Copyright © Sami Ullah Rajput 2023

All Rights Reserved.

ISBN 979-8-88935-947-0

This book has been published with all efforts taken to make the material error-free after the consent
of the author. However, the author and the publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability
to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors
or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause.

While every effort has been made to avoid any mistake or omission, this publication is being sold
on the condition and understanding that neither the author nor the publishers or printers would be
liable in any manner to any person by reason of any mistake or omission in this publication or for
any action taken or omitted to be taken or advice rendered or accepted on the basis of this work. For
any defect in printing or binding the publishers will be liable only to replace the defective copy by
another copy of this work then available.
 “The book is dedicated
to our beloved prophet
Muhammad (SAW),
who said “command
knowledge and urge
Muslims to seek
knowledge wherever they
may travel”.”

I dedicate this Certified

Safety Professional -
Ensured book to my
wife, Humaira, who
has been a constant
source of support
and encouragement
during the challenges
of work and life. I am
truly grateful to have
you in my life. As well
as being dedicated to
my parents, who love
me unconditionally
and have taught me to
strive hard for what I
desire, this work is also
a tribute to them.

The book would not be

possible without the
support of my closest
friends. Throughout
the entire writing,
compiling, drafting, and
proofreading process,
they have been there
for me.
 Foreword

As a safety expert with particular interest and practice in the field of occupational safety, I am
very much pleased and honored to write the Foreword to this Book - CSP Exam Preparation guide.
My colleagues and friends have gone through this book and found a golden coin in the practical
field of safety. The book comprises all requisite preparatory tools that qualifies a CSP learner to
Certified Safety Prerational.

First of all, I would like to warmly congratulate the Publishers and the Editor, Ms. Humaira and
Mr. Sami respectively, on their initiative in bringing together idea and then materialization. The
CSP Exam Preparation guide has the exclusively legal rights and identity.

This Book – I am sure – will be of great interest to safety learners and safety advisers, as well
as safety marketers and administrators – not only at the National but also at the international
level. For me – a particularly valuable feature of this Book is that the reader is able to contrast
and compare the difference of quality with other books in the same field. This book is a great time
saver that maximizes the knowledge in limited time with minimum effort.

I believe the relationships with safety professionals have worked well and will continue to do so
in the future, this Book has received the warm welcome at the introductory level and has become
invaluable resource for the world of future safety stalwarts.

With profound acceptance, I heartily recommend to all others who – in any way – are involved
directly or indirectly in the exciting and challenging world of occupational safety. They will feel
a great asset of knowledge enhancement tool in developing and grooming a safety professional.

Muhammad Baber Shafique - CMIOSH

Abu Dhabi,
January 2023

7
 Acknowledgments

The author wishes to express his gratitude to those who inspired him, contributed research, and
provided data. It is my pleasure to acknowledge all those who have supported, contributed, or
participated in this project. Without your support and involvement, this project would not have
been possible.

There are a number of useful resources and sources included in this book. These include the
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration, the National Safety Council, the National Fire Protection Association, and many
others. Some of the organizations involved are the Health and Safety Executive, the Board of
Certified Safety Professionals, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
and the Board of Canadian Registered Safety Professionals.

At the end of each chapter, a reference section lists all sources, references, and identical data
collection resources where possible. If the author has missed any references or acknowledgments,
please let us know by email at safety.expert2058@gmail.com.

Hopefully, this book will assist delegates in becoming and passing the Certified Safety Professional
(CSP) exam that measures the knowledge and skills necessary to be a safety professional. Making
risk assessments, assessing safety procedures and protocols, investigating incidents, etc., are all
part of this process.

As a member of the safety community, the author adheres to the highest standards of safety
ethics. As a result of raising people’s knowledge, the book seeks to assist safety professionals in
obtaining highly recognized qualifications on their first attempt.

