Tutoriel Neplan

‫قسم الهندسة الكهربائية‬ ‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬
‫مختبر القوى الكهربائية‬ ‫كلية الهندسة‬
Power System Analysis based on

Neplan Software
This software depend on drawing the network of any power system in
order to analyse the system and get the result of the execution of power system
subject. The following steps will be explain the application of this software for
the analysis according to some tests.
1. Input parameters of the Neplan software

)Test 1-1( Introduction (operation of neplan software)
This test contains the details of operation the Neplan software and the
principle of the some elements of this pakage.
1-Start the Neplan software by double click on the icon of the Neplan software.
2-The screen will be appear as follow:
1
3-Click on the file icon. The screen will be appear as follow:
4-Click the New icon for a new file. After that, the screen will appear as follow:
5- Choose the Location/ Director space to select any path you want to save
your file. As example, we choose the path F:\PhD_Students\buses.
6- Choose the name of your file in the space of Project name. As example, we
choose the name power1 of the file. That’s mean the file power1 will be saved
in directory F:\PhD_Students\buses.
2
Normally, choose the Electric type icon for our study of the Neplan software.
After this the screen will be appear as follow:
7- In the right side of the screen there are four icons.
a- n-port/Nodes
b- 1-ports
c- FACTS/DC/Special
d- Protections/Switches Graphics
Each of these four icons have many elements of the power system. It is like the
library of power system elements. In the Neplan software we can analyses any
power system by drawing the network of the power system itself depending on
the information in these four above icon. Also there are some of the icons in the
above of the screen, each of one has a specific function, we shall explain it
through the explanation.
3
(Test 1-2( Bus bar

1-Click on the icon inert bus in the above of the screen to built a bas bar as
follow:
2-Click the mouse and draw a vertical line. The screen will be appear as follow:
3-Write the name of the bus in the space of Name. As example we choose B1.
4-Write the value of the base voltage of the bus bar in the space of Un ..kV. As
example we choose the actual base voltage as 400 kV.
5-Click ok. The screen will be appear as follow:
4
‫‪6-Click on the select icon.‬‬
‫‪7-Click on any point in the screen and its appear as follow:‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪8-If we need to delete any parameter, click on the parameter and click delete.‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
(Test 1-3) Slack bus

The slack bus is a generator bus having the magnitude of generator voltage and
the phase angle. This bus is called also the sewing bus or reference bus. The
following step are explain how to draw a slack bus:
1-Start with 1-ports
2-Choose the Synchronous Machine icon in the 1-ports to built the slack bus as
shown below
3- Click on the mouse and pull the Synchronous Machine icon to any location in
the screen. The screen will be appear as follow:
7
4-Choose the Operational icon to fill the information of slack bus. The screen
will be appear as follow.
5-Write the name of the bus in space of Name. As example we write Slack
8
6-Choose the type of the bus in the space of LF type:. Click on this icon, we
have different options (PQ, PV, SL and PC). We must choose SL (Slack bus).
7-Write the value of the slack generator voltage magnitude as percentage (%) of
the per unit in the space of U oper.. %. As example if we have a per unit value
of the slack bus as 1.05 pu, we must write 105 as percentage value as shown:
8-Write the value of the phase angle of the slack generator in the space of the
𝐔𝐰 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫. .𝛐 . As example we put a phase angle as 2o
After that, the screen will be appear as follow:
9
9-The slack bus will be appear in the screen as follow:
10-We can rotate the slack in any direction by clicking on these icons
As example we can rotate the slack generator in a horizontally line as in the

following screen.
10
(Test 1-4) Load bus

The Load bus bar is called also PQ bus because it represent the active power P
(MW) and the reactive power Q (Mvar) that out from the bus bar. In order to
draw the load bus bar, we must follow the below steps:
1-Click the 1-Ports icon
2-You can choose any elements of in the 1-Ports icon according to the
following pointer
3-Put the mouse on the load element as follow:
4-Click the mouse on the load element and pull the load element to the screen.
The screen appear as follow:
11
5-Write the name of the load bus in the space of the Name. As example we
choose the name of load as L1
6-Put the value of the active power P in MW in the space of P..MW and the
value of reactive power Q in Mvar in the space of Q..Mvar. As example we
choose P =400 MW and Q = 300 Mvar. The screen will be as follow:
7- Leave the other options. The screen will be appear as follow:
12
8-Click ok and the screen will be
9- Click the mouse in any point in the screen. The load will be as follow:
10- If you need to know the information of the load. Click on the load and
the information will be appeared.
13
(Test 1-5) Generator bus

The generator bus is called also PV bus because it represent the active power of
the generator P in MW and generator voltage magnitude in per unit. In order to
built the generator bus we must follow the below steps:
1-Click the 1-Ports icon
2-You can choose any elements in the 1-Ports icon due to the following pointer
3-Click the mouse on the Synchronous Machine icon and pull the this icon to
its location in the screen:
4-The screen will be appear as follow:
14
5-Click the operational icon
6-After clicking the operational icon. The screen will be as follow:
15
7-Put the name of the generator bus in the space of Name. As example we
choose the name G1 as follow
8- Click the LF type
9-Choose the PV bus
10- Write the value of the generator voltage magnitude as percentage (%) of the
per unit in the space of U oper %. As example if we have per unit value of the
generator voltage magnitude bus as 1.05 pu, we must write 105 as percentage
value.
11-Write the value of the generator active power in MW in the space of the
PGen..MW. As example we choose the power as 300 MW
12- After that the screen will be as follow:
16
13- If the generator has a limit of active & reactive power. Click on limit icon.
14- Write the min. & max. active & reactive power in the space P min.. MW,
P max.. MW and Q min.. Mvar, Q max..Mvar respectively. The important
limit is the reactive power Q min and Q max. As example, we choose Q min
100 Mvar and Q max = 500 Mvar. The screen will be as follow:
17
(Test 1-6) Transmission line

1-The line must be between two bus bar having the same voltage as shown in
the figure below:
2-Click on the insert line icon .
3-Put the pointer of the mouse at the first bus bar (as example B1) and click at
this bus bar (B1) and pull the mouse to the second bus bar (B2) then make a
click at the second bus bar (B2) . The screen will be as follow:
18
4-Write the name of line as example L12 in the space Name
5-Put in the space of the Length..km. As example we take 1km
6-Put in the space of R(1)..ohm/km, the actual value of the resistance and in
the space of X(1)..ohm/km, the actual value of the reactance as example we
take R=32 Ω/km, X=64Ω/km
Now if we have a per unit value of the resistance and reactance then the actual
resistance and reactance are calculate as follow:
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑉𝑏2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
𝑆𝑏
If 𝑉𝑏 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒) = 400 𝑘𝑉 and 𝑆𝑏 (𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴
4002 160000
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 1600
100 100
𝐼𝑓 𝑍 = 0.02 + 𝑗0.04 𝑝𝑢 → 𝑅 = 0.02 𝑝𝑢 & 𝑋 = 0.04 𝑝𝑢
𝑅 = 0.02 ∗ 1600 = 32 𝛺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 = 0.04 ∗ 1600 = 64 𝛺
Now we put 32 in the space of R(1)..ohm/km and 64 in the space of

