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Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Conservation principles
10 L/min
0.02 Kg/L
3000 L
y0=15 Kg 10 L/min
Rate out=?
10 L/min
0.02 Kg/L
3000 L
y0=15 Kg 5 L/min
Rate out=?
Now the rate of salt coming into the tank is simply the concentration of the brine by the flow rate of the
solution
The rate of salt leaving the tank, after being thoroughly mixed is similarly, the concentration of the
solution by its flow rate
50 600 + 𝑡
40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time (t)
𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑖
(or 𝑐 𝑜𝑛 𝑠 )
𝑑𝑚
= 𝑚 , + 𝑚 , − 𝑚 , − 𝑚 ,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑚
= 𝑚 , − 𝑚 ,
𝑑𝑡
𝑜 𝑜
If constant,
𝑜
Approx. 25% of
the tank volume
Simulation: Tank H = 1 m and D = 0.4 m,
Fo = 500 mL/min and F = 0.02V.
Then over time (say 60 minutes) the
volume of liquid inside the tank is going to
reach a steady state volume of 0.031 m3.
Course: Modeling, Simulation and Optimization for Chemical Engineering
Modeling Conservation Equations
𝑑𝑚 Simulation:
= 𝑚 , Tank H = 1 m and D = 0.4 m,
𝑑𝑡 Fo = 500 mL/min.
Time to tank overflow = 250 minutes.
Assuming 𝑜 , then 𝑜
𝑑𝑚
=− 𝑚 ,
𝑑𝑡
Assuming 𝑜 , then
𝑐
ρ V
𝐷2
where 𝑐 4
the cross sectional area of the tank.
Then,
F
𝑜
or, ρ
𝑑ℎ 4
𝑑 𝜋𝐷 2 𝑜
The model above describes variation of liquid height inside the tank over
time. Another way of saying this is the model describes the rate of change of
liquid height inside the tank. Model is more useful for process control of
liquid inside tank.
𝑁𝐴,1
𝑁𝐴,3
𝑁
𝑁𝐴,2 𝑁𝐵,3
𝑁𝐵,2
𝑑𝑁
= 𝑁 , + 𝑁 , − 𝑁 , − 𝑁 ,
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑁𝐴
= 𝑁𝐴,1 + 𝑁𝐴,2 − 𝑁𝐴,3
𝑑𝑡
Course: Modeling, Simulation and Optimization for Chemical Engineering
Modeling Conservation Equations
𝑑𝑁 F
= 𝑁, + 𝑁 , − 𝑁, − 𝑁 ,
𝑑𝑡 CA
CB
𝑑𝐶 𝑉
= 𝐹 𝐶 , + 𝐹 𝐶 , − 𝐹𝐶
𝑑𝑡 Assumptions made:
𝑑𝐶 Well mixed tank.
𝑉 = 𝐹 𝐶 , + 𝐹 𝐶 , − 𝐹𝐶 Constant liquid hold-up
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶 𝑉
= 𝐹 𝐶 , + 𝐹 𝐶 , − 𝐹𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 +𝐶 = 𝐹 𝐶 , + 𝐹 𝐶 , − 𝐹𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐸𝑖𝑛 𝐸 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑑𝐸
𝐸̇ , − 𝐸̇ ,
𝑑𝑡
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed – only converted from one form of energy to another.
Can you recall which law of thermodynamics supports this statement?
Example 3:
Consider a tank of perfectly mixed liquid. Water flows with volumetric flowrate
F1 and temperature T1 into a tank. The liquid volume holdup of liquid in the tank
is V, and its density is r. The volumetric flow rate outflow from the tank is F and
temperature T. The liquid volume in the tank is heated with jacketed steam
supply at Tsteam = 130oC.
Develop a model to describe the rate of change of temperature inside the tank.
Assumptions:
Well mixed tank.
Constant liquid hold-
up cp is constant.
Then,
Therefore the final model for rate of change of temperature inside the tank,