Njhk]; il  N[k;]; vd;lu;rd;.
 nùy;l; yh];nty;
176. mur nfhs;if fw;if ,Utpjkhd jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lJ. mit vit?
 nfhs;if rhu; fw;if
 mur nfhs;ifapDs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fw;if
177. mur nfhs;ifia fw;gjpy; 03 Nehf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mit vit?
 tpQ;Qhd Nehf;fpy;  gpuNahf Nehf;fpy;
 murpay; Nehf;lfpy;
178. mur nfhs;ifAld; njhlu;Gila vz;zf;fUf;fs; vit?
 nfhs;if gFg;gha;T  nfhs;if jiyikj;Jtk;
 nfhs;if MNyhrid  nfhs;if nrad;Kiw
179. mur nfhs;iffspd; gbKiwfs; vit?
 epfo;r;rp epuiy jahupj;jy;
 nfhs;if tFg;G
 nfhs;iffis eilKiwg;gLj;jy;
 nfhs;if kjpg;gPL
 nfhs;if kPsha;T
 nfhs;ifia e;piwT nra;jy;.
180. murpay; mjpfhu epWtdq;fs; vdg;gLk; nghJ kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis
Kiwahd mjpfhuq;fis nfhz;l epWtdq;fs; 03I Fwpg;gpLf?
 rl;lj;Jiw
 epu;thfj;Jiw
 ePjpj;Jiw
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181. nfhs;if cUthf;fj;jpd; NghJ rl;lj;Jiw mjpfhuq;fs; gupf;fg;gLtjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs; 03I Fwpg;gpLf?
 murpay; fl;rpKiwapd; tsu;r;rp
 r%fg; gpur;rpid tpupthf;fk;
 nfhs;if cUthf;f epWtdkhd rl;lj;Jiwf;F mjid fhz;gpf;f
kl;Lk; mjpfhuk; cz;L (eilKiwg;gLj;j cupik ,y;iy)
182. nghJkf;fs; vd;w tifapy; vkJ tho;tpy; fhzg;gLk; 03 nranyy;iyfs;
vit?
 nghJ nreanyy;iy  rptpy; nranyy;iy
 jdpahs; nranyy;iy
183. gzpaf Nfhl;ghL njhlu;ghhd Nfhl;ghl;bid (goik) Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?
 nkf;]; ntgu; (N[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;)
184. nkf;]; ntgupd; r%f Kiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhu Kiwfs; 03 mit
vit?
 rk;gpujha G+u;tkhd mjpfhu Kiwiw
 ftu;r;rpfu mjpfhu Kiw
 rl;lg;G+_u;tkhd mjpfhu Kiw
185. ru;tNjr murpay; khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLk; myF vd;gjhy; ,jpy;
,lk;gpbf;Fk; gpujhd fw;iffs; vit?
 cyf Nghf;Ffs;  cyfkhakhf;fs;
186. ru;tNjr murpaypd; je;ij vd Nghw;wg;gLgtu; ahuy;?
 Nkhfe;Njh
187. ru;tNjr murpaypd; ,U gpujhd nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; ahu;?
 ,iwik nghUe;jpa Njrpa muRfs;
 gy;Njrpa fk;gzpfs;
 mur rhu;Gs;s mur rhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;
 ru;tNjr uPjpahd gaq;futhjf; FOf;fs;
 fPuj
; ;jp kpF jdp egu;fs;.
188. mur rhu;Gs;s epWtdq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs; jUf?
 I.eh. rig (193 ehLfs;  INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;
mq;fk;)  tl mj;jpyhe;jpf;
 rhu;f; mikg;G cld;gbf;if
 Vrpahd; mikg;G  g;&d;T+l; mikg;G
189. rkfhy ru;tNjr murpaypd; gpujhd Nghf;Ffs; vjid mbahff; nfhz;L
