CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Mine dumps are usually referred to as waste that is consequential to mining

operations, it comprises of tailing, waste rock, sand or other residue that is
produce during mining operations.

Significant amounts of fragmented waste rock and loose top soil are
excavated and piled at a certain site during the mining process, making up to
several large man-made dumps with heights of up to one hundred meters.
The capacity of some waste dumps reaches tens of millions of cubic meters
and some even reach hundreds of millions of cubic meters. Because of the
loose form of the dump sites, the unstable slopes airs a threat to safety of
human and animals due to high risk of landslide especially after heavy
rainfall and exposure to very high level of radiation such as being close to an
atomic blast can cause acute health effect such as skin burns and accute
radiation syndrome (radiation sickness).it can also results in long-term
effects such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, it is difficult for
ground survey technology to retrieve the deformation patterns of a whole
area since it can only accurately measure deformation at a few points. An
alternative to mitigate the impact of these processes and protect the
environment is to use some solid waste from mining processes as partial
substitutes for raw materials to generate new engineering materials Ferreira,
(2015). This contributes to reduce the extraction of virgin materials and to
mitigate the impact of the generation of dump that, due to its large range
production, has become a crucial problem to solve regarding with
environmental issues.

1
Mining activities generate economic benefits worldwide; however, it also
produce large amounts of solid and liquid substance that positively impact
the environment if they are properly managed
(Benzaazoua,Sivakugan2006).For the disposal of mining dumps there are
various methods (i.e., storage in piles or deposits, filling of underground
mines and open pits, underwater disposal and disposal of slurries).

Orozco (1992) define a mine dump or waste as the non-commercial residue

of mining processes with characteristics generally similar to sand, which are
deposited in storage dams. The reuse of mining tailings might help to
mitigate the problems mentioned, and could have different applications
depending on their physical and chemical contents that depend on their
mineralogy and geochemistry, type of mining equipment, particle size of the
material and moisture content (Lottermoser, 2010). Since the middle of the
last decade, the effectiveness of the reuse of mining dumps in ceramic
products, glass, glass ceramics, cement blocks, bricks, concrete and high
performance concrete has been investigated with positive results, resulting in
an increase in the tendency to use them for geotechnical and construction
purposes (Roy, Choi ; Ramesh ; Zhu ; Zhao 2014).

However, (Benzaazoua,2002) make evident the potential risk of leaching

trace elements from untreated waste, which makes their application in
engineering as substitute aggregates and fillers for landfills, structural fillers
and road construction materials difficult, indicating that stabilization
treatment is necessary before their use for any purposes.

The stabilization consists of encapsulating the contaminants, making them

insoluble in a stable pH environment and propitiating chemical stabilization,

2
 particularly by breaking the bonds of the waste or dump, which reduces their
potential pollution and toxicity (Voglar&Leštan, 2011). This stabilization
can be performed by biological, chemical and/or physical methods,
impeding the spread of contaminants in the soil by reducing their leaching
and bio-availability.

1.2 Statement of Problem

Mine Dump is under rated in Nigeria; this is due to ignorance of its

importance or applications. It is however, regarded as just a Dump, and
looked on as hazardous element in the environment. This research work will
help in looking at the characteristics nature of some of the mine dumps
(waste) in the study area, and their suitability for human operation/activities.

1.3.1 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research work is to examine the suitability of mine dumps of
the study area for human use.

1.3.2 Objectives

1. To determine the chemical composition of the mine dumps of the study area
2. To determine the optimum moisture content of the mine dumps
3. To determine its suitability for other uses or applications.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of this research work will cover the chemical and physical
analysis of sample collected from the study area (Byei /DabwamVillage of
Riyom L.G.A.)

3
 The extent of the research work however will cover and area of 16square
kilometer (4km x 4km) all within Byei /Dabwam Village and environs.
Which falls within the longitude of 9 0 18' 00" N and 90 43' 00"N and latitude
80 10' 00" E and 80 40' 00" E.

Fig1. Map of the Study Area

1.5 Significance of the Study

The research work will identify the economic importance of mine dumps to
the society.

4
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0Literature Review
This chapter presents the importance of findings of a few researches regarding
mine dumps. It may be mentioned here that the investigation only relevant to
present research work are described in chronological other from the past to the
present.