X(1)..ohm/km
19
7- Calculate the value of the charging admittance (Susceptance charging

capacitance) B/2 as follow:
𝐵
𝐼𝑓 = 0.01 𝑝𝑢
2
𝐵
𝑃𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑢
2
𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠(𝑆)
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
2( 𝑘𝑚
)
=
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑐𝑒 𝑌𝑏
1
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑐𝑒 𝑌𝑏 =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍𝑏
𝐵
2
= 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ( ) ∗ 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍𝑏
2 𝑘𝑚
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 ( )
2 𝑘𝑚
𝐵
= 2
𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜 𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠(𝜇𝑆)
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵 ( )
𝑘𝑚
𝐵
= 2 ∗ 106 ∗ 2
Now if we have B/2= 0.01 pu, 𝑍𝑏 = 1600 . The same of R & X

𝜇𝑆 0.01 𝜇𝑆
𝐵( ) = 2 ∗ 106 ∗ = 12.5
𝑘𝑚 1600 𝑘𝑚
We put 12.5 in the space of B(1).. 𝛍𝐒/𝐤𝐦 as shown:
20
7- Leave the other options. The screen will be as follow:
8- Click ok. The screen will as follow:
21
(Test 1-7) Transformer

1-Click the n-Ports/Nodes as shown:
2- By these pointers, we select the transformer as shown:
3- Select the 2W Transformer (normal case) as shown:
4-Click the mouse on the 2W Transformer icon and pull this icon to the
screen. The screen will be as follow:
22
5-Choose the name of the transformer in the space of Name. As example we

choose the name T1 as shown:
6- The transformer is connected between two bus bar having different voltages.
As example the first bus bar has 400 kV and the second bus has 132 kV.
Therefore put the primary voltage of the transformer as equal to the first bus bar
voltage 400 kV in the space Ur1..kV and put the secondary voltage of the
transformer as equal to the second bus bar voltage 132 kV in the space Ur2..kV
as shown:
7- Write the value of apparent power MVA of the transformer in the space
Sr..MVA as example we choose it as 100 MVA as shown:
23
8- Write the value of the resistance and reactance in percentage of the per unit
the space URr(1)..%: and Ukr(1)..%: respectively as example we choose the
value of the resistance 0.02 pu =2 % and the reactance 0.05 pu = 5 % as shown
in the figure below
9-Connect the primary side to the number 1 and the secondary side to the
number 2 as shown in the figure below:
24
Test (1-8) Motor

2-Select the Asynchronous Machine (normal case) as shown in the figure

below:
3-Click the mouse on the Asynchronous Machine icon and pull this icon to the
25
4-Choose the name of motor in the space of Name. As example we choose the
name M1 as shown:
5-Write the value of the voltage of the motor according to the bus bar that
connected to the motor as shown below:
6-Click the HP:Ibft2 if the input is HP as shown in the figure below:
7-Write the value of the HP power in the placed Pe mech..HP: as example we

choose 5000 HP. The screen will be as shown below:
8-Select the Opertional icon as shown below
9-Select the icon Pmech=Pr mech as shown
26
10-Click the icon Calculate and the screen will be as shown
11-Click Ok and the screen will be
27
Test (1-9) Shunt Capacitance and Rector

2-Slect the Shunt (CAPACITOR) as shown:
3-Click the mouse on the Shunt (CAPACITOR) icon and pull this icon to the
4-Wite the value of the shunt capacitance in the space Q(1).. Mvar. As
example choose 30Mvar.
5- We must write -30 Mvar in the space of the Shunt capacitor because the
Neplan software take the insertion to the system as a negative value and the
28
outside of the system as a positive value like the load outside positive and
generation negative. This case is only in the Neplan software.
Note: The shunt capacitance gives (insert) a reactive power Mvar to the system,
therefore it increase the voltage across the load bus that connected to it
6-The same procedure of the shunt capacitance are applied for the shunt reactor
but we choose the reactor as shown
7- Click and pull the Shunt (REACTOR) icon to the screen as follow:
29
8-Wite the value of the shunt reactor in the space Q(1).. Mvar. As example
choose 20Mvar.
9- We must write +30 Mvar in the space of the shunt reactor because the shunt
reactor take (absorbs) from the system a reactive power Mvar and therefore
reduced the voltage across the load bus (the power is out from the load bus bar
and the Neplan software takes the outside power as a positive value) as shown
Note1: In the normal case of the load flow analysis without the Neplan
software, the insertion power that input to the bus bare take as a positive value
while the output power from the bus bar take a negative value.
Note 2: The shunt capacitance insert a reactive power to the system. In other
side the shunt reactor observe (take) a reactive power
30
2. Load Flow Analysis of the power system

We shall solve the example of power system in the figure (1) below:
1 2
Slack bus 0.02+j0.04
400 MW+j250 Mvar
0.01+j0.03 0.0125+j0.02
PQ bus
54
𝑉1 ∟0o =1.05 pu 3
200 MW
PV bus ȁ𝑉3 ȁ = 1.04
Figure (1) Three bus network
For the line 1-2

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑉𝑏2
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = ; If 𝑉𝑏 = 400 𝑘𝑉 and 𝑆𝑏 = 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑆𝑏
4002 160000
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = = 1600
100 100
𝐼𝑓 𝑍 = 0.02 + 𝑗0.04 𝑝𝑢 → 𝑅 = 0.02 𝑝𝑢 & 𝑋 = 0.04 𝑝𝑢
For the line 1-2
𝑅 = 0.02 ∗ 1600 = 32 𝛺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 = 0.04 ∗ 1600 = 64 𝛺
For the line 1-3
𝑅 = 0.01 ∗ 1600 = 16 𝛺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 = 0.03 ∗ 1600 = 48 𝛺
For the line 2-3
𝑅 = 0.0125 ∗ 1600 = 20 𝛺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 = 0.025 ∗ 1600 = 40 𝛺