,lk;ngUfpd;wd mit vit?
 gyu;Jut cyf Kiwik
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 ru;tNjr njhlu;G tiyaikg;G
 etPd r%f ,af;fq;fs;
 cyf Kiwf;ikf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;l ,af;fq;fs;
190. etPd muRfs; ntspewhl;Lf; nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; tpjq;fs; rpy
cs;sd. mit vit?
 ,uh[ je;jpu njhlu;Gfs;  ,uhZt
 ntspehl;L cjtpfs; gyk;.
191. murpay; tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; je;ij vd fUjg;gLk; murpay; jj;JtQhdpapd;
ngaiuAk; etPd murpaypd; je;ij vdf; fUjg;gLk; rpe;jidahsupd;
ngaiuAk; jdpj;jdpahf Fwpg;gpLf?
 mup];Nlhl;by;
 epfNyh kf;fpa ty;yp
192. murpwptpay; epakg;gbf;fhd Xu; ,ay; vd;gjw;fhd rhd;Wfs; vit?
 Muhr;rp Kiwfs;.
 ghl cs;slf;fk;
 ghlj;jpy; tpUj;jpaile;Js;s Nfhl;ghLfs;.
 vz;zf;fUf;fs; fhzg;gLjy;.
193. “nkhz;b tPbNah” xg;ge;jj;jpd; %yk; fpilj;jJ ahJ?
 munrd murpay; myif ,zq;fhz;gJ njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr
xUikg;ghL.
194. “rptpy; r%fk; xd;wpd;” gpujhd gz;Gfis ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 $l;lhfr; nraw;gLjy;.
 mjpfhug; gpuNahfkpd;ik.
 jdpj;Jtkhd nraw;ghL
 Njr vy;iyfis epr;rakhf ,zq;fhd Kbahik.
195. “r%fkakhf;fs; fhuzpfspy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;” fhuzpfSy; gpujhd
,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 FLk;gk;.
 fy;tp epWtdk;> ghlrhiy> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;.
 ez;gu; Fohk;.
 njhopy; mZgtq;fs;.
 Clfq;fs;.
 rak epWtdq;fs;.
 murpay; fl;rpfs;.
 murpay; FwpaPLfs;.
 murhq;fk;.
Tel: 0717091593, 0773763462 Page 29
196. “murapy; elj;ijapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;” gpujhd fhuzpfs; ,uz;ilf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 kf;fspd; nghUshjhuk;.
 kf;fspd; r%fj; juk;.
 ,dk;.
 rhjp.
 fy;tp.
 Mu;tq;fs;.
197. murpay; elj;ijia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fs; ,uz;ilf;
Fwpg;gpLf?
 kf;fs; murpaYld; njhlu;GgLk; tpjk;.
 ntspj; njupAk; murpay; nranyhOq;F. (Ntis epWj;jk;>
Mu;ghl;lq;fs;)
 Mu;tf; FOf;fspdJk;> mKf;ff; FOf;fspdJk; nraw;ghLfs;.
 Njrpa murpaypd; nraw;ghLfs;.
 gaq;futhj mikg;Gf;fspd; elj;ijfs;.
 murpw; njhlu;ghly;fs;.
198. “murpay; cau; Fohk; Njhd;wypy; nry; thf;r;” nrYj;Jk; gpujhd
fhuzpfs; ,uz;ilf; Fwpg;gpLf?
 guk;giu.
 nry;tk;.
 rkak;.
 fy;tp.
 trPfu jiyikj;Jtk;.
 rhjp.
 gjtp.
 mjpfhuk;
Tel: 0717091593, 0773763462 Page 30
Farook Mohamed Shukri, BA (Hons), Sp. Political science (uoc), Dip.in. Counselling &Psychology,
Reading PGDE (OUSL), Tel: 0717091593, 0773763462 Page 31

