PAKET 1
LITERASI BAHASA INGGRIS
The following text is for question 61 - 64
The cinema did not emerge as a form of mass
consumption until its technology evolved from the
initial “peepshow”nformat to the point where
images were projected on a screen in a darkened
theater. In the peepshow format, a film was viewed
through a small opening in a machine that was
created for that purpose. Thomas Edison‟s
peepshow device, the Kinetoscope, was
introduced to the public in 1894. It was designed
for use in Kinetoscope parlors, or arcades, which
contained only a few individual machines and
permitted only one customer to view a short, 50-
foot film at any one time. The first Kinetoscope
parlors contained five machines.
For the price of 25 cents (or 5 cents per machine),
customers moved from machine to machine to
watch five different films (or in the case of famous
prizefights, successive rounds of a single fights).
These Kinetoscope arcades were modeled on
phonograph parlors, which had proven successful
for Edison several years earlier. In the phonograph
parlors, customers listened to recordings through
individual ear tubes, moving from one machine to
the next to hear different recorded speeches or
pieces of music. The Kinetoscope parlors
functioned in a similar way. Edison was more
interested in the sale of Kinetoscope (for roughly
$1,000 a piece) to these parlors than in the films
that would be run in them (which cost
approximately $10 to $15 each). He refused to
develop projection technology, reasoning that if he
made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would
purchase only one machine-a projector- from his
instead of several.
Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their
profits, which they could do more readily by
projecting a handful of films to hundreds of
customers at a time (rather than one at a time) and
by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. About a
year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope
parlor in 1894, showmen such as Louis and
Auguste Lumiere, Thomas Armat and Charles
Francis Jenkins, and Orville and Woodville Latham
(with the assistance of Edison‟s former assistant,
William Dickson) perfected projection devices.
These earlu projection devices were used in
vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town
halls, makseshift storefront theaters, fairgrounds,
and amusement parks to show films to a mass
audience.
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With the advent of projection in 1895-1896, motion
pictures became ultimate from of mass
consumption. Previously, large audiences had
viewed spectacles at the theater, where vaudeville,
popular dramas, musical and minstrel shows,
classical plays, lectures and slide-and-antern
shows had been prsented to several hundred
spectcors at a time. But the movies differed
significantly from these other forms of
entertainment, which depended on either live
performance or (in the case of the slide-and lantern
shows) the active involvement of a master of
ceremonies who assembled the final program.
61. .According to paragraph 1, all of the following
were true of viewing films in Kinetoscope
parlors except . . . .
A. One individual at a time viewed a film
B. Customers could view one film after another
C. Prizefights were the most popular subjects
for films
D. Each film was short
E. Customers needed to move from one
machine to another to view different film
62. The author discusses phonograph parlors in
paragraph 2 in order to . . . .
A. Explain Edison‟s financial success
B. Describe the model used to design
Kinetoscope parlors
C. Contrast their popularity to that of
Kinetoscope parlors
D. Illustrate how much more technologically
advanced Kinetoscope parolrs were
E. Inform the price f Kinetoscope
63. Which of the sentences below best expresses
“He refused to develop projection technology,
reasoning that if he made and sold projectors,
then exhibitors would purchase only one
machine-a projector-from his instead of
several.”
A. Edison was more interseted in developing a
variety of machines than in developing a
technlogy on only one.
B. Edison refused to work on projection
technology because he did not think
exhibitors would replace their projectors
with newer machines.
C. Edison did not want to develop projection
technology because it limited the number of
machines he should sell.
D. Edison did not want to develop projection
technology because he could not sell it to
exhibitons.
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E. Edison would not develop projections
technology unless exhibitors agreed to
purchase more than one projector from him.
64. According to paragraph 4, how did the early
…..
A. They were a more expensive form of
entertainment.
B. They were viewed by larger audiences.
C. They were more educational.
D. They did not require live entertainers.
E. They required active involvement of a
master of ceremonies.
The following text is for question 65-68.