2.1 According to: H. K. Tchokossa et al 2019, Characterization of Mine Tailings

for Sustainable Development Purposes: A Case Study of Kalsaka Gold Mine,
Burkina Faso, The study aimed to characterize the Kalsaka gold mine tailings for
sustainable development purposes. The results showed that the tailings are
composed of quartz, kaolinite, anatase, rutile, and illite minerals. The pH of the
tailings was found to be acidic (pH 4.3–4.8). The total organic carbon (TOC)
content of the tailings was found to be low (0.1–0.3%). The study recommends that
the tailings should be used for the development of agricultural activities in the area
after treatment to reduce the acidity and metal toxicity levels.

The mine tailings at the Kalsaka gold mine in Burkina Faso are composed of
minerals such as quartz, kaolinite, anatase, rutile, and illite.

The pH of the tailings was found to be acidic, with a range of 4.3 to 4.8.

The total organic carbon (TOC) content of the tailings was found to be low, with a
range of 0.1 to 0.3%. The study recommends using the tailings for agricultural
activities after treating them to reduce acidity and metal toxicity levels. Overall,

5
the study provides valuable information on the characterization of mine tailings,
which can be useful for sustainable development purposes.

According to Review" by J. D. Dlamini and J. W. Van Deventer, The

journal of "Resources" in 2018. This paper provides an overview of various
methods used to characterize tailings dumps, which can help in planning for mine
closure and rehabilitation. The authors also highlight the importance of considering
environmental and social impacts in the process of tailings dump characterization.

In the "Characterization of Tailings Dumps for Mine Closure and Rehabilitation

Planning: A Review" paper, the authors reviewed various methods for
characterizing tailings dumps, including physical, chemical, and geotechnical
methods.

The review indicates that a comprehensive approach, incorporating multiple

methods, is necessary for a thorough understanding of tailings dumps and their
potential impacts.

The physical methods include the examination of the dump's surface features and
the measurement of its size, shape, and slope stability. Chemical methods involve
the analysis of the dump's chemical composition, pH, and metal content.
Geotechnical methods focus on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of the
tailings and their ability to withstand external loads.

The authors also discussed the importance of considering the long-term stability
and environmental impacts of tailings dumps in the characterization process. This
includes assessing the potential for acid rock drainage, metal leaching, and soil and
water contamination

6
In conclusion, the paper highlights the importance of considering the
environmental and social impacts of tailings dumps in the characterization process
and provides a comprehensive overview of the methods available for
characterizing tailings dumps for mine closure and rehabilitation planning.

According To C.S. Nwoke and P.S. Mukwevho, 2015 they work on Mine
Dumps for Reuse and Development Purposes: A Case Study of Northern Limb of
the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa, The aim was to determine their
potential for reuse and development, and to provide information for the
management and utilization of the dumps for environmental and sustainable
development purposes. The results showed that the mine dumps have significant
potential for reuse and development and could contribute to environmental
protection and sustainable development.

The mine dumps in the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South
Africa were found to have high levels of heavy metals and metalloids, including
lead, cadmium, and arsenic.

The study showed that the mine dumps have a high potential for reuse and
development, and can contribute to environmental protection and sustainable
development.

The results of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization indicated

that the dumps can be used for various purposes, including the production of
construction materials, road building, and the construction of recreational facilities.

The authors also found that the mine dumps have significant levels of iron,
manganese, and chromium, which could be exploited for the production of iron,
steel, and other alloys.

7
The findings of the study "Characterization of Mine Dumps for Reuse and
Development Purposes: A Case Study of Northern Limb of the Bushveld Igneous
Complex, South Africa" by C.S. Nwoke and P.S. Mukwevho, published in the
Journal of Environmental Quality Management in 2015, are as follows:

The mine dumps in the Northern Limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South
Africa were found to have high levels of heavy metals and metalloids, including
lead, cadmium, and arsenic.

The study showed that the mine dumps have a high potential for reuse and
development, and can contribute to environmental protection and sustainable
development.

The results of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characterization indicated

that the dumps can be used for various purposes, including the production of
construction materials, road building, and the construction of recreational facilities.

The authors also found that the mine dumps have significant levels of iron,
manganese, and chromium, which could be exploited for the production of iron,
steel, and other alloys.

In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the mine dumps in the Northern Limb
of the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa have potential for reuse and
development, and that proper management of these dumps can contribute to
environmental protection and sustainable developments

According to by M. R. Islam, M. T. Islam and M. A. Haque, 2013. Mine

Dumps for Reclamation and Development Purposes The work "Characterization of
Mine Dumps for Reclamation and Development Purposes" by M. R. Islam, M. T.
Islam, and M. A. Haque provides an overview of the characteristics of mine dumps

8
and their potential for reclamation and development. The authors aimed to
investigate the physical and chemical properties of mine dumps, including the
composition, grain size distribution, and mineralogy, as well as the leachate and
acid drainage potential. The results of this research could be used to inform the
development of effective reclamation and rehabilitation strategies for mine dumps.

