Research 3

RVCollege
RV Collegeofof Go, change the world

Engineering
Engineering
Dept of Mech. Engg.
Unit 3: Research Design for data Acquisition

M Krishna
RV College of Go, change the world
Engineering
Presentation Agenda
➢ Introduction
➢ Measurement Design:
➢ Primary Type of Measurement scales,
➢ Validity and Reliability Measurement,
➢ Sample Design,
➢ Non-Probability Sampling
➢ Probability Sampling
➢ Data Collection Procedure
➢ Source of secondary Data
➢ Primary data Collection Methods
➢ Validity and Reliability of data Collection Procedures
➢ Measurement error
➢Q
Engineering
Introduction
Mechanical Engineering Department
There are four methods of acquiring
data:
✓ Collecting new data;
✓ Converting/transforming legacy
data;
✓ Sharing/exchanging data; and
✓ Purchasing data.
This includes automated collection
(e.g., of sensor-derived data), the
manual recording of empirical
observations, and obtaining existing
data from other sources.
Common Data
Engineering Acquisition
Mechanical Considerations
Engineering Department
✓ Business Needs: The first thing to always consider is the business need - why are
these data required? What will be done with them?
✓ Business Rules: A business rule identifies the constraints under which the
business operates.
✓ Data Standards: Any Government, USGS, or industry standards that apply will
need consideration.
✓ Accuracy Requirements: Among the most familiar accuracy requirements is the
locational accuracy for spatial data; but there are other accuracy requirements that
may need to consider as well.
✓ Cost: Cost is always a consideration. Sometimes it's cheaper to buy than to
collect. Cost: Cost is always a consideration. Sometimes it's cheaper to buy than
to collect.
✓ Format: Need the data as spatial data, photos, flat files, Excel files, XML files
Engineering DataMechanical
Collection Methods
1. Questionnaire: a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and
other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
These 5 basic questions—how, why, who, when, and what
✓ Structured Questionnaire.
✓ Unstructured Questionnaire.
✓ Open ended Questionnaire.
✓ Close ended Questionnaire.
Collection Methods
2. Interviews: A method of data collection that involves two or more people
exchanging information through a series of questions and answers.
3. Observation Methods: Studying behavior, interactions, and phenomena in

their natural settings.
4. Physical Measures: Involve direct quantification of various physical

properties, characteristics, or variables
5. Attitude Scale: is tool prepared for the purpose of measuring people’s attitude
an issue
6. Psychological tests: standardized instruments used to assess various

psychological constructs and characteristics in individuals.
Collection Methods
7. Q-sorts: is used in psychology and social sciences to study subjective opinions,
attitudes, or perceptions of individuals.
8. Delphi technique: The Delphi technique is a structured and iterative data

collection method used to gather expert opinions and insights on a specific topic.
9. Visual analogue scale: The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is a psychometric

tool used to measure subjective or psychological attributes, such as pain intensity,
emotional states, satisfaction, or other subjective experiences
10. Pre-existing data: data that has been collected for a specific purpose or study
before the current research project
Engineering Measurement Design
➢ Measurement design refers to the systematic process of planning and
developing appropriate methods and tools to measure specific variables in a
research study.
➢ A well-designed measurement process is essential for obtaining accurate and
reliable data to answer research questions effectively.
➢ Measurement is the process of assigning numbers to variables it include
counting, ranking and comparing objects or events
➢ Some qualitative studies gather data in narrative form and numbers are not
associated with these data so these data not included in the concept of
measurement.
Engineering Level of Measurement
1. Nominal: Attributes are only Names : Weakest (Gender, religious
affiliation, Material status and job)
2. Ordinal: is a type of categorical data that has a natural order or ranking
between its categories, but the differences between the categories are not
quantifiable or evenly spaced.
3. Interval: data and measurement, an interval scale is a type of quantitative
scale that has meaningful and equal intervals between its values.
4. Ratio: the ratio scale is a type of measurement scale that possesses all the
properties of an interval scale but with the additional feature of having a
true zero point
Note: Data can always be converted from one level to a lower level of measurement, but not to a higher
level. E.g. Interval and ratio data can be converted to nominal or ordinal data.
Engineering Level of Measurement
Engineering Primary Type of Measurement
Mechanical scalesDepartment
Engineering
Primary Data may be collected through:
➢ Experiments
➢ Surveys (sample surveys or census surveys)
➢ Observation
➢ Interviews
➢ Questionnaires
➢ Schedules
Engineering ObservationEngineering Department
Mechanical
✓ Data from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or
by personally going to the field.
✓ Observation may be defined as systematic viewing, coupled with