31
1-Draw the slack bus
2-Draw the bus bar 1 at base voltage 400 kV
3- Connect between the bus bar and the slack bus by the Link Symbols icon as
follow:
The connection will be with the following steps
a- Click on the Link Symbols
b- Click on the mouse on the bus bar and pull the mouse to the end of the
slack bus the click the mouse on the slack bus
32
‫‪4- Draw the bus bar 2‬‬
‫‪5-Draw the line 1-2‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫‪6-Draw the load‬‬
‫)‪7- Connect between the load and bus bar 2 (B2‬‬
‫)‪8-Draw the bus bar 3 (B3‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫)‪9-Draw the generator bus bar (PV bus‬‬
‫‪10- Connect between the bus bar 3 and the generator‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪11-Draw the line 1-3‬‬
‫‪12- Draw the line 2-3‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
13- Execute the system by the push the icon Calculate which represent the
Load flow
14- The system is correct and no error message received
37
15- We can knew the total losses in MW and Mvar by the pointer in the
analysis pointer
16- The total losses are
17- Click the edit icon
38
‫‪18- click on the Diagram properties‬‬
‫‪19-Click on Load Flow icon‬‬
‫‪39‬‬
‫‪20- The screen will be as follow:‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
19-Choose any icon you need it as example U (voltage of bus bar) , U ang
(angle of the voltage of the bus bar) in Node variables and Losses in
Variables of n-port elements, then click on the Show result icon as follow
screen
41
‫‪20- Then click ok and the screen will be as follow:‬‬
‫‪21-‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
3. Increasing the load

Test (3-1) Increasing the active load in MW only and keeping the
reactive load in Mvar as a constant
As example of the MW load is the resistive load like (Heater) and as example of
the Mvar load is the reactance load: inductance and capacitance like the air-
condition. Therefore we wont to knew which more effect on the voltage drop:
the heater in the winter or the air-condition in the summer.
The same example in Figure (1) of the test (10) I are used in this test to explain
the increasing of the load to the voltage drop (losses).The load will be equally
between MW and Mvar.
1 2
400 MW+j400 Mvar
0.01+j0.03 0.0125+j0.02
PQ bus
54
𝑉1 ∟0o =1.05 pu 3
200 MW
The Table below shows the increasing of the MW load with keeping the Mvar
load as a constant for the system in the figure (1). As example we take the load
400 Mvar as a constant without limiting the generator reactive power, load
voltage and slack active and reactive power. The generator active power is 200
MW.
Load Load Slack Slack Gen. Gen. Load Losses Losses

MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar voltage MW Mvar
400 400 227.8 203.9 200 251.9 378.2 27.8 55.9

425 400 254.9 199.6 200 260.5 377.3 29.9 60.1
450 400 282.2 195.4 200 269.3 376.3 32.2 64.8
475 400 309.6 191.4 200 278.4 375.3 34.6 69.8
500 400 337.2 187.6 200 287.6 374.2 37.2 75.3
43
As example the Total losses in MW = PG - PL
Total losses in MW = Total active power – Total active Load in MW
= (Pslack+PG2 ) - Total active Load in MW
= (228.8+200) – 400
= 428.8 - 400 = 28.8 MW = total losses in MW
Also the Total losses in Mvar = QG - QL
Total losses in Mvar = Total reactive power – Total reactive Load in Mvar
= (Qslack+Q G2 ) - Total reactive Load in Mvar
= (268.2+190) – 400
= 458.2 - 400 = 58.2 MW = total losses in MW
Test (3-2) Increasing the reactive load in Mvar only and keep the
active load in MW as a constant
The same procedure of part 1 but in this case we increase the load Mvar and
keep the load MW as a constant.

400 400 227.8 203.9 200 251.9 378.2 27.8 55.9

400 425 229.9 214.7 200 276.4 376.4 29.9 60.0
400 450 232.1 225.6 200 288.8 374.6 32.1 64.5
400 475 234.5 236.5 200 307.6 372.8 34.5 69.2
400 500 237.0 247.6 200 326.7 370.9 37.0 74.3
We see from the tables above that increasing the Mvar load (air-condition in the
summer) reduced the voltage drop rather than increasing the MW load (heater in
the winter), figure 1-a show this result
44
clc
P= [400.0 425.0 460.0 475.0 500.0]
V1=[378.8 377.3 376.3 375.3 374.2]
V2=[378.8 376.4 374.6 372.8 370.9]
plot(P,V1,P,V2)
Figure (1-a) Voltage drop with Power (MW, Mvar)
379
Increasing in MW &keep Mvar constant
378 Increasing in Mvar &keep MW constant
377
376
Voltage drop in kV
375
374
373
372
371
370
400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500
Power: MW, Mvar
Test (3-3) Increasing the active load in MW and the reactive load in
Mvar at the same time
In this part we increase both of the MW and Mvar Mvar

400 400 227.8 203.9 200 251.9 378.2 27.8 55.9

425 425 257.0 210.4 200 378.9 375.5 32.0 64.3
450 450 286.6 217.1 200 306.0 372.6 36.6 73.7
475 475 316.6 224.2 200 334.6 369.7 41.6 83.9
500 500 347.1 231.0 200 363.0 366.8 47.1 95.1
Note that with increasing the load the total losses will be increase.
45
4. Out of the limit

For the the system in Figure (1)
1 2
400 MW+j250 Mvar
0.01+j0.03 0.0125+j0.02
PQ bus
54
𝑉1 ∟0o =1.05 pu 3
200 MW
The Neplan analysis was as follow:
With increasing or decreasing the load during the execution the load flow we
must kept some parameters in its limits between minimum and maximum. Some
of these parameters are:
1- The slack power (active and reactive)

2- The reactive power of the generator (PV bus)
46
In the following test we increase the load until the reactive power of the
generator will be out of the limit (greater than the maximum limit).
As example take the minimum limit of the reactive power as 100 Mvar and the
maximum limit of the reactive power of the generator is 190 Mvar
Case Load Load Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.

MW Mvar MW Mvar Voltage pu voltage kV bus
%
1 400 250 200 146.2 104.00 416.00 PV
2 415 265 200 161.42 104.00 416.00 PV
3 425 275 200 171.6 104.00 416.00 PV
4 450 300 200 190.00 103.85 415.00 PQ
5 475 325 200 190.00 103.32 413.29 PQ
6 500 350 200 190.00 102.78 411.12 PQ
With increasing the load at case (1,2, 3) the generator reactive power are
location between the limit (100, 200) but in the case (4, 5, 6) the generator
reactive power are out of the limit (greater than the maximum limit 200 Mvar),
therefore the analysis of these cases will be as follow:
1-The reactive power of the generator G2 will be equal to the limit (at this case
equal to the maximum limit 190 Mvar).
2-The PV (generator bus) will be convert to PQ (load bus) and the voltage will
be not constant (load voltage).
Also the case repeated if the load decrease and the reactive power of the
generator G2 are less than the minimum limit (100 Mvar)
Case Load Load Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen. Gen.