9
 Table of Contents

Foreword���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................ 9
Preface or Introduction.....................................................................................................................11

Chapter 1 Advanced Sciences and Math...................................................................................19

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question................................................................................65
References.....................................................................................................................67

Chapter 2 Management Systems................................................................................................69

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question..............................................................................131
References...................................................................................................................134

Chapter 3 Risk Management.....................................................................................................137

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question..............................................................................163
References...................................................................................................................166

Chapter 4 Advanced Application of Key Safety Concepts..................................................169

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question..............................................................................234
References...................................................................................................................237

Chapter 5 Emergency Preparedness, Fire Prevention, and Security................................239

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question..............................................................................282
References...................................................................................................................284

Chapter 6 Occupational Health and Ergonomics.................................................................287

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question..............................................................................340
References...................................................................................................................344

5
6 | Table of Contents

Chapter 7 Environmental Management Systems..................................................................347

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question..............................................................................389
References...................................................................................................................392

Chapter 8 Training and Education...........................................................................................395

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question..............................................................................423
References...................................................................................................................426

Chapter 9 Law and Ethics..........................................................................................................429

MCQ: Multiple Choice Question..............................................................................454
References...................................................................................................................457

Answers�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������459
Formula-Based Practice Test for CSP Safety Fundamentals.......................................................471
Questions.....................................................................................................................472
Answers .......................................................................................................................476
Appendix’s��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������481
Appendix 1 – CSP Examination Blueprint...............................................................482
Appendix 2 – CSP10 Exam References.....................................................................486
Appendix 3 – BCSP Code of Ethics...........................................................................491
Author’s Organisation Profile.........................................................................................................493
 Chapter 1

Advanced Sciences and Math

There are many Advanced Sciences and Math concepts in this chapter that the reader will
learn about, including the basic concepts of anatomy and physiology, the basic concepts of
chemistry and physics (for example, organic chemistry, general chemistry, and biochemistry)
as well as the basic concepts of energy, weights, forces, and stresses in physics.

Mathematical aspects (e.g., geometry, algebra,

trigonometry, finance and accounting, engineering, and
LEARNING economics), as well as statistics for interpreting data,
will be discussed, as well as Core Research Methodology
OBJECTIVES (e.g., mean, median, mode, confidence intervals,
probabilities, and Pareto analysis).

Furthermore, the chapter also discusses Microbiology (e.g., nanotechnology, waterborne

pathogens, and bloodborne pathogens), the ability to calculate the required containment
volumes and hazardous material storage requirements, and the ability to calculate statistics
from data sources.

Following CSP10 Examination Blueprint | V.2019.04.25 this chapter will cover Domain 1
Advanced Sciences and Math, which has an approximate share of 9.95% in the CSP10 Exam.

19
 Index

Anatomy and Physiology................................................................................................................23

Levels of Organization of the Human Body.................................................................................23
Microbiology.....................................................................................................................................24
Bacteria..............................................................................................................................................25
Viruses...............................................................................................................................................25
Protozoa.............................................................................................................................................25
Fungi..................................................................................................................................................26
Algae...................................................................................................................................................26
Archaea..............................................................................................................................................27
Prion...................................................................................................................................................27
Bloodborne Pathogens.....................................................................................................................27
Waterborne Pathogens....................................................................................................................27
Organic Chemistry...........................................................................................................................28
Use of Organic Chemists.................................................................................................................28
Conservation of Energy..................................................................................................................29
Conservation of Mass......................................................................................................................29
Atom...................................................................................................................................................29
Gas Laws............................................................................................................................................30
Boyle’s Law........................................................................................................................................30
Charles’s Law....................................................................................................................................31
Avogadro’s law..................................................................................................................................31
Biochemistry.....................................................................................................................................32
Concepts of Physics.........................................................................................................................32
Motion................................................................................................................................................32
Gravity...............................................................................................................................................33
Newton’s First Law..........................................................................................................................33
Newton’s second law.......................................................................................................................34
Newton’s Third Law.........................................................................................................................35
Work..................................................................................................................................................36
Relativity...........................................................................................................................................36
Thermodynamics.............................................................................................................................36
Forms of Energy...............................................................................................................................36
What is weight?................................................................................................................................37
Stress..................................................................................................................................................38
Types of Stress..................................................................................................................................39
Bulk Stress or Volume Stress..........................................................................................................39
Pressure Shearing Stress.................................................................................................................40