consideration of seen phenomenon
✓ Structured Observation : When the observation is characterized by a careful

definition of the units to be observed, the style of recording the observed
information, standardized conditions of observation and the selection of
related data of observation.
✓ Unstructured Observation : When it takes place without the above

characteristics
Mechanical
✓ Participant Observation: When the observer is member of the group which
he is observing then it is Participant Observation.
✓ Non-Participant Observation: When observer is observing people without

giving any information to them then it is Non-Paricipant Observation.
✓ Uncontrolled Observation: When the observation takes place in natural

condition i.e., uncontrolled observation. It is done to get spontaneous picture
of life and persons.
✓ Controlled Observation: When observation takes place according to pre-

arranged plans, with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation
generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.
Mechanical
Advantages of Observation Disadvantages of observation
Produces Large quantities of data Interviewing selected subjects may
provide more information,
economically, than waiting for the
spontaneous occurrence of the
situation.
All data obtained from observations It is expensive method
are usable
The observation technique can be Limited information
stopped or begun at any time
Relative Inexpensive Extensive Training is needed
Engineering InterviewsEngineering Department
Mechanical
➢The Interview Method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal
stimuli and reply in terms of oral- verbal responses.
➢Interviewer asks questions (which are aimed to get information required for
study) to respondent.
➢Structured Interviews : In this case, a set of pre-decided questions are there.
➢Unstructured Interviews : In this case, we don’t follow a system of pre-

determined questions.
➢Focused Interviews : Attention is focused on the given experience of the

respondent and its possible effects.
Mechanical
➢Clinical Interviews : Concerned with broad underlying feelings or
motivations or with the course of an individual’s life experience.
➢Group Interviews : a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed.
➢Qualitative and quantitative Interviews : divided on the basis of subject

matter i.e., whether qualitative or quantitative.
➢Individual Interviews : Interviewer meets a single person and interviews

him.
➢Selection Interviews : Done for selection of people for certain Jobs.

Mechanical
Advantages Disadvantages of observation
More information at greater depth It is an expensive Method
can be obtained
Resistance may be overcome by a Interviewer bias
skilled interviewer
Personal information can be Respondent bias
obtained
Time consuming
Engineering Questionnaires
✓A Questionnaire is sent ( by post or by mail ) to the persons concerned
with a request to answer the questions and return the Questionnaire.
✓A Questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed in a definite
order on a form.
Essentials of Good Questionnaire
➢ Should be short and simple
➢ Follow a sequence of questions from easy to difficult one
➢ Technical terms should be avoided
➢ Should provide adequate space for answers in questionnaire
➢ Directions regarding the filling of questionnaire should be given Physical
Appearance – Quality of paper, Colour
➢ Sequence must be clear
Engineering Questionnaires
✓ Open-ended questions: This gives the respondents the ability to respond
in their own words.
✓ Close-ended or fixed alternative questions L This allows the
respondents to choose one of the given alternatives.
Advantages Disadvantages of observation
Low cost –even when the universe is large and is Time consuming
widespread
Free from interviewer bias The respondents need to be educated and cooperative
Respondents have adequate time to think through the This method is slow
answers
Respondents who are not easily approachable, can also Possibility of unclear replies
be reached conveniently
Large samples can be used
Engineering SchedulesEngineering Department
Mechanical
➢Very similar to Questionnaire method
➢The main difference is that a schedule is filled by the enumerator who is
specially appointed for the purpose.
➢Enumerator goes to the respondents, asks them the questions from the
Questionnaire in the order listed, and records the responses in the space
provided.
➢Enumerator must be trained in administering the schedule
Questionnaire Schedule
Q generally send to through mail and no further Schedule is filled by the enumerator or research
assistance from sender. worker.
Q is cheaper method Costly requires field workers
Non response is high Non response is low
Incomplete and wrong information is more. Depends on Honesty of the enumerator.
Depends on the quality of questionnaire Relatively more correct and complete
Engineering Validity andMechanical
Reliability Measurement
Reliability is concerned with the extent to which an experiment, test, or
measurement procedure yields consistent results on repeated trials. Reliability
is the degree to which a measure is free from random errors.
Validity is defined as the ability of an instrument to measure what the

