14109123

2 Dimension
Analysis :

is :

ancy +wicke
i2 :

A214 , +92242

fined points :

(0, 0) ; n
=

x
+
bx, =

3M
22 =

2,o
+
312 =

SU2
Consider a Small
pertubation (Sm Sn2) ,
arround the fined point .

Sony :

(an] ins
54 327 determine
,

↳
the
stability of the
System
eigen values
when I is
diagonal x1 =

Al , P2= 922

when
I is not
diagonal then diagonalise to find the
eigenvectors

↳
*
x1 = 0
gives the
eigenvalues .

1- x11 =
0
; an -x a

ac 122 4 911922-x(9 + 1 +922) + ↑

=

0
;
-

921912 0
-

2
x x (911 + 9227 91 1922-92194 0
=

x2 -

xtrace (E) + 111

=

In
general & can be
complex
↳ Oscillation , Real-Amplitude of
Oscillations
 x =

2M
-

34 (0 , 0)
i =

x + x2

=
1, ]
-

1 I
*

i= =
x2 - 3x+ 3 =

+
3 1 9 -
4XS =
31-11

2 2

I r i
=3
R

a lib =

a =

312 ; b = 4/2
the real
part is which deviation
+he means the
growing Making
as is

the
System Unstable .

ess :

i =

21 + 30
i =

2M
+

M x2 -

37 -
y
=

[0 , 07
3 I a + 16 =
X
, 2
A
23
- 2
I

2 I x, =

3
=

x2 =

-1

xyz =

41-1
This a saddle point as it in one
grows
is

direction and decreases in the other .

2D Nonlinear
System :

ex
:

i
=

(n, 2)
-
+

5x2 if (n ,, v2)
I ,
k x z
xz i +z(x , 42)
=
+
-

Step 1 find the fixed point (2 07 =

(4 420)
:

, , 0
; ,

c
=

40
+

SM ; x2
=

420
+

Sxz

in say = + (40+ Sm 1x27= f 140 420) + sm+tazo

=

20 + I
, ,
, ,

(from multicalculus
20 , R20
+ 0(Sn2)
Similarly : Linearisation)

i Siz + (40+ /M 20 + 8x27= fix 420) fe

+
bm+ sae
=
=

, ,

Mo 20
,
20, 420 + S(0)

Linearised
System :

9y ( S ine :

-Y,
↳E ↳ Matrix evaluated a
there

fixed point
Eigen value
of I at fixed point -
en f, (x ,, 2)
G, -2) Sxz
=

1
(2 , -x)s]
=

fz(n , 4)
=

(x, 2)
-
+

42
n 2 nz 0
=
=

]
= =.

12 -
x -

5 =

0i
+

111 +
20
= x 42
,,

x,
= -> Saddle point
2

2nd order
Conventing from bot to nth Order ODE :

Simple Harmonic Osilator :

fixed point (0, 0)
:

e :

i win K
M
=
=

i =

x2 R =
x

i2 =-wir

(i !]
= =

12 +
w =

x =

I wi

int
m 4can+ <Sinnt
= B ene
=
+

int
M (zcant +
cysinet
=

related real part doesn't exist

Doesn't
Say anything to
stability as .
ex :
Damped Harmonic Oscilator :

+ 8x+wix =

0 fined point =
(0 0)
,

↳
damping factor (i)

M i= (rus+ we i

L I
A =

e
s

x + 0x +
w = 0

!no -
VI 82 -GW2 x 2
,,
=

870
2
-82> yw2-stable is me+NoOscilations
as whole expression
82<yw2-stable oscilatory s
+

82 =

xw2-stable

-
848

s um2-Unstable oscilations
as whole
expression is the + No
-r
yw2
M
82 Unstable +
ossilatory ert

·f
-

7
8 =

GW2 -

Unstable

- >

ett
 for a
general n dimensional System :

Eag (tilfla I
:
...
!
f2(M, ..., an7

, ..., un)
Fixed
point filn , un) 0 i
=

...,

Linear
stability is
given by eigen values of

(Ami it aen
E =