20
 Advanced Sciences and Math | 21

Tensile Stress....................................................................................................................................40
Compression Stress..........................................................................................................................40
Tangential Stress..............................................................................................................................40
Hydraulic Stress...............................................................................................................................40
Radial Stress......................................................................................................................................40
Practical Applications of the Concept of Stress...........................................................................41
What is Force?..................................................................................................................................41
What are the Effects of Force?.......................................................................................................41
What is Geometry?..........................................................................................................................42
Angle..................................................................................................................................................43
Coordinate Plane..............................................................................................................................44
Formula and Theorems...................................................................................................................44
Algebra...............................................................................................................................................44
Trigonometry....................................................................................................................................45
Trigonometry Ratios-Sine, Cosine, Tangent................................................................................45
Even and Odd Trigonometric Functions......................................................................................45
Trigonometry Angles......................................................................................................................46
Trigonometry Examples..................................................................................................................47
Applications of Trigonometry........................................................................................................47
Definition of Accounting................................................................................................................47
Assets.................................................................................................................................................47
Liabilities...........................................................................................................................................48
Equity.................................................................................................................................................48
Basic Engineering Principles..........................................................................................................49
Engineering Economy.....................................................................................................................49
Core Research Methodology..........................................................................................................51
Research Methods............................................................................................................................52
Research Philosophy........................................................................................................................52
Types of Research............................................................................................................................53
Research Approach..........................................................................................................................54
Research design................................................................................................................................54
Types of Research Data...................................................................................................................54
Observational Data...........................................................................................................................54
Experimental Data...........................................................................................................................54
Simulation Data................................................................................................................................55
Derived/Compiled Data..................................................................................................................55
Data Collection Methods.................................................................................................................55
Sampling............................................................................................................................................56
Ethical Considerations....................................................................................................................56
Data Analysis and Interpretation...................................................................................................56
22 | On Your First Attempt, Become a Certified Safety Professional

Data Interpretation..........................................................................................................................56
How To Interpret Data?...................................................................................................................57
Qualitative Data Interpretation......................................................................................................57
Quantitative Data Interpretation...................................................................................................58
Confidence Interval.........................................................................................................................59
Probability.........................................................................................................................................60
The Formula for Probability...........................................................................................................60
Why Data Interpretation Is Important.........................................................................................60
Common Data Analysis And Interpretation Problems...............................................................61
Data Interpretation Techniques and Methods.............................................................................62
Common Data Visualizations.........................................................................................................62
Pareto Analysis.................................................................................................................................63
The 80/20 Rule.................................................................................................................................63
 Advanced Sciences and Math | 23

Anatomy and Physiology:

Life sciences are primarily concerned with anatomy and physiology. Physiology is the study
of how the body’s internal and external structure’s function. Anatomy is the study of the
body’s internal and external structures and their physical relationships.

Anatomy is a branch of biology that is concerned with identifying and describing the structure
of living organisms. In its narrowest sense, gross anatomy concerns only the human body
and involves the dissection and observation of major body structures.

Anatomy can be divided into several fields, such as gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy,
human anatomy, phytotomy, zootomy, embryology, and comparative anatomy. The study of
anatomy is divided into different branches that focus on specific aspects of it.

Levels of Organization of the Human Body:

• Chemical - made up of atoms and molecules,
• Cells - are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. There are many
different types of cells in the body including nerve cells, blood cells, muscle cells,
and fat cells.
• Tissue - groups of cells & the surrounding environment that work together to produce
a specific function. There are only four types of tissues in the body: epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
• Organ - organs are structures that are made of two or more different types of tissues,
they have specific functions & a defined shape. The heart is an example of an organ; it
is made of muscle, connective, & nervous tissue. The tissues work in concert to move
blood through the body.

System - consists of related organs that have a common function, there are eleven organ
systems in the body:

• The Integumentary System: includes the skin & derived structures, it protects
internal organs & helps maintain body temperature.
• The Skeletal System: includes the bones & joints, it provides support & protection to
internal organs.
• The Muscular System: includes the skeletal muscle and it provides movement.
• The Nervous System: includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It provides
regulation of body functions & sensory perception.
• The Endocrine System: includes hormone-producing cells & glands. It regulates
homeostasis, growth & development.
• The Cardiovascular System: includes blood, heart, & blood vessels. It is responsible
for the delivery of oxygen & nutrients to the tissues.
24 | On Your First Attempt, Become a Certified Safety Professional

• The Lymphatics & Immune System: includes lymphatic vessels & fluid. It is involved
in the defense against infection.
• The Respiratory System: includes the lungs & airways. It is involved in the absorption
of oxygen & release of carbon dioxide.
• The Digestive System: includes organs of the gastrointestinal tract. It is responsible
for the absorption of nutrients.
• The Urinary System: includes the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. It is responsible for
electrolyte balance & waste removal.
• The Reproductive System: includes the reproductive organs in males and females. It
controls the biological process by which new individuals are produced.