MW Mvar MW Mvar Voltage pu voltage kV bus
%
1 400 250 200 146.2 104.00 416.00 PV
2 375 225 200 121.13 104.00 416.00 PV
3 360 230 200 119.75 104.00 416.00 PV
4 350 200 200 100.00 104.07 416.27 PQ
5 325 175 200 100.00 104.55 418.12 PQ
6 300 150 200 100.00 105.02 420.06 PQ
47
5. Two bases voltages
1 2
3
Figure (3) Four bus bar power system network
Tha bus data of the power system in figure (3)
Bus Bus Voltage Load Load Gen. Gen.

type MW Mvar MW Mvar
1 Slack 1.060∟0o 0 0 0 0
2 PQ 1.000∟0o 0 0 0 0
3 PQ 1.000∟0o 80 40 0 0
4 PQ 1.000∟0o 50 30 0 0
The line data are shown
From To Resistance Reactance Capacitance

pu pu 1
Susceptance B pu
2
1 2 0.01 0.02 0
2 3 0.00 0.06 0
3 4 0.03 0.05 0
𝑉𝐵1 400 kv
𝑍𝐵12 = = = 1600 𝛺
𝑆𝐵 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴
48
𝑉𝐵3 132 kv
𝑍𝐵34 = = = 174.24 𝛺
𝑅12 =0.01*1600=16 Ω/km , 𝑋12 =0.02*1600=32 Ω/km
𝑅34 =0.03*174.24=5.22 Ω/km , 𝑋34 =0.02*1600=8.17 Ω/km
And for the transformer URr(1)=0 %; Ukr(1)=6 %
The analysis of power system in figure (3) based on Neplan software are shown
below
with total losses as follow:
49
6. The outage line from the service

The power system below has 5 bus bar
Slack
1 3 4
2 5
Figure (2) The five bus bar power system network
The bus data are in the following table
Bus Bus Voltage Load Load Gen. Gen.

type MW Mvar MW Mvar
1 Slack 1.060∟0o 0 0 0 0
2 PV 1.045∟0o 20 10 40 0
3 PV 1.030∟0o 20 15 30 0
4 PQ 1.000∟0o 50 30 0 0
5 PQ 1.000∟0o 60 40 0 0

pu pu 1
Susceptance B pu
2
1 2 0.02 0.06 0.030
1 3 0.08 0.24 0.025
2 3 0.06 0.18 0.020
2 4 0.06 0.18 0.020
2 5 0.04 0.12 0.015
3 4 0.01 0.03 0.010
4 5 0.08 0.24 0.015
50
With base voltage of 400 kV and base apparent power of 100 MVA. The actual
line data are

Ω/km Ω/km 1
Susceptance B μS/km
2
1 2 32 96 37.50
1 3 128 384 31.25
2 3 96 288 25.00
2 4 96 288 25.00
2 5 64 192 18.75
3 4 16 48 12.50
4 5 128 384 31.25
The Neplan software present the load flow analysis as follow:
With total losses of 3.05 MW -21.76 Mvar
Now if the line 3-4 is out of the service for any reason (fault, damage or others).
The system will be as follow:
51
With total losses of 5.67 MW and -10.84 Mvar and PV buses 3 and 2 became
load buses (PQ).
Then if other line (2-4) is also out of the service. The system will as follow
52
With total losses of 25.09 MW and 54.50 and PV buses 2 and 3 return as a
generator buses (PV).
After that, if other line (2-3) is also out of the service. The system will be not
work (divergence) as follow
53
7. Contingency Analysis
The power system network in the figure (8-1) is shown below:
1 4 2
Slack
5
3
Figure (7-1)
Table (8-1) Bus data

Bus Base Bus Voltage Load Generator
No. Voltage Type Magnitude
P Q P Q Qmin Qmax
kV pu
MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar Mvar
1 400 Slack 1.06 ∟0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 132 PV 1.04 ∟0 0 0 150 0 0 140
3 132 PV 1.03 ∟0 0 0 100 0 0 90
4 400 PQ 1 100 70 0 0
5 400 PQ 1 90 30 0 0
6 400 PQ 1 160 110 0 0
Table (8-2) Line data

From To R (pu) X (pu) ½ B (pu) Type
bus bus
1 4 0.035 0.225 0.0065 Line
4 6 0.028 0.125 0.0035 Line
6 5 0.026 0.175 0.0300 Line
5 1 0.025 0.105 0.0045 Line
6 1 0.040 0.215 0.0055 Line
2 4 0.000 0.042 0.0000 Transformer
3 5 0.000 0.035 0.0000 Transformer
54
Base voltage of the lines are 400 kV

𝑉𝐵2 4002
Base impedance 𝑍𝐵 = = = 1600 𝛺
𝑆𝐵 100
The input parameters of the lines for one km are shown in the Table below:
From To R X B
bus bus (Ω/km) (Ω/km) (Si/km)
1 4 56.0 360 8.125

4 6 44.8 200 4.375
6 5 41.6 280 37.50
5 1 40.0 168 5.625
6 1 64.0 344 6.875
The input parameters of the transformers are shown in the able below:
From To R (% pu) X (% pu)

bus bus URr(1) Ukr(1)
2 4 0.000 4.2
3 5 0.000 3.5
55
Contingency analysis refers to study the case of the network according to