According to L.S. Mlaba, S.A. Mtha, and D.J. Nkambule, 2013

Characterization of Mining Dumps for Sustainable Development Purposes, The
research work "Characterization of Mining Dumps for Sustainable Development
Purposes" provides an overview of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical
properties of mining dumps in South Africa. The authors used advanced analytical
techniques, such as XRD, XRF, and SEM, to evaluate the mineralogical
composition and chemical properties of the dumps. The results showed that the
dumps were rich in metal minerals and could potentially be used as a resource for
sustainable development.

The authors conclude that characterizing mining dumps is an important step in

developing sustainable waste management strategies and in recovering valuable
minerals from the dumps. They emphasize the need for more research to fully
understand the potential of mining dumps for sustainable development and to
provide guidance for their management.

Overall, the research work provides valuable insights into the characterization of
mining dumps and highlights their potential for sustainable development.

The mining dumps in South Africa were found to be rich in metal minerals,
including iron, aluminum, and copper.

The dumps were characterized using advanced analytical techniques such as X-ray
diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy
9
(SEM), which provided valuable information on their mineralogical composition
and chemical properties.

The results showed that the dumps could be a potential resource for sustainable
development, as they contain valuable minerals that could be recovered.

The authors concluded that characterizing mining dumps is crucial for the
development of sustainable waste management strategies and for the recovery of
valuable minerals from the dumps.

The research highlights the need for further studies to fully understand the
potential of mining dumps for sustainable development and to provide guidance for
their management.

10
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1Materials And Method

3.1.1 Materials

Global Position System (GPS) It was used for taking the coordinates of
locations in the field
Camera It was used to take photographs in the
field
Sampling Bag It was used for collection of samples
Marker Pen and Masking Tape These have been used for writing
location number and labeling of
samples.
Clinometer It was used for measuring strike and dip
of structures.
Topographical Map This was used to locate self in the study
area
Geological Hammer/Sledge It was used for collection rocks of
Hammer sample size
Shovel It was used for collection of soils
Digger It was used to dig samples on the field

3.1.2 Methodology

Field work: the research work/study began with:

Reconnaissance Survey: This was the extensive study of the entire area to be used
for the purpose of this research work in order to collect information to locate

11
positions of hills, mining dumps, railway, Rivers, type of soil, geological formation
and roads

Sampling: Samples were taken from different locations in the study area.

Sample One

table showing sample location and coordinates

Sample location Northing Easting

01 90 35l 57ll 80 46 l57ll

02 90 35 l 57ll 80 46 l 92ll

03 90 35 l58ll 80 46 l17ll

04 90 35 l39ll 80 45 l 56ll

3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY USED IN SOIL COMPACTION TEST

The modified proctor compaction test was used to conduct the soil compaction test,
The Modified Proctor Compaction Test is similar to the Proctor Compaction Test,
but it uses a different amount of energy and a different size mold to determine the
maximum dry density of the soil. This test is useful for soils that are coarser or
have a larger particle size than the soils typically tested with the standard Proctor
Compaction Test.

The test is conducted by varying the moisture content of the soil sample and
compacting it in the modified mold until the maximum dry density is achieved.
The dry density of the soil sample is then calculated and plotted against the
moisture content to obtain the compaction curve. The optimum moisture content
and maximum dry density of the soil sample can be determined from this curve.

Formula:
12
Bulk Density

Formula

The formula below was used in calculating Bulk Density;

W 2−W 1
r=
X

Where X = Volume of mould,

W1 = Mass of the empty mould (g)

W2 = weight of the compacted soil mould (g)

W2 - W1 = Weight of the compacted soil and mould (g)

weight of weet soil−weight of mould

The bulk density was achieved using r = volume of mould ( 2305 )

w 2 – w1
Therefore r= volume

Dry density formula

100 r
Dry density = 100+m

Where 100+m 0 100 maximuimdry density

Where 100r = 100 bulk density

bulk density
The dry density was achieved using rd = 100 100 naxium dry density

Procedure of soil compaction Test

i. The soil sample was dried after excavation

ii. The sample was sieve under sieve 20mm
13
 iii. 6000grm of the sample was used for the test
iv. 6% of water (360g) was mixed with the sample thoroughly to have
aneven mixture
v. The empty compaction mould was weight and recorded as w1
vi. The mould was filed with the sample and compacted using 4.5kg rammer
in 5 layers
vii. The collar was loosed and the compacted soil was weight and are
recorded as w2
viii. 2 moisture contain were used to sample the soil and when dried for
moisture content analysis
ix. Procedure 6,7 and 8 was repeated till the weight of the wet soil and mould
drop