As Hippocrates is called the Father of Medicine, Herophilus is called the Father of Anatomy.
Most would argue that he was the greatest anatomist of antiquity and perhaps of all time.
The only person who might challenge him in this assessment is Vesalius, who worked during
the 16th century A. D.

Microbiology:
Molecular microbiology deals with the biology of microscopic organisms, which include
viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, slime molds, and protozoa. These minute and mostly unicellular
organisms are studied and manipulated using methods that differ from those used in most
other biological studies.

In addition to food processing, biodegradation, the manufacture of commercial goods, and

genetic engineering, microbiology is used in many aspects of daily life.

The 3 types of microbiology are

• Water microbiology (or aquatic microbiology): The study of those microorganisms

that are found in water.
• Aero microbiology (or air microbiology): The study of airborne microorganisms.
• Biotechnology: related to recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering.

Biological microorganisms are those that are so small that they cannot be seen by the naked
eye. As a whole, microbes consist of bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa,
algae, and other forms of microorganisms. As well as being important for nutrient cycling,
biodegradation and biodeterioration, climate change, food spoilage, the cause and control of
disease, and biotechnology, these microbes play a prominent role in nutrient cycling.

Microbes are versatile and can be used for a variety of purposes, including the manufacture
of life-saving drugs, the production of biofuels, the cleanup of pollution, and the production
of food and beverages.
 Advanced Sciences and Math | 25

In addition to studying microbes, microbiologists have made some of the most significant
discoveries that have shaped modern society, such as Jenner’s vaccine against smallpox,
among others. Fleming and penicillin discovery, Marshall and the identification of the link
between Helicobacter pylori infection and stomach ulcers, and Zur Hausen, who discovered
the link between cervical cancer and papilloma virus.

Bacteria:
Unlike many other organisms, bacteria have a simpler cell structure. A single loop of DNA
contains the control center that contains the genetic information. A plasmid, rather than a
nucleus, is an additional circle of genetic material found in some bacteria.

Plasmids often contain genes that confer an advantage over other bacteria in the bacterium.
An example would be a gene that confers resistance to a specific antibiotic on the bacterium.
There are five basic types of bacteria based on their shape:

• spherical (cocci),
• rod-shaped (bacilli),
• spiral-shaped (spirilla),
• comma-shaped (vibrios) and
• corkscrew-shaped (spirochaetes).

The cells can be single, paired, chained, or clustered.

Viruses:
There is no microbe smaller than a virus. According to some estimates, 500 million
rhinoviruses (which cause the common cold) can fit on a pinhead.
Their uniqueness lies in the fact that they are alive only within the cells of other living
organisms and are capable of multiplying within them. Host cells are the cells in which they
multiply.

Viruses contain a core of genetic material made up of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein-
based protective coat called a capsid. A spikey coat called the envelope may surround the
capsid.

Viruses can latch onto host cells and enter them.

Protozoa:
An organism with a single cell is referred to as protozoa. A multitude of shapes and sizes are
available, ranging from an amoeba which can change its shape to a paramecium which has
26 | On Your First Attempt, Become a Certified Safety Professional

a fixed shape and a complex structure. Fresh water habitats, marine environments, and soil
are all moist environments in which they live.

Many of these organisms are parasitic, which means they live on other animals and plants,
including humans, where they cause disease. Malaria is caused, for example, by Plasmodium.
They are motile and can move by:

• Cilia - tiny hair-like structures that cover the outside of the microbe. They beat in a
regular continuous pattern like flexible oars.
• Flagella - long thread-like structures that extend from the cell surface. The flagella
move in a whip-like motion that produces waves that propel the microbe around.
• Amoeboid movement - the organism moves by sending out pseudopodia, temporary
protrusions that fill with cytoplasm that flows from the body of the cell.

