A.

H 1
The derivation of a given function always gives
another function
Given a function F(x) , we can find another function
f(x) such that
F’(x) = f(x)
then f is called the derivative of F(x) and F(x) is called
anti-derivative of f(x)

A.H 2
 Derivative

F f
Anti - derivative

Example: Find the anti derivative of the function.

a. f(x) = 2 b. f(x) = x c. f(x) = x + 3
d. f(x) = x 2 + 2x e. f(x) = x 3 + 3x 2 + x

A.H 3
 1 2
2
𝑥

1 2 1 2
𝑥 + c then we take 𝑥 +𝑐
2 2

A.H 4
c. In here we must find function whose derivative is f(x)=x+3
1 2
x + 3x is a function whose derivative 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 + 3 and the
2
the only other functions whose derivative is x+3 are
1 2 1 2
x + 3x + c so that we tak𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + c as the
2 2
antiderivative of f(x) = x+ 3, where c is a constant.
d and e are left as exercise
5.2 Partition, Lower sum, Upper sum and Riemann sum
𝑎, 𝑏
𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥0 < 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 < ⋯ < 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑
we describe p as p = 𝑥𝑜 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛

Note that any partition of [𝑎,𝑏] must contain both end points a
and b

Cont… A.H 5
 0,2
1 3 1 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 1 1 3 5 3 7
0, , 1, , 2 ; 0,2 0, , , 1, , , 2 𝑜𝑟 0, , , , 1, , , , 2
2 2 2 4 2 5 4 2 4 4 2 4

1 3 1 3
, 1, , 2 0, , 1,
2 2 2 2

𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛
divides 𝑎, 𝑏 are
𝑥0, 𝑥1 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ,…, 𝑥𝑘;1 , 𝑥𝑘 , … , 𝑥𝑛;1 , 𝑥𝑛
The length of each sub-interval is 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 , 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑘 −
𝑥𝑘;1 ,… , 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛;1
Thus length of the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ − 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑠 ∆𝑥𝑘 = 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘;1 ; k=
1,2,3,…,n

Cont… A.H 6
 1 1 3 1
0, 4 , 2 , 2 , 2 0,2 ∆𝑥1 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 = 4
1
∆𝑥2 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 4
1 1
∆𝑥3 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 = ∆𝑥4 = 𝑥4 − 𝑥3 =
2 2
1 1 3 5 3 7 1
0, 4 , 2 , 4 , 1, 4 , 2 , 4 , 2 0,2 , ∆𝑥𝑘 = 4

∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 + ⋯ + ∆𝑥𝑛

𝑏;𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛

Lower sum
Consider the region R bounded by the graph of
a non-negative continuous function on [𝑎,𝑏]
and the x-axis. Let fill the region with inscribed
rectangles
Cont… A.H 7
 y
Y = f(x)

𝑅𝑘

𝑥0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑘;1 𝑥𝑘 ⋯ 𝑥𝑛

Inscribed rectangles in a region bounded by the graph of

y = f(x) in 𝑎, 𝑏 . Observe that the height of each rectangle is
f(𝑥𝑘;1 ) for k = 1,2, …, n
A.H 8
Cont…
 k th rectangle R k . if f is continuous on xk;1 , xk ,
xk;1 , xk mk be the 𝑘 th interval
mk is the height of the k th rectangle R k .
k th mk ∆xk and the area of the whole region is
≈ m1 ∆x1 + m2 ∆x2 + … + mn ∆k n

x0 , x1 , x2 , … , xk;1 , xk , … , xn , m1 = f x0 , m2 = f x1 ,
m3 = f x2 , … , mk = f xk;1 , … , mn = f(xn;1 )
Lf p = f x0 ∆x1 + f x1 ∆x2 + … + f xk;1 ∆xk + xn;1 )∆xn
n;1
i<0 f(xi )∆xi:1

𝑥2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
Lf p and Lf p′ for the following partition
1 3 1 1 3
0, , 1, , 2 0, , , 1, , 2
2 2 4 2 2

Cont… A.H 9
 1 1 3 9
m1 = f 0 = 0 ; m2 = f = ; m3 = f 1 = 1; m4 = f =
2 4 2 4
1
∆xk = for k = 1,2,3,4
2
n;1 1 1 1 1 3 1 7
Lf p = i<0 f( x i )∆x i:1 + f( ) +f =
2 2 2 2 2 2 4

1 1 1 1 3 9
m1 = f 0 = 0 m2 = f =; m3 = f = ; m4 = f 1 = 1; m5 = f =
4 16 2 4 2 4
1 1
∆xk = , k = 1,2 and ∆xk = , k = 3,4,5
4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 113
Lf p′ = n;1
i<0 f x i ∆x i:1 = f 0 +f +f +f 1 + f( )
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 64
Lf p < Lf ′
(p )

Upper Sum
For the case upper Sum, we fill the region with
circumscribed rectangle
Cont… A.H10
 y

𝑅𝑘

x
𝑥0 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥𝑘;1 𝑥𝑘 ⋯ 𝑥𝑛

Inscribed rectangles in a region bounded by the graph of

y = f(x) in [𝑎, 𝑏]. Observe that the height of each rectangle
is f(𝑥𝑘 ) for k = 1, 2, 3, … , n
Cont… A.H
11
𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝑘 = 𝑀𝑘 ∆𝑥𝑘 , 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑕𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑕𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑥𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡𝑕
𝑀1 ∆𝑥1 + 𝑀2 ∆𝑥2 + … 𝑀𝑘 ∆𝑥𝑘 + ⋯ + 𝑀𝑛 ∆𝑥𝑛 .
𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑘 , … , 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑀1 = 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑀2 = 𝑓 𝑥2 , … , 𝑀𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 , … , 𝑀𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥𝑛

∴ Uf p = f 𝑥1 ∆𝑥1 + 𝑓 𝑥2 ∆𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑘 ∆𝑥𝑘 + ⋯ + 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 ∆𝑥𝑛

𝑛
𝑖<1 𝑓( 𝑥𝑖 )𝑥𝑖

Uf p and Uf p′ . Use the function and the two partition given above

1 3 1 1 3 9
0, , 1, , 2 M1 = f = ; M2 = f 1 = 1; M3 = f = ; M4
2 2 2 4 2 4
1
∆xk = , k = 1,2,3,4
2
n 1 1 1 3 1 1 15
Uf p = i<1 f xi ∆xi = f +f 1 +f + f(2)
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
1 1 3 1 1 1 1
0, , , 1, , 2 ; M1 = f( ; M2 = f = ; M3 =f 1 =1
4 2 2 4 16 2 4
3 9 1 1
M4 = f = ; M5 = f 2 = 4 ∆𝑥𝑘 , 𝑘 = 1,2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑥𝑘 = , 𝑘 = 3,4,5
2 4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 237
𝑈𝑓 𝑝′ = 𝑓 +𝑓 +𝑓 1 +𝑓 +𝑓 2 =
4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 64
′
𝑈𝑓 𝑝 ≤ 𝑈𝑓 (𝑝)

Cont… A.H 12
 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛
a, b , then mk and Mk are the min. and max. values of f on
xk;1 , xk for k = 1,2,3, … , n , so that mk ≤ Mk and this implies Lf (p) ≤ Uf (p)

Lf p & Uf (p)
Lf p < Lf p′ ≤ area of R ≤ Uf p′ < Uf p

𝑎, 𝑏 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒

n;1 n
lim Lf p = lim i<0 f xi ∆xi:1 and lim Uf p = lim i<1 f( 𝑥𝑖 ) ∆𝑥𝑖
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞ n→∞

b
a
f x dx and this is called definite integral of f from a to b where the integrnd
a, b
𝑛
𝑖<1 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 ∆𝑥𝑖

Cont… A.H13
 𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠

𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎
𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑎, 𝑏

𝑛;1 𝑛
lim 𝑅𝑛 = lim 𝑖<0 f( 𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖:1 lim 𝑖<1 f( 𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑏
𝑎
f x dx

A.H14
Definition : If f is a continuous function defined for a ≤ 𝑥 ≤
𝑏 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑛 subinterval of the
endpoints of these subintervals and we choose sample points
𝑥1 ∗ , 𝑥2 ∗ , 𝑥3 ∗ , … , 𝑥𝑛 ∗ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑜 𝑥𝑖 ∗ 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑡ℎ
subinterval xi;1 , xi . Then the definite integral of f from
a to b is
b 𝑛 ∗
a
f x dx = lim 𝑖<1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥 ------------⁕
𝑛→∞

𝑏
In the notation 𝑎
𝑓𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑, a and b are
called the lower and upper limit of the integration respectively,
dx indicates the variable of integration.
Note: If we choose the sample points to be the right-end point
from each sub-interval, then 𝑥𝑖 ∗ = 𝑥𝑖;1 𝑎𝑛𝑑
⁕ will be lim ℒ𝑓 (p) but if 𝑥𝑖 ∗ = 𝑥𝑖 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 ⁕ will be lim 𝑈𝑓 (𝑝)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

Cont… 15
A.H
Cont… 16
 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥

3
0
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑏;𝑎 3;0 1
𝑛 6 2
1 3 5
, 1, , 2, , 3
2 2 2
n 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1
i<1 f xi ∆x = f(2) 2
2
)
2 2
+ f 2
2
+ f(2) 2
2
1 23 45 5 1 63 63
2
(− 8
− 5 − 8
− 4 + 8
+ 9) 2
− 8
= − 16
𝑏;𝑎 3
b. with n subinterval, we have ∆𝑥 = =
𝑛 𝑛
3 6 9 3𝑖
and p = 0, , , , … , ,…,3
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Cont… 17
 𝑥𝑖 ∗ = 𝑥𝑖
3 𝑛
⇒ 0
𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑖<1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥
𝑛→∞
𝑛 3𝑖 3
lim 𝑓( 𝑛 ) 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑖<1
3𝑖 3𝑖 3
lim 𝑛𝑖<1 ( 𝑛 )3 −6( 𝑛 ) 𝑛
𝑛→∞
81 𝑛 3 54 𝑛
lim * 𝑖 𝑛2 𝑖<1 𝑖
𝑛→∞ 𝑛4 𝑖<1
81 𝑛(𝑛:1 2 54 𝑛(𝑛:1)
lim * 𝑛4 2 − 𝑛2 2
𝑛→∞
81 𝑛:1 2 54 𝑛:1
lim ( ) − 2 lim 𝑛
4 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞
81 27
− 27 = −
4 4
Note that the value obtained above can be interpreted
as the difference of the area of two region 𝐴1 − 𝐴2 as
shown in the the figure
Cont… A.H
18
 ≤ x ≤ b , then show that
𝑏
𝑎
f x dx = c (b − a)

𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛
𝑚𝑘 = 𝑐 = 𝑀𝑘
⇒ ℒf p = f 𝑥0 ∆𝑥1 + f 𝑥1 ∆𝑥2 + … + f 𝑥𝑛;1 ∆𝑥𝑛
∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 + … + ∆𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑐(𝑏 − 𝑎)
⇒ Uf p = f x1 ∆x1 + f x2 ∆x2 + ⋯ + f(xn )∆xn
∆𝑥1 + ∆𝑥2 + … + ∆𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑐(𝑏 − 𝑎)
b 𝑏
∴ a f x dx = lim ℒf p 𝑎
f x dx = lim 𝑈f p
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝑏
∴ 𝑎
c dx =
Example: Show that
𝑏 1
𝑎
𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )
2
Cont… A.H
19
Solution:
Let P = 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , … , 𝑥𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 of 𝑎, 𝑏 . Observe that
f is continuous and increasing on 𝑥𝑘;1 , 𝑥𝑘 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑕𝑒 min. value of
f is occur at 𝑥𝑘;1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥. value occur at 𝑥𝑘
i.e. 𝑚𝑘 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑘;1 ) = 𝑥𝑘;1 𝑀𝑘 = 𝑓 𝑥𝑘 = 𝑥𝑘
1 1
But 𝑚𝑘 = 𝑥𝑘;1 < 2 𝑥𝑘;1 , 𝑥𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑘 = 𝑥𝑘 > 2 (𝑥𝑘;1 + 𝑥𝑘 )
ℒf (𝑝) = 𝑛;1
𝑖<0 f( 𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖:1 , 𝑓 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖
= 𝑥0 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 + … + 𝑥𝑛;1 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛;1
1 1 1
< 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛;1 + 𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛;1
2 2 2
1 1 1
= (𝑥0 2 - 𝑥1 2 ) + 𝑥1 2 − 𝑥2 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛 2 − 𝑥𝑛;1 2
2 2 2
1 1
= 𝑥𝑛 2 − 𝑥0 2 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2
2 2

Next we find the upper sum Uf (p)

𝑛
Uf (p) = 𝑖<1 f( 𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥𝑖 ; f(𝑥𝑖 ) = 𝑥𝑖
Cont… 20
 = 𝑥1 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 + 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 + … + 𝑥𝑛 (𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛;1 )
1 1 1
> 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 𝑥1 − 𝑥0 + 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 (𝑥2 −𝑥1 ) + … + (𝑥𝑛;1 + 𝑥𝑛 )(𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛;1 )
2 2 2
1 1 1
= 𝑥1 2 − 𝑥0 2 + 𝑥2 2 − 𝑥1 2 + … + 𝑥𝑛 2 − 𝑥𝑛;1 2
2 2 2
1 1
= 𝑥𝑛 2 − 𝑥0 2 = (𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )
2 2
𝑏
= lim ℒ𝑓 𝑝 ≤ 𝑎 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑈𝑓 𝑝
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
1
But lim ℒ𝑓 𝑝 = 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 = lim 𝑈𝑝 𝑝
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛→∞
𝑏 1
∴ 𝑎 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )
2
1 1
Then ;3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (1- 9) = - 4 ( the result is the difference of two area )
2
( see the figure below)
7 1
If a = 3 and b = 7 , then 3
𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 49 − 9 = 20
2

Similarly one can show that

+
𝑏 2 1 -3 1
𝑎
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑏 3 − 𝑎3 ) __
3

21
Cont…
 Special Properties of the Definite Integral
𝑎
⊳ Let f be continuous on 𝑎, 𝑏 . Then 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑
b a
a
f x dx = − b
f x dx
1 2
Example: Evaluate 4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sol’n
1 2 4 2 1 3 3 63
4
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 4 − 1 = − = −21
3 3
⊳ Let f and g be continuous on 𝑎, 𝑏 , then
𝑏 𝑏 b
𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 f x dx ± a f x dx
⊳ Let f be continuous and for any numbers a, b, and c
𝑏 𝑏
𝑎
𝑐𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⊳ Let f be continuous on an interval containing a, b &c such that
a < 𝑐 < 𝑏. 𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑛
b c b
a
f x dx = a
f x dx + c
f x dx
Cont… A.H 22
 Comparison Properties of definite integral
b
a. If f(x)≥ 0 for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 a
f x dx ≥ 0
𝑏 𝑏
b. If f(x) ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 , 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
c. If m ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑀 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 , 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛
𝑏
m(b – a) ≤ 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑀(𝑏 − 𝑎)

Theorem( Mean value theorem for Integrals)

Let f be continuous on 𝑎, 𝑏 , then there is a number c on
𝑎, , 𝑏 such that
𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐)(𝑏 − 𝑎)
Theorem( Fundamental theorem of calculus for integral)
If f is continuous on the interval 𝑎, 𝑏 and f(t) = F’(t), then
b
a
f t dt = F b − F a (F is anti derivative of f )
We write F(b) – F(a) = F(x)|𝑎𝑏
Cont… A.H 23
Example:
I. Evaluate the following definite integrals
2 2 4 1 1
a. 0
x dx b. 1
x 2 dx c. ;1
1 + 2x dx
Solution
a. We use here Evaluating theorem( Fundamental theorem of
calculus)
2 1 3
Find first anti derivative of 𝑥 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐹 𝑥 = 3 𝑥 then
2 2 1 3 1 8
0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =𝐹 2 −𝐹 0 = 3
(2) − 3 (0)3 = 3
1
2 3
b. The anti derivative of 𝑥 2 is F(x) = 3 𝑥 2 then
4 1 2 3 4 2 3
2 3
16 2 14
1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥2 | =
1
(4)2 - (1) 2 = − =
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 1
c. The anti derivative of 1+2x is F(x) = x + x then 1 + 2x dx ;1
1
= (x + x 2 )| ;1 = 1 + −1 2 − (−1 +(−1)2 ) = 2 − 0 = 2