specific objective function (minimum losses, voltage drop, …etc.) if any of the
lines is removed.
According to our study the objective function will be the minimum losses.
At the normal case of the network in the pervious figure, the load flow analysis
due to the Neplan software will be as follow:
B4
B1 400 kV B-30
400 kV U=403.075 kV 132 kV
U=424.000 kV u=100.77 % U=137.280 kV
u=106.00 % L1-4 Uang=-1.40 ° u=104.00 %
P=15.101 MW T4-2
Uang=0.00 ° Q=21.707 Mvar Tap=0 Uang=1.47 °
Ploss=0.228 MW
Slak Qloss=0.074 Mvar
P=-105.287 MW
Q=-107.335 Mvar
B2
L178 P=-150.000 MW P=150.000 MW P=-150.000 MW
B-3 P=54.760 MW Q=-89.269 Mvar Q=99.771 Mvar Q=-99.771 Mvar
132 kV Q=50.074 Mvar Ploss=0.000 MW Ploss=0.000 MW
L5-1 Ploss=1.982 MW Qloss=10.502 Mvar Qloss=10.502 Mvar
U=135.960 kV
P=35.426 MW Qloss=9.550 Mvar
u=103.00 % Q=35.554 Mvar L4
Uang=0.80 ° Ploss=0.569 MW P=100.000 MW
Qloss=1.418 Mvar Q=70.000 Mvar
T3-5 L4-6
Tap=0 L5-6 P=64.873 MW
P=43.979 MW Q=40.901 Mvar
Q=35.185 Mvar Ploss=1.630 MW
Ploss=0.879 MW Qloss=6.611 Mvar
Qloss=0.158 Mvar
B6
400 kV
B3 P=100.000 MW P=-100.000 MW U=376.408 kV
P=-100.000 MW Q=35.670 Mvar Q=-31.207 Mvar
Q=-35.670 Mvar Ploss=0.000 MW
u=94.10 %
Ploss=0.000 MW
Qloss=4.463 Mvar Qloss=4.463 Mvar Uang=-5.61 °
B5 L-121
P=90.000 MW
400 kV Q=30.000 Mvar
L6
U=406.509 kV P=160.000 MW
Q=110.000 Mvar
u=101.63 %
Uang=-1.50 °
The losses are 5.287 MW, 32.775 Mvar , VLoad 4=403.075 ∟1.4○ kV =100.77 pu
In the load flow analysis
Pslack = 105.287=P14 +P16 + P15
Pslack=105.287= 15.101+54.76+35.426 MW
P41= P14- Plosses 14
P41=15.101-0.228=14.873 MW
P41+ P42- PLoad 4= P46
14.873 +150-100=64.873 MW = P46
56
• If the line 1-4 is removed the load flow according to the Nolan software
will be as follow:
B4
400 kV
B1 U=400.088 kV B-30
400 kV u=100.02 % 132 kV
U=424.000 kV Uang=-3.53 ° U=137.280 kV
u=106.00 % u=104.00 %
T4-2
Uang=-0.00 ° Tap=0 Uang=-0.64 °
Slak
P=-105.268 MW
Q=-86.278 Mvar
B2
L178 P=-150.000 MW P=150.000 MW P=-150.000 MW
132 kV Q=51.211 Mvar Ploss=-0.000 MW Ploss=-0.000 MW
U=135.960 kV
u=103.00 % Q=35.067 Mvar L4
Uang=0.43 ° Ploss=0.674 MW P=100.000 MW
T3-5 L4-6
Tap=0 L5-6 P=50.000 MW
P=50.253 MW Q=39.894 Mvar
Qloss=1.399 Mvar
B6
400 kV
B3 P=-100.000 MW U=374.932 kV
P=100.000 MW
P=-100.000 MW Q=-33.279 Mvar
Q=37.803 Mvar u=93.73 %
Ploss=0.000 MW
L-121
P=90.000 MW
L6
Q=30.000 Mvar
B5 P=160.000 MW
Q=110.000 Mvar
400 kV
U=406.162 kV
u=101.54 %
Uang=-1.87 °
The losses are 5.27 MW, 36.07 Mvar, VLoad 4=400.08 kV∟ − 3.5○ =100.02%pu
• Return back to the normal case and remove the line 4-6 . The load flow
according to the Nolan software will be as follow:
B4
400 kV
B1 U=408.994 kV B-30
400 kV u=102.25 % 132 kV
U=424.000 kV Uang=6.36 ° U=137.280 kV
u=106.00 % L1-4 u=104.00 %
P=49.003 MW T4-2
Uang=0.00 ° Q=-27.535 Mvar Tap=0 Uang=9.19 °
Ploss=0.997 MW
P=-110.843 MW
Q=-154.243 Mvar
B2
L178 P=-150.000 MW P=150.000 MW P=-150.000 MW
132 kV Q=84.422 Mvar Ploss=-0.000 MW Ploss=-0.000 MW
U=135.960 kV
u=103.00 % Q=42.286 Mvar L4
Uang=-0.82 ° Ploss=1.373 MW P=100.000 MW
T3-5
Tap=0 L5-6
P=71.761 MW
Q=55.277 Mvar
Ploss=2.756 MW
Qloss=13.273 Mvar
B6
400 kV
B3 P=-100.000 MW U=346.669 kV
P=100.000 MW
P=-100.000 MW Q=-61.074 Mvar
Q=66.799 Mvar u=86.67 %
Ploss=0.000 MW
L-121
P=90.000 MW
L6
Q=30.000 Mvar
B5 P=160.000 MW
Q=110.000 Mvar
400 kV
U=401.436 kV
u=100.36 %
Uang=-3.15 °
The losses are 10.84 MW, 66.79 Mvar, VLoad 4=408.99 kV∟6.364○=102.25%pu
57
• Return back to the normal case and remove the line 6-5 .The load flow
B4
400 kV B-30
B1 U=398.547 kV 132 kV
400 kV u=99.64 % U=137.280 kV
U=424.000 kV Uang=-3.73 ° u=104.00 %
u=106.00 % L1-4
P=34.530 MW T4-2 Uang=-0.83 °
Uang=0.00 ° Tap=0
Q=24.871 Mvar
Ploss=0.576 MW
P=-108.933 MW
Q=-132.782 Mvar
B2
L178 P=-150.000 MW P=150.000 MW P=-150.000 MW
132 kV Q=75.710 Mvar Ploss=0.000 MW Ploss=0.000 MW
U=135.960 kV
u=103.00 % Q=-32.200 Mvar L4
Uang=3.23 ° Ploss=0.259 MW P=100.000 MW
T3-5 L4-6
Tap=0 P=83.954 MW
Q=72.956 Mvar
Ploss=3.503 MW
Qloss=15.019 Mvar
B6
400 kV
B3 P=-100.000 MW U=353.951 kV
P=100.000 MW
P=-100.000 MW Q=2.095 Mvar
Q=1.866 Mvar u=88.49 %
Ploss=0.000 MW
Qloss=3.960 Mvar Uang=-9.23 °
Qloss=3.960 Mvar L-121
P=90.000 MW
Q=30.000 Mvar L6
B5 P=160.000 MW
Q=110.000 Mvar
400 kV
U=412.019 kV
u=103.00 %
Uang=0.97 °
The losses are 8.932 MW, 58.1 Mvar, VLoad 4=398.54 kV∟ − 3.74○=99.64%pu
B4
400 kV
B1 U=0.000 kV B-30
400 kV u=0.00 % 132 kV
U=0.000 kV L1-4 U=0.000 kV
u=0.00 % P=0.000 MW T4-2
Q=0.000 Mvar u=0.00 %
Ploss=0.000 MW
P=0.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
B2
L178 P=0.000 MW P=0.000 MW P=0.000 MW
P=0.000 MW Q=0.000 Mvar Q=0.000 Mvar Q=0.000 Mvar
B-3 Q=0.000 Mvar Ploss=0.000 MW Ploss=0.000 MW
132 kV Ploss=0.000 MW Qloss=0.000 Mvar Qloss=0.000 Mvar
Qloss=0.000 Mvar
U=0.000 kV L4
u=0.00 % P=0.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
L4-6
T3-5 P=0.000 MW
L5-6
P=0.000 MW Q=0.000 Mvar
Qloss=0.000 Mvar
B6
B3 P=0.000 MW 400 kV
P=0.000 MW
P=0.000 MW Q=0.000 Mvar
Q=0.000 Mvar U=0.000 kV
Ploss=0.000 MW
Qloss=0.000 Mvar u=0.00 %
P=0.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar L6
P=0.000 MW
Q=0.000 Mvar
B5
400 kV
U=0.000 kV
u=0.00 %
The losses are 6.21 MW, 40.39 Mvar, VLoad 4=402.32 kV∟ − 3.13○=100.58%pu
58
B4
400 kV
B1 U=397.917 kV B-30
400 kV u=99.48 % 132 kV
U=424.000 kV Uang=-4.63 ° U=137.280 kV
u=106.00 % L1-4 u=104.00 %
P=41.854 MW T4-2
Uang=0.00 ° Tap=0 Uang=-1.72 °
Q=25.010 Mvar
Ploss=0.752 MW
P=-108.724 MW
Q=-65.551 Mvar
B2
P=-150.000 MW P=150.000 MW P=-150.000 MW
B-3 Q=-124.681 Mvar Q=138.137 Mvar Q=-138.137 Mvar
132 kV Ploss=-0.000 MW Ploss=-0.000 MW
L5-1 Qloss=13.456 Mvar Qloss=13.456 Mvar
U=135.960 kV
P=66.870 MW
u=103.00 % Q=40.542 Mvar L4
Uang=-0.90 ° Ploss=1.370 MW P=100.000 MW
T3-5 L4-6
Tap=0 L5-6 P=91.102 MW
P=72.905 MW Q=76.230 Mvar
Qloss=12.120 Mvar
B6
400 kV
B3 P=-100.000 MW U=351.145 kV
P=100.000 MW
P=-100.000 MW Q=-57.416 Mvar
Q=62.943 Mvar u=87.79 %
Ploss=0.000 MW
Qloss=5.527 Mvar Uang=-10.71 °
P=90.000 MW
Q=30.000 Mvar L6
B5 P=160.000 MW
Q=110.000 Mvar
400 kV
U=402.065 kV
u=100.52 %
Uang=-3.23 °
The losses are 8.72 MW, 56.63 Mvar, VLoad 4=397.91 kV∟4.63○=99.48%pu
The result and conclusion
The Losses Loses Voltage drop Voltage drop Angle