Education is often viewed as school in a traditional,
formal sense. Many people believe that true
learning can only take place in formal classroom
setting. Others feel education occurs in many
different forms and environments. They may not be
a definitive answer to the question of, “What is
education?” However, we can start thinking about
the purpose of education.
In 1990, UNESCO launched EFA, the movement
to provide quality education for all children, youth,
and adults by the year of 2015. The unfortunate
reality is that for many countries, larger issues
come before improving the quality of education.
How can we achieve the goals of EFA when the
numerous countries around the world are faced
with challenges that seem far too impossible to
overcome? The answer lies in attempting to bridge
some of the gaps that prevent developing nations
to compete with developed nations. One example
is that of providing greater access to technology
and narrowing the ever widening digital divide. In
many ways, the most basic access to technology
can serve as a valuable educational tool.
Individuals who are not afforded this access are at
disadvantage when trying to grasp opportunities to
make life better for themselves, their families, and
their community.
65. The author‟s main concern in the first
paragraph of passage is …..
A. There is no exact definition about
education.
B. Education is a fundamental individual’s right
C. Everyone has the right to get quality
education
D. Education occurs in any place not just
schools
E. Development can be gained through
education
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66. If the author is right concerning the role of
education, the following might be predicted to
take place, EXCEPT …..
A. Longer life expectation
B. Lesser birth rate
C. Improved welfare
D. Better quality living
E. More jobs opportunities
67. The following sentences reflect the author’s
opinions in the passage, EXCEPT …..
A. Everyone has the right to get education
B. Education cannot be easily defined
C. EFA provides quality education by 2015
D. Education is basic to human development
E. The EFA goals are faced with serious
challenges
68. The situation the author shows in the passage
above is best described as follows ….
A. Quality education fundamentally ensures
quality living in all sectors
B. Education is essentially everyone’s right yet
it still has its challenges
C. There are problems in eduaction in spite of
it significant role
D. As long as nations compete, educations
cannot progress
E. Absence of an exact definition causes
problems in education
The following text is for question 69 - 72.
Soil liquefaction, also called earthquake
liquefaction, is ground failure or loss of strength
that causes solid soil to behave temporarily as a
viscous liquid. The phenomenon occurs in water-
saturated unconsolidated soils affected by seismic
secondary waves, which cause ground vibfations
during earthquakes. Although earthquake shock is
the best known cause of liquefaction, certain
construction practices, including blasting and soil
compaction and vibroflotation (which uses a
vibrating probe to change the grain structure of the
surrounding soil), produce this phenomenon
intentionally. Poorly drained fine-grained soils such
as sandy, silty, and gravelly soils are the most
susceptible to liquefaction.
Granural soils are made up of a mix of sil and pore
spaces. When earthquake shock occurs in
waterlogged soils, the water-filled
pore spaces collapse, which decreases the overall
volume of the soil. This process increases the
water pressure between individual soil grains, an
the grains can then move freely in the watery
matrix. This substantially lowers the soil‟s
resistance to shear stress and causes the mass of
soil to take on the characteristics of a liquid. In its
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liquified state, soil deform easily, and heavy
objects such as structures can be damaged from
the sudden loss of support from below.
Buildings constructed on loose soil pitch and tilt
easily when liquefaction occurs, since the soil no
longer supports the structures
foundations. In contrast, structured anchored to
bedrock or stiff soils in earthquake-prone areas
suffer less damage, because less vibration is
transmitted through the foundation to the structure
sbove. In addition, buildings anchored to bedrock
have a reduced risk of pitching and tilting.
One of the most severe episodes of liquefaction in
modern times occured in China during the
Tangshan earthquake of 1976. Some scientist
estimate that an area of more than 2,400 sq km
was subjected to severe liquefaction, which
contributed to the expensive damage that took
place in the southearn part of the city. The
liquefaction of the soft lake sediment upon which
central Mexico city was built amplified the effects of
the 1985 earthquake, the epicenter of which was
located hundreds of miles away. In addition, the
liquefaction of the ground beneath the Mission and
Market districts in San Fransisco during the 1906
earthquake caused several sturctures to pitch and
collapse. These districts were built on poorly filled
reclaimed wetlands and shallow-water areas.