Cont… A.H 24
 2 3
;2
4− 𝑥 2 dx b. 1
1 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4 − 𝑥 2 ; y≥ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

the semicircle above the x-axis with center (0,0) and radius r=2
2 1
Area= ;2 4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝜋

7 From the figure we see that the region below the line
𝐴2 y = 1+ 2x and above the x-axis in the interval
3
𝐴1 1≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝐴1 & 𝐴2 such that
3
1 3 Area = 1
1 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 6 + 4 = 10
25
 x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 with four subinterval and xi ∗ = xi
1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4 with n = 5 xi ∗ = xi;1
𝑏
𝑎
f x dx =
n
lim i<1 f(xi )∆x
n→∞
5 5 5
;1
1 + 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑏. 1
2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑐. 0
1 + 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
b
3. Write the sum or difference as a single integral in the form a f(x)dx
3 6 12
a. 1 f x dx + 3 f x dx + 6 f x dx
10 7
b. 2 f x dx − 2 f x dx
10 8 10
4. If 0 f x dx = 17 and 0 f x dx = 12 then find 8 f x dx
1 4 4
5. If 0 f t dt = 2, 0 f x dx = −6 and 3 f x dx = 1 then
3
find 1 f x dx
Cont… A.H 26
 Indefinite integrals and their properties
Given a function f(x), an ant derivative of f(x) is any function F(x) such that
F’(x) = f(x)
If F(x) is any anti derivative of f(x), then the most general anti- derivative of
f(x) is called an indefinite integral (or simply integral) and denoted by
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 + 𝑐 , c is any constant
Example: Evaluate the following integral
a. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑏. (𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
a. Let f(x) = 𝑥 2 We need to find F X such that F ′ x = f x
1
The general anti-derivative F(x) of f(x) is 𝑥 3 + 𝑐
3
1 3
∴ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 +𝑐
3
b. Here also we need to find F(x) such that F’(x) = f(x); f(x) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥
1 3
The general anti-derivative F(x) of f(x) is 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 + c
5 4

Cont…
A.H27
 1 5 3 4
∴ (𝑥 4 +3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑐
5 4

Some common Indefinite Integrals

( here a, c, p, q and r are any arbitrary constants)

1 2
adx = ax + c 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑐
1 2
𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 1 3 𝑟 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + c 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑟:1 + 𝑐 ( 𝑟 ≠ −1)
3 𝑟:1
1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

Cont… 28
 Properties of Indefinite Integrals
1. If f and g have anti-derivative on an interval I, then
f x + g x dx = f x dx + g x dx
Proof.
Let F and G be the anti-derivative of f and g respectively.
⇒ F’ = f and G’ = g
(F + G )’ = F’ + G’ = f + g
⇒ The sum of anti derivative of f & g is the ant-derivative of f + g
(you can ignore the constant c here)
2. If f has anti-derivative on an interval I and a is a real number,
then
𝑎𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Proof.
Let F be anti-derivative of f , then F’ = f
(aF)’(x) = aF’(x) = af(x)
⇒ aF is the anti-derivative of af
Cont… A.H 29
Example:
I. Evaluate the indefinite integrals
1. (6𝑥 2 + 5𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
2. 5𝑥 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. (an x n + a n;1 x n;1 + … + a1 x + a 0 )dx
𝑛 𝑖:1 + 𝑥 𝑖 + 2 𝑑𝑥
4. 𝑖<1 𝑥
Solution:
1. 6x 2 + 5ex dx = 6x 2 dx + 5ex dx
= 6 x 2 dx + 5 ex dx
= 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
5
2. 5x − 3cosx dx = 5 xdx − 3 cosxdx = x 2 − 3sinx + c
2

3. an x n + an;1 x n;1 + … + a1 x + a0 dx = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎𝑛;1 𝑥 𝑛;1 𝑑𝑥 + ⋯

+ 𝑎1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑛 𝑛:1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑎1 2
= 𝑥 + 𝑥 + …+ 𝑥 + 𝑎0 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑛:1 𝑛 2

Cont…
A.H 30
 𝑛 𝑛 𝑖:1 𝑖
𝑖<1 𝑓𝑖 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑖<1 (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑖:1 𝑖
𝑖<1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥
𝑛 1 𝑖:2 1 𝑖:1
𝑖<1 𝑖:2 𝑥 + 𝑖:1
𝑥 + 2𝑥
𝑛 1 𝑖:2 𝑛 1 𝑖:1 𝑛
𝑖<1 𝑖:2 𝑥 + 𝑖<1 𝑖:1 𝑥 + 𝑖<1 1 +𝑐
𝑛 1 𝑖:2 𝑛 1
𝑖<1 𝑖:2 𝑥 + 𝑖<1 𝑥 𝑖:1 + 2𝑥𝑛 + 𝑐
𝑖:1

II. Evaluate the following indefinite integral.

1. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2. 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; (𝑎 > 0)

Cont… A.H 31
 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1
( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
⇒ tanx is the anti derivative of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
⇒ tanx + c is the general anti − deivative of 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝑥
2𝑥 )′ = 2𝑥 𝑙𝑛2
2𝑥 2𝑥
⇒ 2𝑥 2𝑥
𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛2
2𝑥
∴ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛2
3. Similar to 2 above
𝑥 𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑙𝑛𝑎