Removing line MW Mvar at Load 4 kV at load 4 %pu (degree)
Normal case 5 .287 32.77 403.074 100.77 -1.4
1-4 5 .267 36.07 400.088 100.02 -3.53
4-6 10.843 66.79 408.99 102.25 6.36
6-5 8 .932 58.10 398.54 99.64 -3.7
5-1 6 .214 40.39 402.32 100.58 -3.13
6-1 8 .720 56.63 397.91 99.48 -4.63
The most important line according to the maximum losses ( active losses MW
and reactive losses Mvar ) are 4-6.
Also the most important load bus according to the maximum voltage drop are
4-6 where
Voltage drop at the line 4-6 400-408.99=-8.99 kV or 100-102.25=-2.25% pu
59
8. Voltage Deviation
The power system in the figure below has 4 buses with 130 base MVA
1 2
QC
Figure (8-1) Power System Network
The bus data of the system in figure (8-1) are presented in the below table
Bus Bus Base Actual Load Load Gen. Gen. Qc

type voltage voltage in MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar
kV pu
1 Slack 450 1.070∟0o 40 20 0 0 0
2 PV 450 1.02 50 50 220 0 0
3 PQ 330 1.00 75 55 0 0 0
4 PQ 330 1.00 100 50 0 0 100
60

pu pu 1
Susceptance B pu
2
1 2 0.096 0.192 0.01
2 3 0.00 0.011 0.00
3 4 0.077 0.144 0.02
The solution
2
𝑉𝐵12 4502 kv
𝑍𝐵12 = = = 1557.69 Ω
2
𝑉𝐵34 3302 kv
𝑍𝐵34 = = = 837.69 𝛺
𝑅12 =0.096*1557.69 =149.53 Ω/km
𝑋12 =0.192*1557.69 = 299.07 Ω/km
𝐵12 =2× 106 ×(0.01/1557.69) =12.83 μSi/km. In the same manner
𝑅34 =0.077*837.69 =64.5 Ω/km
𝑋34 =0.114*837.69 = 120.62 Ω/km
𝐵34 =2*106 *(0.02/837.69) =47.75μSi/km
From To Resistance Reactance Capacitance Susceptance

Ω/km Ω/km B (μSi/km)
1 2 149.53 299.07 12.83
3 4 64.5 120.62 47.75
And for the transformer URr(1)=0 %; Ukr(1)=0.011*100= 1.1 %
From To Resistance Reactance

% pu % pu
1 2 0 1.1
Note that we must wirte Q c as -100 Mvar as injection capacitive.
61
The analysis of power system in figure (8-1) based on Neplan software are
shown in the following screen
B1
400 kV B2
U=428.000 kV L1-2 400 kV
u=107.00 % P=13.079 MW U=408.000 kV
Q=20.911 Mvar
Uang=0.00 ° u=102.00 %
Ploss=0.538 MW
Qloss=-1.167 Mvar Uang=-0.20 °
P=182.541 MW
Slack Q=15.308 Mvar
P=-53.079 MW Ploss=0.000 MW G2
Q=-40.911 Mvar Qloss=3.548 Mvar P=-220.000 MW
Q=-43.230 Mvar
L1
P=40.000 MW T1-3
B3 L-493
Q=20.000 Mvar Tap=0 P=50.000 MW
330 kV
P=-182.541 MW Q=50.000 Mvar
U=336.118 kV
Q=-11.761 Mvar
u=101.85 % Ploss=0.000 MW
Uang=-1.31 ° Qloss=3.548 Mvar
L3-4
P=107.541 MW
Q=-43.239 Mvar L-511
B4 Ploss=7.541 MW P=75.000 MW
330 kV Qloss=8.753 Mvar Q=55.000 Mvar
U=333.272 kV
u=100.99 %
Uang=-9.31 °
SHUNT-522 L-484
P=0.000 MW P=100.000 MW
Q=-101.993 Mvar Q=50.000 Mvar
The voltage deviation VD of the system are summation the voltage drop Vd
across each load bus only
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑉𝑑3 + 𝑉𝑑4
𝑉𝑑3 = ȁ330 − 336.118ȁ = 6.118 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝑑4 = ȁ330 − 333.272ȁ = 3.272 𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝐷 = 6.118 + 3.272 = 9.39 𝑘𝑉 or in per unit
𝑉𝑑3 = ȁ100 − 101.85ȁ = 1.85 %
𝑉𝑑4 = ȁ100 − 100.99ȁ = 0.99 %
𝑉𝐷 = 1.85 + 0.99 = 2.84 % or

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 9.39
𝑉𝐷 = 9.39 𝑘𝑉 . 𝐼𝑛 𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.0284 𝑝𝑢 = 2.84 %
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 330
62
9. Optimal Location of Shunt Injection

Capacitance
The power system in the figure below has 7 buses with 5 line and one
transformer with base voltage as shwon in the figure and table below:
3 4
1 2
320 kV 320 kV
450 kV 450 kV
L-4
Tr 2-3
L1-2 L3-4 G-4
L2-5 L3-6 L4-7