The table shows the number of blows from Sample LAS 1 to 4

Sample Bulk Density No. of blows

LAS 1 2.24 125
LAS 2 2.652 125
LAS 3 2.3 125
LAS 4 2.196 125

3.3. 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY USED FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

The method used for the chemical analysis is the X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
Spectroscopy:

XRF is a non-destructive analytical technique that can determine the elemental

composition of a material. This method involves exposing a sample to high-energy
X-rays, which causes the elements in the sample to emit secondary X-rays that are

14
characteristic of their atomic structure. The resulting spectrum of X-rays is
analyzed to determine the elemental composition of the sample.

XRF spectroscopy is a fast and accurate method for analyzing the chemical
composition of mine dumps. It can identify a wide range of elements, including
major and minor elements, as well as trace elements that may have toxic effects on
the environment.

3.5.1 Sample Preparation

Often, only a small sample of material is required for analysis, and a good analysis
starts with a well-prepared sample and good measurement the sample is a
representative of the entire material, through the quartering system, and so was
handled with the standard protocol the soil sample as received was prepared to
powder form. The sample was placed in a cup and the cup is placed in the
spectrometer ducking station for analysis the test was carefully carried out in
accordance with the provisions stated below.

3.5.2 Laboratory Methodology: The Energy Dispersant absorption spectrometer

system method of X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF) was used for the Laboratory test
carried out on the samples to determine their chemical composition. This method
measures the different energies of characteristic radiation coming directly from the
sample in the elements range from Mg to U.

3.5.3 Energy Dis Persant X-Ray Fluorescence (Ed-Xrf) Method

The findings of the test include the following chemical elements:

Chemical elements for sample LAS1:

Al , Si ,K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ba, Nb, Th

Chemical elements for sample LAS2:

15
Al , Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ba, Ce, Hg, Th

Chemical elements for sample LAS3:

Al , Si , K, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ba, Ce, Th

Chemical elements for LAS4:

Al , Si , K, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ba, Ce, Th

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results of soil compaction test

Table 4.1 sample 1

Wt. of mould and wet soil (w2)… 10198 10885 11105 10992 10766
g…..
Wt. of mould……….(w2 )…… 5625 5625 5625 5625 5625
Wt. wet soil… (w2w1.......g… 4573 5260 5418 5367 5141
w2w1
Bulk density r= x
…1b/cu..fu 1.98 2.28 2.38 2.33 2.23

For F. B.S mould x= 15.12 For F.C.B R mould x= 2305

Table 4.2 MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATIONS

Container Now……………… 73 116 71 33 25 34 41 38 110 49

Wt. of wet soil and container ……..g…… 77.2 72.3 78. 63. 53. 57. 72. 70. 70. 74.
9 9 6 2 0 2 5 1
Wt. of dry soil and container ….g…. 68.8 87.0 34. 61. 51. 54. 66. 65. 64. 68.
5 0 0 2 4 2 8 1
Wt. of contained……….g…….. 28.7 28.8 29. 29. 29. 29. 28. 29. 29. 29.
4 2 0 9 9 6 2 6
Wt. of dry soil (wd)……….g…… 40.1 58.1 45. 31. 22. 24. 37. 35. 35. 35.
1 8 0 3 5 6 6 5
Wt. of moisture (wd) ……….g.. 2.4 5.3 4.4 2.9 2.6 3.0 5.6 5.0 6.0 6.0
Moisture contents 100 W_/WD).100%.. 6.0 9.1 9.8 9.1 11. 12. 14. 14. 16. 15.
8 3 9 0 6 6
Average moisture content 7.6 9.6 12.1 14.5 16.2
Dry density rd= 100r+m ……Kg/cm3 1.84 2.08 2.12 2.03 1.92
C.B.R (mean of Top and Bottom)….%

17
 Max Dry density 2.30 kg/m3

Optimum moisture content 13.0%

C.B.R. at Opt MC. 115%

DISCUSSION

The CBR value is an indication of the strength of the soil, with higher values
indicating greater strength. A CBR value of 115% at the optimum moisture content
suggests that the soil may have relatively high strength. Which is suitable for
construction purposes.