researcher intends to measure.
✓ Test-Retest Reliability: Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of a

measurement over time.
✓ Internal Consistency Reliability: Internal consistency reliability measures
the extent to which items within a measurement instrument are consistent
with one another.
✓ Inter-Rater Reliability: Inter-rater reliability examines the agreement
between different raters or observers when using the same measurement
instrument.
Inter-Rater Reliability: Inter-rater reliability examines the agreement
between different raters or observers when using the same measurement
instrument
Validity Measurement
✓ Content Validity: Content validity refers to the degree to which the items or questions
in a measurement instrument adequately represent the entire domain or content of
the construct being measured
✓ Criterion Validity: Criterion validity assesses how well a measurement instrument
correlates with an external criterion or gold standard that is already established to
measure the same construct.
✓ Concurrent Validity: Concurrent validity is a type of criterion validity that measures
how well a new measurement instrument compares to an existing instrument that
measures the same construct.
✓ Predictive Validity: Predictive validity examines the extent to which a measurement
instrument predicts or forecasts future outcomes related to the construct being
measured.
✓ Construct Validity: Construct validity evaluates the degree to which a measurement
instrument accurately assesses the theoretical construct it intends to measure.
Engineering Sampling Engineering Department
Mechanical
✓ Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals or items from a
larger population to represent and make inferences about the entire
population.
✓ In research, sampling is a critical step as it helps researchers gather data
efficiently, economically, and with an acceptable level of accuracy.
✓ The population refers to the entire group of individuals, items, or events
that the researcher is interested in studying and generalizing the findings to.
✓ A sample is a smaller, manageable subset of the population that is selected
for data collection.
✓ The sampling frame is a list or collection of all the members of the
population from which the sample will be drawn.
Mechanical
Sampling methods are ways to select a sample of data from a
given population (every individual in the whole group).
It is unrealistic to collect data from the entire population because it:
✓ is too big
✓ takes too much time
✓ costs too much money
Ttherefore take an appropriate sized sample as a way of representing the

population.
Mechanical
✓ Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals or items from a
larger population to represent and make inferences about the entire population.
✓ In research, sampling is a critical step as it helps researchers gather data

efficiently, economically, and with an acceptable level of accuracy.
✓ The population refers to the entire group of individuals, items, or events that
the researcher is interested in studying and generalizing the findings to.
✓ A sample is a smaller, manageable subset of the population that is selected for

data collection.
✓ The sampling frame is a list or collection of all the members of the population
from which the sample will be drawn.
Engineering Sampling Process
Sampling Process
➢ Defining the population of concern.
➢ Specifying a sampling frame, a set of items or events possible
to measure.
➢ Specifying a sampling method for selecting items or events
from the frame.
➢ Determining the sample size.
➢ Implementing the sampling plan.
➢ Sampling and data collection
Engineering Principal of Randomization
✓ The principle of randomization is a fundamental concept in research and
experimentation.
✓ It involves the random assignment of participants or subjects to different

groups or conditions in a study.
✓ Randomization is used to minimize bias and ensure that the groups being
compared are as similar as possible at the beginning of the study, except
for the specific intervention or treatment being tested.
✓ This allows researchers to draw valid and reliable conclusions about