L-1
5 6 7
450 kV 320 kV 320 kV
L-5 L-6 L-7
Figure (9-1) Power System Network
The bus data of the figure 9-1b are presented below:
Bus Bus Base Actual Load Generator

type voltage voltage in
kV pu MW Mvar MW Mvar
1 Slack 450 1.08∟0o 50 3020 0 0
2 PQ 450 1.00 0 0 0 0
3 PQ 320 1.00 0 0 0 0
4 PV 320 1.00 80 40 100 0
5 PQ 450 1.05 20 20 0 0
6 PQ 320 1.00 70 50 0 0
7 PQ 320 1.00 60 40 0 0
63
The line data in per unit are presented as below:

pu pu 1
Susceptance B pu
2
1 2 0.01 0.02 0.01
2 3 0.00 0.05 0.00
3 4 0.03 0.03 0.02
4 7 0.05 0.07 0.01
3 6 0.02 0.04 0.03
2 5 0.04 0.06 0.008
The solution
In order to find the actual values of the line parameters, We must calculate the
base impedance as example as follow:
2
𝑉𝐵12 4502 kv
𝑍𝐵12 = 𝑍𝐵25 = = = 2025 Ω
2
𝑉𝐵34 3202 kv
𝑍𝐵34 = 𝑍𝐵27 = 𝑍𝐵36 = = = 1024 Ω
𝑅12 =0.01*2025 =20.25 Ω/km ; 𝑋12 =0.02*2025 = 40.5 Ω/km
𝐵12 =2× 106 ×(0.01/2025) =9.876 μSi/km. In the same manner
And for the transformer URr(1)=0 %; Ukr(1)=0.05*100= 5 %
The line data will be
From To Resistance Reactance Capacitance Susceptance B

Ω/km Ω/km μSi/km
1 2 20.25 40.50 9.876
2 3 0 5 0
3 4 30.72 30.72 39.062
4 7 52.42 71.68 19.530
3 6 20.48 40.96 58.590
2 5 81.00 121.0 7.9012
64
In order to put 100 Mvar shunt injection capacitance in best load bus (optimal
location), we must try to put this capacitance in every load bus and see which of
them (load bus) give minimum losses.
In the first at normal operation without adding any capacitance:

1 2 3
450 kV 450 kV 320 kV
U=486.000 kV U=477.130 kV P=114.816 MW P=-114.816 MW U=336.988 kV
L-4
u=108.00 % u=106.03 % Q=18.220 Mvar Q=-12.210 Mvar u=105.31 % P=80.000 MW
Uang=0.00 ° Uang=-1.17 °
Ploss=0.000 MW Ploss=0.000 MW Uang=-4.12 ° Q=40.000 Mvar
Qloss=6.011 Mvar Qloss=6.011 Mvar
L1-2 L3-4
G-4
P=136.836 MW P=43.454 MW
P=-100.000 MW
Q=38.062 Mvar Q=-34.061 Mvar
Q=-111.988 Mvar
Ploss=1.737 MW Ploss=0.785 MW
Qloss=1.184 Mvar Qloss=-3.638 Mvar
1 Tr 2-3 4
P=-186.836 MW Tap=0 320 kV
Q=-68.062 Mvar
U=336.000 kV
L2-5 L3-6 L4-7 u=105.00 %
P=20.282 MW P=71.362 MW P=62.669 MW Uang=-5.29 °
Q=18.658 Mvar Q=46.271 Mvar Q=41.565 Mvar
L-1
Ploss=0.282 MW Ploss=1.362 MW Ploss=2.669 MW
P=50.000 MW
Qloss=-1.342 Mvar Qloss=-3.729 Mvar Qloss=1.565 Mvar
Q=30.000 Mvar
5 6 7
450 kV 320 kV 320 kV
U=468.697 kV U=326.672 kV U=317.192 kV
u=104.16 % u=102.08 % u=99.12 %
Uang=-1.40 ° Uang=-5.11 ° Uang=-6.50 °
L-5 L-6 L-7
P=20.000 MW P=70.000 MW P=60.000 MW
And the total losses 6.835 MW
Now put the 100 Mvar injection at the bus 2 as in the figure below:
1 2 3
450 kV 450 kV 320 kV
L-4
Uang=0.00 ° Uang=-1.61 °
L1-2 L3-4
G-4
P=136.648 MW P=43.187 MW
P=-100.000 MW
Q=-54.550 Mvar Q=-10.906 Mvar
Q=-88.538 Mvar
1 Tr 2-3 4
P=-186.648 MW Tap=0 320 kV
Q=24.550 Mvar
U=336.000 kV
L2-5 L3-6 L4-7 u=105.00 %
P=20.273 MW P=71.343 MW P=62.669 MW Uang=-5.28 °
L-1
P=50.000 MW
Q=30.000 Mvar SHUNT-187
P=0.000 MW
Q=-116.135 Mvar
5 6 7
450 kV 320 kV 320 kV
U=476.663 kV U=328.853 kV U=317.192 kV
u=105.93 % u=102.77 % u=99.12 %
Uang=-1.83 ° Uang=-5.46 ° Uang=-6.50 °
L-5 L-6 L-7
P=20.000 MW P=70.000 MW P=60.000 MW
And the losses 6.648 MW
65
1 2 3
450 kV 450 kV 320 kV
L-4
u=108.00 % u=106.69 % Q=-16.697 Mvar Q=22.639 Mvar u=107.60 % P=80.000 MW
Uang=-0.00 ° Uang=-1.34 °
L1-2 L3-4
G-4
P=136.991 MW P=43.804 MW
P=-100.000 MW
Q=2.849 Mvar Q=47.298 Mvar
Q=-30.881 Mvar
1 Tr 2-3 4
P=-186.991 MW Tap=0 320 kV
Q=-32.849 Mvar
U=336.000 kV
L2-5 L3-6 L4-7 u=105.00 %
P=20.279 MW P=71.298 MW P=62.669 MW Uang=-4.13 °
L-1
P=50.000 MW
Qloss=-1.371 Mvar Qloss=-4.150 Mvar SHUNT-196 Qloss=1.565 Mvar
Q=30.000 Mvar
P=0.000 MW
Q=-115.787 Mvar
5 6 7
450 kV 320 kV 320 kV
U=471.714 kV U=334.272 kV U=317.192 kV
u=104.83 % u=104.46 % u=99.12 %
Uang=-1.57 ° Uang=-5.17 ° Uang=-5.34 °
L-5 L-6 L-7
P=20.000 MW P=70.000 MW P=60.000 MW
And the total losses is 6.99 MW
1 2 3
450 kV 450 kV 320 kV
L-4
Uang=0.00 ° Uang=-1.67 °
L1-2 L3-4
G-4
P=140.312 MW P=43.183 MW
P=-100.000 MW
Q=-59.341 Mvar Q=-10.129 Mvar
Q=-87.757 Mvar
1 Tr 2-3 4
P=-190.312 MW Tap=0 320 kV
Q=29.341 Mvar
U=336.000 kV
L2-5 L3-6 L4-7 u=105.00 %
P=23.808 MW P=71.343 MW P=62.669 MW Uang=-5.33 °
Q=-103.400 Mvar Q=46.146 Mvar Q=41.565 Mvar
L-1
P=50.000 MW
Qloss=3.778 Mvar Qloss=-3.854 Mvar Qloss=1.565 Mvar
Q=30.000 Mvar
5
6 7
450 kV
320 kV 320 kV
U=507.481 kV
U=328.926 kV U=317.192 kV
u=112.77 %
u=102.79 % u=99.12 %
Uang=-4.27 °
Uang=-5.52 ° Uang=-6.54 °
L-6 L-7
SHUNT-205 L-5 P=70.000 MW P=60.000 MW
P=0.000 MW P=20.000 MW Q=50.000 Mvar Q=40.000 Mvar
Q=-127.179 Mvar Q=20.000 Mvar
66
1 2 3
450 kV 450 kV 320 kV
L-4
u=108.00 % u=106.36 % Q=0.936 Mvar Q=4.816 Mvar u=106.46 % P=80.000 MW
Uang=0.00 ° Uang=-1.25 °
L1-2 L3-4
G-4
P=135.986 MW P=43.182 MW
P=-100.000 MW
Q=20.533 Mvar Q=6.357 Mvar
Q=-71.249 Mvar
1 Tr 2-3 4
P=-185.986 MW Tap=0 320 kV
Q=-50.533 Mvar
U=336.000 kV
L2-5 L3-6 L4-7 u=105.00 %
P=20.281 MW P=70.898 MW P=62.669 MW Uang=-4.67 °
Q=18.643 Mvar Q=-11.173 Mvar Q=41.565 Mvar
L-1
P=50.000 MW
Q=30.000 Mvar
5
450 kV 6 7
U=470.236 kV 320 kV 320 kV
u=104.50 % U=337.450 kV U=317.192 kV
Uang=-1.47 ° u=105.45 % u=99.12 %
Uang=-5.66 ° Uang=-5.88 °
L-7
L-5 L-6 P=60.000 MW
P=20.000 MW P=70.000 MW SHUNT-214 Q=40.000 Mvar
Q=20.000 Mvar Q=50.000 Mvar P=0.000 MW
Q=-56.233 Mvar
1 2 3
450 kV 450 kV 320 kV
L-4
Uang=0.00 ° Uang=-1.16 °
L1-2 L3-4
G-4
P=135.966 MW P=42.603 MW
P=-100.000 MW
Q=38.318 Mvar Q=-33.689 Mvar
Q=-56.844 Mvar
1 Tr 2-3 4
P=-185.966 MW Tap=0 320 kV
Q=-68.318 Mvar
U=336.000 kV
L2-5 L3-6 L4-7 u=105.00 %
P=20.282 MW P=71.362 MW P=61.844 MW Uang=-5.24 °
Q=18.657 Mvar Q=46.273 Mvar Q=-13.182 Mvar
L-1
P=50.000 MW
Q=30.000 Mvar
5
450 kV 6 7
U=468.711 kV 320 kV 320 kV
u=104.16 % U=326.629 kV U=329.274 kV
Uang=-1.39 ° u=102.07 % u=102.90 %
Uang=-5.08 ° Uang=-7.86 °
SHUNT-223 L-7
L-5 L-6 P=0.000 MW P=60.000 MW
P=20.000 MW P=70.000 MW Q=-53.541 Mvar Q=40.000 Mvar
Q=20.000 Mvar Q=50.000 Mvar
The best location is at bus 5 where the losses is minimum and equal to 5.966
MW
67
‫‪Bus No‬‬ ‫‪The total losses MW‬‬
‫‪Normal operation‬‬ ‫‪6.835‬‬