Fungi:
The fungus can be a single-celled organism or a very complex multicellular organism.
Despite their ability to live in almost any environment, the majority of them live on land,
primarily on soil or plant matter rather than in the sea or fresh water. In the soil or on dead
plant matter, there is a group known as the decomposers, which play an important role in
the recycling of carbon and other elements.

The majority of plant parasites cause disease by infecting the plant with mildews, rusts,
scabs, or cankers. It is important to note that fungi can cause significant monetary losses
for farmers in crops. It is estimated that only a small percentage of fungi cause disease in
animals. Athletes’ feet, ringworm, and thrush are examples of skin diseases in humans.

An individual fungus can be classified based on its life cycle, the structure of its fruiting
body, and the arrangement of and type of its spores (reproductive or distributional
cells).

The three major groups of fungi are:

• Multicellular filamentous molds.

• Macroscopic filamentous fungi form large fruiting bodies. Sometimes the group is
referred to as ‘mushrooms’, but the mushroom is just the part of the fungus we see
above ground which is also known as the fruiting body.
• Single-celled microscopic yeasts.

Algae:
There are various types of algae, including single cells such as Chlamydomonas, chains such
as Spirogyra, or organisms consisting of many cells such as Rhodymenia (red seaweed).
 Advanced Sciences and Math | 27

The majority of algae live in fresh or salt water, where they can either float freely (planktonic)
or attach to the bottom of the water body. In the presence of sufficient moisture, algae can
grow on rocks, soil, or vegetation.

Lichens are formed through close partnerships between algae and fungi. Polar bears and
South American sloths have unusual algal habitats.

Archaea:
There are many types of archaea, including spherical, rod-shaped, spiral-shaped, lobed,
rectangular, and irregular. It was also discovered that an unusual species that live in salty
pools has a flat, square shape. Some cells exist as single cells, while others form filaments or
clusters. In the 1970s, this group of microorganisms was classified as bacteria.

Prion:
Prions are types of proteins that cause disease in humans and animals by causing normally
healthy proteins in the brain to fold abnormally.

As prion proteins are just proteins without any genetic material, their mode of action differs
significantly from that of bacteria and viruses.

Misfolded prion proteins are converted into the disease-associated form once they enter a
healthy individual - perhaps through the consumption of infected food. The exact mechanism
by which this occurs is unknown to date.

Bloodborne Pathogens:
A blood-borne pathogen is a microorganism that can cause disease in humans by infecting
their blood. Hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and HIV are examples of these pathogens.
Workers may be exposed to blood-borne pathogens as a result of needle sticks and other
sharps-related injuries.

Pathogens that pose the greatest threat to health care workers include the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Waterborne Pathogens:
It is important to understand that a pathogen is an agent that causes the disease to a host,
and waterborne pathogens are the causative agents (usually living organisms) of diseases
that are transmitted through water. Chemical and biological contaminants can cause water
pollution.

The protozoa Microsporidia, as well as the bacteria Mycobacterium avium intracellulare,

Helicobacter pylori, Tsukamurella, Cystoisospora belli, and viruses, including adenoviruses,
28 | On Your First Attempt, Become a Certified Safety Professional

parvoviruses, Coronaviruses (SARS), and polyomaviruses, are some examples of emerging

potential waterborne pathogens.

The majority of waterborne illnesses are caused by recreational or drinking water that
has been contaminated with pathogens or microbes that cause disease. In addition, many
waterborne pathogens can also be acquired through the consumption of contaminated food
or beverages, through contact with animals or their environment, or through the spread of
disease from person to person.

It is possible to experience a variety of symptoms as a result of waterborne illnesses.

Symptoms of waterborne illness can include diarrhea, vomiting, ear infections, respiratory
infections, and eye disorders.

Organic Chemistry:
The study of organic chemistry involves studying the structure, properties, composition,
reactions, and preparation of compounds containing carbon.

As well as carbon and hydrogen, organic compounds may contain a variety of other
elements, including nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. Chemistry
has been expanded beyond the study of compounds produced by living organisms to include
substances created by humans (for example, plastics).

