EST-ACT-AP

BIOLOGY ACADEMY

Human Systems
Nervous - Immune

Dr. Mina Samuel

drminasamuel@hotmail.com
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+2 0122 187 70 44
+2 0122 187 70 99
EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

Human Systems II

II. Nervous System

 Nervous system is the first to respond to changes in environment

 Nervous and Endocrine systems control the human behavior

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 Cerebellum and the semicircular channel in the middle ear maintain the

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balance (equilibrium)
 Medulla oblongata controls all involuntary action (Respiration rate).

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 Hypothalamus maintain the homeostasis (stable internal environment)

Nerve Impulse:
 Sensory neurons start to function when receptors are stimulated
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 Sensory neurons carry the impulse from sense organs to the CNS
 Motor neurons carry the impulse from the CNS to the organs or muscles
 Interneuron in CNS connect Sensory and Motor neurons
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The
Neuron

- Nerve cell differs from other cells in:

Dendrites, Axon, Myelin sheath (speed impulse transmission)

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

Nerve Impulse pathway

CNS
Sensation motor order
Skin receptor Spinal cord Brain Spinal cord muscle, organs
Sensory neuron motor neuron

Interneuron

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Reflex-reflex action (controlled by spinal cord)

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Sensation motor order
Skin receptor Spinal cord muscle, effector organs (withdraw hand)
(Flame) Sensory neuron motor neuron

 Damage to the spinal cord below the waist will most likely interfere with walking.
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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

Nerve Impulse Mechanism:

 Neuron is a nerve cell that transmits electrochemical impulses (nerve impulse)

a) In the neuron the impulse is ELECTRICAL
b) while in the synapse (the gap between neurons) (neuromuscular junctions OR motor end plate)
the impulses are CHEMICAL in nature

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I. Nerve impulse in the neuron (Electrically):
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 There is a difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasm of neuron (-ve) and extracellular fluid
(+ve)
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1- Resting potential:
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neuron is polarized and has membrane potential (-70 Mv)

Na+/K+ pump maintains the polarization

2- Action potential:
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When axon is stimulated a rapid

movement of ions (depolarization)
occurs that is called action potential
Na+ INTO the Cell
K+ floods OUT of the Cell

3- Refractory period:
Na+/K+ pump restore the membrane
to original polarized condition
(Repolarization)
During this period, neuron can NOT respond to another stimulus

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

II. Nerve impulse in the Synapse (Chemically):

 Terminal of neuron has neurotransmitters like ACH stored in vesicles
 Release of neurotransmitters by exocytosis into synapse transmit nerve impulse to adjacent neuron
 After nerve impulse transmission, neurotransmitters break down by Acetylcholine esterase enzyme to
stop impulse.

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Autonomic Nervous system
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Sympathetic (Danger- emergency- fear- fight) Parasympathetic (at rest-sleep)

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Heart rate (pulse) Heart rate (pulse)

Respiration Respiration

Convert blood from

Convert blood from
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Blood
Blood
Stomach skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle Stomach

Digestion Digestion

Skeletal muscular activity Skeletal muscular activity

Convert glycogen to glucose (energy) Convert glucose to glycogen (store)

Dilate pupil of eye Constrict pupil of eye

Stimulate adrenal medulla gland to release adrenaline

hormone

(adrenaline effect same as sympathetic)

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

III. Immune System

Immunity
Non Specific immunity Specific immunity
(First Line defense mechanism) (2nd & 3rd Line defense mechanism)
- Normal barrier in the body - By White blood cells
- HCL in stomach Leucocytes

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- Epidermis of skin (protect us from microorganisms)

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- spleen removes damaged cells from blood Phagocyte Lymphocyte
- Tears of eye Macrophage (3rd)
- Mucus, ciliated epithelium in nose (engulf bacteria)

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(2nd)
B-lymphocyte T- lymphocyte
B-cell T-cell
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Antibody Memory Cell Helper Killer
Mature in Bone Marrow Mature in Thymus
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Humoral and Cell Mediated Response

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 Humoral Response: Involved with B-cells

which produce antibodies against specific
antigen.
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 Cell Mediated Response: Involved with T-cells

which fight pathogen.

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

Passive and Active immunity

Passive immunity Active immunity

- To get already made antibodies - The body made his own antibodies
 Vaccine  Proliferation of lymphocytes
 Mother milk to her baby
- short term immunity - Long term immunity (some for life time)

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Inflammatory Response:

 Hypersensitivity (allergy) occur due to histamine release (redness, rash, edema and
vasodilatation)

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 IgE is antibody involved in allergy reaction.
 Histamine makes capillaries more permeable as part of the inflammatory response to increase
the blood supply to area.
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 Sever Hypersensitivity Anaphylactic shock

Blood Types
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 Antigens are proteins that are found on the surfaces of invading viruses and bacteria.
 Agglutination Occur when an antibody attacks antigen, result in clumping of anti B antibody B
with red blood cells.

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

AIDS Virus
AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
The virus that causes AIDS, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) mainly attacks helper T cells.