Table 4.3 sample 2

Wt. of mould and wet soil…(w 2)… 10563 11115 11144 10996 10836
g…..

Wt. of mould………….(w2)…… 5625 5625 5625 5625 5625

Wt.wet soil……… 4938 5490 5519 5371 5211

(w2w1.......g…………

Bulk density r=………1b/cu..fu 2.14 2.38 2.39 2.33 2.26

ForF.B.Smouldx=15.12ForF.C.BRmouldx=37.11

Table 4.4 MOISTURECONTENTDETERMINATIONS

18
Container Now……………… 92 37 87 99 11 47 33 50 71 41
6

Wt. of wet soil and container…..g…. 86.3 80. 76. 73. 95. 79. 85. 74. 82. 78.
6 1 3 0 5 8 8 8 4

Wt. of dry soil and container….g…. 80.3 75. 70. 66. 80. 12. 75. 71. 74. 70.
8 4 2 4 8 0 3 1 4

Wt. of container………….g…….. 29.1 29. 29. 29. 28. 28. 29. 28. 29. 27.
2 8 7 8 7 3 4 1 1

Wt. of dry soil(wd) 51.2 46. 40. 36. 57. 44. 50. 48. 45. 41.
………………….g…….. 0 6 5 0 1 1 6 0 3

Wt. of moisture(wd)……….g…….. 6.0 4.8 5.7 5.1 8.6 6.7 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.0

Moisture contents100W_/WD)… 11.7 10. 14. 13. 14. 15. 17. 17. 19. 19.
100%.... 3 0 2 9 2 4 5 3 4

Average moisture content 11.0 13.6 15.1 17.5 19.4

Dry density rd=100r+m……Kg/cm3 1,95 2.10 2.08 1.98 1.89

C.B.R(mean of Top and Bottom…..

%

MaxDrydensity2.40kg/m3

Optimummoisturecontent13.4

C.B.R.atOptMC.107%

19
Discussion

The CBR value is an indication of the strength of the soil and a higher value
indicates greater strength. A CBR value of 107% at the optimum moisture content
suggests that the soil sample has a higher strength than the standard reference
material used in the CBR test, which has a CBR value of 100%. This means that
the soil sample is suitable for use in applications that require a high degree of
strength, such as road or pavement construction.

Table 4.5 sample 3

Wt. of mould and wet soil.(w 2)…… 10026 10569 10774 10660 10548
g…

Wt. of mould…………….(w2)…… 5458 5458 5458 5458 5458

Wt. wet soil………(w2w1......g…… 4568 5111 5316 5202 5091

Bulk density r=………1b/cu..fu 1.98 2.22 2.31 2.26 2.21

ForF.B.Smoul dx=15.12ForF.C.BRmouldx=37.11

Table 4.6 MOISTURECONTENTDETERMINATIONS

20
Container No………………… 120 10 11 13 14 10 12 13 10 14
6 5 6 1 1 1 9 9 1

Wt. of wet soil and container…..g 48.4 55. 51. 60. 53. 53. 55, 50. 55. 55.
9 5 1 9 6 7 5 8 4

Wt. of dry soil and container..g.. 45.8 52. 48. 56. 49. 49. 50. 46. 50, 49.
9 1 3 9 4 9 2 6 9

Wt. of container…….g…….. 16.2 16. 16. 15. 17. 15. 16. 16. 18. 16.
4 0 8 1 9 1 2 0 5

Wt. of dry soil(wd)…….g…….. 29.6 36. 22. 40. 22. 33. 34. 30. 32. 33.
5 1 5 8 5 8 0 6 4

Wt. of moisture (wd)…….g……. 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.8 4.3 5.2 5.5

Moisturecontents100W_/WD)… 8.8 8.2 10. 9.4 12. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16.
100%.... 6 2 5 8 3 3 5

Average moisture content 8.5 10.0 12.4 14.1 16.4

Dry density 1.82 2.02 2,06 1.98 1.90

rd=100r+m……Kg/cm3

C.B.R(mean of Top and Bottom)

………..%

MaxDrydensity2.10kg/m3

Optimum moisture content 12.4

C.B.R.atOptMC.115%

21
Discussion

A CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value of 115% at the optimum moisture content
of 12.4% indicates that the soil sample has a high strength and stiffness. The CBR
value is a measure of the strength of a soil and is commonly used to evaluate the
suitability of a soil for road and pavement construction. the high CBR value at the
optimum moisture content of 12.4% indicates that the soil sample has a high
strength and stiffness and is well-suited for use in road and pavement construction.
The interlocking of soil particles at this moisture content creates a strong, stable
soil structure that can withstand heavy loads and traffic.

