Formulas and Quick Tricks for Average Problems 1. 10. Average = Sum of quantities/ Number of quantities . Sum of quantities = Average * Number of quantities . The average of first n natural numbers is (n +1) /2 . The average of the squares of first n natural numbers is (n +1)(2n+1 ) / 6 . The average of cubes of first n natural numbers is n(n+1)? / 4 . The average of first n odd numbers is given by (last odd number +1) / 2 . The average of first n even numbers is given by (last even number + 2) / 2 . The average of squares of first n consecutive even numbers is 2(n+1) (2n+1) /3 . The average of squares of consecutive even numbers till n is (n+1)(n+2) / 3 The average of squares of squares of consecutive odd numbers till n is n(n+2) / 311. If the average of n consecutive numbers is m, then the difference between the smallest and the largest number is 2(m-1) 12. If the number of quantities in two groups be nq and ng and their average is x and y respectively, the combined average is (nyx+n2y) / (nq+ N2) 13. The average of n quantities is equal to x. When a quantity is removed, the average becomes y. The value of the removed quantity is n(x-y) + y 14. The average of n quantities is equal to x. When a quantity is added, the average becomes y. The value of the new quantity is n(y-x) + yRatio and Proportion Ratio: ~The ratio of two quantities a and b of same units is the fraction x/y, where b * 0 ~The fraction x/y can be represented as x:y Different types of ratios are: 1) Duplicate ratio: It is the ratio of squares of two numbers. Duplicate ratio of the fraction — Is given as: y y 2) Sub-duplicate ratio: Its the ratio between square roots of two numbers. x x Duplicate ratio ofthe fraction ~ is glven as: —~=—~ or x:y= VR y y WW 3) Triplicate ratio: It is the ratio of cubes of two numbers. Triplicate ratio of the fraction 4) Sub- Triplicate ratio: It is the ratio between cube roots of two numbers x x Xl) Sub-‘Tiplicate ratio ofthe fraction ~ Is gen as = = — y yyy '5) Compound ratio: It is the ratio of product of first terms in every ratio to that of product of second term in every ratic For example: ‘Compound ratio of (ax), (by), (c :2) is (abe : xyz) 6) Inverse ratio: The ratio formed by interchanging their old places in the ratio to new The inverse ratio of 5:8i8 8:5. Proportion: 1) Proportion is the equality of two ratios. When (a: b = x:y) is represented as (a:b: x:), then a, b, x,y are sald to be in proportion. Ing y),aand y are called as extremes and b and x are called as mean terms, Product of means = Product of extremes 2) Mean proportion: Mean proportion between x and y is given as Vxy '3) Third proportion: If p:q = qs, then sis called as third proportional to p and q. 4) Fourth proportion: If u: v= x: y, then y is the fourth proportional of u, vand x.1) Comparison of ratios: xa I(x) > (a:b) = yb 2) Proportion Proportion = Equality of two ratios, a,b, cd are in proportion aibiic:d Haib=cid 2 b £ qd £ Product of means = Product of extremes bxc=axd 4) Variation: - If a= kb for some constant k, then we can say that a is directly proportional to b. - If ba =k for some constant k, then we can say that a is inversely proportional to b 5) If ratio between first and second quantity m:n 2, fourth and fifth quantity p:q=c:2, then m:n trick shown below: a: x ' 4g c : z abc: xbc:xyc: xyz m:n:p:q=abe: xbe: ye: xyz 6) If anumber a is divided in the ratio x : y, 1) First part (x+y) 2) Second part &+y) =X, second and third quantity nn: p=b can be easily solved by using theWhat is Partnership? When two or more people join hands to create a start-up or some business it’s called a ‘partnership’ business. Typically, they invest some capital and earn some profit. And, this profit is distributed among partners either in some prefixed ratio or the ratio of their investment. In exams, mostly profit distribution is based on later type. The calculation for profit based on investment is done as shown below: Pq: Pa = CyxT4: CoxT 2 Here, Py = Profit for Partner 1. C; = Capital by Partner 1. Ty = Time period for which Partner 1 invested his capital. P2 = Profit for Partner 2. C2 = Capital by Partner 2. T2 = Time period for which Partner 2 invested his capital. Typical Question Methodology: 1) We are given the amount of investment by two partners for particular time like A and B invested Rs. 1500 and Rs.2000 respectively. After 4There are two types of partnership. 