cause-and-effect relationship
Engineering Sampling Methods
Engineering Probability sampling
✓ To the selection of a sample from a population, when this selection is
based on the principle of randomization, that is, random selection or
chance.
✓ Probability sampling is a type of sampling method used in research,
where each member of the population has a known and non-zero chance
of being selected in the sample.
✓ In probability sampling, every individual or item in the population has an
equal or known probability of being included in the sample, ensuring that
the sample is representative of the entire population.
Engineering P.1. Simple RandomEngineering
Mechanical Sampling Department
✓ In simple random sampling, every member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected in the sample. This is typically achieved
using random number generators or drawing lots to select the sample.
Engineering P.1. Simple RandomEngineering
Advantage Disadvantage
✓ Easiest Method and commonly ✓ Make no use of auxiliary info
used
✓ Nots require any additional ✓ Can be expensive and
Infor. On the frame (such as unfeasible for large population
gender, geographical area, etc) (to identified and reach) or if
the personal interview required.
✓ Analysis of data is reasonably ✓ Not be representative of the
easy and has a sound whole population
mathematics basis
Engineering P.2. Stratified RandomEngineering
Stratified Random Sampling involves dividing the population into mutually
exclusive subgroups based on certain characteristics (e.g., age, gender,
region).
Then, a random sample is drawn from each stratum proportionate to its size in
the population. This method ensures representation of various subgroups in
the sample.
Engineering P.2. Stratified RandomEngineering
✓ Ensure an adequate sample size ✓ Problem if strata not clearly
for subgroups in the population defined
of interest
✓ Almost certainly produce a gain ✓ Analysis is quite complicated.
in precision in the estimates of ✓ Requires more efforts
the whole population, because ✓ Needs a larger sample size
heterogeneous population is ✓ Strata are overlapping changes
split into fairly homogeneous of bias
strata
Engineering P.3. Systematic
MechanicalSampling
In Systematic Sampling, the researcher selects every nth member from a list
of the population. The first individual is randomly selected, and then
subsequent selections are made at regular intervals.
Engineering P.3. Systematic
MechanicalSampling
✓ Easier to draw without mistakes ✓ If it has periodic arrangement,
then sample collected may not
be an accurate representation of
the entire population
✓ More precise than SRS as more ✓ Over representation of several
evely spread over population group is greater
✓ Easy to use
Engineering P.4.Mechanical
Cluster Sampling
Cluster Sampling involves dividing the population into clusters or groups
(e.g., schools, households, villages). A random sample of clusters is selected,
and then all members within the selected clusters are included in the
sample.
Engineering P.4.Mechanical
Cluster Sampling
✓ Reduced field costs ✓ Clusters may not be
✓ Applicable where no complete representative of whole
list of units is available population but may be too alike
✓ Easier to apply larger ✓ Analysis more complicated than
geographical area for SRS
✓ Same time of travelling ✓ Not good representative of the
population
Engineering P.5. Multistage
MechanicalSampling
Multistage Sampling: Multistage sampling combines two or more sampling
methods. For example, a researcher might use stratified sampling to select
clusters and then use simple random sampling within each cluster.
Engineering p.Advantages & Disadvantages
➢ Unbiased and representative samples that allow for generalization to the
entire population
➢ Statistical procedures can be used to estimate sampling errors and make
inferences
➢ Straightforward and transparent sampling methods that are easy to
replicate
➢ Probability sampling can be more complex and time-consuming than non-

probability sampling methods.
➢ It also requires an accurate sampling frame (list of all population
members) to ensure proper selection.
Engineering Nan Probability
MechanicalSampling
➢ Non-probability sampling is a type of sampling method in which not all
members of the population have a known and equal chance of being
selected in the sample.
➢ Unlike probability sampling, non-probability sampling methods do not

rely on random selection.
➢ Non-probability sampling is often used when it is challenging to obtain a