Cont… A.H 32
•

Example: In the integral 6𝑥(3𝑥 2 + 2)4 𝑑𝑥

observe the relation b/n 6x and 3𝑥 2 + 2
(3𝑥 2 + 2)′ = 6𝑥
We use change of variable here from variable x to a new
variable u
So let u = 3𝑥 2 + 2
Cont… A.H 33
 ∴ 6𝑥(3𝑥 2 + 2)4 dx = 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢
1 5
𝑢 +𝑐
5
1 2
5
(3𝑥 + 2)5 + 𝑐

Let G’(x) = g(x) ( G is the anti derivative of g )

𝑑 𝐺(𝑓(𝑥)
= G’(f(x))f’(x) = g(f(x))f’(x)
𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑐
To evaluate such integral we substitute u for inner function f(x)
and du for f’(x)dx such that
𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐺 𝑢 + 𝑐 = G(f(x)) +c

Cont…
A.H 34
 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 5)6 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3 + 5
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
⇒ 3𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 + 5)5 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢6 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢7 + 𝑐 = 𝑥 3 + 5)7 + 𝑐
7 7
𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

4 4 1 5 1 5
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 5
𝑢 +𝑐 = 5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥+c
3. Find 𝑥 5 𝑥 2 − 1𝑑𝑥
Solution
Let u = 𝑥2 − 1

Cont… A.H 35
 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
𝑥 2 ;1 𝑢
𝑥 4𝑥 𝑥2 − 1 𝑥 4 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 4 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢
𝑥 2 − 1 ⇒ 𝑢2 + 1 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑢4 + 2𝑢2 + 1 = 𝑥 4
⇒ 𝑥 5 𝑥 2 − 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 4 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢4 + 2𝑢2 + 1 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢6 + 2𝑢4 + 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢 𝑢6 𝑑𝑢 + 2 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1 7 2 1
𝑢 + 𝑢5 + 𝑢3 + 𝑐
7 5 3
7 5 3
1 2 2 2 1
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝑐
2
7 5 3

4. Evaluate the integral given below by substitution

𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥
Solution
Let u = x+1 ; du = dx
𝑥−1 𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥= 𝑢−2 𝑢𝑑𝑢 ( 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 − 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1)
= 𝑢 𝑢 − 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Cont.
36
 2 5 4 3
= 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 + 𝑐
5 3
5 3
2 4
(𝑥 + 1)2 − (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑐
5 3
2 𝑑𝑥
1 (3;5𝑥)2

𝑑𝑢
⇒ dx = -
5

Thus
2 𝑑𝑥
1 (3;5𝑥)2
=-
1 ;7 𝑑𝑢
5 ;2 𝑢2
=-
1
5
(−
1
𝑢
|;7
;2
=
1 ;7
|
5𝑢 ;2
=
1
5
1
− +
7
1
2
=
1
14
𝑥 𝑥
6. Find the area of the region bounded by y = (2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
, the x axis, and
2 2
the lines x = 0 and x= 𝜋
Solution
Here observe that y ≥ 0, 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑛 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑠
𝜋 𝑥 𝑥
0
(2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝑥 1 𝑥
Let u = 2 +sin , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 dx
2 2 2
Cont. 37
 𝑢(𝜋) 2 2 3 3 2 38
𝑢(0)
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 |2 27 − 8 =
3 3 3

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝑥(4 + 𝑥 2 )10 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢 = 4 + 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑥
3
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝜃 4. 𝑥 2 2 𝑥 :1 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑢 𝑥3 + 1

(𝑙𝑛𝑥)2 𝑥:1
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 2 :2𝑥:3
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 3𝑥;1
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1:𝑥 2 (3𝑥 2 ;2𝑥:1)4
𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1𝑑𝑥
(𝑥;5)6 𝑥
x 2 + 5 for each value of x

III. Evaluate the definite integral by appropriate substitution

1 𝜋2
13 𝑑𝑥 4 3 2 ; 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
1. 0 3 2. 0
𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) dx
2 3. 9
𝜋2
dx
(1:2𝑥)2 𝑥
16
𝜋
4. 2
0
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A.H 38
 𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥
= v 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑣 dx + 𝑢 dx = 𝑣𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = uv − vdu ; if u = f(x) 𝞚 v = g(x), then we can
also write integration by parts as follows
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example: I. Find 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Let u = x ; du = dx
dv= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
= xsinx + cosx + c
Cont… A.H 39
 1 2
x which is more complecated than dv
2
ln 𝑥 ln 𝑥

2. Find 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
solution
1
Let u = lnx ; du = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
dv = dx ; v = x
1
𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = uv - 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = xlnx - 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = xlnx – x + c
𝑥
3. Find 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑑𝑥
Solution

Cont… A.H 40
 𝑥 2 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥
1
4
𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
1 1
𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + 2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥

u = x ; du = dx
1
dv = cos4x ; v = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥
1 1
udv = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥𝑑𝑥 uv - vd𝑢 4
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 − 4
𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 4
𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 + 16 cos4x
1 1 1
∴ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 4 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
+ 8xsin4x + 32 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 + c
3. Find 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 ( use integration by parts)
Solution
Let u = 𝑒 2𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 dx
1
dv= sin3x dx ; v = - 3 cos3x
Cont…
A.H 41
 1 2
𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑒 2𝑥 cos3x 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
3 3
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑑𝑥
u 𝑒 2𝑥 ; du 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
v v 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
3
1 2𝑥 2
u v 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = u v − v du 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥
3 3
1 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 4
∴ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥
3 9 9
13 1 2𝑥 2 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
9 3 9
3 2𝑥 2 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠3x + 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + c
13 13