1. Simple Partnership: In simple partnership, capitals of partners are invested for the same period of time. 2. Compound Partnership: In compound partnership, capitals of partners are invested for the different period of time. Basic Formulas If two partners A and B are investing their money to run a business then (Simple Partnership) Capital of A Profit of A Capital of B Profit of B Capital of A : Capital of B = Profit of A : Profit of B If two partners A and B are investing their money for different period of time to run a business then (Compound Partnership) Capital of A x Time period of A __ Profit of A Capital of B x Time period of B ProfitofB Capital of A x Time period of A : Capital of B x Time period of B = Profit of A : Profit of BIf n partners are investing for different period of time then C471 2 CgT2 : CgT3: nlp = Py :P2:P3:..:Ph Where C is the capital invested, T is time period of capital invested and P is profit earned. Shortcut Methods Rule 1: If two partners are investing their money C, and C2 for equal period of time and their total profit is P then their shares of profit are C, xP G+ Cp x P and ———— C, + C2 If these partners are investing their money for different period of time which is T, and Ty, then their profits are C, xT, xP Cy XT; xP EXT XP og ete XP Ci, + Coy“ CiT, + CyTy Rule 2: If n partners are investing their money C4, Co, ..., Cy for equal period of time and their total profit is P then their shares of profit areCy, x P Cy xP Cy x] Cyt Cote t+ Cy Cyt Cote t GC + Cy +e If these partners are investing their money for different period of time which is Ty, T,..., Ty then their profits are C,; xT, x P C2 x Tz X P CyTy + CgTz Het CyTy CiTy + C272 to + CaTn * Question — Raj invested Rs 76000 in a business. After few months Monty joined him and invests Rs 57000. At the end of year both of them share the profits at the ratio of 2:1. After how many months Monty joined Raj ? Solution - We can simply compute per month investment of both partnership1. Percent implies “for every hundred”. % is read as percentage and x % is read as x per cent. 2. To calculate p % of y (p/100) x y = (p x y)/100 p%ofy=y%ofp 3. To find what percentage of x is y: y/x x 100 4. To calculate percentage change in value Percentage change = {change/(initial value)} x 100 5. Percentage point change = Difference of two percentage figures 6. Increase N by S % = N( 1+ S/100 ) 7. Decrease N by S % = N (1 - S/100) 8. If the value of an item goes up/down by x%, the percentage reduction/increment to be now made to bring it back to the original point is 100x/ (100 + x) %. 9. If Ais x% more /less than B, then B is 100x/(100 + x) % less/more than A. 10. If the price of an item goes up/down by x %, then the quantity consumed should be reduced | 7 by 100x/ (100 + x)% so that the total expenditure remains the same.20:10 Mb 11. Successive Percentage Change If there are successive percentage increases of a % and b%, the effective percentage increase is: {(a + b + (ab/100)}% 12. Percentage - Ratio Equivalence: FXO» S535 GAO x 400 = 10% B/AX 100 25% B/S X 100 20% 1/6 100 16.65% T7700 126% 1/8 X100 = 12.5% oa [a__[2__Js_ Ja Js To Ts Jo Too 306 [30a [300 [a5 —[s05 [606 —| 700 [06 [90 | 3000. s0 [200 [150 | 200 [250 [300 [350 | 400 | a50 | 500 3355 [66.66 | 300. 30__[ao [60 | 80 — [700 66.66 [8333 | 100 yaze [vase [22065 sae [7a | BP _| WOO. was [35 [37s so__[e2s [7s | e7.5 | 300. suai [2233 [33.35 eae [5555 | 6666_| 77.7 | 66.8 | 100 10 _[10__— 2030. 109 paeie | 2737 3536 [4545 [sasa [eae [727 [eis [209 ils [rece [a5 ww_[aice [50 |se3 [ese [75 [ass 13__[ 7.69 [15.38 _| 2307 3076 [ses [asia [s3.03 | 6157 | 6921 | 759 1a [71a [raze [2.02 2as7 [35.71 | 428s | e9.98 | 97.12 | 64.26 | 71.4 15 [6.66 [19.33 [20 25.66|33.33 [<0 [ess [533 [oo [656 16 [6.25 [nas | 1875 25 [3125 [375 [3.7 [50 [552 Lens N is Numerator Dis the Denominator 13. Product Stability Ratio: AxB=P If Ais increased by a certain percentage, then B is required to be decreased by a certain percentage to keep the product P stable. Expressing the percentage figures in ratio: Giargenh | Creed [erage fmentas | toeeness i 7 ° i +—|, z 3 3 i— 3 a * iz °14, Ifthe price of a commodity increases by P%, then the reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is: (pane 15. Ifthe price of a commodity decreases by P%, then the increase in consumption so asnot to decrease the expenditure (aepaime jsWhole numbers Natural Numbers Integers Prime Numbers Co-Prime Numbers Composite Numbers Even Numbers Odd Numbers Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7...... 