Table 4.7 sample 4

Wt. of mould and wet soil.(w2)… 9554 10253 10442 10652 10613
g…..

Wt. of mould…………….(w2) 5291 5291 5291 5291 5291

……

Wt. wet soil……(w2w1.......g…… 4560 4862 5151 5361 5311

Bulk density r=………1b/cu..fu 1.98 2.15 2.24 2.33 2.31

For F.B. Smould x=15.12ForF.C.BRmouldx=37.1

Table 4.8 MOISTURECONTENTDETERMINATIONS

22
Container No…………………. 48 47 58 90 57 99 56 18 105 51

Wt. of wet soil and 598 56. 65. 75. 60. 3. 47 468 55. 68.
contained…..g 6 7 7 0 2 .0 0 3

Wt. of dry soil and 57. 91. 62. 71. 56. 55 44 44. 47. 63.
container……..g…… 4 5 2 3 7 .1 .8 6 3 0

Wt. of 30. 28. 29. 28. 29. 29 29 29. 29. 28.

container………….g…….. 0 9 6 8 8 .5 .1 5 2 7

Wt. of dry soil(wd)…….g…….. 24. 25. 32. 42. 26. 25 15 15. 18. 34.
2 6 6 5 9 .9 .7 1 1 5

Wt. of moisture(wd)…….g…….. 22. 2.1 3.5 4.4 3.3 3. 2. 2.2 2.7 5.3
4 2 2

Moisturecontents100W_/WD)… 8.8 8.2 10. 10. 12. 12 14 14. 14. 15.

100%.... 7 4 3 .5 .0 6 9 5

Average moisture content 8.5 10.6 12.4 14.3 15.2

Dry density 1.82 1.94 1.99 2.04 1.93

rd=100r+m……Kg/cm3

C.B.R(mean of Top and Bottom)..

%

MaxDrydensity2.30kg/m3

Optimummoisturecontent13.8%

 C.B.R.atOptMC.106%

Discussion

23
A CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value of 106% at the optimum moisture content
of 13.0% indicates that the soil sample has a good strength and stiffness, but it may
not be as strong as a soil with a higher CBR value. The CBR value is a measure of
the strength of a soil and is commonly used to evaluate the suitability of a soil for
road and pavement construction.

The maximum dry density of 2.30 kg/m³ and optimum moisture content of 13.0%
indicate that the soil sample has been compacted to its maximum density, which is
an important factor in determining its strength. At this moisture content, the soil
particles are tightly packed together, with minimal voids between them. This
results in a high degree of compaction and a high dry density, which can lead to a
strong and stable soil structure.

Summary of findings

From LAS 1-4, the soil compaction test indicates that the soil has higher value of
stiffness which is strong and useful for construction of roads and pavement, which
can contribute for the economical value.

4.3 Energy Dispersant X-Ray Florescence (Ed-Xrf) Method

This is the method used to determine the chemical composition using the ED-XRF
method

4.3.1 Laboratory Methodology

The Energy Dispersant absorption spectrometer system method of X-Ray

Fluorescence (ED-XRF) was used for the Laboratory test carried out on the
samples to determine their chemical composition. This method measures the

24
different energies of characteristic radiation coming directly from the sample in the
elements range from Mg to U.

4.3.2 Chemical Analysis Result and Interpretation

Often, only a small sample of material is required for analysis, and a good analysis
starts with a well-prepared sample and good measurement the sample is a
representative of the entire material, through the quartering system, and so was
handled with the standard protocol the soil sample as received was prepared to
powder The sample is placed in a cup and the cup is placed in the spectrometer
ducking station for analysis The test was carefully carried out in accordance with
the provisions stated above Below are the results or the laboratory analysis