HIV is a retrovirus:
Once inside a cell, it transcribes itself in reverse.
That means that the viral RNA uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to make DNA.
This is the opposite of the typical DNA transcribing mRNA. The host cell then integrates this newly formed

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DNA into its own genome.

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Antibiotics Vaccines

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are medicines that kill bacteria or fungi are given to prevent illness caused by viruses
antibiotics are administered after a person is sick They cure the disease

 Antibiotic that can block protein synthesis of bacteria without harming its eukaryotic host, when
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prokaryotes have ribosomes that are much smaller and simpler than eukaryotes

 Strep throat:
Disease that can be treated effectively with antibiotics
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 Smallpox:
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Disease for which the causative agent was thought to have been entirely eliminated except for reserves in
two government installations

 The first vaccine made from cowpox virus, developed by Edward Jenner in the 1700's, inoculated
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people against smallpox. The development of this vaccine was possible because cowpox and
smallpox viruses are sufficiently similar that cowpox can stimulate the immune system against
smallpox.

 Malaria:
Disease that is caused by a Protista parasite and currently responsible for the greatest number of human
deaths worldwide per year

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

Assignment 19

1. Antibodies in humans are produced by which of the following?

(A) Lymphocyte.
(B) Bone marrow.
(C) Red blood cell.
(D) Platelets.
(E) Macrophage.

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2. A seven-year-old boy was suffering from chicken pox, and he had high fever and blister rash. His parents took him
to the doctor who decided that the best treatment for him would be
(A) fluids and rash ointment.

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(B) vaccination against chicken pox.
(C) antibiotics.
(D) expose him to high temperatures to inactivate the disease.
(E) a combination of A and B
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3. At the neuromuscular junction, which of the following passes from the nerve cell to the muscle cell?
(A) An electrical signal
(B) A chemical signal
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(C) A magnetic signal

(D) An axon
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(E) A synapse

4. Which of the following body systems responds first to changes in the environment?
(A) Nervous.
(B) Reproductive.
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(C) Circulatory.
(D) Digestive.
(E) Excretory.

5. A person with type B blood should not be given a transfusion of type A blood because
(A) Type AB blood would be formed.
(B) The transfused blood would agglutinate.
(C) Anti-A antibodies destroy anti-B antibodies.
(D) Type A antigens destroy type B antigens.
(E) The type B person would become susceptible to infections.

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

6. A function of the spleen is to

(A) Remove damaged cells from blood
(B) Produce urea
(C) Manufacture bile
(D) Destroy cholesterol
(E) Control the secretion of digestive juices

7. The function of the myelin sheath is to

(A) Strengthen the action potential of a neuron

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(B) Speed up the conduction of an action potential along a neuron
(C) Regulate the frequency of action potentials fired along a neuron
(D) Prevent the neuron from firing if the action potential is too weak
(E) Make sure the action potential is traveling in the correct direction along the neuron

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Questions 8-11 refer to the following diseases
(A) Hemophilia.
(B) Polio.
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(C) Smallpox.
(D) Strep throat.
(E) Malaria.
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8. Disease that can be treated effectively with antibiotics.

9. Disease for which the causative agent was thought to have been entirely eliminated government installations
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except for reserves in two.

10. Disease currently responsible for the greatest number of human deaths worldwide per year.
11. Disease that is caused by a protistan parasite.

12. Sensory neurons send impulses down their axons when

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(A) They are stimulated by impulses from the spinal cord.

(B) Their cell body releases a neurotransmitter.
(C) They are stimulated by a receptor.
(D) The brain sends signals to them.
(E) The organism is about to do something dangerous.

13. When humans run during a marathon, their rate of breathing increases. This is primarily controlled by:
(A) Lungs
(B) Cerebrum
(C) Medulla oblongata
(D) Cerebellum
(E) Pleura

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

14. The behavior of mammals is regulated by which of the following systems?

I. Nervous.
II. Circulatory.
III. Endocrine.
(A) I only.
(B) II only.
(C) III only.
(D) I and II only.
(E) I and III only.

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Questions 15-17 refer to the following structures
(A) Nephron.
(B) Red blood cell.

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(C) Epidermis.
(D) Microfilament.
(E) Neuron.
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15. Protects organism from desiccation and from invasion by microorganisms.
16. Filters blood to make urine.
17. Transmits electrical impulses away from sensory structures.
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18. The ABO blood type system is a system that codes for agglutinogen at the level of red blood cells thus
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determining the blood type. Blood transfusions are conducted in several cases such as bleeding. The possible
transfusion according to the ABO blood type system is
(A) A => AB
(B) AB => A
(C) A => O
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(D) AB => O
(E) AB => B

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

Assignment 19 Answers

Human Systems II
1 A 11 E

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2 A 12 C

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3 B 13 C

4 A
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14 E
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5 B 15 C
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6 A 16 A
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7 B 17 E

8 D 18 A
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9 C

10 E

With My best wishes dears

Dr. Mina Samuel

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EST-ACT-AP Bio-Academy... Human Systems II-(19) Dr. Mina Samuel

Assignment 19 Student Answers

Student Name: .

Human Systems II
1 11

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2 12

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3 13
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4 14

5 15
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6 16

7 17
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8 18

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With My best wishes dears

Dr. Mina Samuel

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