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,...0.- -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5, 6)... 3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23........ HCF =1 4,6,8,9,12,14,15,16,18,20........ 2,4,6,7,8,10,12,14........ 3,5,7,9,11,13,15.. In ‘p/q’ form wherein p & q are integers and q is not equal to 0 Pi, e, V2, v3, v5, “—@Number System Aptitude Tricks: Sums Questions on finding the sums of sequences of numbers are rampant and you are likely to encounter one or two out of this category in whichever exam you are appearing for. These number system aptitude tricks for solving sums will come in handy while performing data interpretation. Sum of the first n odd numbers: Sum of first n even numbers Sum of the first 7 natural numbers Sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers Sum of the cubes of the first nnatural numbers n’2 n(nt1) [n(nt1)//2 Innt+1) (2n+1)/6 In(nt1)//2p2Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P. Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P. Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P, the seller is said to have a profit or gain. Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P, the seller is said to have incurred a loss. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. Gain = (S.P) - (C.P) 2. Loss = (C.P) - (S.P) 3. Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P. 4. Gain Percentage: (Gain %) . Gain x 100 Gain % = | —~—— CP. 5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %) Loss x 100 Loss % = | ———— C.P.a 10. 11. 12. 13. . Selling Price: (S.P.) (100 + Gain %) = | xp sP f Too x. . Selling Price: (S.P.) (100 - Loss %) = | ————— x CP. sP [ 700 x . Cost Price: (C.P.) 100 p= | _xgp GP. [motes * ] . Cost Price: (C.P.) 100 p=[— °° ___yop cP [ware * P| If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Common Loss and Gain *} _ (2) 10} ° Loss % = SS ( 70 If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Error Gain % = | ——_——______ x 19 |%. lax Value) - (Error) x 00] °Simple Interest Total Interest paid Today Next Year In 2 Years Rs, 1000 Interest owed to Raman ial pen an Raman Bank Bank Rs. 100 Rs. 200 its Formula of Simple Interest: Formula Of Simple Interest (S.I.) Here, P= Principal R = Rate T=Time g# Solution: 1.$.1=6;A=S.1+ principal; A=6+100 + 106 Method I Method II S.I <== = RT mt Principal aE ae S.I 3x2 = 225x106 ese 108 = 2 A= s00[ 3+ 750 6=SI 106 Amount = S.I + Principal A= 100X799 Amount = 6 + 100 A=106 Amount = 106 2.S.1=10;A=S.1+P;A=10+500 = 510 3.$.1=6;A=4004+6 = 406 Rx = — SI x10 ~ Principal 2rxt = 2 <100 SI = 1020 - 720 =300 In 2 Years = SI= 300 9 =>Rs. 120 P = 720-120 600| © Compound Interest Compound Interest Today Next Year Rs. 1000 7 R008 { Raman Bank ' Raman Bank | \ / Re00 In2Vears Nye te so oo \ Rs. 1000 7 Rs.11 ryN \ [N y Raman Bank BANI \raman sank; = LAM N 7 Rs.110 woe Formula of Compound Interest: Formula Of Compound Interest (C.1.) Here, P = Principal R = Rate T=TimeMERSAAGINS £UMGEYS VU. Basic Formula A=P+CI P: Amount after 't' years] A =P f +3) 100 P=Principal R=Rateof interest T=Time Compound interets after 't' years LC Case 1. When interest is not Compound yearly, Amount after 't' years A= P [1+ '/px100]"t n= no of compounding per year When interest is compounded half yearly, n = 2 compounded quarterly, n = 4 compounded monthly, n = 12 Case 2. When rate % is no equal every year and interest is compounded yearly Basic formula : P [1+ "/y00] [1+ '/100] ...upto 't' times But as rate % is not same every year, so A=P[1+'/qoo]"1 [14 12/4 o0]'2..... and so on Where R1 = Rate% p.a. for t1 years. and R2 = Rate % p.a. for t2 years. Case 3 When interest is compounded yearly time is in fraction T= 53/4 years Az (whole part) x (fraction part of time )A=P [1+ /yoo)9x [1+ */4/09 # Difference between Compound Interest and Simple Interest Cl-Sl=P[R/100 ]2 When time t = 3 years cl- Sl =P[(R/1003 +3 (R/100)7]