random sample or when the research objectives do not require strict
generalizability.
Engineering Nonprobability
MechanicalSampling
➢ Convenience Sampling: Convenience sampling involves selecting
participants who are readily available or easy to reach.
➢ This method is quick and convenient but may introduce biases, as it does
not ensure representation of the entire population.
MechanicalSampling
➢ Purposive Sampling: Purposive sampling involves deliberately selecting
participants based on specific characteristics or criteria relevant to the
research question.
➢ This method is useful when the researcher wants to study a particular
subgroup or when expertise is required for the study.
MechanicalSampling
➢ Snowball Sampling: Snowball sampling is commonly used for hard-to-
reach populations or when there is no sampling frame available.
➢ It involves identifying initial participants who then refer additional
participants, creating a "snowball" effect.
MechanicalSampling
➢ Quota Sampling: Quota sampling involves dividing the population into
subgroups based on certain characteristics and then selecting participants
from each subgroup until a predetermined quota is reached. Quota
sampling attempts to ensure proportional representation of subgroups.
MechanicalSampling
Advantages Disadvantages
Possibility to reflect the descriptive Possible unknown proportion i.e lack of
comments about sample representation of the entire population
Cost-effectiveness and time Lower level of generalization of gereralization
effectiveness of research findings
Effective when it is unfeasible or Difficulties in estimating sample variability and
impractical tos conduct probability identifying bias.
sampling
Engineering Probability-
MechanicalProblems
Problem 1: A coin is thrown 3 times. What is the probability that at least one head is
obtained?
Sol: Sample space = [HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, TTT]
Total number of ways = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. Fav. Cases = 7
P (A) = 7/8
OR
P (of getting at least one head) = 1 – P (no head)⇒ 1 – (1/8) = 7/8

MechanicalProblems
Problem 2: Find the probability of getting a numbered card when a card is drawn from the
pack of 52 cards.
Sol: Total Cards = 52. Numbered Cards = (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) 9 from each suit 4 × 9 = 36
P (E) = 36/52 = 9/13
Problem 3: There are 5 green 7 red balls. Two balls are selected one by one without
replacement. Find the probability that first is green and second is red
.
Sol: P (G) × P (R) = (5/12) x (7/11) = 35/132
MechanicalProblems
Problem 4: What is the probability of getting a sum of 7 when two dice are thrown?
Sol: Probability math - Total number of ways = 6 × 6 = 36 ways.
Favorable cases = (1, 6) (6, 1) (2, 5) (5, 2) (3, 4) (4, 3) --- 6 ways.
P (A) = 6/36 = 1/6
.
Sol: P (G) × P (R) = (5/12) x (7/11) = 35/132
MechanicalProblems
P (A) = 6/36 = 1/6
.
Sol: P (G) × P (R) = (5/12) x (7/11) = 35/132
MechanicalProblems
P (A) = 6/36 = 1/6
Problem 5: 1 card is drawn at random from the pack of 52 cards.

(i) Find the Probability that it is an honour card.
(ii) It is a face card.
Sol: (i) honour cards = (A, J, Q, K) 4 cards from each suits = 4 × 4 = 16

P (honour card) = 16/52 = 4/13
(ii) face cards = (J,Q,K) 3 cards from each suit = 3 × 4 = 12 Cards.
P (face Card) = 12/52 = 3/13
MechanicalProblems
Problem 6: Two cards are drawn from the pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that
both are diamonds, or both are kings.
Sol: Total no. of ways = 52C2
Case I: Both are diamonds = 13C2
Case II: Both are kings = 4C2
P (both are diamonds, or both are kings) = (13C2 + 4C2 ) / 52C2 = (78+6)/1326 =84/ 1326
=0.063348
Problem 7: Three dice are rolled together. What is the probability as getting at least
one '4'?
Sol: Total number of ways = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216.

Probability of getting number ‘4’ at least one time
= 1 – (Probability of getting no number 4) = 1 – (5/6) x (5/6) x (5/6) = 91/216
Engineering Data Collection
MechanicalProcedure
✓ Data Collection begins only after a research Problem has been defined and
research design finalised.
✓ Primary Data: are collected for the first time, hence original in character
✓ Secondary Data: data are those which have already been collected by
someone else and have already been passed through Statistical Process.
✓ E.g.
Engineering Method ofMechanical
Collecting Primary DataDepartment
Engineering
1. Survey
1.1 Personal Interview
1.1.1 Direct Personal Interview
1.1.2 Indirect oral Interview
1.2 Telephone
1.3 Mailed Questioner Method
1.4 Online 3. Experiments
1.5 In house self-administrated
1.6 Focus group Discussion
1.7 schedules sent through Enumerators
2. Observation
2.1 Participant Observation
2.2 Non-participant Observation
2.3 Mechanical Observation
Engineering
Interview
1. Structured Interview: Usually used in quantitative research. Standard set of
questions are asked to all respondents. Interviewer ask the questions
exactly as appeared. Choice of answer to the questions is often pre-
determined (Close-ended)
2. Unstructured interview: Neither the questions not the answers are pre-
determined. Questions ca be changed or adopted to meet respondent’s
understanding. Does not offer a restricted pre-set range of answers.
3. Semi-Structured Interview: includes partly Open-Ended and Closed-Ended