Liquefaction may also contribute to sand blows,
which are also known as sand boils or sand
volcanoes. Sand blows often accompany
the liquefaction of sandy or silty soil. With the
collapse of the soil‟s granular structure, the density
of the soil increases. This increased pressure
squeezes the water out of the pore spaces
between the soil grains and expels wet sand from
the ground. Sand blows have been observed in the
aftermath of several earthquakes, including the
New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-12, the
Tangshan earthquake of 1976, the San Fransisco-
Oakland earthquake of 1989, and the Christchurch
earthquakes of 2010-11. In addition, liquefaction
may also cause landslides. For example, during
the Alaska earthquake of 1964, the liquefaction of
a sandy layer of soft clay beneath Turnagain
Heights, a suburb of Anchorage, caused a
landslide in the mass of ground above that
destroyed appoximately 75 homes and disrupted
utilities.
69. The passage above mainly deals with …..
A. Earthquake and its impact
B. Liquefaction and its impact
C. Examples of liquefaction cases
D. Liquefaction in China
E. Damages caused by liquefaction
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70. Why does the author mention about Tangshan,
San Fransisco, New Madrid, and Alaska
earthquake?
A. To show how dangerous liquefaction could
be
B. To explain the causes of liquefaction
C. To exemplify the damages caused by
liquefaction
D. To describe those cities‟ role during
liquefaction
E. To illustrate how liquefaction occurs
71. According to the passage, which of the
following is not true about the impact o
liquefaction?
A. It caused several structures in Mission and
Market districts to pitch, tilt, and collapse
B. It may cause landslide and sand boils
C. It destroyed homes and disrupted utilities
D. It contributed to the massive damage in
Tangshan earthquake
E. It weakened the effects of the 1985
earthquake in Mexico city
72. The author organizes the passage by starting
with …..
A. Describing the causes and effect of a
certain natural phenomenon
B. Explaining how a certain natural
phenomenon happens
C. Illustrating the impact of natural calamity
D. Giving an example of the effect caused by a
disaster
E. Comparing two natural phenomena
Questions 1—4 are based on the following
passage.
Forests have the ability to regulate water systems,
prevent erosion and flood, and maintain soil
fertility. The ability of forests is inseparable from
the existence of millions and even billions of trees
in a forest area. Trees only store water for their
own needs, and the land saves water.
Billions of trees with their wide canopies will hold
back rain. In this position, rain water does not
directly hit the soil surface, but will fall slowly
through the leaves and flow through the tree trunk.
Then, the soil surface filled with tree trunks will
produce quite a lot of litter originating from organic
materials in the forms of leaf and dry twigs.
Dramatically, littering is heading towards the decay
process. The organic materials are collected on the
soil surface.
Litter blocks the water falling from the canopy so it
does not directly hit the soil. Litter also functions as
a place to live for millions of organisms (e.g.
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worms). This organism punctures the land as a
home and place of life. This organism’s behavior
causes the soil surface to become loose and
porous. When rain drops from the canopy fall onto
the litter, the water slowly flows to the soil surface.
The loose and porous top layer of soil will absorb
the water and then the water will be stored in the
aquifer, the underground river.
The soil surface in the forest has high capacity to
absorb rainwater. As a result, most of the rainwater
seeps into the soil; only a little becomes running
water. Running water is the water that cannot be
absorbed by the soil surface. This water will go
down to a lower area. If running water exceeds the
carrying capacity of the river, it can certainly cause
flood. Most of the rainwater that falls in the forest
area will be absorbed by the soil and stored in the
aquifer.
Furthermore, the water stored in the aquifer will
come out regularly through springs. From these
springs, water flows through rivers that are mostly
found in the forest area. In addition, there is also
underground water that comes out as a spring in
the resident wells.
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73. The word 'dramatically' in paragraph 2 is best
replaced by ....
A. gradually
B. naturally
C. amazingly
D. surprisingly
E. simultaneously
74. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Water guarantees millions of organisms to
survive in forest areas.
B. Land stores and releases water through
various processes.
C. Litter gradually flows water to the soil
surface.
