VOldge

dge V
V due to
aue Lage
which a
constant current of
, amperes flows
through the field winding. A
is produced by the field magnetic flux
the winding. When
armature is rotated by means
of
prime mover, the armature conductors cuta
the magnetic flux and so an Ra A
e.m.f. E. is
generated. When a load resistance R, is
connected across the terminals of the Field
generator, a load currentI, flows through winding
it. V is the terminal voltage of the D.C. Fig. 2.9
Generator.
The terminal voltage of the D.C. Generator will be
slightly less than the generated
voltage due to the following reasons
(a) When a D.C. Generator is
loaded, a load current I, flows through the load, and
an armature current l, flows through the armature
conductors. These conductors
possess a small resistance R, known as armature resistance, due to
which a
small voltage drop IR, occurs due to the current
a flowing through the armature
conductors.
(b) When current flows through the armature conductors, the armature sets up its
own flux, called armature flux. This armature flux has
two effects on the main
flux. It opposes the main flux and also distorts it. As a result, the main flux ges
reduced and, in turn, the e.m.f. induced in the DC Generator also gets reduced.
This is known as armature reaction. The reduction in the value of the generated
voltage due to armature reaction is considered as a voltage drop due to armature
reaction.
 D.C. Machiness
93
fo)The current flowing through the
armature conductors reaches
(c) Tne brusheswhich
placed over the rotating commutator.
are the load through
the
the n the commutator and the brushes has The contact
et contact resistance. Due to this resistance some resistance known as the
too, there is some voltage
Druthe
called the voltage drop due to brush contact
resistance. This drop is
droop
Caolts
volts per
per brush.
brush. The total voltage drop in a expressed
dtact resistance is twice the voltage drop per D.C. Generator
as
due to brush
only two brushes. brush, as the
generator has
a t e d e.m.f. =
Terminal Voltage + Armature Resistance
paaction Drop + Brush Contact
Resistance Drop. Drop + Armature
or E= V+ R, + Ard + Bcd
V =
or E !, Ra -

Ard -
Bcd
 40
2.10 E.M.F. Equation of D.C. Generator
Flux/pole in webers
Let
Z Total number armature conductors or coil sides on arnmature
No. of slots x No. of conductors/slot

P No. of generator poles.

A No. of parallel paths in the armature
N = Rotational speed of armature in revolutions per minute (r.p.m.)
e.m.f. induced in any parallel path in armature.
E
 Generated e.m.f E, = e.m.f. generated in any of the parallel paths. i.e., E

e.m.f. generated/conductor =
do volts (because n =
1)
Average
dt
During one revolution of armature in a P-pole generator, each armature
conductor cuts the magnetic flux P times. UTe
Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution = o P webers.

Flux cut by each conductor per second = Flux cut by the conductor n
revolution x no. of revolutions of armature per second.
per

=
oP x
webers
60

As per Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction, E.M.F. generated ne

per
conductor =do = P volts.
dt 60
The number of conductors in series between a positive brush and a negative
brush is equal to the total number of conductors divided by the number of parallel
paths, or

No. of armature conductors per parallel path =

A
The generated e.m.f, E, (between the terminals)
= e.m.f generated per conductor x No. of conductors in each parallel path.

OR

E xvolts --()
60 A

For a Simplex Wave-Wound Generator

No. of parallel paths, A 2.
oPN Z_9ZPN
Eqn (i) becomes E, = x =
yolts
60 2 120
For Simplex Lap-Wound Generator
No. of parallel paths, A = P.

Eqn (i) becomes E, = 29ZN volts

60 60
So re-writing equation (i), the general equation for e.m.f generated is
 D.C. Machines 99

oZN
volts
60 A

A 2, for simplex wave-winding

=
P, for simplex lap-winding
Also putting eqn (i) in another form,

volts
27T 60

2T
volts
where is in rad/sec.

2.11 Simple Problems on D.C. Generators

including those on E.M.F. Equation
Problem 2.1
In a given d.c. machine, if P 8, Z = 400, N = 300 RPM and o = 100
milliweber, calculat E, with winding () lap-connected (ii) wave-connected.
(Dec. 81, B.U.)
Solution:

E oZN volts
60 A
For a simplex lap winding, the no. of parallel paths, A = P, and for a wave

winding, A = 2.

For Lap-connected d.c. machine,

(100x10)x400 x300 (8
200 volts
60
For Wave-connected machine

100x10)x400 x 300 (8)

800 volts
Eg 60

Problem 2.2
A 4-pole generator with wave wound armature has 51 slots, each having
24conductors. The flux per pole is 0.01 Weber. At what speed must the
armature rotate to give an induced e.m.f of 220 V ? What will be the voltage
 Basic Electrical Engineering
att the sam
the
00 armature
rotates

and the (Jan 93, B.

winding is lap
developed
if the
speed ?

Solution
a) Wave-Wound Armature

E X60xA

Speed V= o2P
2
paths A
=

of parallel
Here No.

220 x 60 x 2 = 540 R.P. M

0.01x(5ix24)x4
b)ap-WoundArmature

ZN volts
60 A P = 4
4 =

number of parallei paths,

Here,
Speed N= 540 R.P.M.
O.C1x(51x24)x 540 4 = 110 V
Voltage developed, E= 60

Prob.em 2.3 a flux of 40 mW

has 960 conductors,
armature
An 8-pole
lap-connected generated. If the armature
RPM. CaBeulate the e.m.f.
£30 400 V ?
and a speed of driven to generate
per pole must it be
speed
wave-connected, at what
were

Solution
a ap-connected Armature

E, volts --0)
E60 A
P =8
parallei paths, A
=

Here, number of

= 40 m Wb =
40 x10 WVb
N 400 ; No. of conductors, Z = 960

40 x10x 960 x 400 (8 = 250 VN

E.M.F. generated. Ég
60
Wave-connected Armature
Ean ) above can be re-written as
6 0xA
N=
ZP
 D.C. Machine
101
Here, No. of parallel paths = 2; E, = 400V

400x 60 x2
.. N=. 156 R.P. M.
40x10)x 960 x8

Problem 2.4

An 8-pole lap-connected armature, driven at 400 RPM is

required to
erate
S e
250 V. The useful flux per pole is 0.05 Wb. If the armature has
150
sfs. calculate
lots, c a a suitable number of conductors per slot.
Solution
As the winding is lap-wound, the number of parallel paths =
No. of poles,
i.e., A
= P =
8
Given: E, = 250 and N = 400 RPM

ZN
Eg 60
0.05x Z x 400
Thus 250
60
or Z = 750

750
N o . of conductors per slot = =5
150

Problem 2.5
A 110-V d.c. shunt generator delivers a load current of 50 amps.
and the field circuit resistance is
The armature resistance is 0.2 ohm
of 1800 r.p.m. has 6 poles lap
55 ohms. The generator, rotating at a speed
Calculate
wound and has a total of 360 conductors.
i)the no-load voltage in the armature
i) the flux per pole. (Feb/Mar 83, B.U.)

Solution: I= 50 A
Load current, / = 50 A

110
sh 2A
Load
55 0.20 110V
552
a=I+Ish = 50+2 = 52 A

10.4 V
Ra= 52 x0.2 =

E=V+lg Ra Fig. 2.17

 Basic Electrical Engineering
102

= 110 + 10.4

= 120.4 V

oZN volts
E 60 A
Z = 360
Given P
=
6; N = 1800;
P = 6
winding, A
=

For lap
x 360 x 1800 X
(6
120. 4 =
60 6
120.4x60 = 0.011 Wb
.
360 x 1800