questions. Involves both give and receive information
Engineering
Observation
1. Participant Observation: The observer take part in the sitituation he or she
observers. Mostly takes part in community settings.
2. Non-participant Observation: The observer does not participate in the

situation and collects data by observing behaviour without interacting with
participants.
3. Mechanical Observation: People or situations are to be observed in a

closed setting through Mechanical Devices
Engineering SourceMechanical
of Secondary Data
1. Internal Sources
1.1 In house publication
1.2 Letters, Records
1.3 Databases
2. External Sources
2.1 Ministries, Agencies of gove
2.2 Reports of international Bodies and Foreign Govt.
2.3 www., Magazines, Journals, Newspapers, Social Media
2.4 Associations
2.5 Research Groups & Companies
2.6 University and Colleges
Engineering Advantages and Disadvantages
Secondary data Primary Data
Advantages 1. Less expensive 1. Application and
2. Easily accessible usable
3. Immediately 2. Accurate ad reliable
available 3. Up-to-data
Disadvantages 1. May not be 1. Expensive
applicable 2. Not as readily
2. Potentially acceble
unreliable 3. Not available
3. Frequently outdates immediately
Engineering Rating ScaleEngineering Department
Mechanical
✓ Each item constitutes equally to the measure of that construct, implying all
items are of equal importance
✓ Can have serval types of response categories
E.g.
Engineering
Mechanical
Validity and Reliability Engineering
of data CollectionDepartment
Procedure
To enhance the validity and reliability of data collection procedures, researchers
should:
✓ Clearly define the research objectives and variables of interest.
✓ Use established and validated data collection instruments whenever possible.
✓ Conduct pilot testing to identify and address any issues with the instruments.
✓ Train data collectors to ensure consistency and accuracy in data collection.
✓ Consider blinding or masking techniques to minimize bias in data collection.
✓ Use randomization and appropriate sampling methods to minimize selection
bias.
✓ Implement quality control measures to check for data accuracy and
completeness.
Engineering
Mechanical
Essential of a Good Engineering Department
Questionnaire
✓ Questionnaire should be short and simple
✓ Size of the questionnaire should be kept to the minimum
✓ Questions should proceed in Logical sequence
✓ Personal questions should be left to the end
✓ Technical terms should be avoided
✓ Questions may be Dichotomous (yes / No) or multiple choice or open-ended
✓ Questions difficult in interpretation should be avoided.
✓ Control questions should bet place in the questionnaire to facilitate cross
check for testing and reliability of information
✓ Question affecting sentiments should be avoided
✓ Adequate space should be provided in questionnaire
✓ Brief directions should be given at necessary places
✓ Ensure better quality of paper, colour for drawing attention.
Engineering
Mechanical
Essential of a Good Engineering Department
Questionnaire
✓ Questionnaire should be short and simple
✓ Size of the questionnaire should be kept to the minimum
✓ Questions should proceed in Logical sequence
✓ Personal questions should be left to the end
✓ Technical terms should be avoided
✓ Questions may be Dichotomous (yes / No) or multiple choice or open-ended
✓ Questions difficult in interpretation should be avoided.
✓ Control questions should bet place in the questionnaire to facilitate cross
check for testing and reliability of information
✓ Question affecting sentiments should be avoided
✓ Adequate space should be provided in questionnaire
✓ Brief directions should be given at necessary places
✓ Ensure better quality of paper, colour for drawing attention.
Engineering
Mechanical
Guidelines Engineering
in preparing Department
Questionnaire
✓ Be clear about the various aspects of the problem to be dealt with
✓ Keep in mind the nature of information sought, sample respondents and kind
of analysis intended
✓ Rough draft of the questionnaire should be prepared first by giving due
thought to the appropriate sequence of putting questions.
✓ Should re-examine and revise the rough draft Questionnaire
✓ Technical defects must be minutely scrutinized and removed
✓ Pilot study should be undertaken for pre-testing the Questionnaire
✓ Questionnaire should be edited as per the feedback of pilot survey
✓ Provide straight forward directions to clearly understand the questions by the
respondents
Engineering
Mechanical
Selection of Appropriate Engineering
Method for DataDepartment
Collection
✓ Considerations:
▪ Nature, scope and objectives of study
▪ Level of precision required
▪ Availability of funds and involvement of time
▪ Level of efforts and expertise
✓ Data Processing and Analysis :
• Processing implies editing, coding, classification and tabulation of
collected data to help further analysis
• Analysis refers to computation of certain measures along with searching
for patterns of relationship that exist among data groups
• Analysis involves organizing data for answering the research questions
Engineering
Mechanical
Selection of Appropriate Engineering
Method for DataDepartment
Collection
✓ Data Classification:
▪ Arrangement of data in groups as per common characteristics
▪ Geographical (area-wise)
▪ Chronological (basis of time)
▪ Qualitative (Attributes)
▪ Quantitative (Magnitude)
Engineering
Mechanical
Error Engineering Department
in Measurement
Origin Type of error
1. Researcher Wrong question, Inappropriate analysis,
Misinterpretation, Experimenter expectation,
Communication
2. Sample Wrong target, wrong method, wrong people
3.Interviewer Interviewer bias, interpretation, Carelessness
4.Instrument
a) Scale Rounding off, cutting off
b) Questionnaire Positional, Ambiguity, Evoked set, Construct-
question incogrence
5. Respondent Consistency / inconsistency, Ego humility, Fatigue,
Lack of commitment, Radom
Engineering
Thank You for Your Kind Attention