Table 4.5 Chemical analysis Test 1

Analysis in Oxide (WT %) Wt % Mg/Kg

Al2O3 17.1 ± 0.4 Al 9.02 90200
SiO2 43.8 ± 0.2 Si 10.5 205000
K2O 0.76 ± 0.01 K 0.63 6300
C aO 0.063 ± 0.005 Ca 0.026 260
TiO2 2.13 ± 0.03 Ti 1.28 12800
V205 0.035± 0.007 V 0.02 200
Cr203 0.013± 0.004 Cr 0.009 90
MnO 0.023± 0.003 Mn 0.018 180
Fe2O3 10.1± 0.1 Fe 7.05 70500
NiO 0.010 ± 0.001 Ni 0.008 80
CuO 0.001± 0.001 Cu 0.001 10
ZnO 0.009± 0.001 Zn 0.007 70
As2O3 0.001±0.001 As 0.001 10
Rb2O 0.006 ± 0.001 Rb 0.006 60
25
 SrO 0.004 ± 0.001 Sr 0.003 30
Y 0.002 ± 0.001 Y 0.002 20
ZrO2 0.056± 0.001 Zr 0.041 410
NbO2 0.003 ± 0.001 Nb 0.002 20
Sb2o3 0.001 ± 0.001 Sb 0.001 10
BaO 0.030 ± 0.006 Ba 0.027 270
Nd 0.009 ± 0.009 Nb 0.009 90
Th 0.001 ± 0.001 Th 0.001 10
Source field test, 2022

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The above table indicates the element with high quantity are Silicon (Si)20.5%
Aluminum (Al)9.02%, Iron (Fe)7.05% and titanium (Ti) 1.28% in a high
quantity. The remaining elements such as K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As,
Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ba, Nb, Th are all below 1.00% which have less impact on
the soil. The high percentage of Silicon, Aluminun, Iron and titanium in the
chemical test in sample 1 indicates that vital amount of such element can be
extracted from the mine dumps which has economic and agricultural purposes.

Table 4.6 Chemical analysis Test 2

Analysis in Oxide (WT %) Wt % Mg/Kg

Al2O3 17.2 ± 0.4 Al 9.12 91200
SiO2 44.1 ± 0.3 Si 20.6 206000
K2O 0.76 ± 0.01 K 0.63 6300
C aO 0.075 ± 0.005 Ca 0.053 530
TiO2 1.97 ± 0.03 Ti 1.18 11800
V205 0.042± 0.007 V 0.024 240
Cr203 0.013± 0.004 Cr 0.009 90
26
 MnO 0.023± 0.003 Mn 0.018 180
Fe2O3 10.1± 0.1 Fe 7.03 70300
NiO 0.010 ± 0.001 Ni 0.009 90
ZnO 0.062± 0.001 Zn 0.05 500
As2O3 0.001± 0.001 As 0.003 10
Rb2O 0.006±0.001 Rb 0.001 50
SrO 0.004 ± 0.001 Sr 0.006 30
Y 0.002 ± 0.001 Y 0.002 20
ZrO2 0.061 ± 0.001 Zr 0.045 450
Nb2O5 0.003± 0.001 Nb 0.042 20
Sb2o3 0.001 ± 0.001 Sb 0.001 10
BaO 0.030 ± 0.006 Ba 0.027 270
ceO2 0.013 ± 0.008 Ce 0.01 100
Hg 0.001 ± 0.002 Hg 0.001 10
Th 0.001 ± 0.001 Th 0.001 10
Source field test, 2022

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The above table indicates the element with high quantity are Silicon (Si)20.6%
Aluminum (Al)9.12%, Iron (Fe)7.03% and titanium (Ti) 1.18% in a high
quantity. The remaining elements such as K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Rb, Sr,
Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ba, Nb, Th, Hg and Ce are all below 1.00% which have less impact
on the soil. The high percentage of Silicon, Aluminun, Iron and titanium in the
chemical test in sample 2 indicates that soil in that sample is highly suitable for
Agricultural purpose.

Table 4.7 Chemical analysis Test 3

27
 Analysis in Oxide (WT %) Wt % Mg/Kg
Al2O3 18.4 ± 0.4 Al 9.72 97200
SiO2 36.3 ± 0.3 Si 17 170000
K2O 0.46 ± 0.01 K 0.38 3800
TiO2 2.36 ± 0.03 Ti 1.42 14200
V205 0.052 ± 0.07 V 0.029 290
Cr203 0.016± 0.004 Cr 0.011 110
MnO 0.085± 0.004 Mn 0.066 660
Fe2O3 14.5± 0.0.1 Fe 10.2 102000
NiO 0.017± 0.001 Ni 0.014 140
CuO 0.002 ± 0.001 Cu 0.002 20
ZnO 0.016± 0.001 Zn 0.013 130
As 0.001± 0.001 As 0.001 10
Rb2O 0.004±0.001 Rb 0.004 40
SrO 0.003 ± 0.001 Sr 0.002 20
Y 0.002 ± 0.001 Y 0.002 20
ZrO2 0.050 ± 0.001 Zr 0.037 370
Nb2O5 0.003± 0.001 Nb 0.002 20
Sb2O3 0.001 ± 0.001 Sb 0.001 10
BaO 0.018 ± 0.006 Ba 0.016 160
ceO2 0.08 ± 0.008 Ce 0.007 70
Th 0.001 ± 0.001 Th 0.001 10
Source: field test, 2022

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The above table indicates the element with high quantity are Silicon (Si)17%
Aluminum (Al)9.72%, Iron (Fe)10% and titanium (Ti) 1.42% in a high quantity.