‫)‪(without capacitance‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6.648‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪6.990‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪10.310‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5.986‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5.966‬‬
‫‪68‬‬

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‫قسم الهندسة الكهربائية‬ ‫الجامعة المستنصرية‬

‫مختبر القوى الكهربائية‬ ‫كلية الهندسة‬

Power System Analysis based on

1. Input parameters of the Neplan software

2-The screen will be appear as follow:

3-Click on the file icon. The screen will be appear as follow:

7- In the right side of the screen there are four icons.

(Test 1-2( Bus bar

example we choose the actual base voltage as 400 kV.

5-Click ok. The screen will be appear as follow:

‫‪6-Click on the select icon.‬‬

‫‪7-Click on any point in the screen and its appear as follow:‬‬

(Test 1-3) Slack bus

1-Start with 1-ports

After that, the screen will be appear as follow:

9-The slack bus will be appear in the screen as follow:

As example we can rotate the slack generator in a horizontally line as in the

(Test 1-4) Load bus

1-Click the 1-Ports icon

3-Put the mouse on the load element as follow:

7- Leave the other options. The screen will be appear as follow:

8-Click ok and the screen will be

the information will be appeared.

(Test 1-5) Generator bus

1-Click the 1-Ports icon

4-The screen will be appear as follow:

5-Click the operational icon

6-After clicking the operational icon. The screen will be as follow:

8- Click the LF type

9-Choose the PV bus

12- After that the screen will be as follow:

(Test 1-6) Transmission line

2-Click on the insert line icon .

4-Write the name of line as example L12 in the space Name

5-Put in the space of the Length..km. As example we take 1km

If 𝑉𝑏 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒) = 400 𝑘𝑉 and 𝑆𝑏 (𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 100 𝑀𝑉𝐴

𝑅 = 0.02 ∗ 1600 = 32 𝛺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑋 = 0.04 ∗ 1600 = 64 𝛺

Now we put 32 in the space of R(1)..ohm/km and 64 in the space of

7- Calculate the value of the charging admittance (Susceptance charging

Now if we have B/2= 0.01 pu, 𝑍𝑏 = 1600 . The same of R & X

7- Leave the other options. The screen will be as follow:

8- Click ok. The screen will as follow:

(Test 1-7) Transformer

2- By these pointers, we select the transformer as shown:

3- Select the 2W Transformer (normal case) as shown:

5-Choose the name of the transformer in the space of Name. As example we

Test (1-8) Motor

2-Select the Asynchronous Machine (normal case) as shown in the figure

6-Click the HP:Ibft2 if the input is HP as shown in the figure below:

7-Write the value of the HP power in the placed Pe mech..HP: as example we

8-Select the Opertional icon as shown below

9-Select the icon Pmech=Pr mech as shown

10-Click the icon Calculate and the screen will be as shown

11-Click Ok and the screen will be

Test (1-9) Shunt Capacitance and Rector

2-Slect the Shunt (CAPACITOR) as shown:

2. Load Flow Analysis of the power system

Figure (1) Three bus network

𝑅12 =0.011600=16 Ω/km , 𝑋12 =0.021600=32 Ω/km

𝑅34 =0.03174.24=5.22 Ω/km , 𝑋34 =0.021600=8.17 Ω/km