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RVCollege

RV Collegeofof Go, change the world

Dept of Mech. Engg.

Unit 3: Research Design for data Acquisition

3. Observation Methods: Studying behavior, interactions, and phenomena in

4. Physical Measures: Involve direct quantification of various physical

6. Psychological tests: standardized instruments used to assess various

8. Delphi technique: The Delphi technique is a structured and iterative data

9. Visual analogue scale: The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is a psychometric

✓ Observation may be defined as systematic viewing, coupled with

✓ Structured Observation : When the observation is characterized by a careful

✓ Unstructured Observation : When it takes place without the above

✓ Non-Participant Observation: When observer is observing people without

✓ Uncontrolled Observation: When the observation takes place in natural

✓ Controlled Observation: When observation takes place according to pre-

➢Structured Interviews : In this case, a set of pre-decided questions are there.

➢Unstructured Interviews : In this case, we don’t follow a system of pre-

➢Focused Interviews : Attention is focused on the given experience of the

➢Group Interviews : a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed.

➢Qualitative and quantitative Interviews : divided on the basis of subject

➢Individual Interviews : Interviewer meets a single person and interviews

➢Selection Interviews : Done for selection of people for certain Jobs.

Validity is defined as the ability of an instrument to measure what the

✓ Test-Retest Reliability: Test-retest reliability assesses the consistency of a

Ttherefore take an appropriate sized sample as a way of representing the

✓ In research, sampling is a critical step as it helps researchers gather data

✓ A sample is a smaller, manageable subset of the population that is selected for

✓ It involves the random assignment of participants or subjects to different

✓ This allows researchers to draw valid and reliable conclusions about

➢ Probability sampling can be more complex and time-consuming than non-

➢ Unlike probability sampling, non-probability sampling methods do not

➢ Non-probability sampling is often used when it is challenging to obtain a

Total number of ways = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. Fav. Cases = 7

P (of getting at least one head) = 1 – P (no head)⇒ 1 – (1/8) = 7/8

P (A) = 6/36 = 1/6

P (A) = 6/36 = 1/6

P (A) = 6/36 = 1/6

Problem 5: 1 card is drawn at random from the pack of 52 cards.

Sol: (i) honour cards = (A, J, Q, K) 4 cards from each suits = 4 × 4 = 16

Sol: Total number of ways = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216.

3. Semi-Structured Interview: includes partly Open-Ended and Closed-Ended

2. Non-participant Observation: The observer does not participate in the

3. Mechanical Observation: People or situations are to be observed in a

Thank You for Your Kind Attention

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