Exercises
I. Evaluate the integral ( use integration by parts)
𝜋
𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑥
1. dx 2. 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 3. dx 4. 𝜋
2
𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥:2
4
𝜋
3 𝑑𝑥 4 3 𝑑𝑥
5. 2
0
(𝑙𝑛𝑥) 6. 1
𝑥(𝑙𝑛𝑥)

Cont… A.H 42
 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑃(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥) 𝑄(𝑥)

𝑃(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥)
𝑄(𝑥)

Example: I. Express the following fractions in partial fraction and

then evaluate their indefinite integral.
3𝑥:7 𝑥:1 𝑥 2 ;1
1.𝑥2 :6𝑥:8 2. 3.
𝑥;1 2 (𝑥;2) (2𝑥:3)(𝑥 2 :1)
Solution

Cont… A.H 43
 3x:7 3𝑥:7 𝐴 𝐵
= = + ⇒ A(x+4) +B(x+2) = 3x +7
x2 :6x:8 (𝑥:2)(𝑥:4) 𝑥:2 𝑥:4
1
If x = −2 then B vanishes and then 2A = 1 ⇒ A = 2
5
If x = −4 then A vanishes and then −2B = −5 ⇒ B =2
1 5
3x:7
∴ = 2
+ 2
x2 :6x:8 𝑥:2 𝑥:4

3x:7 1 1 5 1
⇒ x2 :6x:8
𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥:2
𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥:4
dx ; Let u = x+2 ; du = dx
and v = x+4 ; dv = dx
We do integration by substitution.
3x:7 1 1 5 1 1 5
x2 :6x:8
𝑑𝑥 =2 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 + 2 𝑣
dv = 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑣| +c
1 5
= 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2| + 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 4| +c

Cont… A.H 44
 𝑥:1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
+ +
𝑥;1 2 (𝑥;2) (𝑥;1)2 𝑥;1 𝑥;2
⇒ 𝐴 𝑥 − 2 + B x − 1 x − 2 + C(x − 1)2

𝑥:1 ;2 ;3 3
𝑥;1 2 (𝑥;2)
= (𝑥;1)2 + 𝑥;1 + 𝑥;2 , then
𝑥:1 1 1 1
𝑥;1 2 (𝑥;2)
dx = −2 (𝑥;1)2 𝑑𝑥 −3 𝑥;1 + 3 𝑥;2
dx
2
= 𝑥;1 −3𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1|+ 3ln|x −2|

𝑥 2 ;1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥:𝐶
3. = + ⇒ A(𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑥 2 − 1
(2𝑥:3)(𝑥 2 :1) 2𝑥:3 𝑥 2 :1

Cont…
A.H 45
 ⇒ -3A +4C = -3 and with the third equation we
5 4 6
13 13
− 13
5 4 6 5 4 6
𝑥 2 ;1 𝑥; 𝑥
⇒ (2𝑥:3)(𝑥2 :1) 13
+ 13 13 13 13 13
2𝑥:3 2
𝑥 :1 2𝑥:3 𝑥 2 :1 2
𝑥 :1
𝑥 2 ;1 5 1 4 𝑥 6 1
∴ (2𝑥:3)(𝑥 2 :1)
dx = 13 2𝑥:3
dx + 13 𝑥 2 :1
𝑑𝑥 − 13 𝑥 2 :1
dx
5 2 2 6 ;1
= 26
ln|2x+3|+ 13
ln|𝑥 + 1|− 13
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 +𝑐
Note that when the degree of P(x) is greater than the degree of
Q(x) we use long division first and then do the integral using one
of the technique we know(see the example given below)
𝑥3
Example: Let r(x) = 𝑥 2 ;3𝑥:2
, then to find its integral we first do
long division
Cont… A.H 46
 𝑥3 7𝑥 ; 6
= 𝑥+3
𝑥 2 ;3𝑥:2 𝑥 2 ;3𝑥:2
7𝑥;8 ;1 8
−
𝑥 2 ;3𝑥:2 𝑥;1 𝑥;2

𝑥3 1 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 ;3𝑥:2
dx = 2
𝑥 + 3x − ln 𝑥 − 1 − 8𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 2
Exercises
I. Evaluate the integral given below
𝑥;9 𝑥 2 :2𝑥;1 10
1. 𝑥 2 :3𝑥;10
dx 2. 𝑥 3 ;𝑥
dx 3. (𝑥;1)(𝑥 2 :9)
dx
1 𝑥 2 :2 𝑑𝑥
4. dx 5. 𝑑𝑥 6. dx
𝑥 3 ;𝑥 4𝑥 5 :4𝑥 3 :𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 ;4𝑒 𝑥 :4
II. Evaluate the definite integral ( use long division first)
1 𝑥3 2 𝑥 3 :𝑥 2 ;12𝑥:1
1. 0 𝑥 2 :1
dx 2. dx
0 𝑥 2 :𝑥:2

Cont…
A.H 47
 a2 − x 2 , a2 + x 2 or x 2 − a2 ,

a
For a2 − x 2 , a > 0 , we substitute x = asinθ x
𝜃
⇒ a2 − x 2 = a2 − a2 sin2 θ = a 1 − sin2 θ = acosθ 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
1
For a2 + x 2 or x2 :a2
(a > 0), we substitute x = atanθ x
𝜃
⇒ a2 + x2 = a2 + a2 tan2 θ = a 1 + tan2 θ = asecθ a