D. Trees store water to fulfill human daily
needs.
E. Forests have various benefits for human life
75. With the sentence ‘This organism's behavior
causes the soil surface to become loose and
porous’ in paragraph 3, the writer intends to ....
A. describe the organism and its behavior
against loose soil
B. confirm the behavior of organisms in loose
soil
C. compare the loose soil with the porous soil
D. uncover natural processes at soil srosion
E. explain the causes of soil erosion
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76. What most likely motivates the writer in writing
the passage?
A. There is an unresolved flood problem.
B. People’s awareness towards reforestation
is low.
C. Not many people understand the benefits of
water for forests.
D. There is the fallacious concept that trees
store large amount of water.
E. The information about the importance of
trees in storing water is not available
Questions 77 - 80 are based on the following
passage.
The older we get, the more likely we are to lapse
into a sedentary lifestyle. Recent research reports
an estimated 67% of older adults sitting for more
than eight hours per day, whereas only 28% to
34% of adults ages 65% to 74 are physically
active.
A sedentary life can affect our health in ways we
may not realize, and the consequences of too
much sitting every day can be adverse. For
example, prolonged sitting, like spending hours
watching television, increase our chance of
developing venous thrombosis, which potentially
leads to fatal blood clots that for in the deep veins
of legs. In fact, people who watched television the
most had a 70% greater risk of suffering from
venous thrombosis compare with those who never
or seldom watched TV.
On the flip side, squeezing in extra movement
during the day can have a big impact. For
instance ,standing more can help us lose weight
and keep it off. Everyday activities that incorporate
more walking also build up muscles, which may
help us live longer. Researchers have found that
loss of leg muscle strength and mass is associated
with slower walking speeds among older adults.
Slower speeds are linked with lower 10 year
survival rate for peole after age 75.
One way to combat the health risks of a sedentary
lifestyle is to work small bits of exercise into daily
routine. It does not matter if we are sweating or
feeling like we are working hard as long as we are
still moving our armas and legs, stimulating our
muscles, and working our joints. Exercise doesn't
always has to be intense to be effective. We can
focus on adding just 30 minutes of extra activity
into our day, three days a week, or we can break it
down into smaller segments, like 10 minutes in the
morning, afternoon and evening.
77. The paragraph following the passage most
likely discusses...
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(A) some cases of the dangers sitting all day
long.
(B) the places we can visit to boost the
frequency of our exercise.
(C) the befenits of maintaining a routine work-
out on a daily basis.
(D) example of simple activities that can
promote physical movements.
(E) recommendations on vitamins to take to
make our body immune to diseases.
78. The author's attitude regarding sedentary
lifestyle is...
(A) critical
(B) neutral
(C) resentful
(D) apologetic
(E) loathsome
79. Which of the following is the best summary of
the passage?
(A) The current sedentary is largely caused by
people's tendency to remain idle and
unproductive, such as watching TV. It is
worsened by the fact that most people work
by sitting all day. To reverse the trend,
taking up rigorous sports can be a sollution.
(B) Being phyaically inactive for most of the
day has been a lifestyle. Unfortunately, this
way of life can harm our bodily well-being.
Nevertheless, the adverse impacts maybe
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reduced by incorporating regular
movements on a daily basis.
(C) It seems that everybody now is a potato
couch. One of the causes is the long hours
at work, which lead people to sit behind the
desk throughout the day. While this sounds
productive, its dangers to health maybe
profound.
(D) A sedentary life is likely to distort the
circulation of blood in our body. Therefore it
is essential to keep active whenever we
can. As a rule of thumb, standing idle is
preferred to sustained sitting.
(E) Altering a sedentary lifestyle with a
healthier one can be done by regularly
working out. The longer the exercise, the
better the result. After all, staying vigorous
is a choice, not a given situation
80. Based on the passage, adults' well-being will
be reasonably improved if...
(A) they switch from television to the Internet.
(B) they regularly run to reach the worksplace.
(C) they work while standing behind their desk.
(D) they avoid commuting or driving to their
office.
(E) they engage in household chores more
frequently.
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