Use of Organic Chemists:

The field of organic chemistry allows chemists to create and explore molecules and compounds
in a highly creative manner. During their careers, organic chemists are responsible for
developing new compounds as well as finding improved methods for synthesizing existing
compounds.
The world around us is filled with organic compounds. Many modern materials contain
organic compounds to some extent. Biochemistry, biotechnology, and medicine are vital to
economic growth.

Examples of where you can find organic compounds include agrichemicals, coatings,
cosmetics, detergent, dyestuff, food, fuel, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastics, and
rubber.

• Biotechnology: Virtually all biotechnology (“biotech”) products are the result of

organic chemistry. Biotech involves using living organisms and bioprocesses to create
or modify products for a specific use. For example, a biotech company might produce
seeds for disease-resistant crops, or drought-resistant plants.
• Consumer Products: Most consumer products we use involve organic chemistry. Take
the cosmetics industry as an example. Organic chemistry examines how the skin
 Advanced Sciences and Math | 29

responds to metabolic and environmental factors, and chemists formulate products

accordingly.
• Organic Industrial Chemistry: Crucial to modern world economies, organic industrial
chemistry focuses on converting raw materials (e.g., oil, natural gas, air, water, metals,
and minerals) into consumer and industrial products.
• Pharmaceutical: The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs
used as medications for humans or animals. Some pharmaceutical companies deal
in brand-name (i.e., has a trading name and can be produced and sold only by the
company holding the patent) and/or generic (i.e., chemically equivalent, lower-cost
version of a brand-name drug) medications and medical devices (agents that act on
diseases without chemical interaction with the body).
• Government: Federal offices (e.g., Food and Drug Administration, Patent and
Trademark Office) as well as state and local governments hire organic chemists in
the fields of specialization noted above.

Conservation of Energy:
Physicists and chemists believe that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant
over time; this law is known as the law of conservation of energy. During the explosion of a
stick of dynamite, chemical energy is converted into kinetic energy.

It is possible to calculate the exact decrease of chemical energy in the combustion of the
dynamite by adding up all forms of energy that were released during the explosion, including
kinetic energy, potential energy, heat, and sound.

Conservation of Mass:
According to the law of conservation of mass, any system closed to all transfers of matter and
energy must maintain a constant mass over time if it is closed to all transfers of matter and energy.
Since the mass cannot change over time, the quantity cannot be added nor removed from
the system. As a result, the quantity of mass remains constant over time.

Atom:
Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus.
The nucleus is made of one or more protons and several neutrons. Only the most common
variety of hydrogen has no neutrons.

• Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms. Atoms
are extremely small, typically around 100 picometers across. They are so small that
accurately predicting their behavior using classical physics, as if they were tennis
balls, for example, is not possible due to quantum effects.
30 | On Your First Attempt, Become a Certified Safety Professional

• The electrons of an atom are attracted to the protons in an atomic nucleus by

electromagnetic force. The protons and neutrons in the nucleus are attracted to each
other by the nuclear force.
• The number of protons in the nucleus is the atomic number and it defines to which
chemical element the atom belongs. For example, any atom that contains 29 protons
is copper.

Atoms can form chemical compounds such as molecules and crystals when they form
chemical bonds with one or more other atoms. An example is New York City’s Statue of
Liberty, which was originally made of pure copper, but has developed a green patina over
time when oxygen, carbon, and sulfur atoms have combined with the surface.

Gas Laws:
Gas laws were developed toward the end of the 18th century as scientists realized that
relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature could be obtained that would
approximate the behavior of all gases.

Boyle’s Law:
In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas of
a fixed amount at a constant temperature. He observed that the volume of a given mass of a
gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at a constant temperature.

Boyle’s law, published in 1662, states that, at a constant temperature, the product of the
pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant.

It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container. It
can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases:
• if a container, with a fixed number of molecules inside, is reduced in volume, more
molecules will strike a given area of the sides of the container per unit of time, causing
a greater pressure.

Image Illustrate: Boyle’s Law – Definition, Formula, Example

 Advanced Sciences and Math | 31

Charles’s Law:
Charles’s law, or the law of volumes, was founded in 1787 by Jacques Charles. It states that,
for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature, assuming in a closed system.