For x 2 − a2 , (a > 0), we substitute x = asecθ

⇒ x 2 − a2 = a2 sec 2 θ − a2 = a sec 2 θ − 1 = a tanθ
a tan θ ; x ≥ a
( x 2 − a2 = ) x 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
−atanθ ; x ≤ −a 𝜃
Cont… a
48
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥:1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1;4𝑥 2 (5;𝑥 2 ) 9;𝑥 2

1 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑑𝜃
𝜃 ⇒
2 𝑥 1;4𝑥 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2) 1;𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
1
𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
2
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
1;4𝑥 2
2𝑥 −
2𝑥

𝑑𝑥 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 5
2. Let x= 5sin𝜃 ⇒ (5;𝑥 2 )
= (5;5𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃)
= 5
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
5
dx= 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 5
ln 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + c
5 5:𝑥
= ln +c
5 5;𝑥 2
Cont… A.H 49
 𝑥:1 𝑑𝑥 (3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃:1)
𝜃 ⇒ 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
9;𝑥 2 9;9𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝜃 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 1 𝑑𝜃
𝜃+ 𝜃+𝐶
𝑥
9 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛;1 +𝑐
3

𝑑𝑥 9:𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
(1:2𝑥 2 )5 2 𝑥4 𝑥 2 :𝑥:1

Solution
1 𝑑𝑥 1 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 1
1. Let x = 2
tan𝜃 ⇒ (1:2𝑥 2 )5 2
= (1:𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃)5 2
= 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 2 1 1 3
dx = 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 = 2
(sin𝜃 − 3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) +𝑐
𝑥 2𝑥 3
= 2
− 3(1:2𝑥2 )3 2 +c
1:2𝑥
Cont… 50
 9:𝑥 2 9:9𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 3𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑥4 4
81𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃 1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 4 𝜃𝑑𝜃
9 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 9
1 2
cotθ𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃 − cotθ𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
27 27
3 9:𝑥 2 2
− 2 9 + 𝑥2 + 𝑐
27𝑥 9 9𝑥

1 3
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = (𝑥 + )2 +
2 4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 3 3
⇒ = 1 3 so, Let x+ = tan𝜃 ; dx = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃d𝜃
𝑥 2 :𝑥:1 (𝑥: )2 : 2 2 2
2 4

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 2 3 2 3
= 1 3 = 3 3 = 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜃
𝑥 2 :𝑥:1 (𝑥: )2 : 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃: 3 3
2 4 4 4
2 3 2𝑥:1
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 ( )+c
3 3
III. Evaluate the following integrals(use trigonometric Substitution)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1. 2. 3.
3𝑥 2 ;9 9𝑥 2 ;4 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 ;𝑎2

Cont… A.H 51
 𝑑𝑥 3 tanθsecθdθ 3 tanθsecθ
3 secθ ⇒ 3𝑥 2 ;9 9sec2 θ;9 9 tan2 θ
θ
3 dθ 3
3tanθsecθdθ 9 sinθ 9
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
3
9
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

3 𝑥; 3 1 𝑥: 3
= ln + c =− ln +c
9 𝑥: 3 6 3 𝑥; 3

2 𝑑𝑥 2 3 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 1 𝑑𝜃 1
2. Let x = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 ⇒ = = = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
3 9𝑥 2 ;4 4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃;4 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 3
2 1
dx = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + c
3 3

1 4
= 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − +c
3 9

𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
3. Let x = asec𝜃 ⇒ =
𝑥 2 𝑥 2 ;𝑎 2 𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃;𝑎2
1 𝑑𝜃 1 1
dx = atan𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 +𝑐
𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑎2 𝑎2
1 𝑥 2 ;𝑎2
= +c
Cont… 𝑎2 𝑥 A.H 52
 𝑑𝑥 1;𝑥 2
𝑥3
𝑥 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 ;25
9𝑥 2 ;1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 :4 𝑥 2 :6𝑥:14
2 (𝑥 2 :12)𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
7. 8. 9.
0 𝑥 2 :4 2 𝑥 2 ;1 1 (𝑥 2 ;2𝑥:4)3 2

Cont.
53
 t
a
f x dx exists ≥ 𝑎, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛
∞ t
0
f x dx = lim a f x dx
t→∞

b
t
f x dx exists for every number ≤ b
𝑏 𝑏
;∞
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑡→∞ 𝑡
provided that the limit exists
∞ 𝑏
Notice that the improper integral 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ;∞
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒
called convergent if the corresponding limit exists and divergent
if the limit does not exist.
∞ a
c. If both a
fx dx and ;∞ f x dx are covergent , then we
∞ a ∞
define ;∞
f x dx = ;∞ f x dx + a
f x dx
Cont… A.H 54
 ∞
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
∞
a
f x dx , where S = x, y : x ≥ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ f(x)

Example:
∞
1. Determine whether the integral 1 f x dx is convergent or divergent
Solution
∞1 𝑡1 𝑡
1
𝑑𝑥 = lim 1
𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 |1
= lim 𝑙𝑛𝑡 − 𝑙𝑛1 = lim 𝑙𝑛𝑡 = ∞
𝑥 𝑡→∞ 𝑥 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
⇒ The limit does not exist
∞1 ∞ 1
∴ 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 ( check that 1 𝑥2
dx is convergent (finite number))
𝑥 55
Cont…
 0 𝑥
;∞
𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥

0 𝑥 0 𝑥
;∞
𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = lim 𝑡
𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑡→∞

𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
0 x x 0 x 0 t t
t
xe dx = xe t
− e | t
e − 1 + e
0 𝑥 𝑡
;∞
𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = lim (− 𝑥 −𝑡 ) + lim −1 + lim 𝑒 𝑡
𝑡→;∞ 𝑡→;∞ 𝑡→;∞

∞ 𝑑𝑥
3. Evaluate ;∞ 1:𝑥 2
solution
∞ 𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
;∞ 1:𝑥 2
= ;∞ 1:𝑥 2
+ 0 1:𝑥 2
Let’s evaluate each integral on the left side separately
Cont… A.H 56
 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑥
0 1:𝑥 2
lim 0 1:𝑥2 lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 𝑥| 0𝑡
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞
𝜋
lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 0 = lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛;1 𝑡 =
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞ 2
0 𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 ;1 0
;∞ 1:𝑥 2
lim 𝑡 2 lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥| 𝑡
𝑡→;∞ 1:𝑥 𝑡→;∞
;1 ;1 ;1 𝜋
lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛 0 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = − lim 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡 = 2
𝑡→;∞ 𝑡→;∞
∞ 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
∴ ;∞ 1:𝑥2 = 2( 2 𝜋

Type 2: Discontinuous Integrands

Suppose that f is a positive continuous function defined on a
finite interval 𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑕𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑏 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡
The region is infinite in a vertical direction as shown in the
figure below.

Cont… A.H 57
 t
a
f x dx

→ 𝑏 ;1 , 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛
S b t
a
f x dx lim a
f x dx
t→∞

𝑎, 𝑏
b t
a
f x dx = lim− a f x dx
t→b

𝑎, 𝑏
b b
a
f x dx = lim+ t f x dx
t→a

Cont… 58
 𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒

𝑐 𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥;2

1
𝑥;2
Cont… A.H 59
 (2, 5

5 𝑑𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 2 𝑥;2
lim+ 𝑡 lim+ 2 𝑥 − 2 | 5𝑡
𝑡→2 𝑥;2 𝑡→2
lim+ 2( 3 𝑡−2)=2 3
𝑡→2

∞ 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥𝑝
𝜋

0
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥
3 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑥;1
0≤1≤

A.H
60
 ∞ 𝑑𝑥 ;1 ;2𝑡 ∞ 3 ∞ 𝑑𝑥
1 (3𝑥:1)2
𝑏. ;∞
𝑒 𝑐. ;∞
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑. ;∞ 𝑥 2 :4
1 𝑑𝑦
0 4𝑦;1

Application of Integrals
Areas between curves
Consider the region S that lies between two
curves y = f(x) , y = g(x)
and between the vertical lines x = a and y = b
where f & g are continuous and f(x) ≥g(x) for all
x in [a, b] (see the figure below)
Cont… A.H 61
 𝑛
lim 𝑖<1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ∗ ) − 𝑔(𝑥𝑖 ∗ ∆𝑥
𝑛→∞

≥ g x for all x in a, b

b
a
f x − g(x)

A.H
62
 If g(x) = 0 , S is the region under the graph of f
and our definition for area reduced to what we
knew before i.e A = lim 𝑛𝑖<1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ∗ )∆𝑥
𝑛→∞

In the case where both f & g are positive, you can see
from the figure above that
A = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓(𝑥) - 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
= 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Example
1. Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabolas
Cont…
A.H
63
 2x − x 2 and g( x2

2x − x 2 x 2 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 𝑥 − 1 = 0
⇒ x = 0 and x = 1
Therefore the points of intersection are (0, 0) & (1, 1)
f(x)= 2x-𝑥 2
(1, 1)
From the figure we observe that f(x)≥ 𝑔 𝑥
1
⇒A= 0
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) dx
1 1
= 0
2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 0
𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
(0, 0) g(x) = 𝑥 2
= 2(12 𝑥 2 − 13 𝑥 3 )| 10 = 1 1 1
2(2 − 3) = 3
Some region S are best treated by regarding x as a function of
y. If a region is bounded by curves with equation x = f(y) ,
x= g(y), y = c and y = d, where f and g are continuous and 64
 ≥ ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑 , 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑠
d
c
f y − g(y)

𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 6

(x-1)2 = 2𝑥 + 6 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥+1 = 2x = 6
⇒ 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 = 0 ⇒ (x + 1)(x – 5) = 0
⇒ x = -1 , x= 5
Therefore the points of intersection are (-1, -2) & (5, 4)
Lets write the function of the two curve as f(y) = y + 1 and
1 2
g(y) =2𝑦 +3
A.H 65
g(y)
f(y)
≥ g y for − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4

4 4 1 2
;2
𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑔(𝑦) ;2
( 𝑦 + 1 − ( 𝑦 − 3))𝑑𝑦
2
4 1 2
;2
− 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 4 𝑑𝑦
1 1 4
(− 6 𝑦 3 + 2 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦)| ;2
35 12 145
− 6 + 2 + 24 = 6

A.H 66
Exercises.
I. Find the area of the region enclosed by the two curves given in the
following graphs

Cont… A.H 67
 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 , 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 3
𝑦2 = 1 − 𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑥2 − 2

In case you need the reference books used in preparing this

pp, here they are
 James Stewart, Calculus concepts and contexts 2nd ed.
 Robert A.Adams, calculus: Complete course 5th ed.
 Robert. C.Wrede, Murray Spiegel, Advanced
calculus(schaum’s outlines) 2nd ed.

This …..is ….the …. End of Ch – 6 So does the course

68