28
In this sample 3, indicate a significant increase in elements such as irons which
suitable for the production of steels and other alloys which can also generate more
income. The remaining elements such as K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Rb,
Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ba, Thand Ce are all below 1.00% which have less impact on the
soil.

Table 4.7 Chemical analysis Test 4

Analysis in Oxide (WT %) Wt % Mg/Kg

Al2O3 16.9 ± 0.4 Al 8.94 97200
SiO2 42.8 ± 0.3 Si 20 170000
K2O 0.71 ± 0.01 K 0.38 3800
CaO 1. 0.004 Ca 0.03 300
TiO2 0.0042 ± 0.004 Ti 1.5 14200
V205 0.052 ± 0.07 V 0.029 290
Cr203 0.016± 0.004 Cr 0.011 110
MnO 0.085± 0.004 Mn 0.066 660
Fe2O3 14.5± 0.0.1 Fe 6.72 102000
NiO 0.017± 0.001 Ni 0.014 140
CuO 0.002 ± 0.001 Cu 0.002 20
ZnO 0.016± 0.001 Zn 0.013 130
As 0.001± 0.001 As 0.001 10
Rb2O 0.004±0.001 Rb 0.004 40
SrO 0.003 ± 0.001 Sr 0.002 20
Y 0.002 ± 0.001 Y 0.002 20
ZrO2 0.050 ± 0.001 Zr 0.037 370
Nb2O5 0.003± 0.001 Nb 0.002 20
Sb2O3 0.001 ± 0.001 Sb 0.001 10
BaO 0.018 ± 0.006 Ba 0.016 160

29
 ceO2 0.08 ± 0.008 Ce 0.007 70
Th 0.001 ± 0.001 Th 0.001 10
Source: field test, 2022

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

The above table indicates the element with high quantity are Silicon (Si) 20%
Aluminum (Al)8.94%, Iron (Fe)6.72% and titanium (Ti) 1.5% in a high quantity.
In this sample 4. The remaining elements such as K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn,
As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sb, Ba, Th and Ce are all below 1.00% which have less
impact on the soil. This result that indicates that the soil or mine dump is can be
reclaim which can be used for Agricultural purpose.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

From the above chemical analysis indicates the major minerals found in the
samples are Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al) , Iron (Fe) titanium (Ti). Which indicate
that the mine dumps are of economic value because elements such as iron can be
extracted which is used for manufacturing of steel. And it is also suitable for
Agriculture if the dumps are reclaimed.

30
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

This information is used to determine the suitability of the mine dumps for
various development purposes, such as reforestation, agriculture, and construction.
The major minerals found in the samples are Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al), Iron
(Fe) titanium (Ti). Which indicate that the mine dumps are of economic value.

The soil compaction test indicates that the soil has higher value of stiffness which
is strong and useful for construction of roads and pavement which can contribute
for the economical value.

5.2 Conclusion

In conclusion, the characterization of mine dumps is a crucial step in determining

their suitability for development purposes. By analyzing various parameters such
as physical and chemical properties, geotechnical characteristics, and
environmental impacts, it is possible to identify the potential uses and limitations
of the mine dumps. Based on this information, mine dumps can be classified as
suitable or unsuitable for various types of development, such as mining,
agriculture, or recreation. It is important to note that mine dump characterization
should be carried out on a regular basis to ensure that any changes in the dump's
characteristics are taken into account and that the dump continues to be safe and
suitable for development.

31
5.3 Recommendation
I. From LAS 1: in soil compaction test, I recommend that the soil is useful for
construction purposes which the CBR Value is high with 115%.

II. From LAS 2-4, the soil compaction test indicates that the soil has higher
value of stiffness which is strong and useful for construction of roads and
pavement, which can contribute for the economical value.

III. The chemical analysis indicates the major minerals found in the samples are
Silicon (Si), Aluminum (Al), and Iron (Fe) titanium (Ti). Recommends that
the mine dumps are of economic value because elements such as iron can be
extracted which is used for manufacturing of steel. And it is also suitable for
Agriculture if the dumps are reclaimed

32
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35
PLATES SHOWS PICTURE TAKING AT SITES

Plates: 1

Plate: 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

36
Plate 5

37