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S.L.

Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 1

murpay; vd;w vz;zf;fU ePz;l fhy tuyhw;wpidf; nfhz;l xU

,t;tha;TfNs ,j;jiyg;gpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kpf;fjhf Muhag;gLfpd;wJ.

1.1 murpay; vd;why; vd;d?

Muk;gj;jpy; murwptpaiy murpay; vd;Nw mioj;jhu;fs;. Mdhy;

S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 2

murpay; vd;gij ,U tifahf Nehf;fyhk;.

muR murhl;rp mur epu;thfk; vd;w tifapy;

murpaiy Muk;gj;jpy; Muha;e;jtu;fs; xU tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;Nl

,jw;fika ,e;jpah> rPdhtpYk; murpaiy muR> mjNdhL njhlu;ghd

murpay; vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;lkhFk; Nkhfd; Njh Fwpg;gpLk;

S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 3

r%fg; gad;ghL vd;w tifapy;

murpay; gw;wp tiutpsf;fdg;gLj;Jfpd;wNghJ gy;NtW tifahd

murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ifg;gw;Wjy; mjid ghJfhj;jy;> gutyilar;

mj;NjhL Nju;jypy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;> murpay; fl;rpfspd; nraw;ghLfs;

NkYk;> Cu;tyq;fs;> vjpu;g;G eltbf;iffs;> Ntiy epWj;jq;fs;>

S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 4

,jid Nfhl;ghl;L murpay; my;yJ murwptpay; my;yJ murpaiyf;

Nfhl;lghl;L murpayhdJ gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;ljhf

murwptpayhdJ 'Polise" vd;w yj;jPd; nrhy;ypypUe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;.

murwptpay; gw;wp tiutpsf;fdk;:

murwptpay; gw;wp tiutpsf;fdg;gLj;Jfpd;wNghJ Kiwahd xU

S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 5

murpid gw;wp MuhAk; ,ay;

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; murwptpaiy murpidg; gw;wp Muha;fpd;w ,ayhf

murhq;fk; gw;wp Muha;fpd;w ,ay;

,tu;fs; murhq;fk; mjNdhL njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs; mtw;wpd;

mjpfhuk; gw;wp Muha;fpd;w ,ay;

gpw;gl;l fhyq;fspy; NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ,uz;L fUj;Jf;fisAk;

S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 6

Nkw;$wpa tiutpyf;fzq;fisAk;> fUj;Jf;fisAk; Muha;fpd;w

murwptpayhdJ xU gupdhkj;jpD}lhf fpNuf;f fhyk; Kjy; ,d;W

murwptpayhdJ ,f; fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wp ,f;fhyg;gFjpapNyNa ghupa

fp.K. 4k; E}w;whz;by; gpNsl;Nlh mflkpapd; ClhfTk; mup];Nlhl;by;

S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 7

fpNuf;f cNuhk fhyq;fisg; Nghd;W ghupa tsu;rr; papidg;

murwptpaypd; tsu;rr; pahdJ etPd fhyj;jpy; ghupa tsu;rr; pia ngw;W

S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 8

murpayhdJ xU r%fg; gad;ghL vd;gjdhy; tpUk;gpNah

 nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

murpaiy tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjD}lhf nraw;ghl;L uPjpahf gy;NtW

ghl uPjpahd Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

murpaiy tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjD}lhf xU Jiwnad;w tifapy; my;yJ

murpaYf;Fk; murwptpaYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G

murpaYk; murwptpaYk; NtWgl;l mk;rq;fshapDk; ,uz;bw;FK;

,uz;bYk; murpay; vd;w mk;rk; nghJthdjhFk;. mjhtJ>

murwptpaypy; fw;fg;gLfpd;w ghl cs;slf;fq;fs; murpay; rhu;

murpay; murhq;f mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

murpaYf;Fk; murwptpaYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghL

murpaYk; murwptpaYk; njhlu;Ggl;l mk;rq;fshFk;.

,t;tpuz;bw;Fkpilapyhd NtWghl;bid gpd;tUk; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

1. nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtij itj;J

S.L. Anver BA, MA, MEd (R), PGDE, PGDPS, NTD 10

nraw;ghl;by; <LgLtij itj;J