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Topic 2 Sound
Topic 2 Sound
Sound Waves
Sources and speed of sound waves
Fluctuations in pressure
within normal
atmospheric pressure
it can be expressed
as
𝑝 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐵𝑘𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥
𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐵𝑘𝐴=ρ𝜔𝑣𝐴
Sound Waves
Timeaverage rate of
energy transferred
per unit area
2
𝐼1 𝑟2
= 2
𝐼2 𝑟1
Intensity level
𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑓𝑎 − 𝑓𝑏
Sample Problem
Two identical machines are positioned the same distance from a worker.
The intensity of sound delivered by each machine at the location of the
worker is 2.0 𝑥 10−7 𝑊/𝑚2 . Find the sound level heard by the worker
a. When one machine is operating
2.0 𝑥 10−7 𝑊/𝑚2
𝛽1 = 10 log = 53 𝑑𝐵
1.00 𝑥 10−12 𝑊/𝑚2
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑠
𝜆𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = 𝜆𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 =
𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑠
Doppler Effect Sign Convention
L + S
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑠
Doppler Effect: Situation 1
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = 0 𝑣𝑆 = 0
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
Doppler Effect: Situation 2
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = + 𝑣𝑆 = 0
𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣
Doppler Effect: Situation 3
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = − 𝑣𝑆 = 0
𝑣 − 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣
Doppler Effect: Situation 4
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = 0 𝑣𝑆 = +
𝑣
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑆
Doppler Effect: Situation 5
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = 0 𝑣𝑆 = −
𝑣
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑆
Doppler Effect: Situation 6
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = + 𝑣𝑆 = +
𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑆
Doppler Effect: Situation 7
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = − 𝑣𝑆 = −
𝑣 − 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑆
Doppler Effect: Situation 8
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = + 𝑣𝑆 = −
𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑆
Doppler Effect: Situation 9
L + S
𝑣𝐿 = − 𝑣𝑆 = +
𝑣 − 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑆
Sample Problem 1
a. Find the wavelength
A police siren emits a
of the waves if the
sinusoidal wave with siren is at rest in the
frequency 300 Hz. The air.
speed of sound is 340 m/s.
𝑣 340 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆 = =
𝑓𝑠 300 𝐻𝑧
𝜆 = 1.13 𝑚
Sample Problem 1
b. If the siren is moving at 30
A police siren emits a m/s find the wavelengths of
sinusoidal wave with the waves in front of and
frequency 300 Hz. The behind the source.
speed of sound is 340 m/s. 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠
𝜆𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 =
𝑓𝑠
340𝑚/𝑠 − 30 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 =
300 𝐻𝑧
𝜆 = 1.03 𝑚
Sample Problem 1
c. If the listener is at rest and
A police siren emits a the siren is moving away at
sinusoidal wave with 30 m/s, what frequency
frequency 300 Hz. The does the listener hear?
speed of sound is 340 m/s. 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑠
𝜆𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑑 =
𝑓𝑠
340 𝑚/𝑠 + 30 𝑚/𝑠
𝜆𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 =
300 𝐻𝑧
𝜆 = 1.23 𝑚
Find the wavelength of
Sample Problem 2 the sound waves (a) in
front of the locomotive
A locomotive traveling at 35 m/s and (b) behind the
emits a whistle note of 800 Hz. locomotive.
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠
𝜆𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 =
𝑓𝑠
344𝑚/𝑠 − 35𝑚/𝑠
=
800 𝐻𝑧
= 0.386 𝑚
Find the wavelength of
Sample Problem 2 the sound waves (a) in
front of the locomotive
A locomotive traveling at 35 m/s and (b) behind the
emits a whistle note of 800 Hz. locomotive.
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑠
𝜆𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 =
𝑓𝑠
344𝑚/𝑠 + 35𝑚/𝑠
=
800 𝐻𝑧
= 0.474 𝑚
Sample Problem 2
A locomotive traveling at 35 m/s emits a whistle note of
800 Hz.
𝑚 𝑚
𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿 340 + 30
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑠 𝑠 329 𝐻𝑧 = 𝟑𝟓𝟖 𝑯𝒛
𝑣 340 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝑠 = 400 𝐻𝑧 𝑣𝑠 = 25 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 ± 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠
a. What is the frequency of the sound 𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑠
heard by a stationary listener in front and
behind the locomotive?
S + L L + S
𝑣𝑆 = − 𝑣𝐿 = 0 𝑣𝐿 = 0 𝑣𝑆 = +
𝑣 344𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 344𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠 = (400𝐻𝑧) 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑓𝑠 = (400𝐻𝑧
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠 344𝑚/𝑠 − 25 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑠 344𝑚/𝑠 + 25 𝑚/𝑠
𝑓𝐿 = 431.3 Hz 𝑓𝐿 = 𝟑𝟕𝟐.9 Hz
b. What is wavelength of the sound waves in
front and behind the locomotive?
𝑚
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑠 334 𝑠 − 25 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝜆𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟖 𝒎
𝑓𝑠 400 𝐻𝑧
𝑚
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑠 334 𝑠 + 25 𝑚Τ𝑠
𝜆𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑑 = = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟑 𝒎
𝑓𝑠 400 𝐻𝑧
Shock Waves
If the
source of
sound is
moving
faster
than the
speed of
sound
Shock Waves
Shock Waves
𝑣
sin 𝛼 =
𝑣𝑠 𝛼
1 𝑣𝑠
Mach = =
sin 𝛼 𝑣