Image Illustrate: Charles’s law or the law of volumes

Avogadro’s law:
Avogadro’s law (hypothesized in 1811) states that at a constant temperature and pressure,
the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of
the gas present in the container.

This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP (273.15 K, 1 atm) is about 22.4 L.

Image Illustrate: Avogadro’s law

32 | On Your First Attempt, Become a Certified Safety Professional

Biochemistry:
Chemical principles are applied to the study of biological processes at the cellular and
molecular levels in biochemistry.

To investigate the chemistry of living systems, scientists combined chemistry, physiology,

and biology at the beginning of the 20th century.

Biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, are
examined in biochemistry for their structures, bonds, functions, and interactions.

The structures of cells are provided by these molecules, and many of the functions associated
with life are performed by them. As well as small molecules and ions, small molecules and
ions play a significant role in the chemistry of the cell.

These can be inorganic (for example, water, and metal ions) or organic (for example, the
amino acids, which are used to synthesize proteins).

Concepts of Physics:
It is essential to understand a few basic concepts of physics in order to understand the
subject. Although the subject is quite challenging and profound, some basic concepts like
matter, gravity, and relativity can be easily understood.

Motion:
The motion refers to the way in which an object moves, the direction in which it moves, and
its speed. Motion can be characterized and quantified through the use of basic units such as
speed, velocity, and acceleration. A measure of acceleration is a measure of the change in
velocity, whereas a measure of velocity is a measure of motion in any direction.
 Advanced Sciences and Math | 33

Gravity:
One of the easier concepts, gravity is a force of attraction and is simply the pull of the Earth.
Gravity is why things fall! The Earth’s gravitational force is also what gives objects weight.
Sir Isaac Newton discovered the concept when an apple fell on his head while he was sitting
under a tree.

Had it not been for gravity, the apple would not have fallen and stayed suspended in the air
for an eternity.

Newton’s First Law:

Newton’s first law, also known as the law of inertia, states that an object in a constant state
of motion will remain in that state unless an external force is applied.

If a car is traveling at 60 kilometers per hour, it will continue to do so unless the driver
applies the brakes or accelerates to increase its speed.

As there is no resistance from the air or other forces when a rocket launches into space,
which is a vacuum, it continues to travel in a straight line for infinity.

Image Source: https://www.worldatlas.com/upload/aa/8f/0e/shutterstock-686750047.png

 MCQ: Multiple Choice Question

Sample Questions - MCQs from the Chapter 1 - Advanced Sciences and Math

Sample Questions – Find the answers at the end of the book.

1. Which of the following muscular valve controls the flow of digestive juice from the
hepatopancreatic duct to the duodenum?

a. Sphincter of Oddi
b. Semilunar valve
c. Ileocaecal valve
d. Pyloric sphincter

2. Altitude sickness is typically caused due to:

a. The partial pressure of oxygen

b. Increased levels of CO2 in the blood
c. Cold temperatures
d. None of the above

3. Hypopnea is a condition where:

a. The airway becomes partially obstructed

b. The blood does not clot properly
c. The lungs cannot eliminate the excess carbon dioxide from the body
d. The blood oxygen levels are abnormally low

4. The IUPAC name of CH3CHO is:

a. Methylaldehyde
b. Formyl chloride
c. Ethanal
d. Acetaldehyde

5. The structure of 4-Methylpent-2-en-1-ol is:

a. CH3CH2CH=CHCH2OH
b. (CH3)2C=CHCH2CH2OH
c. (CH3)2CHCH=CHCH2OH
d. CH3CH(OH)CH-CH=C(CH3)2

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66 | On Your First Attempt, Become a Certified Safety Professional

6. The energy that cannot be used to run vehicles ………………

a. Solar energy
b. Chemical energy
c. Electrical energy
d. Sound energy

7. “Heat is a form of energy”. This was discovered by ………………

a. Voltas
b. James Joule
c. Thomas Alva Edison
d. Galileo

8. The value of tan 60°/cot 30° is equal to:

a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3

9. sin (90° – A) and cos A are:

a. Different
b. Same
c. Not related
d. None of the above

10. Which measure of central tendency includes the magnitude of scores?

a. Mean
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Range
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